Статті в журналах: "Electric wires"

1

Cho, Won Woo, G. Zouganelis, and Hitoshi Ohsato. "Enhancement of Electric Field inside Metallodielectric Metamaterial." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.117.

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A metallodielectric metamaterial have been investigated by using FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method and fabricated with a resin based rapid prototyping machine. It was composed of 7 layers of parallel periodic copper wires embedded in resin. The metallodielectric metamaterial shows a different near field distribution with direction of incident electric field E that causes different electromagnetic (EM) properties. In particular, when incident electric field E is vertical to the wires inside resin, we observe enhacement of electric field in the vicinity of the embedded metal wires according to the incident direction of electirc field E as compared with dielectirc wihout metal wires. The enhanced electric field by the embedded metal wire is responsible for the enhancement of effective dielectric constant.

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2

Zhao, Xia Yao. "A Kind of Electric-Corona-Prevent Paint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.575.

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Based on the issue of the Corona Loss that generated in EHV and UHV transmission process, the work is about energy saving, emission reduction, and creates a kind of electric-corona-prevent paint which is suitable for both the super high pressure transmitting wires and metal equipment . The paint is consisted of RTV, charcoal and other additives. The basic theory is to cover the wires which are certain degree damaged with the paint by spraying. After that, we carry out some experiments on the covered and uncovered wires to contrast the loss of electric-corona. The results of the experiments show that, the wire covered by the electric-corona voltage and a lower loss of electric-corona than those without the paint, which proved the effect of the electric-corona-prevent paint well.

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3

Iswanjono, Y. B. Lukiyanto, Budi Setyahandana, and Rines. "A Couple of Generator and Motor as Electric Transmission System of a Driving Shaft to Long Distance Driven Shaft." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186701013.

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Wind energy converter commonly converts wind power to shaft and electric power. One of the problems of transmitting shaft power is the limited distance between the driving to the driven shaft. This paper describes an experimental study of electrical transmission from driving to the driven shaft that was carried out on three modes of cable lines transmission. The driving shaft was attached to an electric generator that converts shaft r to electric power. The driven shaft was coupled by electric motor which reconverts the electric to shaft power. The generator and motor were BLDC and BDC permanent magnet electric machines. The distance of the driving to the driven shaft was 300 meters. The electric power was transmitted using wires. The wires consisted of 2 and 3 cables commonly used by peoples and sold in market place. The results showed that electric transmission mode on the experiment has important role on performance of shaft power to electric power conversion on driving generator and energy losses on cables transmission. DC on small wires electric transmission gave total efficiency of 16.2 %. DC on large wires electric transmission gave total efficiency of 32.9 %. AC on large wires electric transmission gave total efficiency of 36.4 %.

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4

Smyrak, Beata, Marek Gniełczyk, Bartosz Jurkiewicz, Tadeusz Knych, Kinga Korzeń, Michał Jabłoński, Andrzej Mamala, and Andrzej Nowak. "Research of Chemical Composition Influence on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Al-Mg-Si Wires." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.138.

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The subject of the work focuses on hardened-precipitation type alloys Al-Mg-Si which constitute the primary component material used to build homogeneous electric wires, type AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor). The material in consideration is a well-known and well-studied alloy, particularly in terms of the possibilities for using it in thermal treatment processes. However, the subject literature does not present a comprehensive recognition of the effect of heat treatment parameters on the set of mechanical and electrical properties in wires grade 6101. In particular, the study presents the results of experiments that show the possibility of controlling the AlMgSi wire properties by means of selecting the heat treatment parameters for simultaneously obtaining a high tensile strength and high electrical conductivity. Hence, the research described in this paper focuses mostly on determining the impact of the Mg and Si content on the electrical and mechanical properties of wires of Al-Mg-Si wire alloys.

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5

Zemlianskyi, Oleh, Oleh Miroshnyk, and Tetiana Kostenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCKET MODULE OF THE ELECTRICAL NETWORK." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-102-109.

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Purpose of the work is to determine the method of emergency de-energization of the object by cutting stranded live wires without the manifestation of emergency modes of electrical networks. Methods. As research methods, a comprehensive approach is used, which includes the analysis of research on emergency de-energization, laboratory research to determine a safe way to cut stranded wires under voltage. Results. De-energizing various objects during rescue operations and firefighting is one of the important tasks that must be performed in order to create safe working conditions for rescuers themselves. It is established that one of the ways by which it is possible to cut live multicore wires without short circuits is the use of abrasive cutting discs made of rotating electrocorundum. The design of a device for trouble-free cutting of live wires, which has a rod, a cutting element, a transmission mechanism and a device for fixing the wire. In the middle of the rod is a transmission mechanism, which is used as a shaft, one end of which is connected to the motor, and the other end through a gearbox, which is fixed to the device for fixing the wire, with a cutting element. In the laboratory conducted experimental studies that showed that the cutting of wires occurs without the manifestation of dangerous factors of electric current – short circuits, sparks, electric arcs. Scientific novelty. Approaches to cutting live multicore wires with corundum disks are substantiated, which excludes the occurrence of emergency modes of electrical networks, in particular short circuits. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used to create tools for safe emergency de-energization, which creates the preconditions for improving the safety of this type of work.

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6

W., P. "Tiny Wires Trigger Electric Reversal." Science News 169, no. 13 (April 1, 2006): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3982266.

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7

Hu, Min, Hailong Wang, and Qian Gong. "The impurity states in InGaAsP/InP coaxial double quantum well wires with the effects of electric and magnetic fields." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 21 (June 4, 2021): 2150355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921503553.

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The hydrogen donor impurity states are calculated in [Formula: see text] coaxial double quantum well wires by the plane wave method under the theoretical framework of effective mass envelope function approximation. The binding energies of impurity in [Formula: see text] state and [Formula: see text] state are obtained as the functions of impurity position, distance between the inner and outer quantum wires, magnetic and electric field strengths. Transition energies are calculated as the functions of impurity position, distance between the inner and outer quantum wires. The effects of quantum wire thickness and distance of quantum wires on impurity states are analyzed in detail. It is found that the effects of electric field and magnetic field on binding energy of [Formula: see text] state are different for impurity located at different positions.

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8

Pervikov, A. V., A. S. Lozhkomoev, O. V. Bakina, and M. I. Lerner. "Formation of phase composition of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles obtained by electrical explosion of wires." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 9 (2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/63/9/97.

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In present work we observed structural phase state formation of Ag-Cu nanoparticles by electrical explosive of wires. We observed the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles with a number average size of 75 ... 82 nm by synchronous and nonsynchronous electric explosion of wires. The phase composition of the samples is represented by phases based on solid solutions of copper and silver. The results of the studies allow us to conclude that, using electric explosion of copper and silver wires, bimetallic Ag-Cu nanoparticles with different mass ratio of metals can be obtained.

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9

Voinov, Kirill, and Yulia Chernysheva. "The new solutions for power lines’ protective devices." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 3 (October 17, 2017): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-3-127-137.

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Objective: Patented and experimentally fulfilled development of supported electric cables and wires’ successful protection from snow build-up, ice covering and possible breakages, caused by strong rushes of wind, was suggested for pilot installing in operation. It is known that, on average, the financial losses of our country from wire breakages amount to about 1 billion rubles. Nevertheless, some districts are left without heat and light, which demands the start of emergency electric power sources and sending the repair squads for power lines’ breakage elimination. Methods: Experimental tests were conducted under conditions close to natural, that is, in winter time and open air. Results: Original and simple implementation solutions of effective damping of possible wire oscillations corroborated the impossibility of resonant swinging of wires formation, which considerably increases the reliability of line functioning. Practical importance: Positive results, indicating a complex fulfillment of the set objective on wires’ protection were obtained, which demonstrate commercial efficiency of the study.

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10

Balametov, A. B., and E. D. Halilov. "Simulation of Electric Networks Modes Using Steady-State and Heat Balance Equations." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-1-66-80.

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In the traditional calculations of the steady-state mode of the electrical network, the dependences of the active resistances of the overhead line wire on the ambient temperature and currents in the branches are not taken into account. However, the temperature is a function of the active power losses, the power losses are a function of the resistance and current, and the resistance is temperature dependent. Therefore, these relations should be related to the traditional equations for stationary regimes. In order to increase the accuracy of steady-state calculations, a temperature correction of the resistance of the branches is required. In this paper, we present a method based on the joint solution of nonlinear equations of the steady-state electric network regime and the thermal balance of the wires of overhead lines. The algorithm and the program of calculation of the steady-state mode of an electric network taking into account dependence of active resistances of a wire of an overhead line on ambient temperature and currents in branches have been developed. The quantitative influence of the load current, wire temperature, wind speed, solar radiation on the active resistance of the wires has been estimated, and the errors in calculating annual variable energy losses have been determined. Numerical experiments were carried out for a 6-node modified version of the IEEE test system and equivalent circuit of 110 kV. The results of the calculations of the steady-state regime on various test circuits showed that the non-account of the temperature dependence of the active resistances might cause errors in power loss for individual loaded lines up to 10 %, and for total losses of the system – up to 30 %. This is unacceptable in simulating the modes of the electric network. The results of simulation of steady-state regimes taking into account the temperature dependence of the resistance of the wires are presented on the example of 6-node and 7-node circuits.

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11

Tkachenko, S. I., V. S. Vorob’ev, and S. P. Malyshenko. "Parameters of wires during electric explosion." Applied Physics Letters 82, no. 23 (June 9, 2003): 4047–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1580996.

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12

Hsueh, Hao Wen, Fei Yi Hung, and Truan Sheng Lui. "Recrystallization of Ag and Ag-La Alloy Wire in Wire Bonding Process." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.151.

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Sliver wire was the novel material to replaced gold wire in wire bonding process, and rare earth element was often added to improve the properties of silver wires. The annealing effect (at 225°C~275°C for 30min) on the tensile mechanical properties of silver wires with φ=20μm was investigated. In addition, the microstructural characteristics and the mechanical properties before and after an electric flame-off (EFO) process were also studied. Free-air ball (FAB) of 85μm diameter from 20μm diameter pure silver wire was too huge for bonding process, otherwise the silver wire was added 0.05 wt.% lanthanum to form Ag-La alloy wire to reduce the diameter of FAB. FAB of Ag-La alloy wire with a 55μm diameter, and can avoid short-circuited. In addition, microstructures, tensile properties and the micro-hardness of Ag-La alloy wires indicated that the best annealing temperature was 425 °C.

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13

Omoigiade, Osamudiamen, Arunansu Haldar, and Rongshan Qin. "Macroscopic Characterization of Mechanical Properties in Electric Current Treated Dry Drawn High Strength Wires." MRS Advances 2, no. 17 (2017): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.182.

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ABSTRACTThe present paper investigates the use of electric current treatment in improving the drawability of plain carbon steel wire for high strength steel applications. The mechanical properties for wires of composition 0.80C 0.65Mn 0.27Si wt.% of diameters 4.09 and 3.00 mm dry drawn from 10.00 mm rods are characterised. The total number of passes for 4.09 and 3.00 mm diameter wires are 7 and 10 respectively resulting in true strains of 1.79 and 2.41. Samples are treated with electric currents in-between the two drawing stages of 4.09 and 3.00 mm, and tested at both stages in tension, torsion and reverse bending along with control samples for comparison. The applied currents are pulsed at a frequency of 100 Hz with each pulse being approximated by a square wave of loading width 80μs and modest current densities of 7.96 Amm–2. Thus the influence of electric current on the drawability of plain carbon steel wire is assessed between stages of reduction.

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14

Dittus, Wolfgang P. J. "Shields on Electric Posts Prevent Primate Deaths: A Case Study at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510176.

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When monkeys, such as the toque macaques (Macaca sinica) of Sri Lanka, seek food on the ground near human habitation, they may use electrical posts to escape aggression from conspecifics, dogs, or humans. Shields mounted on electrical posts prevented monkeys from reaching the electrical wires, thereby averting their electrocution: the frequency of electrocutions (n = 0) was significantly less (p < 0.001) in the 12 years after installation of the shields than in the 12 years before (n = 18). Electric shocks were either fatal (n = 14) or caused permanent injury (n = 4) (collectively referred to as electrocutions hereafter). The shields may find broader applications in other primate species and environments wherever monkeys are attracted by human food near electrical posts. Primates and other arboreal mammals also accessed live wires from trees; at known electrocution hotspots, short spans of exposed wires were insulated by encapsulating them in PVC water pipes. It was impossible, however, to prevent electrocutions from all electric supply infrastructures that put monkeys at risk. A wider use of insulated electric conductors in planning power distribution in habitats frequented by wild animals would be desirable in preventing electric shocks to wildlife.

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15

Kraftmakher, G., and V. Butylkin. ""Cut wires grating – single longitudinal wire" planar metastructure to achieve microwave magnetic resonance in a single wire." Advanced Electromagnetics 1, no. 2 (September 26, 2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v1i2.14.

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Here we present metastructures containing cut-wire grating and a single longitudinal cut-wire orthogonal to grating’s wires. Experimental investigations at microwaves show these structures can provide strong magnetic resonant response of a single nonmagnetic cut-wire in dependence on configuration and sizes in the case when metastructures are oriented along the direction of wave propagation and cut-wires of grating are parallel to the electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave. It is suggested a concept of magnetic response based on antiparallel resonant currents excited by magnetic field of surface polaritons in many spatial LC-circuits created from cut-wire pairs of a grating and section of longitudinal cut-wire. Three separately observed resonant effects connected with grating, LC-circuits and with longitudinal cut-wire have been identified applying measurements in waveguides, cutoff waveguides and free space. To tune and mark resonance split cut-wires are loaded with varactor diodes.

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16

Soler, Aurora, Juan Conesa, and Nuria Ortuño. "Application of Subcritical Water to Dechlorinate Polyvinyl Chloride Electric Wires." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102612.

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electric wires were subjected to dechlorination in subcritical water at three different temperatures in a high-pressure reactor. About 2.09, 73.08, and 95.96 wt % of chlorine in PVC wires was removed during dechlorination at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, respectively. The solid residues were analyzed and characterized by thermogravimetry, at three different heating rates (5 °C, 10 °C, and 20 °C/min) in inert and oxidizing atmosphere. With the purpose of studying the emission of chlorinated pollutants, pyrolysis experiments at 850 °C were also performed in a laboratory-scale reactor with the dechlorinated materials, as well as with the original PVC electric wire. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation increased, but chlorobenzenes (ClBz) and chlorophenols (ClPh) formation decreased as the temperature of dechlorination increased; naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and monochlorobenzene and monochlorinated phenols (3-+4-) were the most abundant chlorinated compounds.

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17

Lochte-Holtgreven, Walter. "Research on Nuclear Reactions in Exploding (Li + LiD) Wires." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-0602.

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It is shown that under certain conditions the nuclear reaction 7Li(d, n) 2α occurs within the plasma of "exploding" (Li + LiD)-wires. The reaction is not thermo-nuclear but of a hybrid character, i. e. the plasma is not heated to a sufficient temperature but electric fields complete the reaction. By an electrical discharge a (Li + LiD)-wire is heated to temperatures below 200 eV. After the heating the plasma expands turbulently. During this time, electrical fields postaccelerate the Li and D nuclei leading to the formation of the unstable 8Be followed by α-decay. These reactions occur frequently and are observed during a time much longer than one cycle. The energy of the α-particles does not remain in the plasma and can be used for external purposes. It is discussed why the exploding wire method has not led to results of practical interest in the past.

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18

Huang, L. J., M. A. Jog, I. M. Cohen, and P. S. Ayyaswamy. "Effect of Polarity on Heat Transfer in the Ball Formation Process." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905364.

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Ball formation is the first step in wire bonding of semiconductor chips to their lead frames. An electric discharge melts the wire and surface tension causes the melt to roll up into a ball; the ball is subsequently pressed onto the proper bond pad on the chip to make a ball bond. In the ball bonding process, the electrical discharge characteristics, the associated heat transport, and the wire material determine the nature of the ball formed. The discharge shows sensitivity to the polarity of the wire. Experiments with upscaled aluminum and copper wires in air at reduced pressure show that the heat transfer to the wire associated with the discharge is significantly greater when the wire is the anode than when the wire is the cathode. These experiments included temperature measurements in real time made by fine thermocouples implanted in upscaled wires. In aluminum the anode wire receives twice as much energy from the arc as the cathode wire. In copper the anode wire receives three times as much energy from the arc as the cathode. Our conclusions are also reinforced by metallographic examination of sectioned balls.

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19

Rodríguez, B., P. Hidalgo, J. Piqueras, and B. Méndez. "Influence of an external electric field on the rapid synthesis of MoO3 micro- and nanostructures by Joule heating of Mo wires." RSC Advances 10, no. 20 (2020): 11892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01825b.

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The growth mechanism of layered α-MoO₃ nano- and microplates on the surface of Mo wires during Joule heating has been investigated by application of an external electric field to the current carrying wire.

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20

Liu, Zhen Biao, Li Zhong Xu, and Xiang Sheng Guo. "Research on Corona Wire Application for High Dust Load ESP of Cement Kiln." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.1070.

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Electronic corona may be obturated when dust load at inlet of ESP is more than 500g/Nm3, it will influence dedusting efficiency. Through analysis on current and electric intensity, we set up experiment device and use WS corona wire, fishbone corona wire, long dentation corona wire, V15 wire and RS corona wire to test their volt-ampere characteristics. This experiment indicates that the corona current produced by V15 and long dentation corona wires is higher, i.e. we can get higher corona current under same voltage to produce stronger corona discharge and electric wind, and it has little possibility to occur corona obturation in electric field. We can get the conclusion that V-typed corona wire is more suitable and economic for high dust load application.

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21

Machts, René, Alexander Hunold, and Jens Haueisen. "The effect of dipole housing and feeding wires in physical phantoms for EEG." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0022.

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AbstractCurrent dipoles are well established models in the localization of neuronal activity to electroencephalography (EEG) data. In physical phantoms, current dipoles can be used as signal sources. Current dipoles are often powered by constant current sources connected via twisted pair wires mostly consisting of copper. The poles are typically formed by platinum wires. These wires as well as the dipole housing might disturb the electric potential distributions in physical phantom measurements. We aimed to quantify this distortion by comparing simulation setups with and without the wires and the housing. The electric potential distributions were simulated using finite element method (FEM). We chose a homogenous volume conductor surrounding the dipoles, which was 100 times larger than the size of the dipoles. We calculated the difference of the electric potential at the surface of the volume conductor between the simulations with and without the connecting wires and the housing. Comparing simulations neglecting all connecting wires and the housing rod to simulations considering them, the electric potential at the surface of the volume conductor differed on average by 2.85 %. Both platinum and twisted pair copper wires had a smaller effect on the electric potentials with a maximum average change of 6.38 ppm. Consequently, source localization of measurements in physical head phantoms should consider these rods in the forward model.

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22

Takada, Megumi, Akira Nakajima, Shingo Kuroda, Shinya Horiuchi, Noriyoshi Shimizu, and Eiji Tanaka. "In vitro evaluation of frictional force of a novel elastic bendable orthodontic wire." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 5 (May 25, 2018): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/111417-779.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the frictional force (FF) of the novel, elastic, bendable titanium-niobium (Ti-Nb) alloy orthodontic wire in stainless steel (SS) brackets and to compare it with those of titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) and titanium-molybdenum (Ti-Mo) alloy wires. Materials and Methods: Three sizes of Ti-Nb, Ti-Ni, and Ti-Mo alloy wires were ligated with elastic modules to 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch SS brackets. The dynamic FFs between the orthodontic wires and SS brackets were measured at three bracket-wire angles (0°, 5°, and 10°) with an Instron 5567 loading apparatus (Canton, Mass). Results: FFs increased gradually with the angle and wire size. In the 0.018-inch-slot bracket, the dynamic FFs of Ti-Nb and Ti-Ni alloy wires were almost the same, and those of the Ti-Mo alloy wire were significantly greater (P<0.05). FF values were 1.5–2 times greater in the 0.022-inch-slot bracket than in the 0.018-inch-slot bracket, regardless of alloy wire type, and the Ti-Mo alloy wire showed the greatest FF. Scanning electric microscopic images showed that the surface of the Ti-Mo alloy wire was much rougher than that of the Ti-Ni and Ti-Nb alloy wires. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the Ti-Nb alloy wire has almost the same frictional resistance as the Ti-Ni alloy wire, although it has a higher elastic modulus.

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23

Razmyshlyaev, Alexander D., Marina V. Ahieieva, and Elena V. Lavrova. "Magnetic Properties of Materials Used in Electric Arc Welding and Surfacing." Materials Science Forum 938 (October 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.938.33.

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It was experimentally established earlier that the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at submerged arc welding and surfacing with magnetic fields action (with equal parameters of the welding mode) depends on the chemical composition of the wires. It is suggested that this effect depends on the magnetic properties of the welding materials, i.e. electrode wire and base metal. To measure the magnetic properties of welding materials, a method has been developed in which the magnetic properties of welding materials on samples are investigated. The samples were made in the form of tori, on which the primary and secondary windings were placed. The primary circuit contains an ammeter and a voltmeter, as well as a wattmeter that allows to take into account losses in the sample on hysteresis and Foucault currents, and the secondary circuit contains a voltmeter. Experimental data on the magnetic properties of some welding and surfacing wires, as well as of base metals, are obtained. A simplified method is proposed, in which torus samples are also used, but on which only one winding is placed, over which a direct current is flowed. The value of the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at arc welding with the action of magnetic fields increases with increasing their magnetic permeability.

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24

Hasan Mammadtagiyeva, Tarana. "Use of the computer in the course of teaching the topic "Serial wire connection" in the vii grade to build practical skills of pupils." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/98-105.

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The article shows how to develop students' practical skills using computers. As an example, the method of using the Vocational Laboratory Crocodile Phyiscs has been described in the topic of "Serial wire connection". Through this program, the students learn to experimentally apply the regularity of coupled wires. By means of the program, the students also will be introduced to the demonstration of a consistent wiring before the research, and will be informed about the work they will do. At the same time, the article provides a model of work flow in measuring the intensity and tension of the consecutive coupled wires. The dimensions of the lamp, the ampermeter, and the voltmeter according to Duist are clearly stated in the scheme. Key words: Computer, electrical circuit, electric current, voltage,resistance, serial connection,practical skills.

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Alebrahim, Reza, M. Iqram, M. Farizal, S. S. K. Singh, S. M. Haris, A. K. Elwaleed, and N. Nikabdullah. "Control of Crack Propagation in Composite Fiberglass-Polyester Laminates Using Nitinol Wire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.108.

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The experimental analysis presents the control of cracked composite fiberglass-polyester by using reinforced Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). SMA wires were used to control and close the crack gap in the composite. The experimental analysis was conducted for one and two SMA wires, whereby these SMA wires were heat treated and trained before being embedded into the fiberglass matrix strip. The composite reinforced strips were pre-notched as a criterion for crack initiation and propagation under gradual tensile loading. It was observed, a complete separation into two pieces of the strip was hindered by the existence of the SMA wires. The control of cracked composite is based on the changing of resistance of the SMA wire during the deformation phase. The variation of the resistance in the stretched SMA wire acts as a feedback to the on-off controller. It was observed during the experimental analysis that when the electric current of 2 Amps is switched on, the wires temperature will be increased until 60°C to produce a contraction effect, hence this effect will close the cracks that occurred under loading condition.

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26

Kientzl, Imre, János Dobránszky, and János Ginsztler. "Heat Treatment and Impact Testing of Composite Wires." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1273.

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The reinforcement of high voltage electric power cables is a promising application field of the composite wires. The temperature of the power cables can reach 200-300 °C due to an over-loaded electrical grid. The composite wires have to stand these high temperatures for a long time in the power cables. Long term heat treatments have been done to examine the eligibility of the composite wires. After heat treatment impact test was applied to measure the changes of the mechanical properties of composite wires. With the instrumented impact tester the process of the failure was examined. In this paper the continuous production method of ceramic fibre reinforced metal matrix composite wires and their properties are shown.

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27

Baldwin, Ian. "Discovery of Electricity and the Electromagnetic Force: Its Importance for Environmentalists, Educators, Physicians, Politicians, and Citizens." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.712.9532.

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The discovery of static electricity in the 18th century and electromagnetism in the 19th was one of the most momentous scientific-technological events in human history. In the 21st century our way of life depends on the electromagnetic force so totally that were our electromagnetic infrastructure to collapse, our civilization would collapse virtually simultaneously. Despite this situation of profound dependency, few citizens understand the electromagnetic force, how it was discovered, how it works, and what wonders of modern life it controls. Nor do citizens understand the roles that Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and global electric circuit play in making electricity and life possible. Here, I review Earth’s natural electric environment and how electricity first began to be scientifically understood with the innovation of the Leyden jar in the mid-18th century; Franklin’s insights about electricity’s positive and negative poles, and its movement (later named a “current”); Galvani’s discovery of bioelectricity; and Volta’s seminal invention of the bi-metallic electrochemical battery in 1800. Ørsted’s discovery that an electric current affected a magnetized needle, causing it to swivel, in 1820 led to experiments with electromagnets by Schweigger, Arago, Ampère, Sturgeon, Henry, Faraday, and others over the course of the next decade. Observing how conducting wires induced magnetism in iron bars whenever the wires were electrified, Faraday and Henry separately discovered the principle of induction, whereby a moving magnetic field could reciprocally induce electricity in a coiled wire. Out of these momentous discoveries the “magneto-electric” telegraph was invented, and, within a single generation, the world was wired.

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Zhuravkov, S. P., A. V. Pustovalov, M. A. Kuznetsov, and S. R. Zhantuarov. "Influence of Conditions of Copper Wires Electric Explosion on Dispersity of Produced Nanopowders." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.324.

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The article presents the results of a study concerning the influence of conditions of copper wires electric explosion on a dispersity of produced nanopowders. It was shown that the energy introduced into the wire being increased, the specific surface area grows and the size of produced nanopowders decreases.

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29

Beketov, I. V., R. Pérez, A. V. Bagazeev, M. Vazquez, A. I. Medvedev, А. Safronov, and G. V. Kurlyandskaya. "Magnetic Nanoparticles of (Co_0.94Fe_0.06)_72.5Si_12.5B₁₅ and Fe₇₈Si₉B₁₃ Obtained by Electric Explosion of Amorphous Wires." Key Engineering Materials 644 (May 2015): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.203.

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were produced by the electric explosion of wire method (EEW) using (Co0.94Fe0.06)72.5Si12.5B15 and Fe78Si9B13 amorphous wires. The wires were exploded in Ar atmosphere at 0.12 MPa. After the explosion the surface of all produced nanoparticles was passivated with oxygen. The produced MNPs are spherical low aggregated particles with average size below 37 nm and rather narrow size distributions with geometric standard deviation less than 1.7. Both materials are multiphase and contain up to 23 wt % of amorphous phase.

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30

Hanashiro, Soichiro, Katsuya Higa, Takumi Matsui, Ryo Matsubara, Osamu Higa, and Shigeru Itoh. "Development of a Power Supply for the Food Processing Device, Using High Pressure due to Evaporation of Aluminum Wire by Discharging High Current." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.244.

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We have developed the food processing device which uses underwater shock waves generated by gap discharging and electrical sparking. This method is dangerous due to the fact that it requires a very high voltage. Thus, we have focused on evaporation of aluminum wires occurred by the instantaneous high current and low voltage from a charged capacitor. When instantaneous high current flows through the aluminum wire is anchored between electrodes, a shock wave is generated by the evaporation of the aluminum wire. In this research, we have developed a power supply module for the food processing device using high pressure of shock wave due to evaporation of aluminum wire by instantaneous discharge of high current. In the present stage, the evaporation of aluminum wire can generate 70% of pressure compared to the gap discharge, and as for the electric power, it reached 22.5% of the gap discharge. It has been understood that the number of the aluminum wires are important to obtain a high pressure, when the charged capacitor discharged the charge. We found that evaporation of aluminum wire can generate high pressure with low voltage, which is more effective than the gap discharging in terms of safety.

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31

Buyakova, Natal’ya, Vasiliy Zakaryukin, Andrey Kryukov, and Tu Nguyen. "Electromagnetic safety enhancing in railway electric supply systems." E3S Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185803003.

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The methods of simulation modeling of traction power supply systems is developed, allowing analyzing the electromagnetic safety conditions in complex traction power networks equipped with sucking transformers. The effectiveness of the application of the sucking transformers (ST) connected in the rail cut with a distance of 3 km between transformers is small due to rails’ currents. The sucking transformers with return wires do not have this drawback. The use of ST with a return wire allows significantly improving the electromagnetic safety conditions: the level of magnetic field strength is reduced by tens of percent.

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32

Brown, C. N. "The History of Electric Wires and Cables." IEE Proceedings A Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews 132, no. 1 (1985): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-1.1985.0014.

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33

Loh�fer, G. "Nonuniform electric fields in pulse heated wires." International Journal of Thermophysics 14, no. 3 (May 1993): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00566046.

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34

Molokov, S., and J. E. Allen. "The fragmentation of wires carrying electric current." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 30, no. 22 (November 21, 1997): 3131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/22/011.

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35

Glickenstein, Harvey. "Electric trains without the wires [Transportation Systems]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 1, no. 4 (December 2006): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2006.343631.

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36

KROETZ, T., CAROLINE G. L. MARTINS, M. ROBERTO, and I. L. CALDAS. "Set of wires to simulate tokamaks with poloidal divertor." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 5 (April 12, 2013): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377813000391.

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AbstractSimple wire models have been proposed to simulate magnetic configurations in tokamaks. Here we consider electric currents in five parallel infinite wires to obtain double-null magnetic surfaces with specific choices of magnetic axis positions, triangularity, and elongation. As an example, we choose the position and the electric current of each wire to obtain magnetic surfaces similar to those expected in the tokamak international thermonuclear experimental reactor. Moreover, we also integrate the perturbed field line differential equation to simulate chaotic layers near the hyperbolic points and deposition patterns at the divertor plate observed in tokamaks. To simulate that, we add to the model a perturbing error field, due to asymmetries in the tokamak coils, and introduce a random collisional term to the field line mapping to reproduce escape pattern alterations due to particle collisions.

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37

Mogildea, Marian, George Mogildea, Valentin Craciun, and Sorin I. Zgura. "The Effects Induced by Microwave Field upon Tungsten Wires of Different Diameters." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041036.

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The effects induced by microwave field upon tungsten wires of different diameters were investigated. Tungsten wires with 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameters were placed in the focal point of a single-mode cylindrical cavity linked to a microwave generator and exposed to microwave field in ambient air. The experimental results showed that the 0.5 mm diameter wire was completely vaporized due to microwaves strong absorption, while the wire with 1 mm diameter was not ignited. During the interaction between microwaves and tungsten wire with 0.5 mm diameter, a plasma with a high electronic excitation temperature was obtained. The theoretical analysis of the experiment showed that the voltage generated by metallic wires in interaction with microwaves depended on their electric resistance in AC and the power of the microwave field. The physical parameters and dimension of the metallic wire play a crucial role in the ignition process of the plasma by the microwave field. This new and simple method to generate a high-temperature plasma from a metallic wire could have many applications, especially in metal oxides synthesis, metal coatings, or thin film deposition.

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38

Florkowski, Marek, Barbara Florkowska, and Pawel Zydron. "Partial Discharges in Insulating Systems of Low Voltage Electric Motors Fed by Power Electronics—Twisted-Pair Samples Evaluation." Energies 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050768.

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Power electronics switching devices currently represent the dominant technology for supplying low voltage (LV) electric motors. The fast switching processes exert a different class of stress on dielectric insulating materials than standard sinusoidal excitations. Such stresses result in an increase in the dynamic activity of the working electric field, which in turn lead to an increased likelihood of partial discharges (PD). The stator design of low voltage motor is often in form of random-wound windings, where the magnet wires (copper or aluminum round wires coated with thin layer of insulation) form a common system of coils with not precisely defined mutual position of particular turns, resulting in various turn-to-turn and coil-to-coil voltage distributions. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) voltage waveforms from modern electronic inverters are characterized by very short rise times and presence of repetitively occurring overvoltages that can significantly stress the insulation of feeding cables and motors. These factors influence the inception and dynamics of PD and processes of space charge accumulation in electrical insulation. In this paper investigations performed on round magnet wire twisted-pair samples representing LV motor random-wound winding elements are presented. Special attention was afforded to the twist configurations, observed breakdown voltage and PD activity. To describe the field conditions for the formation of PD in the turn-to-turn insulation system, the results of numerical simulations of electric field distributions for winding wires with different diameters, modeled using the COMSOL program, were analyzed. PD created in the insulating systems of model twisted-pair systems were registered and analyzed using the phase resolved partial discharge analysis (PRPDA) method.

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39

Student, Mykhajlo, Myroslav Golovchuk, Halyna Chumalo, Volodymyr Hvozdetskii, Sergiy Markovych, and Hanna Pohkmurska. "Influence of Diameter of Electrode Powder-like Wires is on Mechanical Descriptions of Elektrodugovikh Coverages." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).32-42.

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The influence of the diameter of the electrode flux-cored wires on the mechanical characteristics of the electric arc coatings is carried out in the work. Electric arc coatings were obtained on the original equipment, developed and manufactured at the Institute of Physics and Mechanics. GV Karpenko NAS of Ukraine. For spraying, model flux-cored wires of basic doping systems Fe – Cr – C and Fe – Cr – B with a diameter of 1.6 and 2.4 mm were used. The influence of the diameter of flux - cored wires on the structure, electric arc coatings from model flux - cored wires of different diameters is investigated. The dependence of porosity, microhardness, adhesion to the steel base, abrasive wear resistance of electric arc coatings sprayed from flux-cored wires with different amounts of charge on the thickness of the lamellae in the coating structure has been established. The influence of the thickness of the lamellae in the structure of coatings sprayed from flux-cored wires with different amounts of charge (depending on their diameter 1.6 and 2.4 mm) on their abrasive wear resistance was determined. It was found that the thickness of the lamellae in the coatings of all analyzed alloying systems increased with increasing volume of molten metal at the ends of flux-cored wires with the corresponding formation of droplets of larger diameter during its dispersion by air jet. shell charge and high arc current. It is shown that the amount of oxide phase in the structure of coatings doubles with increasing spray distance of flux-cored wires from 80 to 120 mm. More oxide phase (40… 100%) was found in coatings formed of flux-cored wires with a diameter of 2.4 mm with a higher filling factor of its shell charge compared to coatings formed of flux-cored wires with a diameter of 1.6 mm with lower filling. This is due to the larger volume of the charge in the powder wires of larger diameter, the cavities between the powders in which are filled with air, which intensively oxidizes the melt droplets inside the powder wires and at their ends during spraying. It is established that the porosity and microhardness of coatings from the developed flux-cored wires increase with the increase of the thickness of the lamellae in their structure and, accordingly, the diameter of the flux-cored wires. The increase in micro hardness is due to less evaporation and burnout of alloying elements from the droplets forming the coating, and the increase in porosity is caused by intensive spraying of droplets when hitting the sprayed surface, which contributes to micro cavities between the lamellae of the coating. It was found that with increasing the thickness of the lamellae in the structure of coatings of flux-cored wires 250H21VFGS and flux-cored wires 50HN2R5GS their adhesion to the steel base decreased slightly due to the occurrence of tensile stresses in coatings, which cause micro cracks or cracks. At the same time, the adhesion of 50X6MG2C flux-cored wire coatings to steel increased due to the higher carbon content of large lamellae and favorable conditions for the formation of high-carbon martensite, which has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion and causes the lowest residual tensile stresses. It was found that the abrasive and gas-abrasive wear resistance of coatings from flux-cored wires 250Х21ВФГС decreased, and from flux-cored wires 50ХН2Р5ГС increased due to the increase in the thickness of the lamellae in their structure using a larger diameter.

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40

MALARD, B., J. PILCH, P. SITTNER, V. GARTNEROVA, R. DELVILLE, D. SCHRYVERS, and C. CURFS. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY CHANGES IN THIN Ni–Ti WIRES HEAT TREATED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT — HIGH ENERGY X-RAY AND TEM INVESTIGATIONS." Functional Materials Letters 02, no. 02 (June 2009): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604709000557.

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High energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing were employed to investigate the evolution of microstructure, texture and functional superelastic properties of 0.1 mm thin as drawn Ni – Ti wires subjected to a nonconventional heat treatment by controlled electric current (FTMT-EC method). As drawn Ni – Ti wires were prestrained in tension and exposed to a sequence of short DC power pulses in the millisecond range. The annealing time in the FTMT-EC processing can be very short but the temperature and force could be very high compared to the conventional heat treatment of SMAs. It is shown that the heavily strained, partially amorphous microstructure of the as drawn Ni – Ti wire transforms under the effect of the DC pulse and tensile stress into a wide range of annealed nanosized microstructures depending on the pulse time. The functional superelastic properties and microstructures of the FTMT-EC treated Ni – Ti wire are comparable to those observed in straight annealed wires.

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41

Meinhold, Mitchell, Caprice Gray, Jeffery Delisio, Ernest Kim, Christian Wells, Daniela Torres, Peter Lewis, and David Hagerstrom. "A Wirebonding Instrument for Insulated and Coaxial Wires." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.1115585.

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A tool has been developed that supports a novel microelectronic integration paradigm whereby interconnects between components are directly established by means of microcoax wire bonding. A near-term use case of the tool is to facilitate rapid prototyping of high-bandwidth systems. When further matured, it will be able to rapidly integrate complex systems with hundreds or thousands of interconnects with minimal design time. Automatic stripping and bonding of coax wires having overall diameters between 50 and 100 μm present an array of process challenges that pose interesting demands on the material system of the wire and the bonding tool. This study reviewed a microcoax bonding system that is currently in development at Draper which is able to strip, feed, and bond microcoax wire. The system utilizes a combination of electric flame-off and thermal reflow to strip outer metal shielding and polymer dielectric layers, respectively. It leverages a rotary wire feed mechanism to precisely control wire position so that predetermined wire lengths can be established. Progress in the design of the wires, tooling, and software control architecture is reviewed.

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42

Wang, Lian Tie, Da Wei Xia, Ao Gao, and Qing Shan Meng. "The Discussion of Iron Wire Fire Hazard." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1847.

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The safe current carrying capacity of iron wire is far less than copper wires. In the simulation experiments, use iron wire replace copper wire and use welding machine as electric equipment, even the flaming. Normal operating electric homework, the whole iron wire overheat and cause carbonization of insulation layer and even set on fire because of line’s overload, and lead to short circuit between wire. Extract fire material evidence, observe and analysis. Summed up the microstructure characteristics of the sample. Apparent characteristics of short circuit melting mark organization is:wire matrix is widmanstatten structure and ferrite, the transition region is mainly widmanstatten structure; overload melted mark organization is mainly cast structure, there was more casting .

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43

Sharma, Husandeep, Khushdeep Goyal, and Sunil Kumar. "Performance evaluation of cryogenically treated wires during wire electric discharge machining of AISI D3 die tool steel under different cutting environments." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 15, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 1318–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2019-0078.

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Purpose Tool steel (AISI D3) is a preferred material for industrial usage. Some of the typical applications of D3 tool steel are blanking and forming dies, forming rolls, press tools and punches bushes. It is used under conditions where high resistance to wear or to abrasion is required and also for resistance to heavy pressure rather than to sudden shock is desirable. It is a high carbon and high chromium steel. Therefore, wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is used to machine this tool steel. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The present experimental investigation evaluates the influence of cryogenically treated wires on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) for machining of AISI D3 steel using the WEDM process. Two important process responses MRR and SR have been studied as a function of four different control parameters, namely pulse width, time between two pulses, wire mechanical tension and wire feed rate. Findings It was found that pulse width was the most significant parameter which affects the MRR and SR. Better surface finish was obtained with cryogenically treated zinc coated wire than brass wire. Originality/value The review of the literature indicates that there is limited published work on the effect of machining parameters in WEDM in cryogenic treated wires. Therefore, in this research work, it was decided to evaluate the effect of cryogenically treated wires on WEDM.

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44

Shaw, Andie, Paola Sanjuan-Alberte, Richard Hague, Ruman Rahman, and Frankie Rawson. "Wireless Bioelectronics Towards Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_4 (October 2019): iv14—iv15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz167.062.

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Abstract ‘Bioelectronic therapies’ are defined as treatments that provide therapy via electrical stimulation. As electrochemical signalling is a key communication pathway of the human body, learning and modulating these signals could allow us to regenerate lost functions and restore health where previously regarded impossible. Bioelectronics do not yet fully exploit this possibility as they lack resolution and plasticity to fully merge with biology. We aim to negate these problems by pioneering the development of wireless bioelectronics. One exciting area we hope this can be applied is that of tumour treating fields (TTFs). TTFs apply electric fields to a tumour region, providing a non-invasive anti-mitotic treatment modality. This anti-mitotic behaviour arises due to dipole alignment and di-electrophoresis. However, an understanding of the exact mode of action has not yet been reached. We aim to improve this knowledge by analysing how healthy astrocytes vs glioblastoma cells behave in various electrical systems: comparing ionic currents with electric fields. Furthermore, we hope to improve targeting of TTFs through the in-situ growth of conductive structures, via wireless electrochemistry. Proof of concept has been achieved by wirelessly growing silver micro-wires in the presence of U251 glioblastoma cells. Wire growth has been optimised without the presence of cells, allowing controlled growth direction via electrode geometry. Wires range from 2–9µm in diameter and have been shown to be conductive through the completion of a circuit lighting an LED. Such structures could ultimately be grown in the region of a tumour, therefore therapeutically targeting the electric field to that site.

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45

Fu, Xin Yang, Chong Zhang, Shuai Gai, Wen Hua Liu, Zhuo Yue Ni, and Shi Peng Zhao. "Graph-Based Temporary Ground Wire Management in Distribution Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1720.

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It requires a large number of temporary ground wires for maintenance tasks in distribution network. Because the temporary ground wires can be grounded anywhere, it is difficult to check their states and control them. Currently solutions are generally expensive in city-scale. This paper presents a method that integrates the complex monitor, control and communication modules into a pocket computer key. The abundant of ground wires are controlled by a simple electric lock, which will downgrade the cost of whole system. This paper also proposed a graph-base temporary ground wire management algorithm, which utilizes the Boolean adjacent matrix to determine the ground operations. The experiment results show that algorithm is more efficiency the baseline of the Topological Analysis Algorithm and the Logic-based Analysis Algorithm.

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46

Ron Liu, D., K. Chen, and E. Jih. "Observation of Microstructural Evolution of Aluminum Bonding Wires in Power Electronic Package." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600017700.

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Power electronic circuits are used in electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle to drive the main electric motor. All the transistors and diodes in a sealed power electronic package will experience repeated high current cycling during their service life. The aluminum bonding wires which connect these devices to the rest of the circuit will experience repeated thermal strain cycling. When design a power electronic package, the thermal fatigue durability of these bonding wires would be a concern. A power electronic module with pure aluminum bonding wires of 0.5mm in diameter from a vendor was power cycled with the following schedule. Each transistor in the circuit was on for 10 seconds with the current at 400 Amperes followed by the transistor being off for 30 seconds. The wires from the diodes to the copper trace lines are about twice as long as those from the transistors to the copper trace lines.

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47

Sano, Nobuyuki, and Akira Yoshii. "Quantum Kinetic Transport under High Electric Fields." VLSI Design 6, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/38125.

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Quantum kinetic transport under high electric fields is investigated with emphasis on the intracollisional field effect (ICFE) in low-dimensional structures. It is shown that the ICFE in GaAs one-dimensional quantum wires is already significant under moderate electric field strengths (≥ a few hundreds V/cm). This is a marked contrast to the cases in bulk, where the ICFE is expected to be significant under extremely strong electric fields (≥ MV/cm). Employing the Monte Carlo method including the ICFE, the electron drift velocity in quantum wires is shown to be much smaller than that expected from earlier investigations.

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48

Meinhold, Mitchell, Caprice Gray, Jeffery Delisio, Ernest Kim, Christian Wells, Daniela Torres, Peter Lewis, and David Hagerstrom. "A Wirebonding Instrument for Insulated and Coaxial Wires." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000503.

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Abstract A tool has been developed that supports a novel microelectronic integration paradigm whereby interconnects between components are directly established by way of micro-coax wirebonds. A near term use-case of the tool is to facilitate rapid prototyping of high-bandwidth systems. When further matured, it will lead to the ability to rapidly integrate complex systems with hundreds or thousands of interconnects with minimal design time. Automatic stripping and bonding of coax wires having overall diameters between 50 to 150μm presents an array of process challenges that pose interesting demands on the material system of the wire and the bonding tool. This paper will review a micro-coax bonding system that is currently in development at Draper which is able to strip, feed and bond micro coax wire. The system utilizes a combination of electric-flame-off (EFO) and thermal reflow to strip outer metal shielding and polymer dielectric layers respectively. It leverages a rotary wire feed mechanism to precisely control wire position so that pre-determined wire-lengths can be established. Progress in design of the wires, tooling and software control architecture are reviewed.

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49

Kientzl, Imre, Imre Norbert Orbulov, János Dobránszky, and Árpád Németh. "Mechanical Behaviour Al-Matrix Composite Wires in Double Composite Structures." Advances in Science and Technology 50 (October 2006): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.50.147.

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The fibre reinforced metal matrix composites (FRMMC-s) are one of the main groups of the composite materials. The composite wires are continuous-fibre-reinforced aluminium matrix composites, which are made by a continuous process. Composite wires already have a few experimental applications for the reinforcement of high voltage electric cables. Other experimental application fields of these materials are the preferential reinforcement of the cast parts. In this way significant decrease in the weight could be achieved. The aim of this study is to show the excellent mechanical properties of the composite wires, and the contact relationship between the mechanical and other properties (i.e. thermoelectric power) and the possibility of their standardized production. The continuous production process of the composite wires and their test results were are shown as well. The difference between the composite wire reinforced double composite structures and direct fibre reinforced blocks were delineated as well. In this paper specimens were examined by tensile tests, bending tests, thermal aging tests and thermoelectric power measurement.

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50

Kui-Hua, Li, Zhang Ying-Tao, and Li You-Cheng. "Electric Effect of Impurity in Square Quantum Wires." Chinese Physics Letters 21, no. 8 (July 30, 2004): 1616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/21/8/057.

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