Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Diluent oils"

Spray table tests with cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. leaves demonstrated that petroleum oil/diluent residues caused higher mortality in laboratory susceptible tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens L., larvae than in a laboratory resistant strain. Paraffinic diluents with bifenthrin caused higher mortality of the susceptible and resistant larvae under conditions of long-term exposure to spray residues than bifenthrin in an isoparaffinic oil or an aromatic solvent. None of the bifenthrin-oil treatments increased mortality above water-bifenthrin in either resistant or susceptible strains.

The primary objective of this study is the development of nanofluids based on different diluent/dispersant ratios (DDR) for extra-heavy oil (EHO) viscosity reduction and its perdurability over time. Different diluents such as xylene, diesel, n-pentane, and n-heptane were evaluated for the formulation of the carrier fluid. Instability of asphaltenes was assessed for all diluents through colloidal instability index (CII) and Oliensis tests. Rheology measurements and hysteresis loop tests were performed using a rotational rheometer at 30 °C. The CII values for the alkanes type diluents were around 0.57, results that were corroborated with the Oliensis tests as asphaltenes precipitation was observed with the use of these diluents. This data was related to the viscosity reduction degree (VRD) reported for the different diluents. With the use of the alkanes, the VRD does not surpass the 60%, while with the use of xylene a VRD of approximately 85% was achieved. Dimethylformamide was used as a dispersant of the nanoparticles and had a similar VRD than that for xylene (87%). Subsequent experiments were performed varying the DDR (xylene/dimethylformamide) for different dosages up to 7 vol % determining that a DDR = 0.2 and a dosage of 5 vol % was appropriated for enhancing EHO VRD, obtaining a final value of 89%. Different SiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated in the viscosity reduction tests reporting the best results using 9 nm nanoparticles that were then included at 1000 mg·L−1 in the carrier fluid, increasing the VRD up to 4% and enhancing the perdurability based on the rheological hysteresis and the viscosity measurements for 30 days. Results showed a viscosity increase of 20 and 80% for the crude oil with the nanofluid and the carrier fluid after 30 days, respectively. The nanoparticles have a synergistic effect in the viscosity reduction and the inhibition of the viscoelastic network re-organization (perdurability) after treatment application which was also observed in the rheological modeling carried out with Cross and Carreau models as the reported characteristic relaxation time was increased almost a 20%. Moreover, the Vipulanandan rheological model denotes a higher maximum stress value reached by the EHO with the addition of nanofluids which is derived from the EHO internal structure rearrangement caused by the asphaltenes adsorption phenomenon.

The existing experience and results of previous studies for the production of emulsions from resinous waste and by-products of coke production has been analyzed. A necessary condition for the creation of stable emulsion is the presence in its composition of three main components: diluent oil, emulsifiers and a neutralizing agent. In order to determine the suitability of waste and by-products of production of PJSC "YUZHKOKS" as components of water-oil emulsions, the physicochemical characteristics of acid tar of ammonia capture, neutralized acid tar of rectification of crude benzene, resins and oils of biochemical plant, non-boiling residues of monoethanolamine desulfurization of coke oven gas, alkaline water, storage waste and coal tar has been studied. The ability of these materials to mix with each other has been also studied. As a result of research, it has been found that the presents of coal tar in the composition of the diluent oil leads to the formation of more stable over time emulsions with low viscosity. The amount of coal tar in diluent oils should be 50-70 %. Non-boiling residues of monoethanolamine purification of coke oven gas from hydrogen sulfide proved to be a better neutralizing agent than alkaline water, in particular, for the reason that in some cases their use allowed to obtain homogeneous mixtures without delamination and separation of the aqueous layer by mixing emulsion components. It has been shown that when emulsions preparing it is important to follow the order of mixing the components. Based on the obtained data, formulations have been developed and the conditions for obtaining stable emulsions has been determined. Recommendations for obtaining emulsions for the purpose of their qualified use by feeding to the coal blend and improving the operation of the existing plant for waste and by-products utilization at the enterprise has been formulated.

Oriental lacquer, a natural and renewable polymeric coating, comes from the sap produced by lacquer trees. For practical applications, oriental lacquer must be refined to reduce its water content and enhance its quality. In this study, drying oils were blended with oriental lacquer during a refining process to produce oil-modified refined lacquer (OMRL). Rhus succedanea lacquer, composed of 54.1% urushiols, 34.3% water, 7.2% plant gum, and 4.4% nitrogenous compounds, and drying oils, including tung oil (TO), linseed oil (LO), and dehydrated castor oil (DCO), were used as materials in this study. The effect of type and amount (0%, 10%, and 20% by wt %) of drying oils added to lacquer on lacquer properties were evaluated. Results show that the drying oils acted as a diluent, which reduced the viscosity, and enhanced workability, shortened touch-free drying time and accelerated the hardened drying of the OMRL. The results also indicated that the hardness, mass retention, Tg, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and lightfastness of OMRL films decreased as more drying oils were blended with lacquer. Conversely, the bending resistance, elongation at break, impact resistance increased. Gloss was greatly improved through the blending of more drying oils with lacquer. In conclusion, the LO-modified refined lacquer (RL) had the highest film gloss and the DCO-modified RL had the shortest drying time for coating. Otherwise, the film properties were similar among the three types of drying oils.

Abstract Bioethanol produced from renewable resources can be the substitute of gasoline or blended with it, gives better exhaust emissions, and has oxygen content to boost combustion. The combustion chamber liner of motorcycles’ engine need tobe lubricated with lubricants of engine oil characteristics. The unburned fuel from gasoline-bioethanol blends have a tendency to enter the oil sump. The increasing amount of bioethanol content accumulated within the oil may degrade the quality the engine oil. The aims of this study are to identify and to analyze the influence of gasoline-bioethanol blends accumulation on the characteristic of engine oils. The methodology applied in this study were adding gasoline-bioethanol blends (E40, E50, E60) into 3 types of commercial four-strokes motorcycle engine oils (SAE 5W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 20W-50) and analysing the effects of these addition to the engine oils characteristics by comparing the properties of each mixtures of fuel-lube blends. The engine oil properties choosed to be the studied parameters are density (ASTM D4052), kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445), flash point (ASTM D92) and four ball wear test (ASTM D 4172). The result gained from this study showed that the bioethanol content as fuel diluent resulted from unburned bioethanol decrease the quality of engine oils.

Deposits of tight high viscosity heavy and waxy oil are becoming increasingly important in the world economy. They are also of particular importance in Russia, where the fields of easy accessible oil are practically depleted, and the newly discovered ones are located mainly in the northern latitudes of the country, which complicates their delivery to places of consumption, and use of so-called "special methods" (heating, chemical reagents) leadsytanb to an increase Cost. Despite the abundance of such methods, one can distinguish one of the most accessible and understandable from the point of view of the physico-chemical effect - dilution with hydrocarbon diluents, as can be effectively used by adding ready-made motor fuels and light distillates of oil, as well as - cheaper stable gas condensate, also co-produced in oil fields.In the present work, the experience of blending high viscosity heavy and congealing waxy oil with various types of hydrocarbon diluents has been considered with the aim of improving the operational properties of hydrocarbon crude, the transport and processing of which are associated with high costs due to the peculiarities of the composition and properties of the oil. The results of laboratory experiments on dilution of heavy and congealing oils with diesel fuel and stable gas condensate are given, on the basis of which recommendations on the effective usage these special methods. Keywords: oil; rheology; effective viscosity; pour point; hydrocarbon diluent; stable gas condensate.

Strawberries and raspberries are susceptible to physiological and biological damage. Due to the consumer concern about using pesticides to control fruit rot, recent attention has been drawn to essential oils. Microbiological activity evaluations of different concentrations of tested EOs (cinnamon, clove, bergamot, rosemary and lemon; 10% DMSO-PBS solution was used as a diluent) against fruit rot fungal strains and a fruit-born human pathogen (Escherichia coli) indicated that the highest inhibition halos was found for pure cinnamon and clove oils; according to GC-MS analysis, these activities were due to the high level of the bioactive compounds cinnamaldehyde (54.5%) in cinnamon oil and eugenol (83%) in clove oil. Moreover, thermogravimetric evaluation showed they were thermally stable, with temperature peak of 232.0 °C for cinnamon and 200.6/234.9 °C for clove oils. Antibacterial activity evaluations of all tested EOs at concentrations from 5–50% (v/v) revealed a concentration of 10% (v/v) to be the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The physicochemical analysis of fruits in an in vivo assay indicated that used filter papers doped with 10% (v/v) of cinnamon oil (stuck into the lids of plastic containers) were able to increase the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in strawberries after four days, with it being easier to preserve strawberries than raspberries.

Дисертація присвячена розробці методів оцінювання впливу реологічних характеристик малов'язких і високов’язких нафт на їх транспортабельні властивості та енерговитратність трубопровідного транспорту. Виконані експериментальні дослідження реологічних характеристик малов’язкої російської нафти, транспортабельні властивості якої покращені шляхом введення протитурбулентної присадки, та високов’язкої волинської нафти, транспортабельні властивості якої покращені шляхом введення депресатора або розріджувача - малов’язкої нафти Urals. Обґрунтований вибір реологічної моделі високов'язкої та малов’язкої нафт в широкому діапазоні температур та концентрацій добавок. Розроблені математичні моделі залежності динамічної в’язкості нафти сорту Urals та коефіцієнта гідравлічного опору при її перекачуванні нафтопроводом від температури і концентрації протитурбулентної присадки. Створено методику та програмне забезпечення для розрахунку гідродинамічних параметрів роботи нафтопроводу при перекачуванні малов’язкої нафти з протитурбулентною присадкою, які дозволяють оцінити вплив зміни реологічних характеристик нафти на енерговитратність її трубопровідного транспорту. Встановлений взаємозв'язок між реологічними характеристиками високов’язкої нафти, транспортабельні властивості якої поліпшені шляхом введення депресатора або розріджувача, та енерговитратністю її перекачування нафтопроводом. Розроблена математична модель нафтопроводу при ізотермічному і неізотермічному перекачуванні високов’язкої нафти з покращеними реологічними властивостями. Встановлений взаємозв'язок між реологічними характеристиками високов’язкої нафти, транспортабельні властивості якої поліпшені шляхом введення депрееатора або розріджу вача, та енерговигратністю її перекачування нафтопроводом. Розроблена математична модель нафтопроводу при ізотермічному і неізотермічному перекачуванні високов’язкої нафти з покращеними реологічними властивостями.
Диссертация состоит из введения, пяти разделов, общих выводов, списка использованных литературных источников и приложений. В первом разделе приведен анализ результатов исследований по вопросам уменьшения энергоёмкости трубопроводного транспорта нефти и сформулированы задачи исследований. Доказана актуальность исследований по вопросам уменьшения потерь энергии в трубопроводном транспорте нефти и нефтепродуктов. Второй раздел посвящен обоснованию методики проведения и анализа результатов экспериментальных исследований реологических свойств маловязкой российской нефти сорта Urals с добавлением противотурбулентной присадки "Liquid Power”™. Исследования проводились в широком температурном диапазоне с помощью прибора PЕOTECT-2. Доказано, что российская нефть сорта Urals с добавлением, противотурбулентной присадки "Liquid Power”™ в диапазоне рабочих концентраций и температур характеризируетея свойствами ньютоновской жидкости. Анализ результатов экспериментов дал возможность сделать выводы, что с ростом температуры влияние присадки на динамическую вязкость нефти ослабевает, а увеличение концентрации присадки приводит к увеличению динамической вязкости нефти. Третий раздел содержит анализ результатов экспериментальных исследований влияния депрессатора отечественною производства РЕНА-2210 на реологические характеристики и транспортабельные свойства выеоковязких нефтей Долинского месторождения. Анализ реологических кривых, полученных для всею диапазона рабочих температур, дал возможность сделать вывод, что долинская нефть с добавлением депрессатора РЕНА-2210 может быть отнесена к вязкопластичным жидкостям, движение которых описывается уравнением Шведова-Вингама. Выполпено математическое моделирование зависимости реологических параметров долинской нефти с добавлением разного количества депрессатора от температуры. Доказано, что оптимальная концентрация депрессатора РЕНА-2210 в долинской нефти составляет 0,05-0,075 %. Четвертый раздел содержит анализ результатов экспериментальных исследований влияния разбавителя маловязкой российской нефти сорта Urals на реологические характеристики и транспортабельные свойства высоковязкой долинской нефти. Доказано, что добавление маловязкой российской нефти к долинской улучшает транспортабельные свойства смеси. Пятый раздел посвящен установлению взаимосвязи между реологическими характеристиками высоковязких и маповязких нефтей и энергозатратами на их перекачку нефтепроводами. Предложены математические модели для определения коэффициента гидравлического сопротивления нефтепровода при перекачке нефти с добавлением противотурбулентной присадки. Для оценки эффективности мероприятий по уменьшению энергоемкости трубопроводного транспорта маловязких нефтей с улучшенными реологическими свойствами предложено использовать коэффициент относительного уменьшения потерь давления. Создан вычислительный алгоритм и программное обеспечение для определения режимных и энергетических параметров работы нефтепровода при перекачке нефти сорта Urals с противотурбулентной присадкой. Предложен метод гидравлического расчета нефтепровода при перекачке вязкопластической жидкости, базирующийся на применении формулы Дарси-Вейсбаха и предусматривающий введение корректирующих коэффициентов увеличения гидравлического сопротивления нефтепровода. Разработаны методика и компьютерная программа Efect, которые дают возможность определить эффективность того или иного способа улучшения реологических свойств высоковязкой нефти и уменьшения энергоемкости ее перекачивания нефтепроводом. Предложена методика теплогидравлического расчета нефтепровода при перекачке высоковязкой нефти. Апробация методик произведена путем выполнения технологических расчетов нефтепроводов и сравнения полученных результатов с фактическими режимами работы нефтепроводов Снигирев-ка-Одесса и Долина Надворная. Максимальное отклонение результатов не превышает ±12%.
The thesis is devoted to the development of methods for the evaluation of influence of the rheological properties of oils with low and high viscosities on their transport characteristics and power output of pipeline transport, There have been conducted experimental researches of the Theological properties of low-viscosity Russian oil, the flow characteristics of which have been improved by the introduction of drag reduce agent; of high-viscosity Dolyna oil, which flow characteristics have been improved by the introduction of depressor or diluent of low-viscosity Urals oil. The choice of rheological model of oils with low and high viscosities in a large range of temperatures and addition agents’ concentration has been proved. The mathematical models have been developed to show the dependence of Urals oil dynamic viscosity as well as hydraulic resistance coefficient during the process of oil pumping through pipelines on temperature and concentration of drag reduce agent. Besides, there have been created methods and software to calculate hydrodynamic operation parameters of oil pipeline during the process of low-viscosity oil pumping with foe drag reduce agent. There parameters permit to estimate foe influence of oil rheological properties changes on the power output of the oil pipeline transport. The author has settled down the interrelation between the rheological properties of high-viscosity oil, which transport characteristics were improved by the usage of depressor or diluent, and power output of this oil pumping through the pipeline. A mathematical model of pipeline having isothermal and anisofoermic high-viscosity oil pumping with the improved rheological properties has been worked out. The developments have been approved by the technological calculations and comparison of their results with the real operation regimes of Snigurivka-Odessa and Dolyna-Nadvirna pipelines.

The authentication of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) is of importance due to the potential economic impacts on the global market when olive oils are diluted with other edible oils. The International Olive Council stipulates a wide range of methods to authenticate EVOOs, however, these methods are subject to limitations. This research addresses certain weaknesses associated with these methods such as the analysis time, consistency and reliability of the official methods. A series of techniques and EVOO chemical parameters that could be used to supplement current authentication techniques was investigated. In particular, the "quality" parameters comprising total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and tocopherol composition of Australian EVOOs diluted with canola, sunflower and rice bran oil were investigated along with the study of the UV and fluorescent spectra of these mixtures. A framework was developed which combines the strengths of the tests methods to propose a scheme to identify an adulterated EVOO. The total phenolic content measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay provides a positive test for the presence of a diluent at concentrations of >5% w/w but is unable to identify the diluent and is non-linear with concentration. The total phenolic content as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode-array detector that has a similar detection limit to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and is unable to identify the diluent but provides better linearity at diluent concentrations of >10% w/w. The antioxidant capacity of diluted EVOOs using the radical 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is only suitable for rice bran or canola oil diluents at 10% w/w and 20% w/w, respectively but in certain cases can identify the diluent oil in the mixture. A novel technique in which the UV and fluorescent profiles of the EVOOs mixtures were determined and provided a rapid, non-destructive analysis of the EVOOs. Concurrent scans of both the excitation and emission spectra between 250 and 800 nm enabled the unique identification of EVOOs, canola, sunflower and rice bran oils Furthermore, selected excitation wavelengths of 328 nm and 536 nm were used to identify EVOO that was diluted with 5% w/w sunflower oil. The total tocopherol concentration can be used to identify 10% w/w mixtures of sunflower and canola oil in EVOO however this parameter is not suitable to identify the presence of rice bran oil. Nonetheless, a strong correlation was found between the compositional changes to α- and γ-tocopherol upon dilution which enabled the detection of diluted EVOOs, and these tocopherol concentrations were found to offer a unique profile for all three diluent oils. For example, a γ-tocopherol concentration exceeding 10 mg kg-1 suggests the EVOO is diluted with canola or rice bran oil at a concentration of 5% w/w or 10% w/w, respectively. An α-tocopherol concentration exceeding 178 mg kg-1 suggests the EVOO is diluted with sunflower oil at a concentration between 5-10% w/w depending on the EVOO. Overall, the α- and γ-tocopherol profiles were used to develop a decision tree framework to identify and quantitate the diluent oil. In combination, the above traditional methods used with the novel techniques and the assessment framework developed in this work enable a more robust assessment to be made of the authenticity of EVOOs in the future.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on June 18, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

The environment offers an enormous innovative panorama of prospects intended for the research of novel biodegradable diluents. Regular composites have been lately recycled to formulate the anionic and cationic fraction of RTIL. Numerous applications of ionic liquids have been explored in segregation discipline. Attributable to the extraordinary polarization as well as exceptional current steadiness, IL-centered immobile segments have been applied to resolution of varied series of critically stimulating complexes frequently extremely polar composites using great boiling points plus physical resemblances comprising elongated sequence fatty acids, essential oils, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and PCBs. IL-centered immobile segments facilitated the gas chromatography study for effective as well as precise amount of liquid in the industrialized yields for example pharmaceutical as well as petrochemicals complexes.

Liquid Surfactant Membrane (LSM) as an alternative extraction technique shows many advantages without altering the chemistry of the oil process in terms of efficiency, cost effectiveness and fast demulsification post extraction. Copper (Cu) extraction from aqueous solution using Liquid Membrane (LM) technology is more efficient than the sludge-forming precipitation process and has to be disposed of in landfills. In this chapter, a liquid surfactant membrane (LSM) was developed that uses kerosene oil as LSM ‘s key diluent to extract copper ions as a carrier from the aqueous waste solution through di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). This technique has several benefits, including extracting one-stage extracts. The LSM process was used to transport Cu (II) ions from the feed phase to the stripping phase, which was prepared, using H2SO4. For LSM process, various parameters have been studied such as carrier concentration, treat ratio (TR), agitating speed and initial feed concentration. After finding the optimum parameters, it was possible to extract Cu up to 95% from the aqueous feed phase in a single stage extraction.

Heavy oil dilution has been widely used in the oil production and transportation due to its high efficiency in viscosity and drag reduction, and great convenience in operation. The composition of the heavy oil will change while being mixed with some diluents, thus the stability of the asphaltene in the heavy oil might be destroyed, which leads to a tremendous threat to the safe and economic operation of the production and transportation system. The asphaltene contents of eight onshore and offshore oil samples were measured using n-heptane and toluene, then the asphaltene deposition onset points of the oils diluted with n-alkanes (n-C7) were evaluated using viscosity methods. The reliability of the asphaltene deposition predicted by the refractive index of the diluted oils was verified, and meanwhile the impacts of n-C5, n-C7 and n-C8 on the asphaltene precipitation behavior were measured and analyzed. And then the status of the asphaltene deposition, suspending particle distribution and adhesion of the heavy oil diluted with diesel in the stainless wire mesh located in the visible loop pipe layout was investigated. The studied results demonstrate that the asphaltene deposition onset point has no direct relation to its content, and those of the eight diluted oils ranged from 15% to 30% at 70 °C. The onset point prediction method was verified to be reliable because it is based on that the critical solubility parameter and the square root of the diluent molar volume in the Asphaltene-Instability-Trend (ASIST) curve present a good linear relation. The relationship between the refractive index of the diluted oil and its asphaltene deposition onset point depends on the light oil type, and the smaller its carbon number, the more serious the asphaltene deposition in its diluted oil. The reasonable amount of a light oil blended with a heavy oil should well consider the light oil source, its economy and the asphaltene deposition risk at the same time.

Dry low Emissions (DLE) systems employing lean, premixed combustion have been successfully used with natural gas in combustion turbines to meet stringent emissions standards. However, the burning of liquid fuels in DLE systems is still a challenging task due to the complexities of fuel vaporization and air premixing. Lean, Premixed, Prevaporized (LPP) combustion has always provided the promise of obtaining low pollutant emissions while burning liquid fuels such as kerosene and fuel oil. Because of the short ignition delay times of these fuels at elevated temperatures, the autoignition of vaporized higher hydrocarbons typical of most practical liquid fuels has proven difficult to overcome when burning in lean, premixed mode. To avoid this autoignition problem, developers of LPP combustion systems have focused mainly on designing premixers and combustors that permit rapid mixing and combustion of fuels before spontaneous ignition of the fuel can occur. However, none of the reported works in the literature has looked at altering fuel combustion characteristics in order to delay the onset of ignition in lean, premixed combustion systems. The work presented in this paper describes the development of a patented low-NOx LPP system for combustion of liquid fuels which modifies the fuel rather than the combustion hardware in order to achieve LPP combustion. In the initial phase of the development, laboratory-scale experiments were performed to study the combustion characteristics, such as ignition delay time and NOx formation, of the liquids fuels that were vaporized into gaseous form in the presence of nitrogen diluent. In phase two, an LPP combustion system was commissioned to perform pilot-scale tests on commercial turbine combustor hardware. These pilot-scale tests were conducted at typical compressor discharge temperatures and at both atmospheric and high pressures. In this study, vaporization of the liquid fuel in an inert environment has been shown to be a viable method for delaying autoignition and for generating a gaseous fuel stream with characteristics similar to natural gas. Tests conducted in both atmospheric and high pressure combustor rigs utilizing swirl-stabilized burners designed for natural gas demonstrated operation similar to that obtained when burning natural gas. Emissions levels were similar for both the LPP fuels (fuel oil #1 and #2) and natural gas, with any differences ascribed to the fuel-bound nitrogen present in the liquid fuels. Extended lean operation was observed for the liquid fuels as a result of the wider lean flammability range for these fuels compared with natural gas. Premature ignition of the LPP fuel was controlled by the level of inert gas in the vaporization process.

Abstract The formation of emulsions during the production of highly viscous crude oils is one of the biggest issues observed both in cold production and after the application of IOR methods in Venezuelan heavy and extraheavy oil reservoirs, with impact on the lifting of crude oils, separation of phases, fouling, production costs, etc. For the cold production case, the presence of water with strong compositional and salinity variation, coupled with the presence of gas in the case of foamy oil, could generate very stable oil-water and gas-oil emulsions; hence complicating the phenomena after the application of thermal or chemical IOR methods. This article presents a review of: 1) different types of emulsions found in cold production as well as thermal and chemical IOR methods, 2) factors that affect the stability of the emulsions (compositions of crude oil and formation and injection waters, type of injection fluid, temperature, etc.), 3) fluid characterization methods (gravimetric method, droplet size distribution, centrifugation, rheology, etc.), 4) recommended demulsifiers based on laboratory, and field experiences in Venezuela and internationally. These criteria will be reviewed in detail, establishing the main insights associated with the emulsion formation, providing related conclusions and perspectives for treatment and prevention measures. Based on the results of this review, it can be highlighted that the presence of resins and asphaltenes in the crude oil has a fundamental role in the stability of the emulsions found during cold production in the Orinoco Oil Belt and that the composition of the formation water might increase the stability of the emulsions (Mg2+ and Ca2+). The application of thermal as well as diluent injection methods generates emulsions that involve precipitation of asphaltenes, which together with sand production in the process, leads to making phase separation processes more complex. Furthermore, the application of chemical methods could cause phase trapping (for the surfactant case) with impact on chemical losses, and water- in-oil emulsion with high viscosity after the addition of alkali in lab experiments. A worldwide review of field and laboratory remediation methods indicates that possible emulsion treatments include the use of silica nanoparticles, polyglycerol fumarate ester, heavy aromatic naphtha, electrical heaters, among others. This article presents the main insights related to the generation of emulsions in Venezuela and for developing strategies for emulsions breakers adapted to each IOR process. It also covers the effect of water chemistry, oil composition and type of IOR/EOR process on the characteristics of emulsion and emulsion stability, and consequently the impact on the technical and economic criteria of the process.