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1
Ghedira, K., P. Goetz, R. Lejeune, and D. Wuyts. "Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae)." Phytothérapie 6, no. 5 (October 2008): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10298-008-0337-8.
2
Pospelov, Sergey, Viacheslav Zdor, Oleg Mishchenko, Anna Pospelova, and Ninel Kovalenko. "Model of creation of productive agrocenosis of Echinacea." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202048.
Анотація:
The results of many years of field research on the effect of stocking density of different types of Echinacea spp. on its productivity are discussed. It was found that when the Echinacea purpurea crops were thickened, the collected raw material had a high percentage (more than 50%) of stems, which negatively affected its quality. An increase in the density of Echinacea pallida crops has less effect on the formation of generative shoots. Long-term research has revealed patterns that determine the productivity of Echinacea spp. at different planting densities. This made it possible to calculate and recommend for production the density of plants at which the optimal yield of the agrocenosis will be achieved: for Echinacea purpurea – 100-110 thousand/ha, and for Echinacea pallida – 120-140 thousand/ha.
3
Rogers, K. L., I. D. Grice, C. J. Mitchell, and L. R. Griffiths. "High performance liquid chromatography determined alkamide levels in Australian-grown Echinacea spp." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 4 (1998): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98001.
Анотація:
Summary. Extracts of Echinacea spp. are widely used as therapeutic immunostimulants with such activity being attributed in part to the alkamide fractions of these plants. Using high performance liquid chromatography, the levels of 8 alkamides, including 2 tetraene alkamides (dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide), were quantitatively determined in 2 Australian-grown Echinacea spp. Overall, the levels of alkamides in Australian-grown E. angustifolia were found to be comparable with levels obtained in this study and other studies for USA and European Echinacea spp. However, results obtained for one sample of E. angustifolia suggested that it may have been mislabelled and that it was most likely a sample of E. pallida. Levels of tetraene alkamides in Australian-grown E. purpurea were also similar to, if not higher, than levels which have been reported for the same species grown in Germany and the USA. Preliminary studies on the stability of alkamide compounds in E. angustifolia indicated that they are susceptible to degradation, with a 13% loss of alkamide level over 2 months. Overall, results indicate that there is considerable potential to develop Echinacea as a viable crop in Australia.
4
Sorokin, O., A. Panova, and M. Subotyalov. "The immunomodulatory and antiviral potential of Echinacea spp." Vrach 32, no. 7 (2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2021-07-08.
5
Pellati, Federica, Stefania Benvenuti, Lara Magro, Michele Melegari, and Fabrizia Soragni. "Analysis of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of Echinacea spp." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 35, no. 2 (April 2004): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00645-9.
6
Russi, Luigi, Chiaraluce Moretti, Lorenzo Raggi, Emidio Albertini, and Egizia Falistocco. "Identifying commercially relevant Echinacea species by AFLP molecular markers." Genome 52, no. 11 (November 2009): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-066.
Анотація:
The rising interest in medicinal plants has brought several species of the genus Echinacea to the attention of many scientists. Echinacea angustifolia , E. pallida , and E. purpurea are the most important for their immunological properties, well known and widely used by the native Americans. The three species are easily distinguishable on the basis of their morphological characteristics, but it would be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish them in commercial preparations of ground, dry plant parts of E. purpurea (the most valuable species for chemotherapeutic properties) mixed with the other two species. Species-specific molecular markers could be useful to address this issue. In the present work, using fresh material collected from cultivated Echinacea spp., AFLP analysis was used to discriminate the three species and to detect species-specific DNA fragments. By using 14 primer combinations it was possible to detect a total of 994 fragments, of which 565 were polymorphic. Overall, 89 fragments were unique to E. purpurea, 32 to E. angustifolia, and 26 to E. pallida. E+CAC/M+AAT or E+CAC/M+AGC alone provided 13, 9, and 4 or 7, 5, and 5 specific fragments for E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida, respectively. A validation trial to confirm the results was carried out on bulked samples of 23 accessions covering most of the genetic diversity of the three species. The results are discussed in terms of practical applications in the field of popular medicine, detecting frauds, and implications for the genus Echinacea.
7
Handy, Sara M., Rahul S. Pawar, Andrea R. Ottesen, Padmini Ramachandran, Satyanarayanaraju Sagi, Ning Zhang, Erica Hsu, and David L. Erickson. "HPLC-UV, Metabarcoding and Genome Skims of Botanical Dietary Supplements: A Case Study in Echinacea." Planta Medica 87, no. 04 (January 14, 2021): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1336-1685.
Анотація:
AbstractThe use of DNA-based methods to authenticate botanical dietary supplements has been vigorously debated for a variety of reasons. More comparisons of DNA-based and chemical methods are needed, and concordant evaluation of orthogonal approaches on the same products will provide data to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. The overall application of DNA-based methods is already firmly integrated into a wide array of continually modernizing stand alone and complementary authentication protocols. Recently, the use of full-length chloroplast genome sequences provided enhanced discriminatory capacity for closely related species of Echinacea compared to traditional DNA barcoding approaches (matK and rbcL). Here, two next-generation sequencing approaches were used: (1) genome skimming and (2) PCR amplicon (metabarcoding). The two genetic approaches were then combined with HPLC-UV to evaluate 20 commercially available dietary supplements of Echinacea representing “finished” products. The trade-offs involved in different DNA approaches were discussed, with a focus on how DNA methods support existing, accepted chemical methods. In most of the products (19/20), HPLC-UV suggested the presence of Echinacea spp. While metabarcoding was not useful with this genus and instead only resolved 7 products to the family level, genome skimming was able to resolve to species (9) or genus (1) with the 10/20 products where it was successful. Additional ingredients that HPLC-UV was unable to identify were also found in four products along with the relative sequence proportion of the constituents. Additionally, genome skimming was able to identify one product that was a different Echinacea species entirely.
8
Castle, Lisa Marie, Susan Leopold, Rachel Craft, and Kelly Kindscher. "Ranking Tool Created for Medicinal Plants at Risk of Being Overharvested in the Wild." Ethnobiology Letters 5 (May 30, 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.5.2014.169.
Анотація:
We developed an adaptable, transparent tool that can be used to quantify and compare vulnerability to overharvest for wild collected medicinal plants. Subsequently, we are creating a list of the most threatened medicinal plants in temperate North America. The new tool scores species according to their life history, the effects of harvest, their abundance and range, habitat, and demand. The resulting rankings, based on explicit criteria rather than expert opinion, will make it easier to discuss areas of vulnerability and set conservation priorities. Here we present scores for 40 species assessed using the At-Risk Tool and discuss the traits that led to different scores for six example species: echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia DC. Asteraceae), peyote (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult. Cactaceae), sandalwood (Santalum spp. L. Santalaceae), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae) and mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L. Berberidaceae).
9
Heidari, S., R. Fotouhi Ghazvini, M. Kafi, and M. Zavareh. "Effect of drought stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Echinacea spp." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1315 (July 2021): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1315.66.
10
Rizzello, Carlo, Rossana Coda, Davinia Macías, Daniela Pinto, Barbara Marzani, Pasquale Filannino, Giammaria Giuliani, Vito Paradiso, Raffaella Di Cagno, and Marco Gobbetti. "Lactic acid fermentation as a tool to enhance the functional features of Echinacea spp." Microbial Cell Factories 12, no. 1 (2013): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-12-44.
11
Catanzaro, Michele, Emanuela Corsini, Michela Rosini, Marco Racchi, and Cristina Lanni. "Immunomodulators Inspired by Nature: A Review on Curcumin and Echinacea." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112778.
Анотація:
The immune system is an efficient integrated network of cellular elements and chemicals developed to preserve the integrity of the organism against external insults and its correct functioning and balance are essential to avoid the occurrence of a great variety of disorders. To date, evidence from literature highlights an increase in immunological diseases and a great attention has been focused on the development of molecules able to modulate the immune response. There is an enormous global demand for new effective therapies and researchers are investigating new fields. One promising strategy is the use of herbal medicines as integrative, complementary and preventive therapy. The active components in medical plants have always been an important source of clinical therapeutics and the study of their molecular pharmacology is an enormous challenge since they offer a great chemical diversity with often multi-pharmacological activity. In this review, we mainly analysed the immunomodulatory/antinflammatory activity of Echinacea spp. and Curcuma longa, focusing on some issues of the phytochemical research and on new possible strategies to obtain novel agents to supplement the present therapies.
12
Brown, Paula N., Michael Chan, Lori Paley, and Joseph M. Betz. "Determination of Major Phenolic Compounds in Echinacea spp. Raw Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Matrix Extension." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 1400–1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.5.1400.
Анотація:
Abstract A method previously validated to determine caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, echinacoside, and cichoric acid in echinacea raw materials has been successfully applied to dry extract and liquid tincture products in response to North American consumer needs. Single-laboratory validation was used to assess the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, analyte stability (ruggedness), and linearity of the method, with emphasis on finished products. Repeatability precision for each phenolic compound was between 1.04 and 5.65% RSD, with HorRat values between 0.30 and 1.39 for raw and dry extract finished products. HorRat values for tinctures were between 0.09 and 1.10. Accuracy of the method was determined through spike recovery studies. Recovery of each compound from raw material negative control (ginseng) was between 90 and 114%, while recovery from the finished product negative control (maltodextrin and magnesium stearate) was between 97 and 103%. A study was conducted to determine if cichoric acid, a major phenolic component of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and E. angustifolia DC, degrades during sample preparation (extraction) and HPLC analysis. No significant degradation was observed over an extended testing period using the validated method.
13
Brown, Paula N., Elizabeth M. Mudge, and Lori Paley. "Determination of Phenolic Constituents in Echinacea Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by HPLC–UV: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0144.
Анотація:
Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate an HPLC method for determining phenolic compounds in Echinacea spp. raw materials, powdered extracts, and tinctures. Eleven collaborating laboratories received three practice samples representing each matrix type, phenolic reference standards, eight test samples as blind duplicates, the validated analytical method, and instructions. Test samples included two raw materials, four extracts (including one in combination with astragalus and reishi), one ethanolic tincture in combination with goldenseal, and one glycerite tincture. Each material was extracted with a 60% methanol aqueous solution, separated on a C18 column, and detected at 330 nm. Results reported by laboratories for total phenolics in Echinacea roots, aerial parts, and extracts ranged from 9.5 to 62.9 mg/g with RSDR ranging from 3.64 and 7.95% and Horwitz ratio (HorRat) values ranging from 1.06 to 2.01. Total phenolics in the ethanolic tincture ranged from 4837 to 5962 μg/mL, with an RSDR of 6.35% and a HorRat value of 1.45. The glycerite tincture showed poor interlaboratory precision with a HorRat value of 3.32, an RSDR of 21.8%, and reported total phenolic values ranging from 257 to 539 μg/mL.
14
Chang, K. F., R. J. Howard, R. G. Gaudiel, and S. F. Hwang. "First Report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Coneflower." Plant Disease 81, no. 9 (September 1997): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1093a.
Анотація:
Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench; Asteraceae), a perennial herb originating from North America, is used as a garden ornamental and is grown commercially for use in medicinal preparations as an immunostimulant. In October 1996, a previously undescribed stem rot disease was observed in a research plot of 6-month-old echinacea plants at Brooks. Seedlings had been raised in small rockwool cubes (2 × 2 × 5 cm3) in a greenhouse, then transplanted into the field in early June. By late August, dead and dying plants were observed throughout the stand. They had dark brown to black stem lesions above and at the soil level and dead leaves with bleached petiole lesions that extended ca. 15 cm above the axil. Diseased stems and petioles often disintegrated, leaving only fibrous tissues intact. Roots were rotted and black. Superficial white mycelium developed over the basal part of affected stems. Black, oblong to irregular-shaped sclerotia, 5.1 to 17.6 mm in size, formed externally on the crown areas after plant death. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was isolated from the diseased plants. Five isolates were selected to fulfill Koch's postulates with 3-month-old echinacea seedlings grown in 12-cm pots of soilless mix. Sclerotia from wilted, field-grown echinacea plants were transferred onto potato dextrose agar medium for 2 days at 20°C. Agar disks were cut with a 1-cm cork borer and two plugs containing sclerotial and mycelial tissues were inserted into the soilless mix 0.5 cm deep and 0.5 cm from the opposite sides of stems of test plants. Inoculated plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags for 5 days and incubated in a growth chamber at 15/18°C (night/day) with a 12-h photoperiod. One to four lower leaves per plant wilted within 1 week after inoculation and aerial mycelia appeared on the petioles. Infected leaves quickly withered, dried, and dropped off the plant after the bags were removed. Plants often died 3 weeks after inoculation and S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from infected crown tissues. This disease was also found on 3-year-old plants of E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronq. in Vernon, British Columbia, Canada, in May 1997. This is the first report of sclerotinia stem rot on Echinacea spp., a disease that could have a significant impact on the longevity and productivity of this crop in the field and greenhouse. Reference: (1) L. H. Purdy. Phytopathology 69:875, 1979.
15
Abdelaziz, S. A., A. A. Said, N. O. Edres, and G. A. Amer. "The Immunomodulatory Effects of Oral Administration of Azithromycin and Echinacea spp in Pasteurella multocida Vaccinated Rats." Zagazig Veterinary Journal 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2013.94451.
16
Frédérich, Michel, Céline Jansen, Pascal de Tullio, Monique Tits, Vincent Demoulin, and Luc Angenot. "Metabolomic analysis of Echinacea spp. by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and multivariate data analysis technique." Phytochemical Analysis 21, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.1156.
17
Chen, Pei. "Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Based on Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Absorption and Mass Spectrometry Detection Method for Quantitation of Cichoric Acid in Echinacea purpurea Aerial-Based Dietary Supplements." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.612.
Анотація:
Abstract A new, rapid, and reproducible reversed-phased liquid chromatography (LC) method with ultraviolet (UV) absorption and/or mass spectrometry (MS) detection has been developed and validated for quantitation of cichoric acid, a major constituent of Echinacea spp. The method involves the use of a short Phenomenex Hydro-RP C18 column (4 μm, 50 × mm 3.0 mm id) and a simple isocratic mobile phase profile. Both UV (diode array detector) and selective-ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z 472.8 were used for quantitation of cichoric acid. The limit of detection was 0.75 ng for UV and 0.15 ng for MSSIM, and the limit of quantitation was is 2.5 ng for UV and 0.5 ng for MSSIM. Watermethanol (1 + 1) soluble extracts of 6 commercially available Echinacea purpurea aerial parts-based dietary supplements (EPADS). EPADS were first profiled using a traditional HPLC-UV method. Their UV chromatograms were compared, and cichoric acid was identified to be a key biomarker for EPADS. Then the samples were analyzed by the fast LC-UV/MS method. The turnaround time for a single analysiswas 3 min, compared to 15 to 60 min needed for traditional reported LC methods. The high-throughput method was able to separate the cichoric acid peak from peaks of other components in extracts of complex matrixes of EPADS.
18
McCann, Dustin A., Avery Solco, Yi Liu, Filippo Macaluso, Patricia A. Murphy, Marian L. Kohut, and David S. Senchina. "Cytokine- and Interferon-Modulating Properties of Echinacea spp. Root Tinctures Stored at −20°C for 2 Years." Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 27, no. 5 (May 2007): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2006.0104.
19
Senchina, David S., Dustin A. McCann, Jessica M. Asp, Jack A. Johnson, Joan E. Cunnick, Mark S. Kaiser, and Marian L. Kohut. "Changes in immunomodulatory properties of Echinacea spp. root infusions and tinctures stored at 4 °C for four days." Clinica Chimica Acta 355, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.12.013.
20
Arczewska-Włosek, Anna, and Sylwester Świątkiewicz. "The efficacy of selected feed additives in the prevention of broiler chicken coccidiosis under natural exposure to Eimeria spp." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0026.
Анотація:
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate, under conditions similar to commercial broiler production, the effect of the herbal extract blend (HE) at a quantity of 1 g per kg feed (200 mg of each herbal extract, Allium sativum, Salvia officinalis, Echinacea purpurea, Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare), used individually or in combination with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; 1 g per kg feed) or chitosan (3 ml containing 2% deacetylated chitin per kg feed) on the performance parameters of broiler chickens, the results of the slaughter analysis, litter moisture and the number of oocysts excreted in feces. The experiment was conducted on 4,500 broiler chickens of both sexes kept in straw-bedded pens. Chickens were randomly assigned to 5 experimental treatments with 5 replicates (pens) of 180 birds. The experimental design included negative and positive (diclazuril, 1 mg per kg feed) control groups. The examined herbal extract blend used individually during natural exposure to the coccidia improved, compared to the negative control diet, the performance parameters to a greater extent than coccidiostat, lowered the litter moisture content and reduced the oocyst output. Combined dietary supplementation with a herbal extract blend of chitosan or mannan oligosaccharide did not result in further improvement.
21
Aucoin, Monique, Kieran Cooley, Paul Richard Saunders, Jenny Carè, Dennis Anheyer, Daen N. Medina, Valentina Cardozo, Daniella Remy, Nicole Hannan, and Anna Garber. "The effect of Echinacea spp. on the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections in humans: A rapid review." Advances in Integrative Medicine 7, no. 4 (December 2020): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.004.
22
Sholberg, P. L., J. H. Ginns, and T. S. C. Li. "First Report of Powdery Mildew, Caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum, on Coneflowers." Plant Disease 83, no. 7 (July 1999): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.694b.
Анотація:
Purple coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea) are grown in North America and Europe for their medicinal properties and as ornamental plants. In September 1997 and again in 1998, a previously undescribed disease was noticed on fully grown coneflower plants in Summerland and Oliver, British Columbia. Mycelia were observed on stems, foliage, and flowers, and distinct dark red to black, round (approximately 5 mm in diameter) lesions were observed on the flower petals. The disease appeared similar to powdery mildews that have been reported on numerous genera of the Asteraceae. Samples of the diseased tissue were examined and the salient features of the fungus on two specimens were determined: cleistothecia infrequent, subglobose or flattened on the side next to the leaf surface, 121 to 209 μm in diameter; epidermal (surface) cells 20 μm in diameter; appendages hyphoid, 5 μm in diameter, up to 200 μm long; asci, 10 to 19 in each cleistothecium, broadly ellipsoid, 47 to 85 × 28 to 37 μm with a short stalk, about 8 to 13 μm long and 8 μm in diameter; ascospores, immature, two per ascus, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 17 to 25 × 11 to 13 μm, thin walled, hyaline, and smooth; conidia oblong with sides slightly convex and apices truncate, 27 to 40 × 14 to 20 μm, walls hyaline, thin, smooth. Based on the occurrence of asci that contained two ascospores and the hyphoid appendages on the cleistothecia we concluded that the fungus was Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Damage due to this disease was minimal in 1997 and 1998 because it developed very late in the growing season and occurred sporadically within the plantings. In order to complete Koch's postulates, Echinacea purpurea plants grown in the greenhouse were inoculated with a conidial suspension (105 to 106 conidia per ml) from field-infected plants. Powdery mildew first appeared 3 months later, eventually infecting leaves and stems of 12 of 49 inoculated plants. It was distinctly white and in discrete patches on leaves, compared with coalescing dark brown areas on the stems. Microscopic examination of the conidia confirmed that they were E. cichoracearum. Although powdery mildew caused by E. cichoracearum has been widely reported on lettuce, safflower, and other cultivated and wild Compositae, we found no reference to it on Echinacea spp. in Canada (1,2), the U.S. (3), or elsewhere in the world (4). The specimens have been deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM) with accession numbers 225933 and 225934 for Oliver and Summerland, B.C., respectively. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) I. L. Conners. 1967. An annotated index of plant diseases in Canada and fungi recorded on plants in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Canada Dept. of Agric. Pub. 1251. (3) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (4) J. Ginns. 1986. Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada, 1960-1980. Agriculture Canada Pub. 1813.
23
Brown, Paula N., Michael Chan, Lori Paley, and Joseph M. Betz. "Determination of Major Phenolic Compounds in Echinacea spp. Raw Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection: Single-Laboratory Validation Matrix Extension." Journal of AOAC International 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 1400–1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-142.
24
Chang, K. F., R. J. Howard, and S. F. Hwang. "First Report of Botrytis Blight, Caused by Botrytis cinerea, on Coneflowers." Plant Disease 81, no. 12 (December 1997): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.12.1461c.
Анотація:
Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronq.) are popular medicinal herbs in North America and Europe. In May 1997, a previously undescribed disease was observed in a commercial field of 3-year-old E. pallida var. angustifolia plants in Vernon, British Columbia, Canada. Diseased plants had small to large, brown or black lesions on leaves and stems. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1,2) was consistently isolated from affected tissues. The pathogen appeared to infect leaves along the margins and tips, and occasionally on other parts of the blade as well. Lesions expanded rapidly under cool, humid conditions. Once the pathogen had invaded the midrib or veins, it advanced rapidly to the petiole and stem, which resulted in collapse of the leaf. The pathogen produced profuse conidia and mycelia on the surface of dead and dying leaves, stems, and blossoms, which resulted in a moldy gray appearance. Under dry conditions, the disease developed slowly or even became quiescent. Large lesions often split and formed holes in leaves. The average size of the conidia produced on naturally infected leaves ranged from 5.5 to 10.5 × 6.8 to 18.3 μm (average 8.1 × 13.0 μm), and on potato dextrose agar (1-month-old culture) ranged from 5.5 to 10.0 × 7.5 to 16.3 μm (average 7.4 × 11.3 μm) based on 100 spore measurements, respectively. Microsclerotia were round, spherical or irregular in shape, and ranged from 1.1 to 3.6 × 1.0 to 3.0 mm. Koch's postulates were verified by spraying potted, 3-month-old, narrow-leaved coneflower (E. pallida var. angustifolia) and 2-year-old purple coneflower (E. purpurea) plants with a spore suspension (4 × 105 conidia/ml). Inoculated plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags for 7 days at 15/22°C (night/day) with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical symptoms were produced 2 to 7 days after inoculation. Some infected leaves quickly twisted and dried after removal of the plastic bags. Botrytis cinerea was reisolated from the affected tissues. This is the first report of Botrytis blight on Echinacea spp. Although B. cinerea does not usually kill coneflower plants, it often heavily infects disc flowers and young shoots. Therefore, Botrytis blight could have a significant impact on the establishment and productivity of this crop in both the field and greenhouse, especially under cool, wet, growing conditions. References: (1) J. R. Coley-Smith et al. 1980. The Biology of Botrytis. Academic Press, New York. (2) D. J. Morgan. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 56:319, 1971.
25
Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Israel Luiz de Lima, Daniel Romeu Lombardi, José Nivaldo Garcia, and Edenise Segala Alves. "Woods with physical, mechanical and acoustic properties similar to those of Caesalpinia echinata have high potential as alternative woods for bow makers." CERNE 20, no. 3 (September 2014): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201420031345.
Анотація:
For nearly two hundred years, Caesalpinia echinata wood has been the standard for modern bows. However, the threat of extinction and the enforcement of trade bans have required bow makers to seek alternative woods. The hypothesis tested was that woods with physical, mechanical and acoustic properties similar to those of C. echinata would have high potential as alternative woods for bows. Accordingly, were investigated Handroanthus spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Hymenaea spp., Dipteryx spp., Diplotropis spp. and Astronium lecointei. Handroanthus and Diplotropis have the greatest number of similarities with C. echinata, but only Handroanthus spp. showed significant results in actual bow manufacture, suggesting the importance of such key properties as specific gravity, speed of sound propagation and modulus of elasticity. In practice, Handroanthus and Dipteryx produced bows of quality similar to that of C. echinata.
26
SONG, YUE-HUA, and ZI-ZHONG LI. "Some new species and new record of the genus Arboridia Zachvatkin (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from six provinces of China." Zootaxa 3613, no. 3 (February 11, 2013): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.3.2.
Анотація:
In the present paper, nine new species, Arboridia anteoculara, A. baiyunensis, A. reniformis, A. lunula, A. cuihuashana, A. paraprocessa, A. echinata, A. tridentata, A. zhenyuana spp. n. and a new record, A. agrillacea from China, are de-scribed and illustrated and a key for identification of Chinese species is provided.
27
Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Takashi Yojo, Daniel Romeu Lombardi, and Edenise Segala Alves. "The Potential of Ipê (Handroanthus SPP.) and Maçaranduba (Manilkara SPP.) Woods in the manufacture of bows for string instruments." IAWA Journal 31, no. 2 (2010): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000012.
Анотація:
While the wood Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco wood) is traditionally used in the manufacture of bows for string instruments, wood of other genera such as Handroanthus (syn. Tabebuia) and Manilkara are also used in bow making, but still on a very small scale. This study aims to evaluate the anatomical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of these two latter woods, establishing their potential for bow making. Length, frequency of vessel elements and rays, and the higher percentage of fibers influence the density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and the speed of sound propagation, whereas the content of lignin influence the sticks’ stiffness. It appears that Handroanthus bows can provide quality equivalent to that of pernambuco wood. Despite its appropriate heartwood color and texture, Manilkara provides bows of inferior quality.
28
Crossan, Cynthia, and Wallace Pill. "MATRIC AND OSMOTIC PRIMING OF PURPLE CONEFLOWER." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 256F—256. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.256f.
Анотація:
Seeds of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench were osmotically primed (OSP) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) or matrically primed in expanded vermiculite No. 5 (solid matrix priming, SMP). With both OSP or SHP at 15C, 10-day exposure to -0.4 MPa resulted in lowered time to 50% germination (T,) and higher germination percentage than shorter exposure (5-day) or lower water potential (-1.5 MPa). SMP- and OSP-seeds performed similarly in a greenhouse trial, resulting in 80% and 34% seedling emergence at 23C and 37C, respectively, compared to 58% and 27% for non-primed seeds. Seedling emergence rate and synchrony from primed seeds were greater than from non-primed seeds at both temperatures. An incubator study established that adding 10-4M GA3 and 10 mN ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) to the PEG or vermiculite resulted in lower T50 and higher germination percentage than priming without these growth regulators. A further incubator study established that less-expensive trade products (Pro-Gibb Pius 2X) and Florel could substitute for the reagent-grade growth regulators. Seeds primed in PEG or vermiculite containing 10-4M GA3 from Pro-Gibb Plus 2X and 10 mM ethephon from Floral had lower T50 and higher percentage emergence in a greenhouse trial than seeds primed without growth regulators. Compared to the non-primed seeds, these treated seeds had 29% greater seedling emergence and 61% less time to 50% emergence.
29
Henson, M. S., S. R. Sharpe, and I. M. Meadows. "Annuals and Herbaceous Perennials Tolerant or Resistant to Phytophthora Species in the Landscape1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.3.107.
Анотація:
Abstract Plants of one or two cultivars of 16 annuals and 14 herbaceous perennials were evaluated based on desirability and anecdotal evidence of resistance to Phytophthora root or crown rot. Six plant cultivars served as susceptible controls. Three landscape beds were established in North Carolina and each was infested with three species of Phytophthora: P. nicotianae, P. drechsleri, and P. tropicalis. Plants were regularly rated for disease incidence and symptomatic plants were assayed to determine the presence of Phytophthora species. Ten cultivars of annuals and seven cultivars of herbaceous perennials did not exhibit symptoms of Phytophthora root or crown rot or other disease throughout the season (June 4 to October 15, 2018). Phytophthora spp. were recovered from seven and six cultivars of the evaluated annuals and herbaceous perennials, respectively. Phytophthora nicotianae, P. drechsleri, or P. cryptogea were recovered from a susceptible host in each landscape bed. P. tropicalis was recovered from one plant cultivar evaluated. Phytophthora cryptogea was recovered from three plant cultivars, although this species was not intentionally introduced in the landscape beds. We identified 22 plant cultivars within 13 herbaceous plant species that grew vigorously in landscape beds infested with species of Phytophthora. Index words: bedding plants, disease resistance, herbaceous perennials, landscape plants, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora tropicalis. Species used in this study: yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. ‘Desert Eve Red'), fernleaf yarrow (Achillea filipendulina Lam. ‘Moonshine Yellow'), angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘ArchAngel Pink', ‘Serenita White'), annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ‘Cora Apricot', ‘Cora Strawberry', ‘Pacifica Raspberry'), celosia (Celosia argentea L. ‘New Look'), tickseed (Coreopsis auriculata L. ‘Nana', ‘Yellow Jethro Tull'), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ‘Cheyenne Spirit', ‘PowWow Wild Berry'), blanket flower (Gaillardia x grandiflora Hort. ‘Goblin', ‘Mesa Bi-color'), Barberton daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hooker f. ‘Crazy Daisy'), verbena (Glandularia canadensis ‘Homestead Purple'), >dusty miller (Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden ‘Silver Dust'), New Guinea impatiens (Impatienshawkeri W.Bull ‘Hamony', ‘Sunpatiens Compact Orchid', ‘Sunpatiens Lilac'), sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Ace of Spades', ‘Bright Idea Tri-color'), West Indian lantana (Lantana camara L. ‘Miss Huff'), lantana (Lantana x hybrida ‘New Gold'), shasta daisy (Leucanthemum x superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) Bergmans ex Kent. ‘Becky', ‘Snow Lady'), bee balm (Monarda didyma L. ‘Petite Delight', ‘Jacob Cline'), ornamental grass (Panicum virgatum L. ‘Rotstrahlbusch', ‘Shenandoah'), geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey (pro. sp.) ‘Bullseye Cherry', Calliope Dark Red'), calibrachoa (Petunia x calibrachoa ‘Super Cal'), petunia (Petunia x hybrida (Hooker) Vilmorin ‘Easy Wave Red', ‘Easy Wave White', ‘Wave Purple', ‘Yellow Madness', Violet Picotee'), annual phlox (Phlox drummondii Hook. ‘Intensia Red Hot', ‘Phlox Star'), garden phlox (Phlox paniculata L. ‘Amethyst True Gal'), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L. ‘Indian Summer', ‘Prairie Sun'), mealy blue sage (Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Victoria Blue'), African marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Yellow', ‘Proud Yellow'), French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Disco Mix', ‘Disco Yellow'), narrowleaf zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia Kunth. ‘Star Orange', ‘Star White'), Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan, Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. and Laff, Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, Phytophthora tropicalis Aragaki and J.Y. Uchida, zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Magellan Orange').
30
PANG, HONG, ADAM ŚLIPIŃSKI, YAPING WU, and YONGSHENG ZUO. "Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Epilachna Chevrolat with descriptions of new species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Epilachnini)." Zootaxa 3420, no. 1 (August 13, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3420.1.1.
Анотація:
The results of examination of extensive collections of Epilachna Chevrolat (Coccinellidae: Epilachnini) from China, housed at the Natural History Museum Basel and the Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou are presented. New distribution data of 33 species and detailed digital illustrations of external morphology and male genitalia of 20 poorly known species are included. Six new species: Epilachna bocaki, E. crepida, E. echinata, E. hamulifera, E. max, E. sichuana Pang et Ślipiński spp. nov. are described. An updated list of 106 species of Epilachna recorded from China is also presented.
31
Blüthgen, Nico, Anika Metzner, and Daniel Ruf. "Food plant selection by stick insects (Phasmida) in a Bornean rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 1 (December 21, 2005): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002749.
Анотація:
Stick insects (Phasmida) are important herbivores in tropical ecosystems, but have been poorly investigated in their natural environment. We studied phasmids and their food plants in a tropical lowland rain forest in Borneo (Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia). Thirty species of phasmid were collected from 49 plant species during nocturnal surveys in the forest understorey. In most cases (35 plant species), experiments confirmed that these phasmids fed on those plant species from which they were collected. Partitioning of phasmid species among food plant species was highly significant. Two common species had a largely restricted diet: Asceles margaritatus occurred mainly on Mallotus spp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Dinophasma ruficornis on Leea indica (Leeaceae). Other phasmids fed on a broad spectrum of plant families and can be considered polyphagous (e.g. Haaniella echinata, Lonchodes hosei herberti). Feeding experiments were performed on captive phasmids using leaves from eight plant species. Asceles margaritatus showed a significantly higher consumption rate for Mallotus miquelianus leaves than for other plants, while H. echinata showed the opposite trend and the lowest consumption for M. miquelianus. However, A. margaritatus readily accepted foliage from several plant families, particularly when Mallotus was not offered at the same time. Therefore, studies on host specialisation by herbivores need to include their distribution in the natural vegetation.
32
Li, G. F., M. S. Wei, J. Ma, and S. F. Zhu. "First Report of Broad bean wilt virus 2 in Echinacea purpurea in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0409-pdn.
Анотація:
Field-grown Echinacea purpurea plants showing necrosis, leaf roll, yellow mosaic, and mosaic symptoms in leaves were collected in June 2010 in Huairou, Beijing, China. ELISAs of extracts of four samples showed that one sample with mosaic symptoms had a positive reaction with Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV-2) monoclonal antibody provided by Professor X. P. Zhou (1). The monoclonal antibody recognized the 44.7 kD coat protein subunit of BBWV-2. We used Chenopodium quinoa as an assay species to isolate the virus by sap transmissions and to maintain the virus strain. Sap from infected C. quinoa, when inoculated onto indicator plant species, induced the following symptoms: C. quinoa: local lesions in inoculated leaves, systemic chlorotic mottle in upper leaves, deformation, and apical necrosis; C. amaranticolor: chlorotic local lesions, systemic mosaic and leaf distortion; Nicotiana benthamiana: systemic mosaic; Gomphrena globosa: local purple spots in inoculated leaves and systemic infection in upper leaves; Tetragonia expansa: local lesions, but no symptoms of systemic infection; Physalis floridana: systemic mosaic. No symptoms were observed on Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, N. glutinosa, or N. tabacum cv. White Burley. To confirm BBWV-2 infection, total RNAs extracted from infected C. quinoa leaves were reverse transcripted to cDNA using oligo-dT primer (T17V). The primer pair Fab5′R1F (5′-AAATATTAAAACAAACAGCTTTCGTT-3′) and Fab5′R1R (5′-TTCAAAGCTCGTGCCATNTYATTKGC-3′) for specific detection of the Fabavirus genus (2) was used for PCR analysis. The amplified fragment is between the 5′-terminal non-translatable region (NTR) and the beginning of the coding region of RNA1. Amplicons of approximately the expected size (~391 bp) were produced from the virus-infected C. quinoa and a BBWV-2 positive control (ATCC PV131, PV0537). Amplicons of approximately the expected size (~350 bp) were produced from the BBWV-1 positive control (ATCC PV132). However, no such amplicons were observed from healthy C. quinoa plants and water control. The 391-bp amplicons of RNA1 obtained from the infected C. quinoa were cloned and sequenced. Comparison with sequences of other BBWV-2 isolates showed that the isolate we obtained (No. JX070674) had approximately 99% nt identity (98% amino acid identity) with Chinese BBWV-2 isolate BC (No. FJ485686.1) (3). As an ornamental and medicinal plant, E. purpurea is widely cultivated in northern China. Up until now, Tomato ring spot virus, Tobacco rattle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Tomato spotted wilt virus have been detected or isolated from E. purpurea in the world (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of BBWV-2 infecting E. purpurea in China. BBWV-2-infected E. purpurea may have less secondary metabolites, which could influence the quality and therapeutic efficacy of this herbal medicine. References: (1) L. Qing et al. Acta Microbiologica Sinica 40:166, 2000. (2) R. M. Ferrer et al. J. Virol. Methods 144:156, 2007. (3) C. Sui et al. Plant Dis. 93:844, 2009. (4) B. Dikova. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 17:306, 2011.
33
Bang, Jun Hyoung, Chi Eun Hong, Sebastin Raveendar, Kyong Hwan Bang, Kyung Ho Ma, Soon Wook Kwon, Hojin Ryu, Ick Hyun Jo, and Jong-Wook Chung. "Development of genomic simple sequence repeat markers for Glycyrrhiza lepidota and cross-amplification of other Glycyrrhiza species." PeerJ 7 (August 7, 2019): e7479. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7479.
Анотація:
Background Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp. L.) is used as a natural sweetener and medicinal herb in European and Asian countries. Molecular studies have been conducted to find differences between wild and cultivated species because most wild species are highly resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses compared with their cultivated species. However, few molecular markers have been developed for studying the genetic diversity and population structure of licorice species and to identify differences between cultivars. Thus, the present study aimed to develop a set of genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for molecular studies of these species. Methods In the present study, we developed polymorphic SSR markers based on whole-genomesequence data of Glycyrrhiza lepidota. Then, based on the sequence information, the polymorphic SSR markers were developed. The SSR markers were applied to 23 Glycyrrhiza individual plants. We also evaluated the phylogenetic relationships and interspecies transferability among samples. Results The genetic diversity analysis using these markers identified 2–23 alleles, and the major allele frequency, observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity, and polymorphism information content were 0.11–0.91, 0–0.90, 0.17–0.94, and 0.15–0.93, respectively. Interspecies transferability values were 93.5%, 91.6%, and 91.1% for G. echinata, G. glabra, and G. uralensis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis clustered cultivated (group 1) and wild (group 2) species into three and two subgroups, respectively. The reported markers represent a valuable resource for the genetic characteri z ation of Glycyrrhiza spp. for theanalysis of its genetic variability, and as a tool for licorice transferability. This is the first intraspecific study in a collection of Glycyrrhiza spp. germplasm using SSR markers.
34
Parnham, M. J. "Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation." Phytomedicine 3, no. 1 (May 1996): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-7113(96)80020-1.
35
Kannamreddy, Vikram, M. Jeeva, Girija Prasad Patnaik, R. Narmadha, P. L. Sai Linga Reddy, B. Tarun Reddy, and D. Santhoshkumar. "IMMUNITY BOOSTERS TO COMBAT COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2 (October 31, 2020): S119—S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s119.s125.
Анотація:
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2). It primarily targets lung epithelial cells of human respiratory system. The original strain of coronavirus was first identified at the end of December 2019 and emerged during an outbreak in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 infection is mostly seen in the people with weak immune system. There are different ex-situ approaches to prevent the infection of corona virus viz., use of masks, sanitizing body and surfaces and maintaining social distance. But apart from them, in-situ prevention approaches like inclusion of nutrient rich healthy foods and herbs in daily diet helps to protect the body from inside by strengthening immune system. Thus, to strengthen immune system from inside we need to take immunity boosters, apart from normal healthy diet. These immunity boosters are prepared from leaves, roots, stems, flowers, barks and some other parts of medicinal and spice crops. These contain a mixture of proteins and other organic chemicals and carbohydrates, which include alkaloids, flavoids, glycosides, saponins, and terpenes. Kabasura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, Immuplus, Echinacea liquid, Immusarc, Septilin and immunity plus are some of the important immunotonics to strengthen and to protect body from infections and safeguard health. In this context we have to supplement our body with these immunity boosters to fight against not only COVID-19 but also other diseases.
36
Padulla, Tathiana Lisbôa, Maria Heloisa Duarte de Moraes, Claudio José Barbedo, Igor Ferrari Borges, José Otávio Machado Menten, and Sérgio Florentino Pascholati. "Detecção de fungos em sementes de pau-brasil (Caesalpinia echinata) coletadas durante sua formação e dispersão." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 32, no. 2 (June 2010): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222010000200019.
Анотація:
O pau-brasil é uma espécie florestal que tem imenso potencial de utilização, porém, atualmente, encontra-se enquadrada na categoria de extinção sendo importantes as ações que contribuírem para retirá-la desse contexto. As espécies florestais tropicais regeneram-se por vários mecanismos e, dentre estes, a semente é um dos principais, devendo-se atentar para sua qualidade sanitária e fisiológica. Existem poucos relatos sobre a ocorrência de fungos em sementes de pau-brasil e os trabalhos existentes não esclarecem em que momento da formação das sementes ocorre a incidência desses fungos. Objetivou-se através deste trabalho verificar a incidência de fungos durante o processo de formação e dispersão das sementes de pau-brasil. Foram analisadas, pelo método do papel de filtro, sementes coletadas em diferentes momentos da sua formação (após antese e após deiscência). Os principais fungos detectados foram Cladosporium cladosporioides, Pestalotiopsis maculans, Fusarium sp. e Epicoccum sp. Outros fungos encontrados em menor incidência foram Aspergillus spp., Nigrospora sp. e Penicillium sp. C. cladosporioides e Pestalotiopsismaculans estavam presentes nas sementes desde o início, na coleta aos 40 dias pós-antese, tendo a incidência aumentada ao longo do tempo, atingindo 100% nas sementes com um e dois dias de deiscência. Fusarium sp. foi detectado nas sementes coletadas após a deiscência, tendo sua incidência aumentada à medida que as sementes permaneceram no solo.
37
Phillips, Douglas R., and James A. Abercrombie. "Pine-Hardwood Mixtures—A New Concept in Regeneration." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.4.192.
Анотація:
Abstract Spring felling of standing residuals left after a commercial clearcut, controlled burning the following summer, and hand planting of approximately 450 pine seedlings per acre can produce productive pine-hardwood mixtures on many medium sites in the Southeast. Stand establishment costs are approximately one-half that for conventional pine plantations using intensive site-preparation techniques. These stands have the potential to enhance wildlife, increase forest diversity, improve visual attractiveness, and provide good overall productivity. Early growth of individual pine trees on three study sites was approximately equal to that of pines growing in pure pine plantations of the same age. After 4 growing seasons, 304 to 414 free-to-grow shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata Mill.) per acre in the study stands averaged 7.9 to 9.3 feet in total height. Oaks (Quercus L. spp.), the predominant hardwood component of the stands, averaged 4.8 to 6.4 feet in total height after 4 years. If correctly applied, this new regeneration technique has the potential to bring many thousands of acres under management that presently are left unattended following harvest. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):192-197.
38
Jackson, D. Paul, Scott A. Enebak, and David B. South. "Effects of Pythium Species and Time in Cold Storage on the Survival of Bareroot and Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings." ISRN Ecology 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/874970.
Анотація:
Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold-stored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container-grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested.
39
Washburn, C. SM, and M. A. Arthur. "Spatial variability in soil nutrient availability in an oak-pine forest: potential effects of tree species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-157.
Анотація:
Established species have been shown to affect soil nutrient availability, but the effects of "native invasive" species on soil nutrient availability are relatively unknown. Oak-dominated forests in the eastern deciduous forest are dynamic in their species composition, with increasing dominance of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) in the midstory and overstory. We hypothesized that higher quality red maple litter within a litter matrix dominated by oaks would accelerate N turnover, increase nutrient availability in the soil, and result in a thinner and less massive O horizon. We examined nutrient availability in soils under three overstory tree species (Quercus prinus L., A. rubrum, and Pinus echinata Mill. or Pinus rigida Mill.), under a shrub (Vaccinium spp.), and in locations without tree stems ("no tree"). Ex tract able nutrients (P, K, Mg, Ca) and total and available N were quantified in the O horizon and upper mineral soil at 0.5 m and 1.0 m from the base of individual trees or from the center of Vaccinium and no-tree locations. Despite low lignin concentration in red maple litter and low lignin/N ratio, the lowest N mineralization rates were found in red maple microsites; the highest N mineralization rates were found under oak. Extractable cations were generally highest under red maple and lowest under pines, and red maple had the highest levels of total N (but not NO3or NH4) in the upper mineral soil. Shifting species composition towards red maple and away from pines in these forests may alter nutrient cycling by increasing surface soil cation availability, but reducing soil N mineralization.
40
Blankenship, Beth A., and Mary A. Arthur. "Prescribed Fire Affects Eastern White Pine Recruitment and Survival on Eastern Kentucky Ridgetops." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/23.3.144.
Анотація:
Abstract Successful fire prevention and suppression efforts during the past 50 yr have resulted in the proliferation of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in the understory of oak-pine forests on the Cumberland Plateau. Along with red maple (Acer rubrum L.), increasing density of eastern white pine in these forests signals a change in plant species composition from species adapted to periodic surface fires, such as oaks (Quercus spp.) and yellow pines (P. echinata Miller and P. rigida Miller), to species adapted to longer fire-free intervals. In the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF) in eastern Kentucky, the USDA Forest Service has reintroduced fire to these ridgetop ecosystems. In March 1995 and March 1996, single prescribed fires were conducted on three different ridgetops in the Red River Gorge of the DBNF. Diameter and age of white pine stems were recorded prior to burning, two growing seasons post-burn (for 1995 and 1996 fires), and three growing seasons post-burn (for 1995 fires only). Nearly all white pine less than 2.0 cm dbh were killed after a single prescribed fire, and significant mortality (P < 0.05) was measured in size classes up to 6 cm dbh. Post-burn regeneration of white pine, however, was abundant at each site. Therefore, a single prescribed burn affected the age structure of white pine but will not have an important influence on long-term species composition of these stands. A fire return interval of at least 10 to 20 yr will be required to control white pine competition with fire-adapted species on the ridgetop ecosystems of the DBNF. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3): 144-150.
41
Jung, T., and G. Dobler. "First Report of Littleleaf Disease Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Pinus occidentalis in the Dominican Republic." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (November 2002): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1275c.
Анотація:
Pinus occidentalis Sw. is an endemic species of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti). It shows an extreme ecological plasticity and grows on a wide range of soil types from 0 to 3,175 m in elevation with annual mean temperatures ranging from 6 to 25°C and annual precipitation of 800 to 2,300 mm. P. occidentalis is a major component of forests above 800 m in elevation and forms pure climax forests above 2,000 m (4). For more than 10 years, stands of P. occidentalis in the Sierra (Cordillera Central) growing on a wide range of site conditions have suffered from a serious widespread disease. Symptoms include yellowing and dwarfing of needles, a progressive defoliation and dieback of the crown, and finally, death of weakened trees often caused by attacks by secondary bark beetles. Mature stands are mainly affected, but the disease is also present in plantations and natural regeneration that is older than 10 years. Disease spread is rapid, and occurs mainly along roads and from diseased trees downslope following the path of water runoff. Initially, Leptographium serpens was isolated from necrotic roots and was thought to be the causal agent (1). However, the symptoms of the disease more closely resemble those of littleleaf disease of P. echinata and P. taeda in the southeastern United States, which is caused by the aggressive fine-root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (3). Moreover, spread and dynamics of the disease are similar to the diebacks of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in Oregon and Eucalyptus spp. in western Australia, which are caused by the introduced soilborne pathogens Phytophthora lateralis and Phytophthora cinnamomi, respectively. Soil samples containing the rhizosphere and fine roots of diseased P. occidentalis trees were collected in February 2002 at five sites near Celestina and Los Montones (Dominican Republic) and transported to the Bavarian State Institute of Forestry. The pathogen was baited from the soil by floating 3- to 7-dayold leaves of Quercus robur seedlings over flooded soil and placing the leaves on selective PARPNH agar (2). Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from the soil of all five sites. Crossing with A1 and A2 tester strains of Phytophthora cinnamomi confirmed that all isolates belong to the A2 mating type. In cross sections of necrotic fine roots, characteristic structures of Phytophthora cinnamomi such as nonseptate hyphae and chlamydospores could be observed. Our results indicate that the disease of P. occidentalis is caused by the introduced pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Because of the ecological and economical importance of P. occidentalis, the disease poses a major threat to forestry in the Dominican Republic. Future research should include the mapping of the disease, pathogenicity tests on P. occidentalis and alternative pine species, in particular P. caribaea, screening for resistance in the field, and testing of systemic fungicides such as potassium phosphonate, which is known to be effective against Phytophthora cinnamomi. References: (1) G. Dobler. Manejo y Tablas de Rendimiento de Pinus occidentalis. Plan Sierra, San José de las Matas, Dominican Republic, 1999. (2) T. Jung et al. Plant Pathol. 49:706, 2000. (3) S. W. Oak and F. H. Tainter. How to identify and control littleleaf disease. Protection Rep. R8-PR12, USDA Forest Service Southern Region, Atlanta, Georgia, 1988. (4) L. Sprich. Allg. Forst. Jagdztg. 168:67, 1997.
42
Liu, Rui, Nadia L. Caram-Salas, Wei Li, Lili Wang, John Thor Arnason, and Cory Steven Harris. "Interactions of Echinacea spp. Root Extracts and Alkylamides With the Endocannabinoid System and Peripheral Inflammatory Pain." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (April 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.651292.
Анотація:
Historical ethnobotanies of indigenous peoples of the North American prairies reveal treatment of many painful conditions by Echinacea spp. Recent evidence suggests a pharmacological basis for such use as the bioactivity of E. angustifolia and E. purpurea is mediated, in part, through activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Whereas the cannabimimetic effects of individual echinacea products and alkylamides have been described, the activity of crude extracts has not been compared between cannabinoid (CB) receptors or across species or genotypes. Moreover, few studies have explored echinacea’s engagement of the ECS for historic treatments or new therapeutic applications in peripheral inflammatory pain. We hypothesized that 1) the in vitro effects of root extracts on CB receptor internalization would vary with species and phytochemistry, and that echinacea root extracts would reduce inflammatory pain in vivo through activation of the ECS. Root extracts of different E. angustifolia and E. purpurea accessions were prepared, analyzed by HPLC-DAD to quantify caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides (AKA), and tested for agonist and antagonist activities using receptor redistribution assays. Linear regression of activity relative to phytochemistry identified predictive compounds that were assessed individually in redistribution assays. Extracts were evaluated in the Hargreaves model of chronic inflammatory pain in rats with co-administration of selective CB1/2 antagonists to gauge involvement of the ECS. CB receptor agonist activity varied among accessions of both species with linear regression revealing a significant relationship between CB1 activity and AKA2 for E angustifolia, and AKA 9 + 10 for E purpurea. CB2 activity was positively related with AKA 9 + 10 and total AKAs in E. angustifolia. Four isolated AKA demonstrated agonist activity in the CB2, but not CB1, assay. In the inflammatory pain model, oral administration of either E angustifolia or E. purpurea root extract produced dose-dependent analgesic effects that were partially reversed by co-administration of CB receptor antagonists. This study demonstrates that in vitro effects of crude echinacea root extracts on CB receptors is predicted by phytochemistry. In vivo, echinacea has potential applications for peripheral inflammatory pain such as arthritis and burns, reflecting the traditional uses of Indigenous North Americans.
43
Spelman, Kevin. "The utility of Echinacea spp. as a botanical remedy." Alternative & Integrative Medicine 07 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-5162-c4-049.
44
Khan, M., F. D'Amelio Sr, Y. Mirhom, and R. Graziose. "Determination of adulteration in Echinacea spp. by principal component analysis of UV spectra." Planta Medica 81, no. 11 (June 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1556448.
45
Maggini, Valentina, Elisangela Miceli, Camilla Fagorzi, Isabel Maida, Marco Fondi, Elena Perrin, Alessio Mengoni, et al. "Antagonism and antibiotic resistance drive a species-specific plant microbiota differentiation in Echinacea spp." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 94, no. 8 (June 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy118.
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Antonsen, Adrienne K., Katherine C. Kral-O’Brien, Torre J. Hovick, Ryan F. Limb, Benjamin A. Geaumont, and Jason P. Harmon. "Intra-annual Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae), Regal Fritillary (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae), and Their Floral Resources in North Dakota, United States." Annals of the Entomological Society of America, April 14, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab013.
Анотація:
Abstract Many butterflies in the United States, along with their nectar resources, are declining. Large-scale conservation planning can be challenging, however, when butterflies and their nectar sources exhibit disparate spatiotemporal dynamics. We initiated a multi-year survey on monarchs (Danaus plexippus), regal fritillaries (Speyeria idalia), and floral resources across North Dakota from 2017 to 2019 to understand resource use through space and time. We surveyed three sites in each county in North Dakota, twice a year for 3 yr, for a total of 954 site visits. Our objectives were to 1) identify important floral resources for monarchs and regal fritillaries, 2) determine intra-annual spatial and temporal distributions of the butterflies and their nectar sources, and 3) quantify how floral resources influenced butterfly abundance and interacted with spatiotemporal factors (latitude, longitude, and flight season). Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), native thistles (Cirsium spp.), and blazing stars (Liatris spp.) were identified as particularly important nectar resources for monarchs and regal fritillaries; all plant and butterfly species exhibited unique spatiotemporal distributions. Monarch abundance at a site was positively related to the availability of flowering milkweeds, and regal fritillary abundance was positively related to the floral availability of native thistles and coneflowers (Echinacea spp.). These relationships were consistent across the spatial and temporal extent of our study, indicating that the butterfly–flower relationships we detected are maintained and relatively consistent across our study region and years. By accounting for spatiotemporal dynamics, we can help elucidate the persistence of butterfly-flower species interactions at large scales and inform conservation efforts for these threatened species.
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Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Daniel Romeu Lombardi, and Edenise Segala Alves. "Potential Brazilian wood species for bows of string instruments." Holzforschung 64, no. 4 (June 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2010.068.
Анотація:
Abstract Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pau-brasil) is a Brazilian tree with symbolic character for Brazilian forestry, which is at risk of extinction because of illegal logging activities and exportation as raw material for bows of string instruments. Additional studies are required to select substitutes for pau-brasil, i.e., other wood species are being sought with potentially suitable characteristics for bow manufacture. The present paper is dedicated to the evaluation of six native Brazilian woods by comparing their anatomical features, specific gravity, speed of sound propagation, and dynamic modulus of elasticity in relation to the corresponding properties of C. echinata that are considered as standard for bow manufacture. The results showed that length, diameter, lumen diameter, and wall thickness of fibers are the most important variables contributing to specific gravity. Additionally, ray dimensions influenced sonic velocity. The values of dynamic modulus of elasticity are directly related to dimensions of rays and fibers. Among the six woods included in this study, Dipteryx spp., Handroanthus spp., and Hymenaea spp. were considered as the best alternatives to C. echinata wood as sources of bow construction. The bows from the first two woods were already tested by professional musicians and their suitability was certified. The Diplotropis spp. wood also showed promising characteristics. Mezilaurus itauba and Astronium lecointei do not have the necessary properties for bows.
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Nowland, Samantha J., Catarina N. S. Silva, Paul C. Southgate, and Jan M. Strugnell. "Mitochondrial and nuclear genetic analyses of the tropical black-lip rock oyster (Saccostrea echinata) reveals population subdivision and informs sustainable aquaculture development." BMC Genomics 20, no. 1 (September 12, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6052-z.
Анотація:
Abstract Background The black-lip rock oyster (Saccostrea echinata) has considerable potential for aquaculture throughout the tropics. Previous attempts to farm S. echinata failed due to an insufficient supply of wild spat; however, the prospect of hatchery-based aquaculture has stimulated renewed interest, and small-scale farming is underway across northern Australia and in New Caledonia. The absence of knowledge surrounding the population genetic structure of this species has raised concerns about the genetic impacts of this emerging aquaculture industry. This study is the first to examine population genetics of S. echinata and employs both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results The mitochondrial COI data set included 273 sequences of 594 base pair length, which comprised 74 haplotypes. The SNP data set included 27,887 filtered SNPs for 272 oysters and of these 31 SNPs were identified as candidate adaptive loci. Data from the mitochondrial COI analyses, supports a broad tropical Indo-Pacific distribution of S. echinata, and showed high haplotype and nucleotide diversities (0.887–1.000 and 0.005–0.008, respectively). Mitochondrial COI analyses also revealed a ‘star-like’ haplotype network, and significant and negative neutrality tests (Tajima’s D = − 2.030, Fu’s Fs = − 25.638, P < 0.001) support a recent population expansion after a bottleneck. The SNP analyses showed significant levels of population subdivision and four genetic clusters were identified: (1) the Noumea (New Caledonia) sample location; (2) the Bowen (north Queensland, Australia) sample location, and remaining sample locations in the Northern Territory, Australia (n = 8) were differentiated into two genetic clusters. These occurred at either side of the Wessel Islands and were termed (3) ‘west’ and (4) ‘east’ clusters, and two migrant individuals were detected between them. The SNP data showed a significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance (Mantel test, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.798) and supported isolation by distance. Three candidate adaptive SNPs were identified as occurring within known genes and gene ontology was well described for the sex peptide receptor gene. Conclusions Data supports the existence of genetically distinct populations of S. echinata, suggesting that management of wild and farmed stocks should be based upon multiple management units. This research has made information on population genetic structure and connectivity available for a new aquaculture species.
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Choi, In-Young, Ho-Jong Ju, Kui-Jae Lee, and Hyeon-Dong Shin. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Salvia farinacea in Korea." Plant Disease, August 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-21-1427-pdn.
Анотація:
Salvia farinacea Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an herbaceous perennial plant, native to Mexico and southern parts of the United States. This plant is cultivated worldwide for its ornamental value. In November 2019, hundreds of S. farinacea ‘Blue Bedder” grown in a flower garden in Jeju (33°30'57"N 126°32'50"E), Korea have been found to be infected with a powdery mildew fungus. The disease severity was estimated to be 100%. Likewise in October 2020, a similar situation with this plant was also observed in a flower garden in Seoul (37°35'19"N 127°01'07"E), Korea. Leaves, stems and inflorescence of plants were covered by white, thin mycelial felt, bearing an abundance of conidiophores and conidia. Eventually, infected plants lose their ornamental value. Two voucher specimens have been deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F31478 and F32164). Fresh materials were examined. Hyphal appressoria were nipple-shaped, but rarely found. Conidiophores (n = 30) were straight, 95 to 160 × 10 to 12 μm and produced 2 to 7 immature conidia in chains with a crenate outline. Foot-cells were cylindric and 36 to 60 μm long. Conidia (n = 30) were ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped, 32 to 38 × 18 to 24 μm, and contained conspicuous fibrosin bodies. Dark brown chasmothecia were found partly embedded in the mycelial felt on leaves, mostly hypophyllous, spherical, and 82 to 100 µm diameter, with a single ascus in each. Appendages were few, mycelioid, 1- to 4-septate, brown near the base when mature, but paler above. Asci were broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 56 to 68 × 50 to 62 μm, sessile and 8-spored. Ascospores were colorless, oval to subglobose, and 14 to 18 × 12 to 15 µm. These characteristics were consistent with those of Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012). For further confirmation, genomic DNA was extracted from chasmothecia from KUS-F31478 and F32164. PCR amplification was performed using the primer pair ITS1F/PM6 for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and PM3/TW14 for the large subunit (LSU) of the rDNA (Takamatsu and Kano 2001). Obtained sequences were deposited to the GenBank under the accession numbers MZ359847 and MZ359859 for ITS, MZ359858 and MZ359861 for LSU. For ITS regions 99.80-100% similarity was found with sequences MT131256 (Salvia farinacea), MT131254 (Mazus pumilus) and MT131252 (Erigeron bellioides) of P. xanthii, whereas it was 99.90% with sequences of this fungus on Echinacea purpurea (MT826247 and MT826245) for 28S rDNA gene. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by touching an infected leaf onto healthy leaves of disease-free 30 days old potted ‘Blue Bedder’ using replication of five plants, with five non-inoculated plants used as controls. The typical signs of powdery mildew started to develop on the inoculated leaves in 7 to 10 days, and microscopic examination revealed the morphological identity with the fungus observed from the field. All non-inoculated control plants remained symptomless. Hitherto Golovinomyces powdery mildews on Salvia spp. were reported globally (Farr and Rossman 2021). However, Podosphaera elsholtziae on Salvia sp. and P. xanthii on S. farinacea were reported from China and Taiwan (Zheng and Yu 1987, Yeh et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii on S. farinacea in Korea. The occurrence of Podosphaera powdery mildew on S. farinacea could pose a serious threat to the beauty of this plant, causing premature senescence of young leaves and gray to purplish discoloration of the leaves.
50
Bush, Leslie L. "Plant Remains from the Washington Square Mound site (41NA49), Nacogdoches, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2016.1.17.
Анотація:
Botanical remains were identified from 27 lots from the Washington Square Mound site (41NA49). The primary occupation at the site is Middle Caddo period in age. The first pooled set of calibrated radiocarbon dates from the site fell into the period A.D. 1268-1302, while a recent set of five calibrated dates from samples of plant remains discussed in this article range from A.D. 1279 + 17; (2) A.D. 1358 + 57; and three dates on charred corn from Features 36, 81, and 86 range from as early as A.D. 1394 to as late as A.D. 1437. These dates as a group fall in the Middle Caddo period; there is limited evidence at the site for other, smaller occupations, including Late Caddo and Late Woodland/Early Caddo. At least three mounds were visible in the nineteenth century. Much of the site was never plowed, a situation that has resulted in intact shallow deposits and unusually large pottery sherds, although a high school has been built over parts of the non-mound site area. Labels of botanical lots that included excavation dates indicate a range from 1979 to 1983, associating the botanical remains with Stephen F. Austin State University Field School excavations that took place during this time. At least nine features are represented in the botanical lots. Four are described as charcoal-filled pits, one as a pit, and one as a post mold. Feature 36 was a corn cob concentration . Botanical lots for Features 62, 81, and 199 are also present. The Washington Square Mound site is situated in the city of Nacogdoches, Texas, on an interfluve between Banita Creek and La Nana Creek, which drain into La Nana Bayou and the Angelina River. The area lies squarely in the Pineywoods ecological zone, the westernmost extension of the great Southeastern Evergreen Forest that reaches across the southeastern United States to the Atlantic coast (Braun 2001:281). The dominant vegetation type in an upland area such as Washington Square during presettlement times would have been a shortleaf pine community, where shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata) share dominance with dry-site oaks such as southern red oak (Quercus falcata), post oak (Q. stellata), and blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), hickories (Carya spp.), and elms (Ulmus spp.) Springs and marshy areas nearby would have offered aquatic and wetland plants such as river cane (Arundinaria gigantea). A spring-fed pond is reported to have existed north of the site, and a marshy area to the southwest. Pollen studies indicate that use of the modern and recent vegetation is appropriate for understanding the plants and attendant animal resources available to occupants of the sites during prehistoric times. Some fluctuations in rainfall and temperature have taken place, however. In addition, more frequent fires would have made the understory in the uplands less prominent than today. Early explorers in East Texas and other parts of the Eastern Woodlands noted the open, park-like nature of many woodlands.