Дисертації з теми "Écotoxicologie"
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Benhra, Ali. "Validation de l'utilisation des algues cryopréservées en écotoxicologie." Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Benhra.Ali.SMZ9416.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаUsing three algal species (Chlorella vulgaris, Selenastrum capricornutum and Scenedesmus subspicatus), different intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been studied (age, culture condition, cryoprotective treatment, freezing method, final temperature and storage duration). It emerges from this study that for each algal species will correspond a specific cryopreservation procedure. The use of complete factorial designs shows that : the three studied factors contribute to the viability of cells after freezing and all the three factors are in interaction. Tested with three metals (cadmium, copper and chromium) and an organic compound (atrazine), the cryopreserved algae are statistically more sensitive than fresh algae. For cadmium (chloride), for example, 72 H-IC50's are respectively 43,5 and 31. 8 ppb for fresh and cryopreserved algae. The storage for three months at - 80°C has no effect on the viability of the cryopreserved samples and the variation of IC50's doesn't exceed 8. 7%. The use of a filtration microplate allows the realization of a semi-static algal test with cryopreserved algae. This constitutes an important step in the making-up of a transportable, standardized, sensitive and more representative algal test
Briens, Frédérique. "Applicabilité de nouveaux descripteurs de QSAR en écotoxicologie : cas des chlorophénols." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN4001.
Повний текст джерелаBilloir, Élise. "Modélisation dynamique et inférence bayésienne pour l'analyse de données en écotoxicologie." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10146.
Повний текст джерелаFritsch, Clémentine. "Utilisation intégrée de bioindicateurs pour la surveillance des sols et des écosystèmes terrestres." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA2003.
Повний текст джерелаTransfer and effects of trace metals (TMs : Cd, Pb and Zn) in trophic webs were studied over 40km2 polluted by the former smelter Metaleurop Nord (France). Sampling of soils, snails (Cepaea sp and Oxychilus draparnaudi) and small mammals (Apodemus sylvaticus, Myodes glareolus Crocidura russula, Sorex araneus and Sorex minutus) were performed Factors explaining the spatial distribution of TMs in soils varied between total and extracted (CaCl2) concentrations and acted at different spatial scales. Geostatistics (kriging) allowed mapping TM concentrations in soils and developing a spatially explicit ecological risk assessment (ERA). Animal contamination increased with total TM concentrations in soils were influenced by landscape and showed inter annual and inter seasonal variations Three patterns of relationships between bioaccumulation and internal concentrations of metallothioneins were identified un small mammals Both physiological and ecological factors modulate bioaccumulation and responses of organisms to metal induced stress. In the land snails Cantareus aspersus and Cepaea nemoralis no adaptation was evidenced for bioaccumulation while acclimatization and adaptation seems to exist concerning shell characteristics. For ERA and biomonitoring our work highlights the need of long term monitoring and development of landscape ecotoxicology` within the framework of systemic approaches (multicriteria analyses through changes of perception level)
Demuynck, Sylvain. "Identification des métalloprotéines (myohémérythrine et hémoglobine) liant le cadmium chez l'annélide polychète endobenthique Nereis diversicolor : distribution tissulaire et cinétique du métal en conditions expérimentales." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10120.
Повний текст джерелаJung, Pierre-Henri. "Etude des effets d'une intoxication au chlorure d'aluminium sur la consommation d'oxygène et les capacités d'apprentissage du rat Wistar." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Jung.Pierre_Henri.SMZ9757.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first part, the effects of an aluminum chloride intoxication (10 and 15 mg d'Al. Kg-1. J-1) were studied on food and oxygen consumptions, weight evolution and motor abilities of nulliparus female Wistar rats. These experiments were repeated with female during lactation and subjected to a 10 mg d'Al. Kg-1. J-1 intoxication. At the end of the treatment, the animals were scrafied and the degree of impairment of some serum proteins-essentially found in the inflammatory phenomenons-was evaluated. The second part gave prominence to spatial and temporal learning and memory mecanisms through different experimental situations and evaluated the dysfunctions of learning processes following an aluminum chloride intoxication 10 mg d'Al. Kg-1. J-1. Animals learning abilities were studied with the following behavioral tests : spontaneous alternation, light avoidance test, Morris water maze, Olton radial maze and Skinner box
Ribeyre, Francis. "Conception d'un modèle écotoxicologique expérimental et application à l'étude de l'accumulation des dérivés du mercure (HgCl₂ et CH₃HgCl) au sein des systèmes aquatiques continentaux : analyse des actions de plusieurs facteurs contrôlés et de leurs interactions." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR1A632.
Повний текст джерелаRibeyre, Francis. "Conception d'un modèle écotoxicologique expérimental et application à l'étude de l'accumulation des dérivés du mercure (HgCl₂ et CH₃HgCl) au sein des systèmes aquatiques continentaux : analyse des actions de plusieurs facteurs contrôlés et de leurs interactions." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10643.
Повний текст джерелаDayras, Paul. "Paracyclopina nana : un petit copépode à fort intérêt en écotoxicologie et en aquaculture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R074.
Повний текст джерелаThe cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana plays a key role in the trophic chains of the aquatic environments of Eastern Asia. It has a small adult size (600 μm), a short life cycle, a high fecundity, and can be easily cultured under medium salinity (15 psu) and a wide range of temperatures. Its whole genome has also been recently sequenced, assembled and annotated. All these assets give it a very interesting double potential for current research: as a test organism for risk assessment associated with aquatic pollutants (bioindicator), and as a live prey in mass culture for the feeding of fish larvae in aquaculture.In the framework of this PhD project, we aimed: (i) to test the productive and qualitative potential of P. nana in aquaculture in relation to the nature of the ingested microalgae diet; (ii) to establish the profile of P. nana as an ecotoxicological model through metal contaminant exposure tests.The effects of seven different microalgal diets constituted by Rhodomonas salina (R), Tisochrysis lutea (T), and Pavlova lutheri (P) on P. nana productivity in culture were explored. The R+T and R diets induced the highest population growth and the greatest reproductive investment in ovigerous females. Those same diets also generated the highest total fatty acid content in copepods, and the highest total monosaccharide content has been found in copepods fed R+T+P. Overall results demonstrated that all the diets including R. salina lead to an increasing productivity of P. nana, and particularly when combined with T. lutea in a mixed diet.Another study examined the effects of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), on two subpopulations of P. nana. A first experiment conducted on a regular P. nana culture showed a decreasing population growth but an increasing metal bioaccumulation in copepods. Cd was also more accumulated when it was alone than in the mixture with Cu and Ni, confirming the hypothesis of metal competition recently demonstrated in a calanoid copepod. A second experiment performed on a P. nana culture already exposed to a higher Cu concentration for several generations revealed a lesser impact on population growth and a lower metal accumulation in copepods. Increasing metal concentrations in the experimental water reflected the depuration happening in this metal-loaded population already acclimated to metal exposure.Overall results are the first ones showing that R. salina is a suitable microalga for productive mass culture of P. nana for use as live food for marine fish larval aquaculture, and to investigate the parameters influencing the bioaccumulation capacity of P. nana in response to metals in contaminated aquatic ecosystems
His, Edouard. "Biologie et écotoxicologie des véligères de Crassostrea Gigas (Thunberg), dans le bassin d'Arcachon." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10511.
Повний текст джерелаMétian, Marc. "Écotoxicologie des métaux chez les pectinidés : bioaccumulation, variabilité zoogéographique et évaluation des risques sanitaires." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS198.
Повний текст джерелаMetal bioaccumulation is very important in Pectinidae. This work studied this phenomenon in 3 species of this bivalve’s family (Chlamys varia, Comptopallium radula & Pecten maximus) in order to better understand biological processes which govern it. This study combining datas from the field and measurements in laboratory investigated 3 levels of biological levels (individuals, organs and cells). The zoogeographical variability of the bioaccumulation capacities as well as a consumer risk assessment were also investigated in this work in reason of the various source of the studied species (C. Radula - tropical zone and the 2 other species - temperate zone) and the important consumption of pectinids tissues. The field approach indicated, amongst other things, the biomonitoring capacities of C. Radula and P. Maximus during Ag contamination. In addition, the metal levels in the tropical species was comparable with other pectinids excepting the very low Zn concentration in their kidneys because of their presumed low contents in granules. The laboratory approach aimed at defining the kinetic parameters of the bioaccumulation in the organisms via sea water, food and the sediment using the techniques of radiotraçage (γ emitters). In addition to the comprehension of accumulation and the retention of metals in simple conditions, this approach allowed indicated considerable role of the particulate pathway on the global bioaccumulation using a model. Finally, both complementary approaches together highlighted the important roles of kidneys and the digestive gland in the accumulation and the storage of the metals. But also, subcellular detoxification mechanisms set up by Pectinidae
Mamindy-Pajany, Yannick. "Traitement de sédiments portuaires méditerranéens contaminés en arsenic et en métaux : géochimie et écotoxicologie." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4060.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis work studies the feasibility of treatment by geochemical stabilization mixing mineral additives with contaminated marine sediments. Treatment efficiency was evaluated by determining chemical and toxicity parameters on elutriates from sediment samples. In the case of arsenic stabilization, preliminary sorption experiments on iron based minerals revealed that hematite efficiently adsorbs arsenic on a large range of pH and concentrations. Stabilization tests in batch and column experiments showed that, in sediments mixed with 5% of hematite, arsenic concentrations decreased by 30 to 40 %. The use of this stabilization process in a small scale experiment performed outdoors confirmed the treatment is efficient not only for arsenic but also for metals especially when hematite and zero valent iron were used. Bioassays allowed (i) to determine potential toxicity of port sediments and (ii) to assess the effect of mineral additives on toxicity. Results show that the toxicity gradient can vary as a function of the toxicity test. After treatment by mineral additives, hematite was the most efficient additive to improve the ecotoxicological quality of the most contaminated elutriates. For storage of contaminated sediments, this type of treatment would allow to improve the chemical and toxicological quality of leachates
Bouétard, Anthony. "Potentiel évolutif des réponses transcriptomiques et phénotypiques vis-à-vis du stress d’origine anthropique : le cas de Lymnaea stagnalis exposée aux pesticides." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARD070.
Повний текст джерелаRepeated pesticides contaminations of lentic freshwater systems located within agricultural landscapes may affect population evolution in non-target organisms, especially in species with a fully aquatic life cycle. The main objective was to assess the evolutionary potential of molecular responses to stress in a freshwater gastropod, Lymnaea stagnalis, through an approach designed to test for population adaptive divergence due to pesticide pressure. The hypothesis of adaptive divergence was tested using a QST-FST approach on a set of 14 natural populations neutrally differenciated (FST = 0,282), from contrasted environments with respect to pesticide pressure. Different patterns were obtained according to the studied life history traits, from neutrality, to divergent and homogenizing selection. Habitat type was shown to be the main factor responsible for population genetic divergence. However, a possible selective effect of anthropogenic stress was also suggested on some traits (enhanced reproduction ability as a response to decreased survival at hatching). Regarding molecular responses to diquat, a pro-oxidant herbicide, results based on candidate genes revealed more pronounced or detectable effects at transcriptional than at more functional level (enzyme activities). At the transcriptomic scale (RNAseq), preliminary investigations based on a subset of four populations, revealed a pattern remarkably consistent with population neutral divergence. Consistently, statistical analyses show that the effect of diquat expressed mostly through its interaction with population, which suggests very different patterns of response according to populations. Results also suggested a possibly reduced sensitivity to diquat in exposed populations, as compared to reference ones. Overall, high genetic variability observed both within and between populations, is indicative of high evolutionary potential, and provides additional arguments to take genetic variation into account in procedures of ecological risk assessment
Thomazeau, Solène. "Systématique de cyanobactéries du continent africain par une approche polyphasique & scénarios évolutifs." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0029.
Повний текст джерелаCurrently, the systematics of cyanobacteria is based on morphology. However, using molecular characters, particularly 16S rDNA, has changed the systematics. In many cases, the morphological and molecular characters were not congruent. Moreover, the phylogenetical analyses are based on cyanobacterial strains, cultivated and maintained in collection. However, many species have not been isolated and/or are not cultivable. Actually, the use of morphological, genetical, physiological and biochemical characters in a polyphasic approach is necessary to characterize strains and to improve cyanobacterial systematics. In this context, this work has contributed to implemente data bases with the cyanobacterial strains isolated from Africa (Senegal, Burkina Faso and Mayotte). Thanks to the contribution of new sequences in the phylogeny of Cyanobacteria, based on 16S rDNA, we have confirmed the polyphyly of Phormidium and Anabaena genera. To refine the relationships among Nostocaceae family, combined analyses of 5 genes (16S rDNA, ITS-L, hetR, nifH and rpoC1) have been done and showed that Anabaena species were distributed at least different in 6 lineages: i/ Anabaena bergii lineage, ii/ benthic Anabaena lineage (type species A. Oscillarioides), iii/ planktonic Anabaena lineage (type species A. Flos-aquae), iv/ Anabaena sphaerica lineage, and v/ 2 lineages with Anabaena sphaerica var. Tenuis. Anabaena sphaerica var. Tenuis is also a cryptic species. Moreover, our phylogenetical analyses have revealed the rpoC1 gene transfer between one strain of Anabaena sphaerica var. Tenuis and its sister group, Cylindrospermopsis. A physiological character, such as salt resistance, could be used to infer evolutive scenario. This scenario showed that salt resistance is an ancestral character of Nostocaceae family, lost independently among planktonic Anabaena lineage (type species A. Flos-aquae) and Cylindrospermopsis lineage. Furthermore, this scenario confirmed the rpoC1 gene transfer between Anabaena sphaerica var. Tenuis, salt resistant strains, and Cylindrospermopsis
Chaabane, Ratib. "Entre ACV et étude d'impact : synthèse et développements méthodologiques." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0011.
Повний текст джерелаAfter a critical study of the different LCA methods, it is shown that their realization must without doubt be computerized and appeal to the consequent conceptual revisions. Especially, it is essential to face up to the functional unit practice and to differently conceive the contributions of multi-criteria analysis to LCA. Concerning methodology, one has been induced to develop a new indication of raw materials losses, to give a new approach to the ecotoxical characterization by taking local specificity into account and to erase traditional differentiation between impact study and LCA. Thus, one tends to the final idea of comparative Impacts studies of life cycle, which probability may drive to the realization of risks impacts assessment of product life cycles
Kienzler, Aude. "Intérêt des lignées cellulaires de poisson en écotoxicologie pour l'étude de nouveaux biomarqueurs de génotoxicité." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952888.
Повний текст джерелаThiébaud, Hervé. "Mise au point d'une méthodologie analytique en écotoxicologie : impact du dichlorométhane sur des microcosmes aquatiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE18008.
Повний текст джерелаBoisseaux, Paul. "Développement de marqueurs d'immunocompétence chez le gastéropode d'eau douce Lymnaea stagnalis et applications en écotoxicologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1019/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn natural environments, animals encounter multiple stresses (e.g., pollutants and pathogens/ parasites). In this context, the immune system plays a pivotal role. Chemical insults from pollutants can jeopardize the immune system of these animals, weaken their health and make them vulnerable to contracting infectious diseases. In ecotoxicology, assessment of immunocompetence markers can be used to diagnose the health of organisms and better understand the immunotoxic hazard of xenobiotics. Lymnaea stagnalis is a freshwater gastropod representative of several lentic ecosystems on the planet. OECD reprotoxicity tests are available using this species, but too few studies have focused on immunotoxic parameters. The first part of this thesis covers the description, comprehension and development of the methods used to assess the immunocompetence at an individual scale and repeatedly within an experiment in L. stagnalis. The second part assesses this multibiomarker approach in several ecotoxicological contexts. Several populations (laboratory-bred vs collected in the field), time exposures (3 vs 29–44 days), concentrations (environmental vs unrealistic) and contaminants were evaluated : pharmaceuticals (the anti-cancer drugs etoposide and cyclophosphamide, the anti-xenograft rejection drug cyclosporine A, the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac), the insecticide deltamethrin, the metal cadmium and wastewater treatment plant effluents. The general reasoning is built on questions relative to (i) the sensitivity of the approach, (ii) the rapidity of the response, (iii) their physiological precocity of alteration (immune vs life-history traits), (iv) the transposition of xenobiotic immunotoxicity between L. stagnalis and the Chordata phylum and (vi) the pragmatic use of L. stagnalis (breeding, collection in the environment, calibration and reproduction)
Saadi, Zoubida. "Etude de la dégradation fongique des polymères : cinétique de dégradation des polymères et caractérisation des sous-produits de dégradation : étude de l'écotoxicité de ces polymères." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1004.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSubject of current events, the biodegradability of polymers is always studied in a global context, that is to say, with regards to fungi and bacteria together. The present research project focuses on the purely fungal degradation of polymers. Apart from the core research, the results of this study suggest certain applications to reduce environmental problems : - to deteriorate materials with a specific fungal strain. - to better control the kinetics of the biodegradation of plastics (mulching films, packaging materials). - Accelerate bio-degradation. After selecting non-toxic fungi present in natural states (compost, soil) and verifying the inertness of PLLA and PBAT on fungal cultures, cellular growth tests in a glucose-free environment revealed a selectivity among fungi for certain polymeric substrata. The tests also highlighted the major role temperature plays in the fungal degradation of polymers. When temperatures get closer, or go beyond the glass transition temperature, the physical structures are more accessible to fungal enzymes. After determining fungal consortium in the degradation of PLLA and PBAT, respiration measurements in soil and compost, both sterilized then sowed, have confirmed temperature as the essential parameter of biodegradation. Taking place in unmodified soil and compost, the kinetics of biodegradation of these polymers revealed a fungi-bacterial synergy during biodegradation tests. This study of biodegradation – refined with a follow-up of the physical and chemical properties of the polymers – led to a better understanding of the various stages of hydrolysis as well as the mineralization of polymers. These investigations had to take into account the characterization of metabolizing products of PLLA and PBAT and a regular toxicity check for the environment
Delmail, David. "Contribution de Myriophyllum alterniflorum et de son périphyton à la biosurveillance de la qualité des eaux face aux métaux lourds." Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO330C.
Повний текст джерелаUsing plants to biomonitor stream water quality in ecotoxicological surveys is a promising way. Myriophyllum alterniflorum is a poor-known aquatic macrophyte which biomarker potential is evaluated during cadmium and copper pollutions. The responses of its periphyton communities are also studied. After establishment of the in vitro culture of M. Alterniflorum, a protocol is defined for clone reintroduction. It allows comparative laboratory and field studies to assess the toxicity of heavy metals on M. Alterniflorum and its antioxidant responses. A new anatomical feature reducing the water stress appears in leaves, as a double endodermis. Moreover, four copper-specific biomarkers are evidenced in in situ conditions: ascorbate peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, vitamin E and malondialdehyde. Using the occurrence of groups with specific ecological affinities, the periphyton biodiversity brings highlights about cadmium and copper contamination. Furthermore, in a metacommunity approach, the dynamics of the most representative taxa underlines the importance of the plant-substrate restoration to ensure the continued survival in disturbed environments. Macrophyte and periphyton appear as essential in biomonitoring, and they are useful for the management of natural habitats and for public health policies according to the European and national water directives
Pillon, Arnaud. "Ligands environnementaux des récepteurs aux oestrogènes : développement d'outils de biosurveillance." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13514.
Повний текст джерелаVulliet, Emmanuelle. "Etude des dégradations photochimique et photocatalytique d'herbicides de la famille des sulfonylurées." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10176.
Повний текст джерелаBiagianti, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude du foie de juvéniles de muges (Téléostéens, Mugilides), contaminés expérimentalement par l'atrazine (s-triazine herbicide) : approche ultrastructurale et métabolique : intérêt en écotoxicologie." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0084.
Повний текст джерелаMeudec, Anna. "Exposition au fioul lourd chez Salicornia fragilis Ball et Tutin : contamination chimique par les HAPs et réponses biologiques de la plante." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2008.
Повний текст джерелаCoastal vegetations are directly exposed to accidental marine pollution by oil hydrocarbons. The impact of such pollution on vegetation differs according to the type of exposure and to the physico-chemical properties of pollutant. Short-term physical effects of heavy fuel oil on plants were described but its long-term chemical effects on plant physiology remain unknown. Salicornia fragilis Ball and Tutin, edible plant located on the interdidal zone with the edge enters the slikke and the schorre, is artificially exposed to n°6 heavy fuel oil or either by polluted sediments, or by the coating of the aerial parts. The effects of petroleum on glasswort are various and plant responses directly PAHs from fuel oil involves the contamination of plant tissues inducing a chemical toxicity in addition to the known physical effects of oil. Thus, the exposure of glasswort to fuel oil generates stress, which is expressed by the reductions of growth and leaded to the disturbances in cellular physiology and metabolism of the plants. In spite of these, the plants are able to resist about the pollutant thanks to fast cellular responses and the establishment of enzymatic systems of detoxification such as the glutathione-S-transferase for metabolisation of PAHs and the superoxide dismutase in response to an oxidative stress. Metabolites of PAHs are thus detected in glasswort tissues contaminated by PAHs after their culture in artificially polluted sediments
Engrand, Patrick, and Régine Maury. "Recherches en écotoxicologie expérimentale sur la bioaccumulation et les transferts du mercure dans un système sédiment-eau-macrophytes : Incidences combinées des facteurs température, photopériode, modalités de la contamination." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10637.
Повний текст джерелаTidou, Abiba Sanogo. "Évaluation de l'impact d'une pollution des eaux par deux insecticides (lindane et deltaméthrine) sur la dynamique des peuplements zooplanctoniques (principalement Cladocères) en milieu lentique." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112304.
Повний текст джерелаLayet, Clément. "Phytodisponibilité des nanomatériaux et impact sur le prélèvement d'éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0630/document.
Повний текст джерелаA nanomaterial (NM) is an object with at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm. This gives specific properties, different compared to their micrometric counterparts. New industrial applications implied an increasing production since the 2000’s. Soil is one the main compartment where NMs are accumulating during their life cycle.This work aimed at studying the bioavailability for plants (phytoavailability) of NMs, depending on NMS properties (chemical nature, size, shape, surface coating), on environmental parameters (physicochemical properties of soils), and on plant species (monocotyledon vs dicotyledon).We adapted a biotest, initially used to assess the phytoavailability of metals: the RHIZOtest. This biotest is able to compare phytoavailability of different plants with the same contact area between soils and plants via a membrane, which allows an easier harvest of roots without soil particles.Using the RHIZOtest, we were able to determine the influence of the chemical nature, size, shape and coating of NMs, using CeO2, Ag0, and TiO2 NMs, with concentration exposure close to the one predicted by environmental modeling. We also demonstrated that soil texture had a significant impact on phytoavailablity of nanomaterials.The use of RHIZOtest allowed us to describe the effects of several environmental parameters at exposure concentration close to the ones predicted in soil. The RHIZOtest can be used as a tool to deign NNs for a controlled phytoavailability or for predicting the transfer in trophic chain as a function of the soil
Garrivier, Frédéric. "Mise au point en écotoxicologie : Détection des perturbations fonctionnelles des sédiments en présence de composés chimiques." Chambéry, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CHAMS008.
Повний текст джерелаNeury, Julie. "Impact de la saisonnalité et d'une contamination pesticide environnementale sur des relations biotiques entre la micro-méiofaune et les microalgues d'un biofilm d'eau douce." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0343.
Повний текст джерелаChemical pollutions are stress factors for aquatic environment, the final receptor of microcontaminants (pesticides, medications, metals). Biofilm is an aquatic microecosystem in which short lifecycle microorganisms interact (bacteria, fungi, microalgae, micro-meiofauna) on a substrate. Seasonal (light, temperature) or anthropogenic factors (dissolved substances such as toxic pollutants) modify microalgae composition and also impact biological micro-meiofauna cycles. These environmental determinants diversely buid periphytic community all along the year, directly and indirectly in the complex species interaction network. Potential imbalance between biofilm components likely to be impacted by pollutants (target and non-target organisms) can threat structural and functional biofilm stability. In these thesis works, we studied imidacloprid (insecticide) and diuron (herbicide) effect on biotic relation maintained among periphytic microalgae and micro-meiofauna. These two pesticides are regularly detected in French rivers. Ecotoxicological tests at environmental concentration (5µg.L-1) were firstly realized on monospecies populations and then, on combinations of benthic micro-meiofauna (nematodes, chironomids) and microalgae (diatoms, chlorophyts). Biotic and chemical stress combination showed non-negligible effects on studied species, primary producers or consumers. By combining herbicide and insecticide impact on trophic relation, we can estimate how direct target pesticide effects, indirectly affect other inferior or superior trophic levels. To take in account the structuring influence of trophic relation, we discussed about periphytic community variability via the morphofunctional trophic activity traits approach. Micro-meiofauna morphofunctional traits database was created following Usseglio-Polatera et al. (2000) works on freshwater macroinvertebrates. Abiotic conditions which defined a habitat vary with season. Periphytic communities were submitted to seasonal variations and pesticide contamination. Results demonstrated that abiotic and biotic seasonal conditions have a bigger impact on biofilm functionality than pesticide contamination at tested concentrations. In case of pesticide contamination, little measured impacts can be explained by morphofunctional traits redundancy of micro-meiofauna species selected by chemical pressure. These thesis works highlight the importance of studied scales complementarity and biotic and abiotic factors combination in ecology and ecotoxicology research
Andre, Jean-Marc. "Recherche en écotoxicologie marine sur la contamination des Delphinidés par les micropolluants : métaux-traces et composés organochlorés." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10613.
Повний текст джерелаAuzoux-Bordenave, Stéphanie. "La branchie de palourde ruditapes decussatus (mollusque, bivalve) : un modèle expérimental en pathologie et en écotoxicologie marine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0017.
Повний текст джерелаDesbiolles, Fanny. "Devenir photochimique de la carbamazépine et sous-produits dans des eaux naturelles et écotoxicologie à doses environnementales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0185/document.
Повний текст джерелаCarbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely consumed anti-epileptic pharmaceutical drug, inefficiently removed in activated sludge secondary treatment process. Consequently, it is almost completely rejected in its original form into surface waters. Hence, this thesis aimed to study the fate of CBZ and two of its known bio-metabolites, i.e. oxcarbazepine (OxCBZ) and 9-carboxylic acridine acid (9-CAA), under solar light irradiation in fresh and salty waters. Kinetic monitoring revealed different behaviours both compounds and water types dependent implying photolysis, induced photodegradation but also natural attenuation reactions. To deeper understand these results, laser flash photolysis experiments and the use of a chemical probe highlighted the formation of reactive species (hydroxyl, carbonate and halogenated radicals). By implementing competition reactions, the rate constants of each compound with each chemical radical species were determined.The formation of derivatives from hydroxylation, oxidation, ring contraction, loss of side function, aromatic ring opening (etc.) and also halogenated by-products in salty waters were identified throughout CBZ, OxCBZ and 9-CAA phototransformations.Finally, acute and chronic ecotoxicity of CBZ, OxCBZ and 9-CAA individually and in mixture at environmental concentration levels were investigated on 3 living species from different trophic levels. The following endpoints were monitored: luminescence on the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, growth and development and phytometabolites on the duckweed Lemna minor and alterations at the population, cellular and molecular levels on the cnidarian Hydra circumcincta
Tusseau-Vuillemin, Marie-Hélène. "Des cycles biogéochimiques à l'évaluation du risque écotoxicologique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085877.
Повний текст джерелаCheaib, Bachar. "Étude de l’évolution contemporaine de systèmes microbiens environnementaux et hôtes associés dans un contexte d’écotoxicologie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66414.
Повний текст джерелаMicrobes or microorganisms are the primary producers of ecosystem services for biogeochemical cycles of the earth and biological systems. Xenobiotics mark a new anthropogenic era, "the Anthropocene," and they represent a source of artificial selection of the structure and composition of microbial biodiversity. As a result, anthropogenic disturbances are detrimental to microbial systems and induce adaptive changes or damage in their metagenomic repertories. During resistance and recovery, the ecological processes governing the assembly of microbial communities cannot be dissociated from those of microbial evolution. This work stems from the transdisciplinary intersection of ecotoxicology, microbial ecology, metagenomics and bioinformatics. The main goal is to understand the adaptive signatures of microbial resistance and resilience in two models. The first is environmental (E) composed of a lake-bound watershed contaminated by heavy metals. The second model is hostassociated (HA), consisting of an experimental system of perch (Perca flavescens) intoxicated with cadmium using two steady and gradual regimes. Three novelties summarize the work of this doctoral thesis. Firstly, the phenomenon of taxon-function decoupling has been demonstrated for the first time, in the E system under selective pollution gradient, and second, within the cutaneous microbiota in the HA system during its recovery stage. Third, the microbiota assembly modelling in the HA system suggested mixed effects of ontogenesis, and selective pressure during the period of resistance and recovery. The increase in cadmium bioaccumulation in liver tissues of perch can argue the persistence of the long-term effects of selection during the recovery stage. In conclusion, our work showed that the adaptation of microbial metagenomic repertories could be revealed through functional and taxonomic redundancy patterns observed at the scale of taxon-function decoupling. The gap between functional and taxonomic diversity reflects an adaptive strategy by horizontal gene transfer among environmental communities microbial under gradual disruption In the HA system, the microbiota assembly shows a gradient of neutral and non-neutral processes. Finally, the taxonomic drift is a significant ecological force, more effective in the environmental system than in the intestinal system during and after the disruption.
Faucon, Jean-Christophe. "Etudes statistiques et des relations structure-écotoxicité appliquées aux données écotoxicologiques d'un ensemble hétérogène de substances nouvelles." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN4002.
Повний текст джерелаDenayer, Franck-Olivier. "Écotoxicité des éléments traces métalliques chez les bryophytes : mise au point d'un bryocapteur des retombées atmosphériques à l'aide de Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Denayer.Franck_Olivier.SMZ0051.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBriand, Enora. "Contribution à la compréhension du déterminisme de la mise en place des proliférations de cyanobactéries et de leur production de toxines." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0025.
Повний текст джерелаCyanobacteria are a source of growing concern for managers and users of freshwater areas, because their proliferation interferes with the use of these freshwater ecosystems, especially on account of the health risk associated with cyanobacterial proliferation. Indeed, cyanobacteria are known to produce numerous toxins that can potentially threaten human and animal health. The toxins most often produced are the microcystins, which are small cyclic peptides. The main difficulty in organizing a thorough survey of these microorganisms is that cell abundances and toxin production dynamics can vary greatly in space and time within a single ecosystem. The first aim of this study was to clarify the factors underlying a cyanobacterial proliferation using population dynamics and genetics. This was carried out at numerous sampling sites in two reservoirs, during periods of cyanobacterial development. The second aim was to clarify the factors determining variations in microcystin production, and more specifically the influence of environmental factors. The study was based on in-situ monitoring and laboratory experiments. The experiments involved particularly the development of a quantitative PCR method that would enable us to distinguish between toxic and non-toxic genotypes in the same culture. As regards the onset of cyanobacterial proliferations, we demonstrated that the ecosystems studied offer areas favorable to the development of blooms. For example, in the Bort Les Orgues Reservoir, two different species were able to proliferate simultaneously, but at two opposite ends of the reservoir. Using a population genetics approach, we were able to show that the bloom of Microcystis in the Grangent Reservoir resulted from the selection of a dominant genotype in the downstream part of the reservoir. This genotype then invaded the entire ecosystem. Among the different environmental factors that influenced these processes, wind seemed to be important. As regards the changes in the proportions of microcystin-producing and non-producing genotypes during cyanobacterial proliferations, for two genera, Microcystis and Planktothrix, we demonstrated a negative relationship between the cell abundance and the proportion of potentially microcystin-producing genotypes. These field results were confirmed by experimental investigation of Planktothrix. These experiments involved competition between microcystin-producing and non-producing strains. We demonstrated that under non-growth-limiting conditions, the fitness of non-toxic strains was generally greater than that of toxic ones. The reverse was observed under growth-limiting conditions. These findings suggest that under favorable environmental conditions for the development of a cyanobacterial bloom, the production of microcystins is costly for cells, but that it may be advantageous before and after the bloom. Finally, all these findings are discussed in the context of devising suitable sampling strategies and surveys for evaluating the health risks associated with potentially toxic cyanobacterial proliferations in freshwater ecosystems
Séguin, Alexis. "Évaluation de l’effet des contaminants et de l’environnement sur les bivalves marins et saumâtres par la mise en œuvre d’une batterie de biomarqueurs : approches en milieu contrôlé et in situ." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2052.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis work aimed to assess the impact of contamination and/or environment on three bivalve species: the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and the dark false mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, by studying a battery of biomarkers. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of an antidepressant (fluoxetine) and glyphosate-based herbicides (active matter, commercial formulation and adjuvants) were studied on the physiology of juvenile oysters. Overall, only slight effects were recorded at the tested concentrations (environmental and higher) and exposure durations (28 to 56 days). However, trends and significant differences in mortality, biometric parameters and gametogenesis were especially recorded. For glyphosate-based herbicides, results suggested a higher toxicity of adjuvants and commercial formulation by comparison with active matter. In a second approach, two field studies were conducted on 1) C. Gigas and 2) the two mussel species. In these two field surveys, bivalves were studied in shellfish farming areas and in marinas which strongly differed in the degree of contamination (e. G. Metallic pollution). Regarding M. Leucophaeata, an additional freshwater site was chosen to allow a monitoring along a salinity gradient. The main results of these two field studies showed a higher metallic bioaccumulation in marina environments for the three species. Moreover, in these sites, bivalves were in a poorer physiological condition resulting in: higher mortality rate, slower growth, altered energetic reserves and disruption in reproductive cycle. Biochemical and immunological biomarkers revealed less marked inter-site differences. However, the battery of biomarkers used during these studies allowed us to discriminate differences between shellfish areas which were less contrasted from the contamination point of view. This thesis work provided some helpful knowledge for the European legislations such as “Marine Strategy Framework Directive” which aims to achieve a good environmental status of marine waters by 2020
Gagné, François. "Intérêt de l'application de tests alternatifs en écotoxicologie : cas des hépatocytes primaires de truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Gagne.Francois.SMZ9607.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаControl of point source pollution requires chemical characterization and toxicological assessment because it has the potential to contaminate and impact the aquatic biota. Toxicity of industrial effluents is evaluated, in part, by means of a standard 96 hh static bioassay using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A trout hepatocyte model has been developped as an alternative assay to the trout assay. This would reduce the number of fishes in these studies and may further underline some of the mechanism(s) of toxicity. With this model, cytotoxicity, along with metallothionein (MT), cytochrome P4501A1 (EROD) inductions, and DNA damage, can be estimated in effluent-exposed hepatocytes after 48h. Similarly, these effects were also followed in the liver of effluent-exposed trouts where mortality was studied in relation to cytotoxicity. The results showed that the cell system is more sensitive than the fish bioassay. The effects measured with the cell system proved to be significantly correlated with those obtained with the trout bioassay. The hepatocyte model can be used in a sequential approach so as to minimize test fish numbers and cost while increasing the toxicological information generated for effluents. This added information should be useful toward prevention of toxicity because it relates to effects that are precursors of toxic expression
Manier, Nicolas. "Etude d'un nouveau modèle biologique végétal (Trifolium repens) en écotoxicologie, applicable aux sols contaminés par les métaux lourds." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S054.
Повний текст джерелаJolly, Sabrina. "Le chabot comme espèce modèle pour la mise en oeuvre d’une approche multi-biomarqueurs : interêt de l’immuno-écotoxicologie." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS014.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of bullhead (Cottus sp.) as a sentinel fish species to assess aquatic environment contamination using a set of biomarkers. In order to reach this objective, the characterization of response levels measured in bullhead was realized in laboratory and field context using biomarkers of xenobiotic metabolisation (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD; cytochrome P4503A, CYP3A; glutathione-S-transferase), oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase, GPx; lipoperoxidation, TBARS) and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE). Laboratory investigations were performed to characterize variations of biomarker responses with reference substances such as β-naphtoflavone (BNF), copper and fenitrothion. Field investigations aimed to evaluate discriminant power of selected biomarkers and to characterize response profiles in a multi-contamination context. The results showed that the European bullhead could be used in environmental monitoring context to measure a set of selected biomarkers. Indeed, observed response profiles allow a good discrimination between unpolluted streams and contaminated area. However, muscular AChE and hepatic TBARS responses are difficult to explain.To better characterize the health status of fish, it became important to complete this set of biomarker adding immune markers namely lysozyme and oxidative burst activities. Globally, the first results, obtained in laboratory and in situ, have shown that immune markers are sensitive and inductible parameters that contribute to a better characterization of environmental contaminations and their effects. These markers allow a better site discrimination and bring complementary informations to those provided by other biomarkers and more particularly to biotransformation enzymes. In fact, immunomarker analysis could allow, in fine, populational prediction due to link between immune activities and susceptibility to pathogens. In a context of field multiparametric approach, study of global health potential in organism, link with pollutants/pathogens interaction, was an attractive prospect for the future
Slaby, Sylvain. "Intérêts de l’ovocyte de Xenopus laevis en écotoxicologie ? : Caractérisation des effets de contaminants environnementaux sur ce modèle alternatif." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R048/document.
Повний текст джерелаAmphibians are one of the most imperiled group of extinction. Nevertheless, few toxicological studies are interested in the earliest steps of their life cycle, even if gamete emission, fertilization and embryogenesis are directly exposed to water pollution. In this context, this PhD thesis aims to bring new data about xenobiotic exposure effects on Xenopus laevis oocytes, to highlight targets inside this germ cells and to contribute to the elaboration of a new model in ecotoxicology to assess aquatic environment quality.As a well-known gamete, the xenopus oocyte makes possible to establish suitable experimental designs to assess toxicity. Many endpoints were defined regarding the oocyte maturation, the fertilization and also the development. The experiments were conducted in metal (cadmium, lead, copper) and in phytopharmaceutical (Bordeaux mixture, glyphosate, RoundUp® GT Max, deltamethrin) contaminated conditions, but also in environmental samples from various aquatic habitats.The xenopus oocyte appeared to be sensitive to contaminant exposures and specially to cadmium and both formulations of glyphosate. Never observed effects were reported. Pollutant signatures were also pointed up, like the double cytological structures induced by glyphosate exposures.The observed responses and results from environmental water experimentations show that X. laevis oocyte is a pertinent model in ecotoxicology and allow to recommend the first steps of the amphibian life cycle in aquatic toxicology
Slaby, Sylvain. "Intérêts de l’ovocyte de Xenopus laevis en écotoxicologie ? : Caractérisation des effets de contaminants environnementaux sur ce modèle alternatif." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR048.
Повний текст джерелаAmphibians are one of the most imperiled group of extinction. Nevertheless, few toxicological studies are interested in the earliest steps of their life cycle, even if gamete emission, fertilization and embryogenesis are directly exposed to water pollution. In this context, this PhD thesis aims to bring new data about xenobiotic exposure effects on Xenopus laevis oocytes, to highlight targets inside this germ cells and to contribute to the elaboration of a new model in ecotoxicology to assess aquatic environment quality.As a well-known gamete, the xenopus oocyte makes possible to establish suitable experimental designs to assess toxicity. Many endpoints were defined regarding the oocyte maturation, the fertilization and also the development. The experiments were conducted in metal (cadmium, lead, copper) and in phytopharmaceutical (Bordeaux mixture, glyphosate, RoundUp® GT Max, deltamethrin) contaminated conditions, but also in environmental samples from various aquatic habitats.The xenopus oocyte appeared to be sensitive to contaminant exposures and specially to cadmium and both formulations of glyphosate. Never observed effects were reported. Pollutant signatures were also pointed up, like the double cytological structures induced by glyphosate exposures.The observed responses and results from environmental water experimentations show that X. laevis oocyte is a pertinent model in ecotoxicology and allow to recommend the first steps of the amphibian life cycle in aquatic toxicology
Evariste, Lauris. "Caractérisations structurale et fonctionnelle des populations hémocytaires de la moule zébrée (Dreissena sp.) en vue de leur utilisation en évaluation du risque écotoxicologique." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS016/document.
Повний текст джерелаExtension of human activities is responsible of molecule releases and climate changes that may affect physiology of aquatic organisms. The zebra mussel has biological traits making it an interesting species for environmental monitoring. In this organism, hemocyte cells constitute an interesting target to develop a multi-biomarker approach. These cells possess multiple functionalities and are involved in all major physiological functions of the species and in homeostasis regulation. The objective of this work was to develop analytical tools to study hemocyte responses of zebra mussels. Experiments allowed characterizing structure of hemocyte populations and their functionalities linked with phagocytosis process. Use of these biomarkers in various contexts indicated an important adaptation capacity of the species to environmental conditions. Results highlighted interest to analyze hemocyte activities at sub-population scale comparatively to global approach that does not consider hemocyte diversity. It was demonstrated that factor such as reproductive status or sampled species (D. polymorpha vs D. bugensis) constitute important confounding factors. Studies also demonstrated a strong positioning of phagocytosis assay as a sensitive marker to contaminants. This work constitutes a data set destined to be used in multiple contexts such as ecotoxicology or ecophysiology
Drocco, Camilla. "Assessment of the toxicity of pesticide mixtures on soil microorganisms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK036.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract: Within the ARISTO project, this thesis addresses the need to advance the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pesticides for soil microbes. Given the magnitude of pesticide applications annually and the possible accumulation of active ingredients and their main residues in soil, there is an urgent need to develop an accurate and effective risk assessment strategy. Particular attention is directed towards ammonia oxidizers, crucial contributors to the soil nitrogen cycling. While soil microbial responses to pesticides are relatively well studied, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the effects on free-living nematodes, organisms closely interacting with the microbial community. This thesis aims also to explore this gap by investigating the responses of both soil microbes and free-living nematodes communities to pesticide mixtures, through a lab-to-field experimental approach.Molecular techniques such as qPCR and next generation sequencing were employed to study changes in microbial community due to pesticide mixture application, while impacts on free-living nematodes were recorded with the traditional taxonomical identification. Our findings suggest that pesticide mixtures do not have a stronger impact on the microbial and nematode communities than that produced by each of the pesticide studied. Overall, molecular techniques targeting microbes and taxonomical identification of nematode provide comprehensive information on the impact of pesticide mixture on the key players of the soil food web, that could be of interest to be implemented in a further revision of the current pesticides EU regulation
Devos, Alexandre. "Exposition chronique des stades précoses de développement de l'huitre japonaise aux contaminats industriels en Manche : marqueurs de stress à des niveaux intègres et moléculaires." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2055.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis explores the effects of pollutants from the industry in the English Channel, in particular radionuclides, on the early stages of development of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Original experimental devices were designed to study in laboratory controlled conditions the growth of a large number of larvae and spats. Emphasis was given to a joint use of stress markers at integrated and molecular levels. First exposures to non-radioactive pollutants revealed a highly sensitive response of the growth of juveniles exposed to a metal (zinc). Thereafter, juveniles were exposed for several weeks to dose rates of ionizing radiation and radionuclide activities several orders of magnitude higher than the levels likely to be encountered in the marine environment. An eco-genotoxicological approach contributed to the understanding of the effects of ionizing radiations on DNA. The results strongly suggest that biochemical mechanisms act efficiently against radio-induced damages as early as the first days of life of the Japanese oyster. It still remains a lack of information about the long-term effects of DNA damages to higher level of biological organization
Adam, Olivier. "Impact des produits de traitement du bois sur les amphipodes Gammarus pulex (L. ) et Gammarus fossarum (K. ) : approches chimiques, hydro-écologique et écotoxicologique." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2071.
Повний текст джерелаTessier, Emmanuel. "Etude de la réactivité et du transfert du tributylétain et du mercure dans les environnements aquatiques." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3034.
Повний текст джерелаAquatic ecosystems are particularly affected by tributyltin (TBT) and mercury (Hg) chronic contamination. These micropollutants are ubiquitous and persistent and occurred at trace level, likely to drastically impair aquatic environments. TBT and Hg biogeochemical cycles are driven by transformation and transfer mechanisms between the different environmental compartments. These natural processes have been studied in details by using novel analytical methods and environmental design to improve the risk assessment. The first part of this work focus on the mechanistic study of TBT and Hg reactivity and transfer in reconstituted aquatic ecosystems. These experiments involve both state-of-the-art analytical speciation techniques, partly based on quantification by isotopic dilution and experimental tools simulating the environmental conditions. Kinetics of TBT and Hg distribution (adsorption, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, clearance) have been simultaneously characterized in al compartments of the microcosms presenting a simple biological organization. In a second step, volatilization kinetics of TBT at real interfaces have been studied to assess the potential remobilization and elimination pathways of butyltin compounds. Finally, in a third part, stable isotopic tracers of Hg have been employed to discriminate and quantify the coupled methylation and demethylation kinetics in estuarine sediments, by forcing different environmental factors (oxygenation, microbial activity)
Janati-Idrissi, Mohammed. "Evaluation de l'écotoxicité potentielle des contaminants sur un micro-écosystème expérimental." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES035.
Повний текст джерелаBourrachot, Stéphanie. "Etude des effets biologiques de l'exposition à l'uranium chez le poisson zèbre (D. Rerio) : impact sur les stades de vie." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11023.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is part of an ongoing project (ENVIRHOM) started at IRSN in 2000, which consists in studying the environmental effects of radioactive substances at chronic low level of exposure. In this general frame, our aim was two fold: (i) to identify sensitivity of different critical life stages of zebrafish (fish of fresh water frequently used for tests standards in ecotoxicology) to uranium exposure and (ii) to evaluate underlying mechanisms. Experiments were conducted with eggs, larvae and genitors exposed to uranium at environmentally relevant concentrations (from 20 to 500 μg/L) in order to study survival, hatching of eggs, growth of larvae and reproduction of genitors. Biomarkers of exposure (ie. U bioaccumulation) and biomarkers of effects at molecular level (ie. Genotoxic effects, reprotoxicity) were also measured. Sensitivity of fish to uranium was dependent of the life stage of developmement with the early life stage being the most sensitive to U either directly or maternally exposed. It underlines the relevance of including pro-larval stages for toxicity assessments in fish. Moreover drastic effects of uranium on reproductive success and DNA damages in the germ cells foretell a strong impact on the population for low concentration of exposure (20 μg/L). As it is increasingly recognized that population-level effects of toxic substances are more relevant in terms of ecological risk assessment, this study points out the need to include different life stages of organisms in ecotoxicological studies, especially the sensitive early stages. Moreover, it appears, through the comparative study of the radiological effects or by another isotope of the uranium of stronger radioactivity (233U or by an irradiation with 137Cs), that the effects of the uranium are due to its chemotoxicity