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1

Chen, Wantong, Hailong Wu, and Shiyu Ren. "CM-LSTM Based Spectrum Sensing." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062286.

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Анотація:
This paper presents spectrum sensing as a classification problem, and uses a spectrum-sensing algorithm based on a signal covariance matrix and long short-term memory network (CM-LSTM). We jointly exploited the spatial cross-correlation of multiple signals received by the antenna array and the temporal autocorrelation of single signals; we used the long short-term memory network (LSTM), which is good at extracting temporal correlation features, as the classification model; we then input the covariance matrix of the signals received by the array into the LSTM classification model to achieve the fusion learning of spatial correlation features and temporal correlation features of the signals, thus significantly improving the performance of spectrum sensing. Simulation analysis shows that the CM-LSTM-based spectrum-sensing algorithm shows better performance compared with support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting machine (GBM), random forest (RF), and energy detection (ED) algorithm-based spectrum-sensing algorithms for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and different numbers of secondary users (SUs). Among them, SVM is a classical machine-learning algorithm, GBM and RF are two integrated learning methods with better generalization capability, and ED is a classical, traditional, and spectrum-sensing algorithm.
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2

TAO, Ye, Fang KONG, Wenjun JU, Hui LI, and Ruichun HOU. "Cross-Domain Energy Consumption Prediction via ED-LSTM Networks." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E104.D, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2020bdp0006.

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3

Zhou, Sicheng, Yunpeng Zhao, Jiang Bian, Ann F. Haynos, and Rui Zhang. "Exploring Eating Disorder Topics on Twitter: Machine Learning Approach." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): e18273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18273.

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Анотація:
Background Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of mental illnesses that have an adverse effect on both mental and physical health. As social media platforms (eg, Twitter) have become an important data source for public health research, some studies have qualitatively explored the ways in which EDs are discussed on these platforms. Initial results suggest that such research offers a promising method for further understanding this group of diseases. Nevertheless, an efficient computational method is needed to further identify and analyze tweets relevant to EDs on a larger scale. Objective This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning–based classifier to identify tweets related to EDs and to explore factors (ie, topics) related to EDs using a topic modeling method. Methods We collected potential ED-relevant tweets using keywords from previous studies and annotated these tweets into different groups (ie, ED relevant vs irrelevant and then promotional information vs laypeople discussion). Several supervised machine learning methods, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), support vector machine, and naïve Bayes, were developed and evaluated using annotated data. We used the classifier with the best performance to identify ED-relevant tweets and applied a topic modeling method—Correlation Explanation (CorEx)—to analyze the content of the identified tweets. To validate these machine learning results, we also collected a cohort of ED-relevant tweets on the basis of manually curated rules. Results A total of 123,977 tweets were collected during the set period. We randomly annotated 2219 tweets for developing the machine learning classifiers. We developed a CNN-LSTM classifier to identify ED-relevant tweets published by laypeople in 2 steps: first relevant versus irrelevant (F1 score=0.89) and then promotional versus published by laypeople (F1 score=0.90). A total of 40,790 ED-relevant tweets were identified using the CNN-LSTM classifier. We also identified another set of tweets (ie, 17,632 ED-relevant and 83,557 ED-irrelevant tweets) posted by laypeople using manually specified rules. Using CorEx on all ED-relevant tweets, the topic model identified 162 topics. Overall, the coherence rate for topic modeling was 77.07% (1264/1640), indicating a high quality of the produced topics. The topics were further reviewed and analyzed by a domain expert. Conclusions A developed CNN-LSTM classifier could improve the efficiency of identifying ED-relevant tweets compared with the traditional manual-based method. The CorEx topic model was applied on the tweets identified by the machine learning–based classifier and the traditional manual approach separately. Highly overlapping topics were observed between the 2 cohorts of tweets. The produced topics were further reviewed by a domain expert. Some of the topics identified by the potential ED tweets may provide new avenues for understanding this serious set of disorders.
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4

Kusudo, Tsumugu, Atsushi Yamamoto, Masaomi Kimura, and Yutaka Matsuno. "Development and Assessment of Water-Level Prediction Models for Small Reservoirs Using a Deep Learning Algorithm." Water 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010055.

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In this study, we aimed to develop and assess a hydrological model using a deep learning algorithm for improved water management. Single-output long short-term memory (LSTM SO) and encoder-decoder long short-term memory (LSTM ED) models were developed, and their performances were compared using different input variables. We used water-level and rainfall data from 2018 to 2020 in the Takayama Reservoir (Nara Prefecture, Japan) to train, test, and assess both models. The root-mean-squared error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were estimated to compare the model performances. The results showed that the LSTM ED model had better accuracy. Analysis of water levels and water-level changes presented better results than the analysis of water levels. However, the accuracy of the model was significantly lower when predicting water levels outside the range of the training datasets. Within this range, the developed model could be used for water management to reduce the risk of downstream flooding, while ensuring sufficient water storage for irrigation, because of its ability to determine an appropriate amount of water for release from the reservoir before rainfall events.
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5

Wang, Changce, Fangpei Zhang, Wenjiang Ouyang, Xiaojun Jing, and Junsheng Mu. "Non-Cooperative UAV Detection with Semi-Adaptive Sampling of Control Signal and SNR Estimation." Electronics 11, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121815.

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Анотація:
This paper proposes a non-cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) signal detection strategy based on a multichannel control signal with an energy detector (ED), wherein the sampling point of the control signal on each subchannel is adjusted with environmental signal-to-noise (SNR) in a semi-adaptive manner. In order to estimate the SNR in the environment, not only is a convolutional neural network (CNN) applied in the proposed signal detection strategy, but a long shor-term memory network (LSTM) network is also included; in terms of features, it combines deep features and time-dimension features. The numbers of layers of the CNN and LSTM impact the performance of the algorithm. The decision on the presence or absence of a control signal is made at the fusion center (FC) based on the majority voting rule. This paper shows that the network with a two-layer CNN and a two-layer LSTM can achieve high estimation accuracy of environmental SNR. Simultaneously, the detection accuracy is improved by about 1 dB compared with the classical multichannel detection schemes.
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6

Nas, Serkan, and Melik Koyuncu. "Emergency Department Capacity Planning: A Recurrent Neural Network and Simulation Approach." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (November 15, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4359719.

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Анотація:
Emergency departments (EDs) play a vital role in the whole healthcare system as they are the first point of care in hospitals for urgent and critically ill patients. Therefore, effective management of hospital’s ED is crucial in improving the quality of the healthcare service. The effectiveness depends on how efficiently the hospital resources are used, particularly under budget constraints. Simulation modeling is one of the best methods to optimize resources and needs inputs such as patients’ arrival time, patient’s length of stay (LOS), and the route of patients in the ED. This study develops a simulation model to determine the optimum number of beds in an ED by minimizing the patients’ LOS. The hospital data are analyzed, and patients’ LOS and the route of patients in the ED are determined. To determine patients’ arrival times, the features associated with patients’ arrivals at ED are identified. Mean arrival rate is used as a feature in addition to climatic and temporal variables. The exhaustive feature-selection method has been used to determine the best subset of the features, and the mean arrival rate is determined as one of the most significant features. This study is executed using the one-year ED arrival data together with five-year (43.824 study hours) ED arrival data to improve the accuracy of predictions. Furthermore, ten different machine learning (ML) algorithms are used utilizing the same best subset of these features. After a tenfold cross-validation experiment, based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the stateful long short-term memory (LSTM) model performed better than other models with an accuracy of 47%, followed by the decision tree and random forest methods. Using the simulation method, the LOS has been minimized by 7% and the number of beds at the ED has been optimized.
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7

Chang, David, Woo Suk Hong, and Richard Andrew Taylor. "Generating contextual embeddings for emergency department chief complaints." JAMIA Open 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa022.

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Abstract Objective We learn contextual embeddings for emergency department (ED) chief complaints using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), a state-of-the-art language model, to derive a compact and computationally useful representation for free-text chief complaints. Materials and methods Retrospective data on 2.1 million adult and pediatric ED visits was obtained from a large healthcare system covering the period of March 2013 to July 2019. A total of 355 497 (16.4%) visits from 65 737 (8.9%) patients were removed for absence of either a structured or unstructured chief complaint. To ensure adequate training set size, chief complaint labels that comprised less than 0.01%, or 1 in 10 000, of all visits were excluded. The cutoff threshold was incremented on a log scale to create seven datasets of decreasing sparsity. The classification task was to predict the provider-assigned label from the free-text chief complaint using BERT, with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) as baselines. Performance was measured as the Top-k accuracy from k = 1:5 on a hold-out test set comprising 5% of the samples. The embedding for each free-text chief complaint was extracted as the final 768-dimensional layer of the BERT model and visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Results The models achieved increasing performance with datasets of decreasing sparsity, with BERT outperforming both LSTM and ELMo. The BERT model yielded Top-1 accuracies of 0.65 and 0.69, Top-3 accuracies of 0.87 and 0.90, and Top-5 accuracies of 0.92 and 0.94 on datasets comprised of 434 and 188 labels, respectively. Visualization using t-SNE mapped the learned embeddings in a clinically meaningful way, with related concepts embedded close to each other and broader types of chief complaints clustered together. Discussion Despite the inherent noise in the chief complaint label space, the model was able to learn a rich representation of chief complaints and generate reasonable predictions of their labels. The learned embeddings accurately predict provider-assigned chief complaint labels and map semantically similar chief complaints to nearby points in vector space. Conclusion Such a model may be used to automatically map free-text chief complaints to structured fields and to assist the development of a standardized, data-driven ontology of chief complaints for healthcare institutions.
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8

Jin, Boyang Tom, Mi Hyun Choi, Meagan F. Moyer, and David A. Kim. "Predicting malnutrition from longitudinal patient trajectories with deep learning." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): e0271487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271487.

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Malnutrition is common, morbid, and often correctable, but subject to missed and delayed diagnosis. Better screening and prediction could improve clinical, functional, and economic outcomes. This study aimed to assess the predictability of malnutrition from longitudinal patient records, and the external generalizability of a predictive model. Predictive models were developed and validated on statewide emergency department (ED) and hospital admission databases for California, Florida and New York, including visits from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018. Visit features included patient demographics, diagnosis codes, and procedure categories. Models included long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks trained on longitudinal trajectories, and gradient-boosted tree and logistic regression models trained on cross-sectional patient data. The dataset used for model training and internal validation (California and Florida) included 62,811 patient trajectories (266,951 visits). Test sets included 63,997 (California), 63,112 (Florida), and 62,472 (New York) trajectories, such that each cohort’s composition was proportional to the prevalence of malnutrition in that state. Trajectories contained seven patient characteristics and up to 2,008 diagnosis categories. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) and precision-recall curves (AUPRC) were used to characterize prediction of first malnutrition diagnoses in the test sets. Data analysis was performed from September 2020 to May 2021. Between 4.0% (New York) and 6.2% (California) of patients received malnutrition diagnoses. The longitudinal LSTM model produced the most accurate predictions of malnutrition, with comparable predictive performance in California (AUROC 0.854, AUPRC 0.258), Florida (AUROC 0.869, AUPRC 0.234), and New York (AUROC 0.869, AUPRC 0.190). Deep learning models can reliably predict malnutrition from existing longitudinal patient records, with better predictive performance and lower data-collection requirements than existing instruments. This approach may facilitate early nutritional intervention via automated screening at the point of care.
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9

Ullah, Farhat, Xin Chen, Syed Bilal Hussain Shah, Saoucene Mahfoudh, Muhammad Abul Hassan, and Nagham Saeed. "A Novel Approach for Emotion Detection and Sentiment Analysis for Low Resource Urdu Language Based on CNN-LSTM." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244096.

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Анотація:
Emotion detection (ED) and sentiment analysis (SA) play a vital role in identifying an individual’s level of interest in any given field. Humans use facial expressions, voice pitch, gestures, and words to convey their emotions. Emotion detection and sentiment analysis in English and Chinese have received much attention in the last decade. Still, poor-resource languages such as Urdu have been mostly disregarded, which is the primary focus of this research. Roman Urdu should also be investigated like other languages because social media platforms are frequently used for communication. Roman Urdu faces a significant challenge in the absence of corpus for emotion detection and sentiment analysis because linguistic resources are vital for natural language processing. In this study, we create a corpus of 1021 sentences for emotion detection and 20,251 sentences for sentiment analysis, both obtained from various areas, and annotate it with the aid of human annotators from six and three classes, respectively. In order to train large-scale unlabeled data, the bag-of-word, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and Skip-gram models are employed, and the learned word vector is then fed into the CNN-LSTM model. In addition to our proposed approach, we also use other fundamental algorithms, including a convolutional neural network, long short-term memory, artificial neural networks, and recurrent neural networks for comparison. The result indicates that the CNN-LSTM proposed method paired with Word2Vec is more effective than other approaches regarding emotion detection and evaluating sentiment analysis in Roman Urdu. Furthermore, we compare our based model with some previous work. Both emotion detection and sentiment analysis have seen significant improvements, jumping from an accuracy of 85% to 95% and from 89% to 93.3%, respectively.
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10

Cheng, Chi-Yung, Chia-Te Kung, Fu-Cheng Chen, I.-Min Chiu, Chun-Hung Richard Lin, Chun-Chieh Chu, Chien Feng Kung, and Chih-Min Su. "Machine learning models for predicting in-hospital mortality in patient with sepsis: Analysis of vital sign dynamics." Frontiers in Medicine 9 (October 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.964667.

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PurposeTo build machine learning models for predicting the risk of in-hospital death in patients with sepsis within 48 h, using only dynamic changes in the patient's vital signs.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study enrolled septic patients from five emergency departments (ED) in Taiwan. We adopted seven variables, i.e., age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature.ResultsAmong all 353,253 visits, after excluding 159,607 visits (45%), the study group consisted of 193,646 ED visits. With a leading time of 6 h, the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and random forest (RF) had accuracy rates of 0.905, 0.817, and 0.835, respectively, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.840, 0.761, and 0.770, respectively. With a leading time of 48 h, the CNN, LSTM, and RF achieved accuracy rates of 0.828, 0759, and 0.805, respectively, and an AUC of 0.811, 0.734, and 0.776, respectively.ConclusionBy analyzing dynamic vital sign data, machine learning models can predict mortality in septic patients within 6 to 48 h of admission. The performance of the testing models is more accurate if the lead time is closer to the event.
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11

Miao, Jiawu, Youheng Tan, Yangying Zhang, Yuebo Li, Junsheng Mu, and Xiaojun Jing. "Spectrum sensing based on adaptive sampling of received signal." EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2021, no. 1 (July 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-02027-w.

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AbstractSpectrum sensing (SS) has been heatedly discussed due to its capacity to discover the idle registered spectrum bands, which effectively alleviates the shortage of spectrum by spectrum reuse. Energy detector (ED) is widely accepted for SS as its complexity is very low. In this paper, an adaptive sampling scheme is proposed to improve the sensing performance of ED, where the sampling point of the received signal is adaptively adjusted with the environment signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When SNR decreases, the sensing performance can be maintained and even improved by the rise of the sampling point. When SNR increases, the improved ED is considered for idle spectrum detection. The SNR is evaluated based on the joint of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Both theoretical derivations and simulation experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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12

Chen, Tao, Liang Guo, Andongzhe Duan, Hongli Gao, Tingting Feng, and Yichen He. "A feature learning-based method for impact load reconstruction and localization of the plate-rib assembled structure." Structural Health Monitoring, August 13, 2021, 147592172110380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14759217211038065.

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Impact load is the load that machines frequently experienced in engineering applications. Its time-history reconstruction and localization are crucial for structural health monitoring and reliability analysis. However, when identifying random impact loads, conventional inversion methods usually do not perform well because of complex formula derivation, infeasibility of nonlinear structure, and ill-posed problem. Deep learning methods have great ability of feature learning and nonlinear representation as well as comprehensive regularization mechanism. Therefore, a new feature learning-based method is proposed to conduct impact load reconstruction and localization. The proposed method mainly includes two parts. The first part is designed to reconstruct impact load, named convolutional-recurrent encoder–decoder neural network (ED-CRNN). The other part is constructed to localize impact load, called deep convolutional-recurrent neural network (DCRNN). The ED-CRNN utilizes the one-dimensional (1-D) convolutional encoder–decoder to obtain low-dimension feature representations of input signals. Two long short-term memory (LSTM) layers and a bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) layer are uniformly distributed in this network to learn the relationship between input features and the output load in time steps. The DCRNN is constructed mainly by two 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) layers and two BiLSTM layers to learn high-hidden-level spatial as well as temporal features. The fully connected layers are placed at the end to localize an impact load. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by two numerical studies and two experiments. The results reveal that the proposed method has the ability to accurately and quickly reconstruct and localize the impact load of complex assembled structure. Furthermore, the performance of the DCRNN is related to the number of sensors and the architecture of the network. Meanwhile, the strategy of alternating layout is proposed to reduce the number of training locations.
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13

Malafeev, Alexander, Anneke Hertig-Godeschalk, David R. Schreier, Jelena Skorucak, Johannes Mathis, and Peter Achermann. "Automatic Detection of Microsleep Episodes With Deep Learning." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (March 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.564098.

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Brief fragments of sleep shorter than 15 s are defined as microsleep episodes (MSEs), often subjectively perceived as sleepiness. Their main characteristic is a slowing in frequency in the electroencephalogram (EEG), similar to stage N1 sleep according to standard criteria. The maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) is often used in a clinical setting to assess vigilance. Scoring of the MWT in most sleep-wake centers is limited to classical definition of sleep (30 s epochs), and MSEs are mostly not considered in the absence of established scoring criteria defining MSEs but also because of the laborious work. We aimed for automatic detection of MSEs with machine learning, i.e., with deep learning based on raw EEG and EOG data as input. We analyzed MWT data of 76 patients. Experts visually scored wakefulness, and according to recently developed scoring criteria MSEs, microsleep episode candidates (MSEc), and episodes of drowsiness (ED). We implemented segmentation algorithms based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and a combination of a CNN with a long-short term memory (LSTM) network. A LSTM network is a type of a recurrent neural network which has a memory for past events and takes them into account. Data of 53 patients were used for training of the classifiers, 12 for validation and 11 for testing. Our algorithms showed a good performance close to human experts. The detection was very good for wakefulness and MSEs and poor for MSEc and ED, similar to the low inter-expert reliability for these borderline segments. We performed a visualization of the internal representation of the data by the artificial neuronal network performing best using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Visualization revealed that MSEs and wakefulness were mostly separable, though not entirely, and MSEc and ED largely intersected with the two main classes. We provide a proof of principle that it is feasible to reliably detect MSEs with deep neuronal networks based on raw EEG and EOG data with a performance close to that of human experts. The code of the algorithms (https://github.com/alexander-malafeev/microsleep-detection) and data (https://zenodo.org/record/3251716) are available.
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14

Zhu, Haiqi, Shaohui Liu, and Feng Jiang. "Adversarial training of LSTM-ED based anomaly detection for complex time-series in cyber-physical-social systems." Pattern Recognition Letters, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2022.10.017.

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15

Gao, Feng, Zhuang Zhang, Chenyang Jia, Yin Zhu, Chunli Zhou, and Jingtao Wang. "Simulation and Prediction of 3-dimensional Rotating Flows Based on Convolutional Neural Networks." Physics of Fluids, August 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113030.

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Анотація:
Two deep learning models to reconstruct 3-dimensional (3D) steady-state rotating flows are proposed to capture the spatial information: the 3D Convolutional Encode-decoder and the 3D Convolutional Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) Model. They are based on deep learning methods such as the encoder-decoder convolutional neural network (ED-CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). Their common component sare an encoder, a middle layer, and a decoder. The rotating flows in a stirred tank with four inclined blades are calculated for the dataset to train and test the two models. A workflow for flow field reconstruction is established and all variants made up of various components are executed according to the flow. The optimal networks of the two models are selected by comparing performance measures. The results show that both models have the excellent ability to fit the 3D rotating flow field. Performance measures of the second model are better than those of the first one, but its running time is slower than that of the first one. In practice, this method can beused in the design and optimization of stirred tanks, centrifugal pumps, and other machines with rotating parts.
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16

Chi, ChienYu, Yen-Pin Chen, Adrian Winkler, Kuan-Chun Fu, Fie Xu, Rohollah Soltani, and Chien-Hua Huang. "Abstract 279: Multi-task Learning Improves Model Performance in Predicting Rare Catastrophic Events in Healthcare Claims Dataset." Circulation 142, Suppl_4 (November 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.279.

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Introduction: Predicting rare catastrophic events is challenging due to lack of targets. Here we employed a multi-task learning method and demonstrated that substantial gains in accuracy and generalizability was achieved by sharing representations between related tasks Methods: Starting from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we selected adult people (>20 year) experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest but not out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during 8 years (2003-2010), and built a dataset using de-identified claims of Emergency Department (ED) and hospitalization. Final dataset had 169,287 patients, randomly split into 3 sections, train 70%, validation 15%, and test 15%.Two outcomes, 30-day readmission and 30-day mortality are chosen. We constructed the deep learning system in two steps. We first used a taxonomy mapping system Text2Node to generate a distributed representation for each concept. We then applied a multilevel hierarchical model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. Multi-task models used gradient similarity to prioritize the desired task over auxiliary tasks. Single-task models were trained for each desired task. All models share the same architecture and are trained with the same input data Results: Each model was optimized to maximize AUROC on the validation set with the final metrics calculated on the held-out test set. We demonstrated multi-task deep learning models outperform single task deep learning models on both tasks. While readmission had roughly 30% positives and showed miniscule improvements, the mortality task saw more improvement between models. We hypothesize that this is a result of the data imbalance, mortality occurred roughly 5% positive; the auxiliary tasks help the model interpret the data and generalize better. Conclusion: Multi-task deep learning models outperform single task deep learning models in predicting 30-day readmission and mortality in in-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
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