Дисертації з теми "Écologie agricole – Méditerranée (région)"
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Leouffre, Marie-Claude. "Effet du pâturage caprin sur la dynamique de production fourragère de taillis de chêne en région méditerranéenne française : éléments pour une gestion pastorale." Université Paul Cézanne (Aix-Marseille). Faculté des sciences et techniques de Saint-Jérôme, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30012.
Hébrard, Olivier. "Stratégie de prévision des humidités de surface sur un bassin versant agricole en milieu méditerranéen." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20076.
Crosaz, Yves. "Lutte contre l'érosion des sols en montagne méditerranéenne : connaissance du matériel végétal et quantification de son impact sur l'érosion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008567.
Bron, Magali. "Etude écologique et éthologique de Phlebotomus perniciosus (vecteur de leihmaniose canine et humaine) et de Sergentomya minuta dans le Sud Est de la France (région marseillaise)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30039.
Chifflet, Marina. "Interprétation par modélisation des processus physiques et biologiques observés à courte échelle de temps sur la colonne d'eau : Application à la mer Ligure en Mai 1995 (Campagne Dynaproc)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22064.
Babin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871800.
Kawas, Mohyidine. "Influence de l'intensité du pâturage sur la végétation ligneuse dans deux régions méditerranéennes humides : comparaison d'une région du Sud de la France et d'une région du Nord-Ouest de la Syrie." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20043.
Nimour, Nour Eddine. "Inflammabilité de la végétation méditerranéenne." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11060.
Maillard, Daniel. "Occupation et utilisation de la garrigue et du vignoble méditerranéens par le sanglier (Sus scrofa L. )." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30085.
Lafabrie, Céline. "Utilisation de Posidonia oceanica (L. ) Delile comme bio-indicateur de la contamination métallique." Corte, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CORT3098.
The coastal zone of the continental shelf contains a high ecological richness. However, this zone is very fragile towards xenobiotics ; the pollution of this environment can be damaging to the structure of the biocenoses and to the productivity of the ecosystems. Metals, contrarily to numerous contaminants, are normal constituents of the environment at a trace level, but are all toxic above a certain threshold. At the end of the 1970s, several researchers proposed the use of organims to evaluate the quality of the marine environment ; it is in this context that the bio-indicator concep arises. The seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L. ) Delile, endemic of the Mediterranean Sea, has been the subject of several work proposing to use this species to determine the metal concentrations of the environment. However, most studies carried out explorative research in order to qualify this species as bio-indicator. The results of this work validate the use of Posidonia oceanica as a reliable tool for the evaluation of metal contamination of coastal ecosystems. Inded, this work allowed : ( i ) to better understand the trace metals accumulation processes by Posidonia oceanica (influence of age and growth of foliar tissues in the metal accumulation ); (ii) to confirm the high sensitivy of this species as a tracer of metal contamination (identification of metal inputs associated to the previous asbestos mine of Canari and evaluation of the extent of the impact of this previous exploitation) ; (iii) to confirm its reliability as bio-indicator of metal contamination (same trends observed for this species and the bio-indicator Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark,1819). Therefore, Posidonia oceanica appears as an interesting tool in the frame of setting up biomonitoring networks at the scale of the Mediterranean Sea. A technique, which consists in collecting only the blades of the adult leaves is proposed insofar as it will allow to carry out trace metals analyses without inducing the mortality of the plant (protected species in numerous Mediterranean countries) and conserving its integrity. Preliminary scales to interpret the level of metal contamination in the environment have equally been proposed for cadmium, mercury, nickel and lead (priority subtances ; Decision N° 2455/2001/EC ; EC, 2001). Finally, this work shows equally the possible use of Posidonia oceanica as a "tracer" of the past mercurial contamination thanks to the lepidochronology technique
Lopez, y. Royo di Taurisano Cecilia. "Utilisation de Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile comme outil de gestion de la qualité écologique du milieu littoral." Corte, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CORT4007.
The important ecological and economic characteristics of the coastal environment, associated to the numerous threats to which it is subjected, have highlighted the necessity of an accurate and coherent management of the area. The seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile, endemic species in the Mediterranean, is an acknowledged ecological indicator, given its widespread distribution and its sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. However in the prospect of using it as management tool for the definition of ecological quality in Mediterranean coastal waters, there is a need to set up and implement a coherent common effort at Mediterranean scale, focusing the present knowledge and the operational management programmes in this direction. The results of this work define and validate the potential of Posidonia oceanica as Mediterranean management tool for an ecological status assessment. This study has allowed to: i) highlight the reasons for which, to date, a coherent mediterranean approach is difficult to achieve, ii) develop and validate the use of Posidonia oceanica as ecological indicator of coastal water quality in the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (through the development of a classification system and its intercalibration), iii) propose a framework to design and optimise Posidonia oceanica monitoring programmes (considering reliability, cost-effectiveness and compliance with management requirements). The index to evaluate ecological status and water quality, using Posidonia oceanica has been developed on the basis of the Water Framework Directive requirements, as well as in a perspective of a Mediterranean scale application. Its intercalibration with other indices and its application to different areas of the North-Western Mediterranean, allow to validate its relevance at this scale. Moreover, its simple, non-destructive and cost-effective application requirements make it an interesting tool for a wide array of management and conservation purposes. Finally, the framework for the optimisation of Posidonia oceanica monitoring programmes provides suggestions to facilitate the planning and design of effective programmes, in accordance with policy and management requirements
Abou-Hamdan, Hussein. "Réponses des macrophytes de six cours d'eau méditerranéens à des perturbations naturelles et d'origine anthropique (sud-est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30060.
This is the first study on this topic focusing on the aquatic plants growing in six coastal rivers of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur area. These rivers were selected because of their morphological and hydrological characteristics are typical of most of Mediterranean coastal rivers. Owing to the size and the specific characteristics of these rivers, it was necessary to find a method of analysis of macrophyte. A macrophyte inventory of the species was drawn up and biomass evaluated. The responses of the macrophytic communities subjected to different types of disturbances (anthropic and natural) were both analysed in terms of intra - and inter ecosystemic functioning and of great ecological concepts. The water quality was calculated by various indices used in France (SEQ-EAU, IBD, IBMR, IBGN) and the different values discussed
Psarra, Stella [Styliani]. "Influence du degré d'oligotrophie sur la structure et le fonctionnement de l'échelon primaire de l'écosystème pélagique en Méditerranée orientale (Mer Egée)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22089.
Ballini, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude écologique des groupements à Ulex parviflorus Pourr. En Provence calcaire : régénération, structure, productivité et dynamique des bio-éléments." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11047.
Emlinger, Charlotte. "Accords euroméditerranéens et libéralisation des échanges agricoles : quel accès au marché européen pour les fruits et légumes des pays méditérranéens?" Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0010.
The liberalization of agricultural trade between the European Union and the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) was boosted following the Summit of Barcelona in 2005. Fruit and vegetables, the main agricultural export of the SEMCs, are at the center of debates relative to this liberalization. This thesis aims at clarifying this debate and discussing the potential impact of a reduction of European tariffs on fruit and vegetables coming from the SEMCs. European market Access is analyzed by thoroughly assessing preferences and by estimating a gravity model, leading to three conclusions. First, we show that liberalizing fruit and vegetable exchanges will probably have a limited effect. Indeed, the SEMCs already profit from strong preferential access to the Community market for these products and important non-tariff trade costs at entry of European countries were revealed. Second, we demonstrate that there exists a strong heterogeneity of the SEMCs concerning the impacts of liberalization. Lastly, our analysis brings to light that the effects of liberalization strongly depend on how the opening of the European market is implemented. For example, increasing quotas would not have the same impact on exchanges as modifying the Entry Price System
Coreau, Audrey. "Dialogue entre des chiffres et des lettres : imaginer et construire des futurs possibles en écologie." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20190.
Studying and predicting possible futures for ecological systems has become an objective of ecological research, particularly because of a growing awareness of the consequences of global changes. We propose here that the methods and concepts developed by the academic field of futures studies could be useful to enlarge ecological knowledge. Building model predictions has been the main method used by ecologists to study futures, whereas more qualitative methods are common in futures studies. We therefore adopted a reflexive viewpoint and conducted detailed interviews with ecologists to analyse the reasons for their limited application to ecological problems. The use of a reductionist approach to deal with complex systems and the lack of acknowledgement of futures' specificities appear as the major reasons for the continued preference for predictive approaches. We built conjectures based mainly on narratives to study possible futures for a Mediterranean landscape and showed that one can imagine several ecological futures. Incomplete knowledge, contingent events and the coexistence of several theories, play an important role in understanding possible future dynamics. By using numerical simulations of possible future changes in this Mediterranean landscape, we also illustrated the complementarities between prediction and narration. This study opens interesting perspectives for (i) ecological research, here we underline the importance of interactions and contingency to understand possible futures, (ii) futures studies, by going further in our understanding of the concepts of ‘conjectural problematic', and ‘diachronisation' and (iii) the link between these two disciplines
Pares, Nelly. "De la forêt-productive à la forêt-système-vivant : analyse des transformations des représentations et normes des modes de gestion forestière : l'exemple des forêts méditerranéennes françaises." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0617.
Taking place in overall reflection on current transformations of occidental societies' relationships to nature, this thesis focuses on the analysis of forms of Mediterranean forest management in France. Based on an analysis of policy processes, discourses and textual data, the thesis shows how actors (owners, managers, political decision-makers, associative groups, forest users for leisure activities) interpret the central notions of ecological science. Using a typology of three concepts of forest and forest management (productive-forest, environment-forest and living-system-forest), the analysis reveals that process of appropriation takes place in discourse strategies that are specific to each type of actors. The thesis brings out that economic and ecological discourses interpenetrate and support one another according to differentiated approaches depending on types of actors. Proponents of productive-forest draw on ecological argumentation to regain legitimacy; proponents of environmental-forest develop an economic argument to justify preservation of natural areas and entities. In contrast to the utilitarian and scientific/technical approaches of the two institutionalized concepts, living-system-forest allows to actors remote to policy process to justify new practices and ways of thinking about forests
Pouget, Marine. "Comment préserver l'héritage évolutif singulier des végétaux endémiques méditerranéens ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4338/document.
Diversity patterns are temporary state in a dynamic continuum of ecological and evolutionary changes. Thus, conservation policies have to integrate this dynamics and Conservation priorities have to be oriented towards the processes which generate and maintain diversity. Conserving biodiversity without needing to measure all its different components, it is necessary to search for biological and ecological surrogates. An original approach is to assess the capacity of phylogeography to define these surrogates. Indeed, the phylogeography allows providing indices for diversification zonation and can be used to delineate the units (e.g. evolutionary significant units) that support diversification at intraspecific level. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, in terms of targets and surrogates, the role of phylogeography for conservation of the Mediterranean flora. We based our analyses on two study areas of the South-East France harbouring two endemic species: the coastal ranges of Maritime Alps where Acis nicaeensis grows, and the calcareous Provence where Arenaria provincialis is found. The phylogeography of Arenaria provincialis revealed a spatial distribution of persistence and divergence. Our study highlights the critical role of phylogeography in the search for optimal criteria for defining the conservation strategies. The marked differences of genetic and ecology in populations of Acis nicaeensis but also in terms of its vulnerability to urbanization are highlighted in a local scale. The results demonstrate the need of conservation actions designed for small areas to avoid the loss of Acis nicaeensis evolutionary legacy
Musset, Joanne. "Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale du nitrate dans un système d'aquifères : application à une petite région agricole méditerranéenne (Comtat Venaissin, Vaucluse, France)." Avignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AVIG0024.
Ferdinand, Malcom. "Penser, l'écologie depuis le monde caribéen : Enjeux politiques et philosophiques de conflits écologiques (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haïti, Porto Rico)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/FERDINAND_Malcom_1_va_20160930.pdf.
How can we conceptualize ecological issues from the Caribbean world? What are the specificities of an ecological thought from the postcolonial societies of the Caribbean? This thesis tackles these questions with an interdisciplinary approach. It starts with an historical investigation on the foundation of the colonial Caribbean world and its relations to humans and non-humans. It follows with a sociological study of contemporary ecological conflicts in the Caribbean. This includes an in-depth study of the political and philosophical issues of the contamination of Martinique and Guadeloupe with pesticides used in banana plantations, such as chlordecone. The analysis of the critical discourses and the collective mobilizations shows an ecological thought that challenges the colonial constitution of the Caribbean world: a decolonial ecology. Besides, a focus is put on certain ecological policies that exacerbate political discriminations and social inequalities, as in the case of certain reforestation projects in Haiti, or the Wildlife Refuge of Vieques in Puerto Rico. Finally, a literary study reveals how a global ecological discourse encounters an imaginary of slavery and its main figures, such as the slave ship and the Maroon, that structure relations to the land, to nature and to the world. These three approaches draw the main characteristics of a Caribbean ecology that strives to inhabit the earth and to found a world. These experiences enabled me to propose an ecological thought that has the world as the horizon: a world-ecology
Rathgeber, Cyrille. "Impact des changements climatiques et de l'augmentation du taux de CO2 atmosphérique sur la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers : exemple du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Provence calcaire (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30033.
Data from 21 Aleppo pine stands have allowed to calculate a synthetic growth index which expresses inter-annual productivity variations. For each stand, three types of models (climatic, bioclimatic and biogeochemistry) have been confronted to the observations and validated. The biogeochemistry model is not sensitive to climatic changes but simulates a strong productivity increase linked to the increase of CO2 rate. The climatic model of growth simulates, in response of climatic change, a strong increase of productivity linked to the increase of spring temperatures. The bioclimatic model simulates a significant decrease of productivity linked to the increase of summer drought period. The response of a stand depends on the site conditions. The exposure, in fact, determines the thermal balance when the slope, the soil water capacity and the permeability of the substratum constraint the water balance
Fourt, Maïa. "Histoire de la pêche des éponges en Méditerranée et son adaptation récente au changement régional." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191217_FOURT_178pyka634dl637hqgt642gcc_TH.pdf.
In the Mediterranean Sea, small scale fisheries are firmly anchored in the culture of this maritime area. Sponge fishing has been practiced in the Mediterranean since antiquity. Although contributing to an important exportation market until the mid-20th century, it has recently shown signs of weakness, leading to the collapse of the overall production. This study proposed an interdisciplinary approach applied to over two centuries of sponge fishing history. The first part of this study presents a spatial analysis of the fishery at the Mediterranean scale, considering several key periods in order to identify geographical areas where important changes have occurred. The second part analyses the sponge production and the fishing effort variations in the Aegean area and in Tunisia. The last part of this work is dedicated to an analysis of the fishermen’s adaptive choices faced to the sponge fishing activity upheavals. The study shows that up to the 1970s the factors that influenced this fishery were mainly the societal demand, the fragile economic situation of the fishing communities, changes in uses, as well as the socio-political and economic relationships between Mediterranean countries. Since 1986, frequent epizootic events related to changes in thermal regimes have weakened the sponge stocks. Remaining fishermen have mainly adapted to the irregular availability of the resource by targeting other species, or by relying more on other already existing fishing activities
Moret, Jacques. "La variation de populations méditerranéennes d'Ornitogales : conséquences au niveau de la systématique et de l'évolution du genre." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112169.
The variability (in levels, degrees and diversity) of Mediterranean populations of Ornithogalum was studied according to the principles of « synthetic » Systematics (Morphology, Caryosystematics and Cytogenetics, Biology of Reproduction etc. ). The polymorphism of the populations is quite intense and manifests itself on various levels: intra-individual polymorphism of the floral characteristics; inter-individual polymorphism connected with varied modes of reproduction and to the existence of ecads and ecotypes. There are multiple ways of speciation: geographic isolation, polyploidy, restructuration of the caryotype. The most original is exemplified by O. Divergens. This species exhibits a remarkable instability in its caryotype (at the population, individual and organ levels), at the levels of both the vegetative and the reproduction systems. This instability is coupled with a mainly vegetative type of reproduction. The variability of taxons belonging to this genus was evaluated in Morocco through statistical and biological concepts of the species, based on the study of natural and experimental living populations
Moundossa, Antoine. "Forêts, savanes et déforestation : le Congo et la région du Pool." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF20039.
We have tried to understand the distribution of plants throughout Congo, especially in the southern area where Brazzaville, the capital city is located. Very important at the national scale, the pool region is the first supply source for Brazzaville. The area is partly occupied by savannas which are commonly against agriculture. Though the climate is good for forests, these savannas prevail but are riddled with shadowy forests and gallery forests. Two different assumptions care called upon to explain the origin of this phenomenon: natural origin: the Congolese savannas would have appeared thanks to the changes in the climate at the tropical areas which took place during the quaternary age. As a result, forests have disappeared because of drought. Anthropical origin: constant deforestation since the neolithic age. In order to discuss these different assumptions, our arguments are based upon maps relating the distribution of plants, population and climate. The aerial photos have revealed that cause of recent savannas is deforestation and fire
Alaadrah, Najwa. "L’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole face aux nouveaux défis de l’agriculture et aux enjeux de l’agroécologie dans les pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée : le cas de la Syrie et de la Tunisie." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCG002/document.
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the evolution of the agricultural extension system in a Mediterranean context, in terms of organization, types of advice and methods of intervention drawn from a regional analysis of Syrian and Tunisian systems. This evolution responds to profound changes in the agricultural production model, historically based on the principles of the Green Revolution, which is evolving towards agro-ecological models. We situate this work in the movement known as the "agro-ecological transition", which proposes a framework of development associating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. This movement allows us to envision a better integration of agriculture and its stakes in the territorial development project. To design and implement the agro-ecological approach requires a profound change in the management of production systems. To ensure these changes, farmers need new support schemes. The analysis of the evolution of the extension systems is conducted from a theoretical and methodological framework constructed with reference to development theories, notably especially evolutionist, which take into account the general forces that determine local actions, and historicist, which give pace to development trajectories and singular territorial combinations. This framework assumes that the development does not depend on producers willing to adopt exogenous innovations but rather to participate in its elaboration. This participation meets two needs: i) the adaptation of innovation to the particularity of situations as the agroecological transition advocates ii) the decentralization of the management of socio-environmental goods, towards common forms. To deal with these challenges of transforming agricultural systems, we can be expected that the organization of agricultural extension has adapted by the passage of a system driven primarily by a public device, based on a single type of technical advice and on diffusionist methods of mass of extension, to a composite system offering several types of advice and individual or joint intervention methods based on the co-construction of the advice. Our analysis is based on an empirical work adapted to the situation of the two countries under study, circumscribed to the regions of Al Ghâb in Syria and Nabeul in Tunisia. The results are quite similar in both countries where the evolution of the agricultural sector occurs through small changes that rely more on the substitution of practices more economical and more respectful of the environment than previous practices, but these changes have not been accompanied by a significant evolution of the agricultural extension system. The state apparatus still occupies a monopoly position in Al Ghâb, and dominant in Nabeul. The organizational evolution of this system is limited, in both regions, to the deconcentration of services, with a timid privatization on the site of Nabeul. In both regions of study, the state apparatus uses classically collective counseling methods of advice based on the "Training and Visit" model, and is limited to a technical dimension based mainly on the proceeds of the Green Revolution, their contribution to the evolution of agricultural practices towards agroecology is not notable
Santonja, Mathieu. "Relations biodiversité-fonctionnement dans le contexte du changement climatique : application à la décomposition des litières en région méditerranéenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4754.
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le processus de décomposition des litières en région méditerranéenne et comment ce processus pouvait être affecté par le changement climatique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons abordé le rôle de la qualité et de la diversité des litières sur le processus de décomposition dans deux écosystèmes typiques de la région méditerranéenne française : la forêt à chêne et la garrigue à chêne kermès. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'impact du changement climatique (via un stress hydrique aggravé) sur le processus de décomposition.Nous avons montré des effets de la diversité des litières sur le processus de décomposition et sur la structure des communautés d'organismes décomposeurs. Dans la forêt, les espèces compagnes de Q. pubescens favorisent la diversité et l'abondance des communautés d'organismes décomposeurs ainsi qu'un processus de décomposition plus efficace. A l'opposé, dans la garrigue, c'est l'espèce structurante qui favorise la décomposition et les décomposeurs.En ce qui concerne l'évolution de la relation diversité des litières - processus de décomposition dans un contexte de changement climatique, on observe une forte diminution des interactions synergiques en forêt (excepté à forte diversité végétale), alors qu'à l'opposé, cela entraine, en garrigue, une meilleure complémentarité entre les espèces avec une forte augmentation des effets synergiques.Mes résultats suggèrent que la diversité des communautés végétales joue un rôle important sur le processus de décomposition et mettent en avant que le maintien de cette diversité semble nécessaire dans un contexte de changement climatique
Déverin, Yveline. "Le corps de la terre : Moose de la région de Ouagadougou : représentations et gestion de l'environnement." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010652.
This doctor's thesis principally uses the methods of ethnoscience. The social and human sciences (philosophy, ethnology, anthropology and sociology), when based on ethnolinguistics and applied from a geographical perspective, help us understand the relations between people and their environment. The mossi see the world as being in their likeness and at their service. The world comprises not only "nature" but also space and time, which are defined and measured with regard to mankind. This anthropomorphic and anthropocentric conception enables the geographer to understand certain practices having to do with the management of the environment. It also helps him explain the way the mossi are seen by their non-mossi neighbors. This geographical approach sheds light on the homogeneity and coherence of an original way of thinking that structurally unites the conception of mankind and the conception of the world. In fact, it unites them so closely that image cannot be distinguished from object. In ougadougou but also in rural areas, major changes are occurring in the values governing behaviors. Tradition is adapting to these new exigencies. However the mossi logic is still functional, because it is tied to fundamental representations of the bonds that unite people both among themselves and to their environment. This dualism helps explain several reactions: what is a priori. .
Kingpaiboon, Sununtha. "Intégration de données exogènes à des données satellitaires pour la cartographie et l'analyse de l'évolution de milieux agricoles sous la dépendance de l'eau : application à la province de Khon Kaen, région du Nord-Est, Thai͏̈lande." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20283.
Thiery, Eglantine. "Contribution des systèmes de polyculture-élevage à la transition agroécologique : approche par modélisation des coopérations entre exploitations en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté et Rhône-Alpes." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC077.
From the second half of the 20th century onwards, the continuous specialization of agricultural holdings and production basins led to numerous biogeochemical and economic imbalances (nutrient cycles opening, dependence on protein-rich raw materials for animal feed, etc.). The implementation of cooperation to promote crop-livestock interactions on the scale of several farms appears to be an alternative to optimize the use and preservation of resources on a specific territory. Our study was carried out as part of the POEETE project (Crop-Livestock on a Farm and Territory scale) PSDR 4 in the Burgundy-Franche-Comté and former Rhône-Alpes regions. Our objective was to make an economic estimation of the implementation of crop-livestock interactions on the scale of several farms in accordance with agroecology. A first study on the analysis of the transaction costs of four cooperative approaches between farms on crop-livestock interactions highlighted the importance of interpersonal relationships and the specificity of the commodity or production tool exchanged in the cost distribution. The second axis focused on estimating the economic interest of a crop-livestock interaction approach between a field crop farm and a typical livestock farm in straw-manure exchange. This cooperation aimed at improving the fertility of the cultivated soils and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers. The third axis focused on a short alfalfa hay chain to improve soil fertility, reduce inputs and risks of grain farmers and promote a local protein supply for farmers. We were able to establish a price ranged from 10 to 18 €/t for the purchase/sale of manure and a range of 167-189 €/t for alfalfa hay. In both cases, farmers (stockbreeders and grain farmers) could find an economic interest in the exchange even if it remains moderate. These initial simulations would need to be supplemented with other test cases to observe the effect of these interactions on a wider range of systems and to be able to assess regional supply and demand
Chartin, Caroline. "Effet de l'évolution du parcellaire agricole sur la redistribution des sols et la morphologie des versants cultivés - exemple du Sud-Ouest du bassin parisien." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00643554.
Fenianos, Johnny. "Entre Psychologie et Ecologie : approche psycho socio écologique de la restauration des carrières en région méditerrannéenne (cas du Liban)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30024/document.
If the future of our planet depends indeed on the mastering of the « young discipline” that is ecological restauration, as confirmed in Roberts et al. (2009), it is our duty to invest in the preservation and improvement of ecosystem services, ecological connectivity and biological cycles that rely on the functioning of corrupted ecosystems. Mediterranean ecosystems knowledge and the mastering of ecological engineering techniques have made substantial progress during the last decades. Unfortunately, the transfer of these techniques on the field and their implementation are still sparse, and notably in environments where consistent interactions with human communities require the appropriation and adoption of intervention methods. The Mediterranean basin, which is considered a hotspot for diversity, evolves in tense and often unstable sociopolitical conditions, along with huge demographic increase, poorly-planned urbanization and a long history of coevolution of men and landscapes dating back to the Neolithic period. This makes this transfer of techniques yet more complex. In this context, how can we overcome the resistance and win acceptance on the proposed technical solutions? How can we bring people to better accept modifications relating to their life environments? Is it possible to initiate an attitude and behavioral change towards the proposed solutions? In other words, can we induce acceptance for the intervention techniques and methods on an environment/ecosystem when these are met with the stereotypes disseminated by the concerned human communities? Starting from these questions, this thesis wishes to address a specific problematic: how can we change the behaviors of individuals towards the modifications of their close environment? The original hypothesis is the following: by influencing the processes underlying behavioral change, we can improve the acceptation of the principle and intervention techniques relating to environmental action. Should we wish to initiate a change in attitude, we need to modify the “action to object” relations, which are mainly slowed down by the consistency of individuals. We therefore need to modify, not only their cognitive flexibility, but also their emotional experience and affordance. Thus, the operational hypotheses break down as follows: H1: Cognitive flexibility and attitude change: by improving cognitive flexibility, it is possible to increase acceptability towards the principle and techniques of intervention relating to environmental action. H2: Emotional experience and attitude change: A person’s emotional experience and their space perception can induce a change in attitude towards the principle and techniques of intervention relating to environmental action. H3: Affordance and attitude change: A change in affordance can contribute to initiate a change in attitude in a person towards the principle and techniques of intervention relating to environmental action. These hypotheses will be tested on the example of quarries rehabilitation in Lebanon – in a Mediterranean context
Rancon, Anais. "Diversité et fonctions des microorganismes associés à la litière de garrigue : influence de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4765.
My PhD work focused on studying the effects of litter diversity and soil macrofauna on microbial communities under water stress. In the first part, the monitoring of microbial communities associated with leaf litter (dead leaves) and phyllosphere (living leaves) for one year under natural conditions, showed marked differences depending on the physiological state of leaves, the importance of the host plant species on microbial communities and the changes of communities during the year. A second part presents the results of a microcosms decomposition experience under two humidity conditions, a functional dissimilarity gradient of litter species and the presence / absence of a detritivorous macrofauna. Our results reinforce the importance of the plant species on microbial communities and show that the presence of scavengers encourages microbial diversity. A final section assesses the impact of a decrease in precipitation and litter diversity on microbial communities in an in situ decomposition experiment during one year, using rain excluder devices . The composition of litter mixtures has a stronger influence on the microbial communities than lower rainfall. In conclusion, the results of my work tend to underestimate the effect of a decrease in precipitation on microbial communities, but emphasize the sensitivity of the interactions between plant community, macro- and micro-organisms to climate change
Boureau, Jean-Guy. "Analyse par télédétection de formations forestières hétérogènes : application à la caractérisation des boisements lâches méditerranéens." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20279.
Khater, Carla. "Dynamiques végétales post-perturbations sur les carrières calcaires au Liban : Stratégies pour l'écologie de la restauration en régions méditerranéennes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413773.
Galès, Philippe. "Origine et devenir d'une bactérie pathogène (Salmonella) dans les compartiments eau, sédiment, coquillages filtreurs d'un écosystème méditerranéen marin côtier (étang de Thau, France)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20249.
Bourgoin, Clément. "A framework for evaluating forest ecological vulnerability in tropical deforestation fronts from the assessment of forest degradation in a landscape approach : Case studies from Brazil and Vietnam." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0027.
The conservation of tropical forest cover is a key to ensuring sustainable provision of multiple ecosystem services. In human-modified landscapes, forest conservation must also be reconciled with agricultural productivity. However, increasing demography, demand for agricultural products and changes in land uses are affecting forest sustainability through degradation processes. A first step to tailor effective forest management by local decision makers is to identify most vulnerable forests and to characterize what is driving this vulnerability. The objective of this thesis is to develop a multidimensional approach using remote sensing to assess forest degradation and the relations with the broader dynamics of land use/cover towards the evaluation of forest ecological vulnerability. The thesis was applied in old-deforestation fronts of Paragominas (Brazil) and Di Linh (Vietnam) where large-scale deforestation driven by commercial agriculture shaped the landscape into land use mosaics with increasing degradation pressures. In Paragominas, degradation is linked with long-term accumulation of selective logging and fire implying changes in forest structure. We estimated the potential of multisource remote sensing to map forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from large-scale field assessment of carbon stock. We improved the accuracy of AGB mapping compared to pantropical datasets and revealed that 87% of forest was degraded. At a lower scale, we investigated the consequences of 33 years of degradation history from Landsat on forest structures using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. We found that canopy textures captured canopy grain, heterogeneity and openness gradients, correlated with forest structure variability and could be used as proxies to characterize degraded forests. We also assessed the potential of very high resolution satellite images and derived canopy textures to upscale texture-structure relations at the municipality scale. Based on environmental, geographical factors and landscape structure metrics derived from land use/cover classification, we demonstrated that 80% of forest degradation was mainly driven by accessibility, geomorphology, fire occurrence and fragmentation. The drivers of degradation acted together and in sequence and clustering analysis disentangled different cascades of effects. Changes in landscape structure allowed reconstructing trajectories informing on agricultural frontier dynamics. The combination of current forest state, landscape dynamics and distribution of degradation drivers would be at the basis of ecological vulnerability assessment. In Di Linh, degradation mostly concerns forest edges and is driven by encroachment of coffee-based agriculture. Field inventory of the different forest types and other landscape elements combined with Sentinel-2 images allowed to map with high precision the current land cover. We then mapped land cover changes over 45 years using Landsat time series. We constructed trajectories of landscape structure dynamics from which we characterized the expansion of the agricultural frontier and highlighted heterogeneous agricultural encroachment on forested areas. We also identified degradation and fragmentation trajectories that affect forest cover at different rates and intensity. Combined, these indicators pinpointed hotspots of forest ecological vulnerability. Most vulnerable forest areas were experiencing rapid and recent forest cover loss associated with landscape fragmentation, land use competition due to coffee production and degradation. Through the developed remote sensing approaches and indicators at forest and landscape scales, we provided a holistic diagnosis of forests in human-modified landscapes encompassing forest state and broader dynamics and drivers. This thesis aims to pave the way for tailored and prioritized management of degraded forests at the landscape scale
Hashoum, Hazem. "Impact du changement climatique sur les interactions biotiques en forêt méditerranéenne : approches chimique, écophysiologique et fonctionnelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0480/document.
The aim of this thesis is to study allelopathic interactions in the downy oak forest in the mediterranean region and to consider how these interactions can be affected by climate change. We have shown that the dominant tree Q. pubescens and its companion species A. monspessulanum and C. coggygria have different allelopathic potentialities, evaluated in vitro on herbaceous target plants, depending on the phenological stage of the leaves, which could in natura affect the germination and growth of understory herbaceous plants. These differences in allelopathic effect may result not only from differences in the quantity of allelopathic compounds produced, but also from qualitative differences observed as a function of the phenological stage. This suggests that the allelopathic effect may vary over time to match the stage of development of the target herbaceous plants. On one of the target plants used in the bioassays, the allelopathic effects were further accentuated by changing the water and / or thermal conditions which suggests possible modifications of the allelopathic potential of the plants to be expected with climate change.Our results in the plant nursery showed the allelopathic potential of cotinus and pinus on the growth of oak seedlings, whatever the watering conditions (stressed or unstressed). By affecting in particular the biomass of the root system, the growth of which is a key element of the mediterranean species to resist the prolonged summer drought, these interactions could play an important role in the regeneration processes of downy oak
Baudron, Paul. "Anthropisation d'un système aquifère multicouche méditerranéen (Campo de Cartagena, SE Espagne) : approches hydrodynamique, géochimique et isotopique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01003775.
Saunier, Amélie. "Réponse de la forêt à des scénarios de sécheresse appliqués à moyen et long terme en milieu naturel : étude des COVB du chêne pubescent, principal émetteur d’isoprène en région méditerranéenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0106/document.
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by vegetation represent 1PgC.yr-1 at the global scale. These BVOC, once emitted into the atmosphere, can participate in the troposheric ozone formation as well as secondary oragnic aerosols and, consequently, on the atmospheric pollution. That’s why, it is very important to quantify, as accurately as possible, the BVOC emissions and to improbe the knowledge about the environmental factors which drive these emissions. It is well known that BVOC emissions are controlled by the light and the temperature but they can be impacted by other factors such as water stress. Nevertheless, these mechanisms are not well understood yet, since it has been shown that water stress can increase or decrease BVOC emissions according to the intensity and the duration of stress. In a context of climate change, we can expected an intensification of summer drought in Mediteranean area with an incerase of temperature, a decrease of rainfall as well as an elongation of stress period. This climate change could modify BVOC emissions. Moreover, the effects of a water stress applied during several years are not known. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the impact of water stress, expected with climate change, on BVOC emitted by Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.), main isoprene emitter of Mediterranean region
Cellier, Antoine. "Amendement d'un compost de boues de station d'épuration dans un écosystème méditerranéen après incendie : effets sur le sol, les micro-organismes et la végétation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4729/document.
In Mediterranean region, forest fires are a major problem leading to the desertification of the environment. Use of composts is considered as a solution for soil and vegetation rehabilitation.First, we observed the effects of three urban composts and their mode of application (laid on the soil surface or mixed into the soil) on soil restoration after fire: a municipal waste compost (MWC), a compost of sewage sludge (SSC) and a green waste compost (GWC) under laboratory conditions. Input of composts increased organic matter and soil nutrient content, and enhanced carbon and nitrogen mineralisation and total microbial biomass throughout the incubations. MWC induced the highest improvement while GWC input had no significant effect compared to the control. Composts mixed with soil weakly limited runoff whereas composts laid at the soil surface significantly reduced runoff and increased percolation and retention, particularly with the MWC.Then, we studied in situ the effects of a SSC on soil and vegetation regeneration after fire. The first months after amendment, this input increased grass species biomass. Although no significant effect was observed on other studied plants, plant biomass was more heterogeneous on amended plots while plant biodiversity was more homogeneous. The use of compost increased rapidly soil nutrient content and soil water content but plant nutrition was improved more or less durably depending species. Compost effects on microbial activities were low and only sporadic. Moreover, no negative effect was observed during the two years of experimentation
Morel, Kevin. "Viabilité des microfermes maraîchères biologiques. Une étude inductive combinant méthodes qualitatives et modélisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA023/document.
In the context of the environmental and social challenges of the Anthropocene, microfarms are organic market gardens which are questioning the principles of agricultural modernisation. They are characterised by a high level of crop diversity on small acreages, low motorisation, holistic ecological approach and marketing through short supply chains. My PhD work examined the viability of these atypical farming systems which are raising an increasing interest in industrialised countries. It was based on the study of 20 cases in rural Northern France and 10 cases in the urban context of London. An inductive approach was carried out combining qualitative analysis of interviews with farmers and quantitative modelling based on field data.A conceptual framework was developed to analyse farmers’ strategic choices in the light of their life project embracing various aspirations where ethics and subjectivity played a central role. The fulfilment of these aspirations is determinant for the viability of these fams. A stochastic simulation model of income and workload was created to explore the chances of economic viability of contrasted microfarms scenarios integrating technical, commercial and investment strategies. Simulations were run for the French and London context and were discussed with stakeholders. Although viability chances vary among scenarios, this work shows that microfarms can be viable
Beddek, Menad. "Déficit de connaissances de la biodiversité et biologie de la conservation : le cas de l’herpétofaune d’Algérie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT167/document.
Algeria is a case study of biodiversity ignorance. To date, there are neither complete inventories for any taxa nor atlas across the country! Yet, Algeria is of great importance for global biodiversity. The coastal area of Algeria is part of the global biodiversity hostpot which is the Mediterranean perimeter and has several regional red spots of biodiversity. Moreover, the Saharan part encompasses a diversity of endemic organisms adapted to the strong conditions of drought. The Algerian authorities are deploying an ambitious project for conservation aiming to reach 50% of the country's surface as protected areas! However, the location of these protected areas and their management don’t obey to a scientific evidence based, but are rather based on experts opinion. The main aim of this thesis is the study of the biodiversity ignorance distribution in Algeria by focusing on the "Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian Shortfalls" and to contribute to reduce them. The first chapter aims at reducing the Linnean Shortfall by proposing 1) a first checklist of reptiles and amphibians of Algeria which is the result of an accurate review of scientific publications on these taxa in North Africa. 2) a first pre-assessment of the conservation status of reptiles and amphibians of Algeria for the production of the first national red list. The second part of this manuscript deals with the ignorance of the geographical distribution of species. The purpose of this part is to map the ignorance which is defined as the difference between the expected specific richness diversity and the observed specific richness. The predicted species richness was modelled with two approaches: 1 ecological niche modeling with the maximum entropy method (MaxEnt) to predict the suitable habitats for each species and then add the different binary layers of species presence to calculate the specific richness. 2) Minimum convex polygon method was used to create range maps of each species and were auditioned to obtain predicted species richness. Both approaches have shown the same trend at a national scale: the concentration of the richest areas along the Saharan Atlas and the high plateaux which are the transition zone between the Sahara and the the Mediterranean part of Algeria. The opposition of the Saharan with a low species richness and the northern part with a higher species richness. Finally, the Saharan massifs of the Hoggar and Tassili form a very distinct zone with a much greater wealth compared to the rest of the Sahara. In terms of gaps, in the northern part, Kabylie, El Kala National Park and the Oran region are fairly well surveyed. In the Sahara, only a few points are clearly well prospected as Biskra, Bechar and some areas of the Hoggar and Tassili. The third part deals with the distribution of genetic llineages in the Maghreb. The aim of this section is to locate the phylogeographic breaks between the divergent eastern and western populations of the Maghreb and to try to understand the mechanisms that led to this pattern of genetic diversity. To answer these questions, I carried out a comparative phylogeography on 11 species of reptiles and amphibians with continuous and wide distribution in the Maghreb. Two suture zones have been identified: one zone on the border of Algeria and Morocco, the other in Kabylia west of the Soummam valley. The divergences between the eastern clades and the western clades occurred between the pre-Messinian periods up to the plio-pleistocene boundary and were maintained in climatic refugia in the east and west of the Maghreb
Hamdi, Faten. "'Identification morphologique et moléculaire et caractérisation bio-écologique d'un agent de lutte biologique zoophytophage méditerranéen : Macrolophus pygmaeus'." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20053/document.
The success of a biological or integrated pest management control program is deeply dependant of the involved biological control agent as well as its intrinsic characteristics and its various interactions with the target introduction area. Before any implication in such a program an accurate/correct identification, a detailed knowledge of its biology, ecology, potential in pest control are necessary. This work was developed in a context of the sanitary and environmental fruits and vegetables production limitation risk problems. It consists, more specifically, in the phytosanitary and environmental impact limitations of some tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pests. In the last twenty years, the biological and integrated pest management has considerably changed by involving a large scale of biological control agents for a successful control of the main parasitic invasions (the two whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), more recently the moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)]. Among the natural enemies used on the Mediterranean region, one finds a zoophytophagous bug belonging to the Macrolophus genus (Hemiptera: Miridae. In spite of its marketing since the 1990s under the name Macrolophgus caliginosus, its specific identity still remains unclear. This is due to the presence in the origin zone (Mediterranean area) of two morphologically closed species: Macrolophus caliginosus/melanotoma and Macrolophus pygmaeus. The first part of this thesis shed light on the identification problem through a double morphological and molecular approach. It also provided a new identification key of all the Palaearctic species belonging to the genus Macrolophus. The second part focused on some bio-ecological traits of the commercialised species, identified in this work as M. pygmaeus. The influence of trophic/feeding resources on the survival capacity has been studied and a cannibalistic behaviour has been demonstrated. The close relationship between phytophagy and zoophagy was characterized; finally the impact of temperature on its functional response was described. The results showed the importance of all these parameters on M. pygmaeus predation potential and emphasized their contribution on the success or failure in tomato pest management