Статті в журналах: "Drone marin"

1

Shah, Kunal, Annie Schmidt, Grant Ballard, and Mac Schwager. "Large Scale Aerial Multi-Robot Coverage Path Planning." Field Robotics 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 1971–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022064.

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Autonomous survey and aerial photogrammetry applications require solving a path planning problem that ensures sensor coverage over a specified area. In this work, we provide a multi-robot path planning method that can obtain this coverage over an arbitrary area of interest. We extend our previous method, path optimization for population counting with overhead robotic networks (POPCORN), by a divide-and-conquer scheme, split and link tiles (SALT), which drastically decreases the time needed for route planning. These POPCORN instances can be computed in parallel and combined with SALT in a scalable manner to produce coverage paths over very large areas of interest. To demonstrate this algorithm’s capabilities, we implemented our planning algorithm with a team of drones to conduct multiple photographic aerial wildlife surveys of the Cape Crozier Adélie penguin rookery on Ross Island, Antarctica, one of the largest Adélie penguin colonies in the world. The colony, which contains over 300,000 nesting pairs and spans over 2 km, was surveyed in about 3 hours. In contrast, previous human-piloted single-drone surveys of the same colony required over 2 days to complete. We also have deployed our survey system at several islets at Mono Lake, California, to survey a California gull colony as well as at a 2000-acre ranch in Marin, California. We provide this survey path planning tool as an open-source software package named wadl.

2

Raoult, Vincent, Andrew P. Colefax, Blake M. Allan, Daniele Cagnazzi, Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez, Daniel Ierodiaconou, David W. Johnston, et al. "Operational Protocols for the Use of Drones in Marine Animal Research." Drones 4, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4040064.

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The use of drones to study marine animals shows promise for the examination of numerous aspects of their ecology, behaviour, health and movement patterns. However, the responses of some marine phyla to the presence of drones varies broadly, as do the general operational protocols used to study them. Inconsistent methodological approaches could lead to difficulties comparing studies and can call into question the repeatability of research. This review draws on current literature and researchers with a wealth of practical experience to outline the idiosyncrasies of studying various marine taxa with drones. We also outline current best practice for drone operation in marine environments based on the literature and our practical experience in the field. The protocols outlined herein will be of use to researchers interested in incorporating drones as a tool into their research on marine animals and will help form consistent approaches for drone-based studies in the future.

3

Kelaher, Brendan P., Victor M. Peddemors, Brent Hoade, Andrew P. Colefax, and Paul A. Butcher. "Comparison of sampling precision for nearshore marine wildlife using unmanned and manned aerial surveys." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2018-0023.

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Aerial surveys of large marine wildlife in nearshore areas can support management actions to ensure conservation of this megafauna. While most aerial surveys of marine wildlife have been carried out using manned aircraft, unmanned aerial systems (commonly known as drones) are being increasingly used. Here, we compare the relative accuracy and precision of marine wildlife surveys from a multirotor drone and a manned helicopter for the first time. At two locations on the east coast of Australia, we simultaneously surveyed sharks (including white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias), dolphins, rays, and sea turtles in nearshore coastal areas using a multirotor drone (DJI Inspire I) and a helicopter (Robinson 44 Clipper II) over 26 separate flights. Sampling included the real-time quantification of marine wildlife by an observer in the helicopter and the pilot of the drone. The video feed from the drone was then later re-sampled in the laboratory. Of the three methods, post-hoc analysis of drone video footage is likely to provide the most accurate and precise estimates of marine wildlife in nearshore areas. When real-time data are required (e.g., for shark-risk mitigation), manned helicopters (over larger stretches of coast) and drones (across localised beaches) will both be useful.

4

Pham, Duc-Anh, and Seung-Hun Han. "Design of Combined Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Controller for Marine Rescue Drone Trajectory-Tracking." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111716.

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In recent years, the research on drones has increased rapidly because of its high applicability in many fields and its great development potential. In the maritime sector too, especially marine rescue, a Drone with a compact size and fast flight speed is an effective solution in search and surveillance, giving quick results and being very convenient. When operating at sea, marine rescue drones are often affected by the environment, especially wind, which leads to turbulence that causes the drone to deviate from its predetermined flight trajectory. To overcome the above problem, the author has proposed the application of a Neural-Fuzzy controller for unmanned marine rescue aircraft presented in this paper introduces a controller that combines neural networks and fuzzy controllers that enhance the efficiency of the drone’s trajectory tracking. The paper presents the mathematics of a quadcopter described by the Newton-Euler equations. Presentation on stable flight control and trajectory control of marine rescue drones. In this paper, Matlab/Simulink is used to describe the operation of the Drone, and the characteristics obtained after using the simulation are used to compare, test, and analyze the system. The obtained results show that the Neural-Fuzzy controller is much more sensitive, more resistant to turbulence, and can be used on different sizes, weights, and configurations of drones without adjusting PID gain.

5

Joyce, K. E., S. Duce, S. M. Leahy, J. Leon, and S. W. Maier. "Principles and practice of acquiring drone-based image data in marine environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 7 (2019): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17380.

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With almost limitless applications across marine and freshwater environments, the number of people using, and wanting to use, remotely piloted aircraft systems (or drones) is increasing exponentially. However, successfully using drones for data collection and mapping is often preceded by hours of researching drone capabilities and functionality followed by numerous limited-success flights as users tailor their approach to data collection through trial and error. Working over water can be particularly complex and the published research using drones rarely documents the methodology and practical information in sufficient detail to allow others, with little remote pilot experience, to replicate them or to learn from their mistakes. This can be frustrating and expensive, particularly when working in remote locations where the window of access is small. The aim of this paper is to provide a practical guide to drone-based data acquisition considerations. We hope to minimise the amount of trial and error required to obtain high-quality, map-ready data by outlining the principles and practice of data collection using drones, particularly in marine and freshwater environments. Importantly, our recommendations are grounded in remote sensing and photogrammetry theory so that the data collected are appropriate for making measurements and conducting quantitative data analysis.

6

Mocanu, Vlad. "Charging floating bases for marine unmanned aerial drone." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIII, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-20-i1-015.

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In this paper, the authors present new ways of using drones in the marine and offshore environments. The article includes the presentation of the main constructive electrical elements of a marine floating buoy, which play the role of charging base for an unmanned aerial drone. Also, are highlighted the main losses of the system’s components, what should have been taken into account when choosing the size of such an independent energy source, as well as the main steps for energy source design.

7

Barreto, Jonathas, Luciano Cajaíba, João Batista Teixeira, Lorena Nascimento, Amanda Giacomo, Nelson Barcelos, Ticiana Fettermann, and Agnaldo Martins. "Drone-Monitoring: Improving the Detectability of Threatened Marine Megafauna." Drones 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5010014.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; or drones) are an emerging tool to provide a safer, cheaper, and quieter alternative to traditional methods of studying marine megafauna in a natural environment. The UFES Nectology Laboratory team developed a drone-monitoring to assess the impacts on megafauna related to the Fundão dam mining tailings disaster in the Southeast Brazilian coast. We have developed a systematic pattern to optimize the available resources by covering the largest possible area. The fauna observer can monitor the environment from a privileged angle with virtual reality and subsequently analyzes each video captured in 4k, allowing to deepening behavioral ecology knowledge. Applying the drone-monitoring method, we have observed an increasing detectability by adjusting the camera angle, height, orientation, and speed of the UAV; which saved time and resources for monitoring turtles, sea birds, large fish, and especially small cetaceans efficiently and comparably.

8

Jeon, I., S. Ham, J. Cheon, A. M. Klimkowska, H. Kim, K. Choi, and I. Lee. "A REAL-TIME DRONE MAPPING PLATFORM FOR MARINE SURVEILLANCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-385-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Marine incidents have caused serious casualties and damaged on property, and situational awareness and actions are needed to reduce further extensive damage for marine surveillance. The importance of an attempt for maritime monitoring using UAV has been raised, and a platform should be prepared to respond immediately to urgent situations. In this research, a real-time drone image mapping platform is proposed for marine surveillance that receives marine images acquired and transmitted by drones and processes them in real time. The platform proposed in this study is divided into 1) UAV System, 2) Real-time image processing, 3) Visualization. UAV system transfers data from a drone to the ground stations. Real-time image processing module generates individual orthophotos followed by directly georeferencing in real time and detecting ships on the orthophotos. Visualization module enables to visualize the orthophotos. The overall mapping time of 3.26 seconds on average was verified for processing image mapping, and ship detection time for a single image was estimated to be within about 1 second, which corresponds to an environment in which an emergency must be handled. In conclusion, a real-time drone mapping platform that is introduced in this study can be evaluated as being available for maritime monitoring that requires swift responses.</p>

9

Iqbal, Naveed, Rafia Mumtaz, Uferah Shafi, and Syed Mohammad Hassan Zaidi. "Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture based crop classification using low altitude remote sensing platforms." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (May 19, 2021): e536. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.536.

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Crop classification in early phenological stages has been a difficult task due to spectrum similarity of different crops. For this purpose, low altitude platforms such as drones have great potential to provide high resolution optical imagery where Machine Learning (ML) applied to classify different types of crops. In this research work, crop classification is performed at different phenological stages using optical images which are obtained from drone. For this purpose, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based features are extracted from underlying gray scale images collected by the drone. To classify the different types of crops, different ML algorithms including Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), Neural Network (NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are applied. The results showed that the ML algorithms performed much better on GLCM features as compared to gray scale images with a margin of 13.65% in overall accuracy.

10

Burke, McWhirter, Veitch-Michaelis, McAree, Pointon, Wich, and Longmore. "Requirements and Limitations of Thermal Drones for Effective Search and Rescue in Marine and Coastal Areas." Drones 3, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3040078.

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Search and rescue (SAR) is a vital line of defense against unnecessary loss of life. However,in a potentially hazardous environment, it is important to balance the risks associated with SARaction. Drones have the potential to help with the efficiency, success rate and safety of SAR operationsas they can cover large or hard to access areas quickly. The addition of thermal cameras to the dronesprovides the potential for automated and reliable detection of people in need of rescue. We performeda pilot study with a thermal-equipped drone for SAR applications in Morecambe Bay. In a varietyof realistic SAR scenarios, we found that we could detect humans who would be in need of rescue,both by the naked eye and by a simple automated method. We explore the current advantages andlimitations of thermal drone systems, and outline the future path to a useful system for deploymentin real-life SAR.

11

Merlino, Silvia, Marco Paterni, Marina Locritani, Umberto Andriolo, Gil Gonçalves, and Luciano Massetti. "Citizen Science for Marine Litter Detection and Classification on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images." Water 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233349.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV, aka drones) are being used for mapping macro-litter in the environment. As drone images require a manual processing task for detecting marine litter, it is of interest to evaluate the accuracy of non-expert citizen science operators (CSO) in performing this task. Students from Italian secondary schools (in this work, the CSO) were invited to identify, mark, and classify stranded litter items on a UAV orthophoto collected on an Italian beach. A specific training program and working tools were developed for the aim. The comparison with the standard in situ visual census survey returned a general underestimation (50%) of items. However, marine litter bulk categorisation was fairly in agreement with the in situ survey, especially for sources classification. The concordance level among CSO ranged between 60% and 91%, depending on the item properties considered (type, material, and colour). As the assessment accuracy was in line with previous works developed by experts, remote detection of marine litter on UAV images can be improved through citizen science programs, upon an appropriate training plan and provision of specific tools.

12

Dickson, Liam C. D., Stuart R. B. Negus, Christophe Eizaguirre, Kostas A. Katselidis, and Gail Schofield. "Aerial Drone Surveys Reveal the Efficacy of a Protected Area Network for Marine Megafauna and the Value of Sea Turtles as Umbrella Species." Drones 6, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6100291.

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Quantifying the capacity of protected area networks to shield multiple marine megafauna with diverse life histories is complicated, as many species are wide-ranging, requiring varied monitoring approaches. Yet, such information is needed to identify and assess the potential use of umbrella species and to plan how best to enhance conservation strategies. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of part of the European Natura 2000 protected area network (western Greece) for marine megafauna and whether loggerhead sea turtles are viable umbrella species in this coastal region. We systematically surveyed inside and outside coastal marine protected areas (MPAs) at a regional scale using aerial drones (18,505 animal records) and combined them with distribution data from published datasets (tracking, sightings, strandings) of sea turtles, elasmobranchs, cetaceans and pinnipeds. MPAs covered 56% of the surveyed coastline (~1500 km). There was just a 22% overlap in the distributions of the four groups from aerial drone and other datasets, demonstrating the value of combining different approaches to improve records of coastal area use for effective management. All four taxonomic groups were more likely to be detected inside coastal MPAs than outside, confirming sufficient habitat diversity despite varied life history traits. Coastal habitats frequented by loggerhead turtles during breeding/non-breeding periods combined overlapped with 76% of areas used by the other three groups, supporting their potential use as an umbrella species. In conclusion, this study showed that aerial drones can be readily combined with other monitoring approaches in coastal areas to enhance the management of marine megafauna in protected area networks and to identify the efficacy of umbrella species.

13

Kelaher, Brendan P., Andrew P. Colefax, Alejandro Tagliafico, Melanie J. Bishop, Anna Giles, and Paul A. Butcher. "Assessing variation in assemblages of large marine fauna off ocean beaches using drones." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 1 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18375.

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The turbulent waters off ocean beaches provide habitat for large marine fauna, including dolphins, sharks, rays, turtles and game fish. Although, historically, these assemblages have proven difficult to quantify, we used a new drone-based approach to assess spatial and temporal variation in assemblages of large marine fauna off four exposed beaches in New South Wales, Australia. In total, 4388 individual large marine animals were identified from 216 drone flights. The most common taxa, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) and Australian cownose rays (Rhinoptera neglecta), occurred in 25.5 and 19.9% of flights respectively. White (Carcharodon carcharias), bull (Carcharhinus leucas) and other whaler (Carcharhinus spp.) sharks were observed in <1% of flights. There was significant variation in the structure of assemblages of large fauna among beaches, with those adjacent to riverine estuaries having greater richness and abundance of wildlife. Overall, drone surveys were successful in documenting the spatio-temporal dynamics of an impressive suite of large marine fauna. We contend that emerging drone technology can make a valuable contribution to the ecological information required to ensure the long-term sustainability of sandy-beach ecosystems and associated marine wildlife.

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Pirotta, Vanessa, David P. Hocking, Jason Iggleden, and Robert Harcourt. "Drone Observations of Marine Life and Human–Wildlife Interactions off Sydney, Australia." Drones 6, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6030075.

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Drones have become popular with the general public for viewing and filming marine life. One amateur enthusiast platform, DroneSharkApp, films marine life in the waters off Sydney, Australia year-round and posts their observations on social media. The drone observations include the behaviours of a variety of coastal marine wildlife species, including sharks, rays, fur seals, dolphins and fish, as well as migratory species such as migrating humpback whales. Given the extensive effort and multiple recordings of the presence, behaviour and interactions of various species with humans provided by DroneSharkApp, we explored its utility for providing biologically meaningful observations of marine wildlife. Using social media posts from the DroneSharkApp Instagram page, a total of 678 wildlife videos were assessed from 432 days of observation collected by a single observer. This included 94 feeding behaviours or events for fur seals (n = 58) and dolphins (n = 33), two feeding events for white sharks and one feeding event for a humpback whale. DroneSharkApp documented 101 interactions with sharks and humans (swimmers and surfers), demonstrating the frequent, mainly innocuous human–shark overlap off some of Australia’s busiest beaches. Finally, DroneSharkApp provided multiple observations of humpback and dwarf minke whales with calves travelling north, indicating calving occurring well south of traditional northern Queensland breeding waters. Collaboration between scientists and citizen scientists such as those involved with DroneSharkApp can greatly and quantitatively increase the biological understanding of marine wildlife data.

15

Johnston, David W. "Unoccupied Aircraft Systems in Marine Science and Conservation." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095323.

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The use of unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs, also known as drones) in science is growing rapidly. Recent advances in microelectronics and battery technology have resulted in the rapid development of low-cost UASs that are transforming many industries. Drones are poised to revolutionize marine science and conservation, as they provide essentially on-demand remote sensing capabilities at low cost and with reduced human risk. A variety of multirotor, fixed-wing, and transitional UAS platforms are capable of carrying various optical and physical sampling payloads and are being employed in almost every subdiscipline of marine science and conservation. This article provides an overview of the UAS platforms and sensors used in marine science and conservation missions along with example physical, biological, and natural resource management applications and typical analytical workflows. It concludes with details on potential effects of UASs on marine wildlife and a look to the future of UASs in marine science and conservation.

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Colefax, Andrew P., Paul A. Butcher, Daniel E. Pagendam, and Brendan P. Kelaher. "Reliability of marine faunal detections in drone-based monitoring." Ocean & Coastal Management 174 (May 2019): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.008.

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17

Gröschler, Kim-Cedric, and Natascha Oppelt. "Using Drones to Monitor Broad-Leaved Orchids (Dactylorhiza majalis) in High-Nature-Value Grassland." Drones 6, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6070174.

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Dactylorhiza majalis is a threatened indicator species for the habitat quality of nutrient-poor grassland sites. Environmentalists utilize the species to validate the success of conservation efforts. Conventionally, plant surveys are field campaigns where the plant numbers are estimated and their spatial distribution is either approximated by GPS or labor-intensively measured by differential GPS. In this study, we propose a monitoring approach using multispectral drone-based data with a very high spatial resolution (~3 cm). We developed the magenta vegetation index to enhance the spectral response of Dactylorhiza majalis in the drone data. We integrated the magenta vegetation index in a random forest classification routine among other vegetation indices and analyzed feature impact on model decision making using SHAP. We applied an image object-level median filter to the classification result to account for image artefacts. Finally, we aggregated the filtered result to individuals per square meter using an overlaying vector grid. The SHAP analysis showed that magenta vegetation index had the highest impact on model decision making. The random forest model could reliably classify Dactylorhiza majalis in the drone data (F1 score: 0.99). We validated the drone-derived plant count using field mappings and achieved good results with an RMSE of 12 individuals per square meter, which is within the error margin stated by experts for a conventional plant survey. In addition to abundance, we revealed the comprehensive spatial distribution of the plants. The results indicate that drone surveys are a suitable alternative to conventional monitoring because they can aid in evaluating conservation efforts and optimizing site-specific management.

18

Kim, Yang-Hyun. "Duty Specification Training Plan for Utilizing Drone by the Marine Police." Korean Association of Maritime Police Science 9, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30887/jkmps.2019.9.2.029.

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19

Duan, Zheng, Ying Li, Xun Wang, Jinlei Wang, Mikkel Brydegaard, Guangyu Zhao, and Sune Svanberg. "Drone-Based Fluorescence Lidar Systems for Vegetation and Marine Environment Monitoring." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023707013.

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We have developed two different types of drone-based fluorescence lidar systems for vegetation and marine environment monitoring, both based on violet CW diode lasers. An inelastic hyperspectral Scheimpflug lidar system was used for vegetation profiling combined with fluorescence spectral recordings. A light-weight fluorosensor set for fixed-height recordings was employed for monitoring of marine environments, featuring water Raman signals, algal chlorophyll and strong oil spill fluorescence.

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Xin, Guipeng, Zhaoxi Cheng, and Jiexin Liu. "Design of Location Algorithm for Marine Drone Aircraft Maintenance Base Station." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 563 (August 9, 2019): 052030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/563/5/052030.

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Giordano, F., G. Mattei, C. Parente, F. Peluso, and R. Santamaria. "MICROVEGA (MICRO VESSEL FOR GEODETICS APPLICATION): A MARINE DRONE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF BATHYMETRIC DATA FOR GIS APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-123-2015.

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Bathymetric data are fundamental to produce navigational chart and sea-floor 3D models. They can be collected using different techniques and sensors on board of a variety of platforms, such as satellite, aircraft, ship and drone. The MicroVEGA drone is an Open Prototype of Autonomous Unmanned Surface Vessel (AUSV) conceived, designed and built to operate in the coastal areas (0-20 meters of depth), where a traditional boat is poorly manoeuvrable. It is equipped with a series of sensors to acquire the morpho-bathymetric high precision data. In this paper we presents the result of the first case study, a bathymetric survey carried out at Sorrento Marina Grande. This survey is a typical application case of this technology; the Open Prototype MicroVega has an interdisciplinary breath and it is going to be applied to various research fields. In future, it will expect to do new knowledge, new survey strategies and an industrial prototype in fiberglass.

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Novack-Gottshall, Philip M. "Love, not war, drove the Mesozoic marine revolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 51 (December 9, 2016): 14471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617404113.

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23

YAGUCHI, Yuichi, and Yuto NAGAI. "Safety Margin Estimation of the Drone Tele-operation by Brain Machine Interface." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 2A1—G01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.2a1-g01.

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Liu, Sunxiangyu, Guitao Li, Yafeng Zhan, and Peng Gao. "MUSAK: A Multi-Scale Space Kinematic Method for Drone Detection." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061434.

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Accurate and robust drone detection is an important and challenging task. However, on this issue, previous research, whether based on appearance or motion features, has not yet provided a satisfactory solution, especially under a complex background. To this end, the present work proposes a motion-based method termed the Multi-Scale Space Kinematic detection method (MUSAK). It fully leverages the motion patterns by extracting 3D, pseudo 3D and 2D kinematic parameters at three scale spaces according to the keypoints quality and builds three Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-based detection branches for drone recognition. The MUSAK method is evaluated on a hybrid dataset named multiscale UAV dataset (MUD), consisting of public datasets and self-collected data with motion labels. The experimental results show that MUSAK improves the performance by a large margin, a 95% increase in average precision (AP), compared with the previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) motion-based methods, and the hybrid MUSAK method, which integrates with the appearance-based method Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), achieves a new SOTA performance on AP metrics (AP, APM, and APS).

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Balsi, Marco, Monica Moroni, Valter Chiarabini, and Giovanni Tanda. "High-Resolution Aerial Detection of Marine Plastic Litter by Hyperspectral Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081557.

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An automatic custom-made procedure is developed to identify macroplastic debris loads in coastal and marine environment, through hyperspectral imaging from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Results obtained during a remote-sensing field campaign carried out in the seashore of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) are presented. A push-broom-sensor-based spectral device, carried onboard a DJI Matrice 600 drone, was employed for the acquisition of spectral data in the range 900−1700 nm. The hyperspectral platform was realized by assembling commercial devices, whereas algorithms for mosaicking, post-flight georeferencing, and orthorectification of the acquired images were developed in-house. Generation of the hyperspectral cube was based on mosaicking visible-spectrum images acquired synchronously with the hyperspectral lines, by performing correlation-based registration and applying the same translations, rotations, and scale changes to the hyperspectral data. Plastics detection was based on statistically relevant feature selection and Linear Discriminant Analysis, trained on a manually labeled sample. The results obtained from the inspection of either the beach site or the sea water facing the beach clearly show the successful separate identification of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) objects through the post-processing data treatment based on the developed classifier algorithm. As a further implementation of the procedure described, direct real-time processing, by an embedded computer carried onboard the drone, permitted the immediate plastics identification (and visual inspection in synchronized images) during the UAV survey, as documented by short video sequences provided in this research paper.

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Gorlov, A. A. "OCEANOLOGIC RESEARCH BY SURFACE MARINE DRONES OF HIGH AUTONOMY." Научное обозрение. Технические науки (Scientific Review. Technical Sciences), no. 5 2018 (2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/srts.1195.

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27

Giordano, Francesco, Gaia Mattei, Claudio Parente, Francesco Peluso, and Raffaele Santamaria. "Integrating Sensors into a Marine Drone for Bathymetric 3D Surveys in Shallow Waters." Sensors 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16010041.

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28

Lambertini, Alessandro, Massimiliano Menghini, Jacopo Cimini, Angelo Odetti, Gabriele Bruzzone, Marco Bibuli, Emanuele Mandanici, et al. "Underwater Drone Architecture for Marine Digital Twin: Lessons Learned from SUSHI DROP Project." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030744.

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The ability to observe the world has seen significant developments in the last few decades, alongside the techniques and methodologies to derive accurate digital replicas of observed environments. Underwater ecosystems present greater challenges and remain largely unexplored, but the need for reliable and up-to-date information motivated the birth of the Interreg Italy–Croatia SUSHI DROP Project (SUstainable fiSHeries wIth DROnes data Processing). The aim of the project is to map ecosystems for sustainable fishing and to achieve this goal a prototype of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), named Blucy, has been designed and developed. Blucy was deployed during project missions for surveying the benthic zone in deep waters of the Adriatic Sea with non-invasive techniques compared to the use of trawl nets. This article describes the strategies followed, the instruments applied and the challenges to be overcome to obtain an accurately georeferenced underwater survey with the goal of creating a marine digital twin.

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Suriyon, Tansuriyavong, Towa Kameda, Motoki Kyan, Hideto Koja, and Takashi Anezaki. "Development of Marine Robot to Collect Eggs of Coral Using Drone Flight Controller." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 139, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.139.193.

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30

Adams, Kye, Allison Broad, David Ruiz-García, and Andrew R. Davis. "Continuous wildlife monitoring using blimps as an aerial platform: a case study observing marine megafauna." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2020.004.

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ABSTRACT Aerial surveys are a powerful means of collecting ecological data in terrestrial and marine systems that may otherwise be difficult to acquire. Increasingly aerial observations are made with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), such as drones. As this technology has improved in reliability and affordability it has replaced the traditional use of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Drones do, however, have limitations; primarily in their limited flight duration, potential to disturb wildlife and concerns over safety. Here we introduce an aerostat, a ground tethered blimp, as a logistically simple and economical alternative to drones and other aircraft. Blimps differ from drones by using helium for lift, thereby conserving battery life. This technology offers the advantage of near-continuous coverage of locations, as well as providing a safe and accessible alternative aerial platform for a range of applications. We demonstrate the viability of blimp-mounted cameras in a notoriously difficult area to conduct research: the high-energy nearshore marine zone. Specifically, we sought to determine the likelihood of encountering marine megafauna using real-time video and whether their presence was correlated with the occurrence of baitfish. Stingrays were observed more often than other species and the occurrence of seals was correlated with the presence of baitfish. The continuous coverage allowed the observation of foraging behaviour in sharks and seals for extended periods. This demonstrates the utility of this novel technique to improve human safety and enhance ecological research.

31

Suto, Itsuki, Keita Kawamura, Shinta Hagimoto, Akihito Teraishi, and Yuichiro Tanaka. "Changes in upwelling mechanisms drove the evolution of marine organisms." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 339-341 (July 2012): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.04.014.

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32

VASILE, DOBREF. "An energy approach of signal interference in marine Environment." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIV, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i1-008.

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This study presents general theoretical aspects regarding electromagnetic field interferences. The main sources and their influence on GNSS systems of electromagnetic interference involved in the naval environment are exposed according to Septentrio GNSS Technology. Referring to new approaches of power supply in the marine industry, are highlighted studies that may attest the influence of wireless energy sources utilized in changing naval drones can influence GNSS systems.

33

Hong, Seong Jae, Jae Ho Lee, and Chang Geun Choi. "Distribution status of wild Zostera species in the east coast of the South Sea of Korea." Korean Ecological Engineering Society 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33214/kees.2021.8.1.1.

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This survey was conducted to investigate the species, area, water depth and density of seagrass to the south east coast using field survey (SCUBA diving) and drone aerial photography. The occurrence seagrass in this survey were 6 station of Geoje (Yegu, Gujora, Dadae, Dapo, Geunpo, and Daepo) and 5 station of Tongyeong (Chuwon, Bongam, Changgwa, Yeomho, and Chukpo), and Zostera marina, Zostera caespitosa, and Halophila nipponica were investigated. Habitat area was the largest at 20,788 m2 in the Dadae and the smallest area was 51 m2 in the Chukop. Density was highest at 182.4 shoots/m2 in Geunpo and lowest at 89.6 shoots/m2 in Yeomho. Most of the water depths were around 3 m, but in Bongam, it was found that even at 7 m depth, the form of the Zostera marina was grassland and the Zostera caespitosa was distributed in the form of a patch. Compared with the previous studies, the area was increased or decreased depending on the survey region, but the occurrence species did not find Zostera caulescens, Zostera japonica, Phyllospadix iwatensis.

34

Hensel, Enie, Stephanie Wenclawski, and Craig Layman. "Using a small, consumer grade drone to identify and count marine megafauna in shallow habitats." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 46, no. 5 (November 10, 2018): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol46-issue5-fulltext-15.

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35

Liu, Hongguang, Shuqiang Li, Alberto Ugolini, Farzaneh Momtazi, and Zhonge Hou. "Tethyan closure drove tropical marine biodiversity: Vicariant diversification of intertidal crustaceans." Journal of Biogeography 45, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13183.

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36

De Castro, Rodrigo Vieira Camara, Mathias Deberque, Ludovic Martin, Jocelin Maitre, Antoine Jeannin, and Giorgio Torre. "Diverless underwater inspection by marine drone: Unmanned vehicle to optimize structural integrity and life extension programs." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 20, no. 2020 (December 1, 2020): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2020.364.

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37

Schofield, Gail, Nicole Esteban, Kostas A. Katselidis, and Graeme C. Hays. "Drones for research on sea turtles and other marine vertebrates – A review." Biological Conservation 238 (October 2019): 108214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108214.

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38

Di Martino, Emanuela, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Paul D. Taylor, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Differences in extinction rates drove modern biogeographic patterns of tropical marine biodiversity." Science Advances 4, no. 4 (April 2018): eaaq1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq1508.

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39

Heritage, George, and Neil Entwistle. "Drone Based Quantification of Channel Response to an Extreme Flood for a Piedmont Stream." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172031.

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The influence of extreme floods on the form and functioning of upland systems has concentrated on the erosive impact of these flows. They are seen to be highly competent with coarse sediment transport rates limited by upstream supply and moderated by the ‘blanketing’ effect of an armour layer. This study investigates the effect of extreme events on the upland sediment cascade subjected to a recent extreme rainfall-induced flood event. The drone-based survey generated orthophotography and a DEM surface, which was compared with historic LiDAR data. This allowed erosion and deposition to be quantified and the surface micro-variation used to characterise stable and mobile sediment. The idealised model of sediment residence time increasing downstream is questioned by the findings of this study as relatively little coarse bedload sediment appears to have been transferred downstream in favour of initial local channel erosion (moderated by legacy large sediment), mid-reach palaeo-channel reactivation, sub-channel infilling and downstream deposition of the majority of mobilised sediment across berm and bar surfaces within the active inset channel margins. Channel margin erosion was largely limited to fine sediment stripping moderated by the re-exposure of post-glacial sediment. Only a weak relationship was found between local channel slope and deposition, with storage linked more to the presence of inset berm and bar areas within the inset active channel. Downstream fining of sediment is apparent as is a strong contrast between coarser active sub-channels and finer bar and berm areas.

40

Tait, Leigh W., Shane Orchard, and David R. Schiel. "Missing the Forest and the Trees: Utility, Limits and Caveats for Drone Imaging of Coastal Marine Ecosystems." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163136.

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Coastal marine ecosystems are under stress, yet actionable information about the cumulative effects of human impacts has eluded ecologists. Habitat-forming seaweeds in temperate regions provide myriad irreplaceable ecosystem services, but they are increasingly at risk of local and regional extinction from extreme climatic events and the cumulative impacts of land-use change and extractive activities. Informing appropriate management strategies to reduce the impacts of stressors requires comprehensive knowledge of species diversity, abundance and distributions. Remote sensing undoubtedly provides answers, but collecting imagery at appropriate resolution and spatial extent, and then accurately and precisely validating these datasets is not straightforward. Comprehensive and long-running monitoring of rocky reefs exist globally but are often limited to a small subset of reef platforms readily accessible to in-situ studies. Key vulnerable habitat-forming seaweeds are often not well-assessed by traditional in-situ methods, nor are they well-captured by passive remote sensing by satellites. Here we describe the utility of drone-based methods for monitoring and detecting key rocky intertidal habitat types, the limitations and caveats of these methods, and suggest a standardised workflow for achieving consistent results that will fulfil the needs of managers for conservation efforts.

41

Corbau, Corinne, Joana Buoninsegni, Elisabetta Olivo, Carmela Vaccaro, William Nardin, and Umberto Simeoni. "Understanding through drone image analysis the interactions between geomorphology, vegetation and marine debris along a sandy spit." Marine Pollution Bulletin 187 (February 2023): 114515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114515.

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42

Kim, Jin, Seung-Peom Pang, and Chang-Suk Oh. "A Study on the Drones Split Flight Management System for Marine Distress Search." Korean Police Studies Review 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38084/2019.18.2.4.

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43

Zhang, Feifei, Shuhai Xiao, Stephen J. Romaniello, Dalton Hardisty, Chao Li, Victor Melezhik, Boris Pokrovsky, et al. "Global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota." Geobiology 17, no. 6 (July 28, 2019): 594–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12359.

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44

Nieto, Luis M., José Miguel Molina, Pedro Alejandro Ruiz-Ortiz, José Manuel Castro, Matías Reolid, and Ginés A. de Gea. "Palustrine Sediments between Two Isolated Shallow Carbonate Platforms (Aptian–Albian Transition, Prebetic of Jaén, South Spain)." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020116.

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During the Aptian-Albian transition, an extensional phase of the Central Atlantic which affected the Prebetic carbonate platform (South Iberian Continental Margin, northwestern margin of the Tethys) occurred. A graben morphology was developed in the platform coeval to a relative sea level fall. As a consequence, palustrine facies characterized by rhizoliths and some pond deposits of black lutites were established. Over these palustrine sediments, a second shallow carbonate platform was built during the early Albian. However, this process was not abrupt, as several levels with orbitolines and rudists were deposited intercalated between the continental facies, recording the transition to a new shallow marine carbonate platform developped during the Early Albian. The presence of these continental palustrine sediments between two episodes of shallow carbonate platform is described for the first time in the Prebetic. The demise of an upper Aptian isolated shallow carbonate platform drove to the deposition of these palustrine sediments in an extensional tectonic regime.

45

Bromley, Gordon R. M., Brenda L. Hall, Woodrow B. Thompson, Michael R. Kaplan, Juan Luis Garcia, and Joerg M. Schaefer. "Late glacial fluctuations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the White Mountains of Maine and New Hampshire, U.S.A." Quaternary Research 83, no. 3 (May 2015): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.02.004.

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Prominent moraines deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet in northern New England document readvances, or stillstands, of the ice margin during overall deglaciation. However, until now, the paucity of direct chronologies over much of the region has precluded meaningful assessment of the mechanisms that drove these events, or of the complex relationships between ice-sheet dynamics and climate. As a step towards addressing this problem, we present a cosmogenic 10Be surface-exposure chronology from the Androscoggin moraine complex, located in the White Mountains of western Maine and northern New Hampshire, as well as four recalculated ages from the nearby Littleton–Bethlehem moraine. Seven internally consistent 10Be ages from the Androscoggin terminal moraines indicate that advance culminated ~ 13.2 ± 0.8 ka, in close agreement with the mean age of the neighboring Littleton–Bethlehem complex. Together, these two datasets indicate stabilization or advance of the ice-sheet margin in northern New England, at ~ 14–13 ka, during the Allerød/Greenland Interstadial I.

46

Skrypitsyna, Tatyana N., Igor V. Florinsky, Denis E. Beloborodov, and Olga V. Gaydalenok. "Mud Volcanism at the Taman Peninsula: Multiscale Analysis of Remote Sensing and Morphometric Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 3763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223763.

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Mud volcanism is observed in many tectonically active regions worldwide. One of the typical areas of mud volcanic activity is the Taman Peninsula, Russia. In this article, we examine the possibilities of multiscale analysis of remote sensing and morphometric data of different origins, years, scales, and resolutions for studying mud volcanic landscapes. The research is exemplified by the central-northern margin of the Taman Peninsula, where mud volcanism has only been little studied. The data set included one arc-second gridded Advanced Land Observing Satellite World three-dimensional (3D) digital surface model (AW3D30 DSM); a Corona historical declassified satellite photography; high-resolution imagery from an unmanned aerial survey (UAS) conducted with a multi-copter drone DJI Phantom 4 Pro, as well as a series of 1-m gridded morphometric models, including 12 curvatures (minimal, maximal, mean, Gaussian, unsphericity, horizontal, vertical, difference, vertical excess, horizontal excess, accumulation, and ring one) derived from UAS-based images. The data analysis allowed us to clarify the conditions of neotectonic development in the central-northern margin of the Taman Peninsula, as well as to specify manifestations of the mud volcanism in this region. In particular, we were able to detect minor and weakly topographically expressed mud volcanic features (probably, inactive gryphons, and salses), which are hidden by long-term farming practice (e.g., ploughed and covered by soil).

47

Zheng, Lei, Jianbo Hu, and Shukui Xu. "Marine Search and Rescue of UAV in Long-Distance Security Modeling Simulation." Polish Maritime Research 24, s3 (November 27, 2017): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0122.

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Abstract Long-distance safety of Marine search and rescue using drones can improve the searching speed. The current method is based on the long distance security classification of UAV.The degree of accuracy is low. A long-distance security modeling approach based on ArduinoMiniPro’s Marine search-and-rescue applying UAV is proposed. The method puts the fault tree analysis and relevant calculation for risk identification into use. The main factors affecting the safety of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are long-distance searching and rescuing. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively build modeling for the long-distance safety of the Marine search and rescue UAV

48

Moore, Kelsey R., Mihkel Pajusalu, Jian Gong, Victor Sojo, Thomas Matreux, Dieter Braun, and Tanja Bosak. "Biologically mediated silicification of marine cyanobacteria and implications for the Proterozoic fossil record." Geology 48, no. 9 (May 29, 2020): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47394.1.

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Abstract Silicification was a major mode of fossilization in Proterozoic peritidal environments, but marine silica concentrations and the chemical and biological mechanisms that drove microbial silicification and formation of early diagenetic chert in these environments remain poorly constrained. Here, we use taphonomy experiments to demonstrate that photosynthetically active cyanobacteria that are morphologically analogous to the oldest cyanobacterial fossil, Eoentophysalis, mediate the formation of magnesium-rich amorphous silica in seawater that is undersaturated with respect to silica. These results show that microbes in Proterozoic tidal environments may have mediated their own silicification at lower silica concentrations than previously assumed.

49

Morgan, Jason P., Jorge M. Taramón, Mario Araujo, Jörg Hasenclever, and Marta Perez-Gussinye. "Causes and consequences of asymmetric lateral plume flow during South Atlantic rifting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (October 26, 2020): 27877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012246117.

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Volcanic rifted margins are typically associated with a thick magmatic layer of seaward dipping reflectors and anomalous regional uplift. This is conventionally interpreted as due to melting of an arriving mantle plume head at the onset of rifting. However, seaward dipping reflectors and uplift are sometimes asymmetrically distributed with respect to the subsequent plume track. Here we investigate if these asymmetries are induced by preexisting lateral variations in the thickness of continental lithosphere and/or lithospheric stretching rates, variations that promote lateral sublithospheric flow of plume material below only one arm of the extending rift. Using three-dimensional numerical experiments, we find that South Atlantic rifting is predicted to develop a strong southward asymmetry in its distribution of seaward dipping reflectors and associated anomalous relief with respect to the Tristan Plume that “drove” this volcanic rifted margin, and that the region where plume material drains into the rift should experience long-lived uplift during rifting—both as observed. We conclude that a mantle plume is still needed to source the anomalously hot sublithospheric material that generates a volcanic rifted margin, but lateral along-rift flow from this plume, not a broad starting plume head, is what controls when and where a volcanic rifted margin will form.

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O’Hara, Casey C., Melanie Frazier, and Benjamin S. Halpern. "At-risk marine biodiversity faces extensive, expanding, and intensifying human impacts." Science 372, no. 6537 (April 1, 2021): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe6731.

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Human activities and climate change threaten marine biodiversity worldwide, though sensitivity to these stressors varies considerably by species and taxonomic group. Mapping the spatial distribution of 14 anthropogenic stressors from 2003 to 2013 onto the ranges of 1271 at-risk marine species sensitive to them, we found that, on average, species faced potential impacts across 57% of their ranges, that this footprint expanded over time, and that the impacts intensified across 37% of their ranges. Although fishing activity dominated the footprint of impacts in national waters, climate stressors drove the expansion and intensification of impacts. Mitigating impacts on at-risk biodiversity is critical to supporting resilient marine ecosystems, and identifying the co-occurrence of impacts across multiple taxonomic groups highlights opportunities to amplify the benefits of conservation management.

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