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Статті в журналах з теми "Electronic tender"
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Ponomarenko, Natalia, Christina Voznyakovska, and Julia Nemish. "Features of using the electronic system ProZorro in public procurement in Ukraine: problems and ways to overcome them." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 25 (June 30, 2021): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.25.2021.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary The purpose of the article is to study the problematic aspects of the functioning of the electronic public procurement system ProZorro in Ukraine and to develop proposals for minimizing abuses in the field of tender procedures. Research methods: The article uses general scientific research methods, in particular: synthesis analysis – in the study of scientific literature and determining the features of the electronic public procurement system ProZorro; economic and statistical analysis and comparison – with indicators of public procurement in Ukraine; generalization – when developing recommendations for minimizing abuses in the field of public procurement within the electronic system ProZorro. Scientific novelty: is to determine the main mechanisms of abuse in the field of public procurement in order to obtain illegal benefits: the fragmentation of contracts and the development of sub-threshold trade procedures and justification of ways to minimize them. In particular, in the article It is substantiated that non-competitive tender offers carry high corruption risks and lead to inflated prices for the supply of goods, services and works. It is proposed to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement» in order to prohibit the conclusion of additional agreements after the tender; prohibition to change the conditions of the tender and tender documentation after the announcement of tenders; prohibitions to combine goods into one lot and set maximum payment terms for delivered goods for more than 30 calendar days. Conclusions: The study concludes that the electronic public procurement system ProZorro has a positive impact on the development of public procurement in Ukraine, as it increases the transparency of bidding and tender procedures, expands opportunities for participation in tenders of small and medium-sized businesses and more. However, shortcomings, first of all, in the law enforcement and judicial system of Ukraine are caused by frequent cases of corruption schemes in the public procurement system both within the ProZorro system and outside it. Elimination of corruption schemes in the public procurement system is possible subject to amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement». Keywords: public procurement, ProZorro, tender, tender offer, electronic bidding, competitive and non-competitive procedures.
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Wulan, Dewi Nawang, Ainul Masruroh, and Rusydi Rusydi. "PERSEKONGKOLAN TENDER DALAM PERSAINGAN USAHA MENURUT UU NO. 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT." MIMBAR YUSTITIA 3, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/mimbar.v3i2.1959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conspiracy tender an action collusive which can reduce the transparency and honesty among the participants of the tender. While time is the government is already set on Procurement of Goods and / or Services in electronic form of e-tendering, with the system online are expected to minimize leakage of the tender as well as the level of conspiracy tender there . But in practice leakage tender and conspiracy are still going on between the actors of business , including the Tender Works Revitalization Development Arena Youth / Teens province of West Nusa Tenggara on Year Budget 2011. Setting the tender which already are online should be able to prevent the conspiracy that happen, but in practice conspiracy tender occur with other modes namely with an agreement that is done by the participants of the tender kolusif the form of similarity IP Address, is practices outside the mechanism system of tendering set . Of things that mean conspiracy tender is still going on and still be one of the problems for the world of busines .
Material laws are used as a reference will be analyzed using the technique of analysis of the contents by formulating the analysis of the decision that was decided by the Commission for the Supervision of Competition Usaha (KPPU). Results of the study showed that the system electronics have not fully guarantee the tender free of the conspiracy that carried out by the perpetrators of the business . It is an impact on the budget and the level of competition of business that is healthy , from the system electronics in the form of e- tenderimg the search of a conspiracy can be detected much earlier.
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Ortiz Williams, Samuel Gibran. "PAGO ELECTRONICO VS CHEQUE (ELECTRONIC PAYMENT VS CHECK)." Universos Jurídicos, no. 18 (June 8, 2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/uj.vi18.2625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resumen: En la Universidad Veracruzana (UV), desde hace por lo menos tres lustros, el pago del salario se hace con pago-máticos o con tarjetas electrónicas. Con el progreso de la tecnología nuevas formas de pago han sido posibles con una aparente ventaja para los trabajadores; lo que resulta contrario a lo que manda la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos; ya que esta nos indica que el pago del salario debe hacerse en moneda de curso legal no siendo permitido hacerlo efectivo con mercancías, vales, fichas o con cualquier otro signo con que se pretenda substituir a la moneda de curso legal. ¿Es legal pagarles a los trabajadores a través de medios electrónicos como lo son los pago-máticos o las tarjetas electrónicas? Es necesario indicar que el sistema jurídico mexicano -a través de la figura del cheque- busca salvaguardar el patrimonio del trabajador asalariado; ya que goza del status de sentencia. Abstract: At the University of Veracruz (UV), for at least three decades, salary payments have been made with payment-matics or electronic cards. With the progress of technology, new forms of payment have been possible with an apparent advantage for its workers; which is contrary to what is mandated by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States; since this indicates us that the payment of the salary must be made in legal tender, not being allowed to make it effective with merchandise, vouchers, tokens or with any other sign with which it is intended to replace the legal tender. Is it legal to pay workers through electronic means such as payment-matics or electronic cards? It is necessary to indicate that the Mexican legal system -through the figure of the check- seeks to safeguard the assets of the salaried worker, since it enjoys the status of sentence. Fuentes de consulta: Garner, B. (1999). Tender. Black´s Law Dictionary. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Group. Góngora Pimentel, G. (2005). Cheque. Diccionario Jurídico Mexicano. México: UNAM. Mish, F. (2004). Check. Merriam-Webster´s College Dictionary. Massacusetts: Merriam Webster´s, Inc. Legisgrafía Tesis Aislada Laboral, de los Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito, visible en la página 182, del Semanario Judicial de la Federación, vol. 181-186, 30 de mayo de 1984, 6ª. Parte, Materia Laboral, Séptima Época. Tesis Aislada Laboral, de los Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito, visible en la página 140, del Semanario Judicial de la Federación, vol. 163-168, 29 de octubre de 1982, 6ª. Parte, Materia Laboral, Séptima Época. Tesis S. CXI/2013 (10ª.), de la Segunda Sala de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, visible en la página 1588, del Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta, Libro II, Enero de 2014, Tomo 2, Materia Constitucional, Laboral, Décima Época.
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Adistana, Gde Agus Yudha Prawira, Mas Suryanto HS, Purwo Mahardi, and Mochamad Firmansyah Sofianto. "ASSESSMENT OF E-PROCUREMENT SUBJECTS' MISSTEPS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE SURABAYA CITY AREA AS AN EDUCATIONAL ADJUNCT FOR PROJECT TENDER COURSES." Jurnal PenSil 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v11i1.25294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From the government's perspective, an electronic tender or e-tendering system in the procurement of goods and services in Indonesia is a platform to acknowledge good governance and public services since it enhances cost efficiency, effectiveness, shorter turnaround periods, delivers excellent public monitoring, fosters competitiveness, and increases government accountability. Nevertheless, numerous tenders have managed to fail during the implementation of e-tendering for construction works. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to tender failures throughout the Surabaya City area. The factors that contributed to the tender's failure were identified from the results of the 220 construction tenders stated on the LPSE website. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to obtain factors that cause e-tender failures from the data obtained. Administrative, technical, price, and qualification criteria are the most dominant four failure criteria. The most apparent cause for auction failure is the provider's inability to attach references to previous projects.
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Larsen, Jesper, Lene Ussing, and Thomas Bruno. "An analysis of project selection and assignment criteria of Danish tenders in Europe." International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm302013-16-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Public construction agencies are one of the largest developers within the Danish construction industry, where such agencies own and develop new public construction projects. Most of these projects are put out in European tender. This study analyses the selection and assignment criteria employed by these agencies in different types of public sector projects.Some of the objectives pursued by the study include the determination of 1/ the selection and assignment criteria mostly used in Danish public tenders 2/how different types of projects use selection and assignment criteria in the bidding process, and 3/any significant difference between the use of selection and assignment criteria in Danish public construction projects. The study uses a quantitative research approach where 157 Danish public tender cases were selected from the European Tenders Electronic Daily database between the period: January 2010 to March 2013. Fisher's Exact Test was conducted to determine if there was any significant use of some selection and assignment criteria. The findings of the study showed that invited tenders with pre-qualification and lowest pricein 69.8% of the tenders are the most used selection and assignment criteria, with little regard to project type.
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Коростелев, Максим, and Maksim Korostelev. "Turnover of Electronic Funds: Civil Law Issues." Journal of Russian Law 1, no. 12 (November 14, 2013): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the definition of electronic money according to Russian legislation, its legal nature, legal mechanism of its transfer, to the question whether electronic money is legal tender in Russia as well as to the question whether electronic money emission constitutes deposit taking activity.
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Medzmariashvili, Tinatin. "State Procurement Electronic System Efficiency in Georgia." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v10i1.p152-155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
State procurement has significant strategic importance for Georgia, while it serves the rational expenditure of the state funds and the creation of a transparent competitive environment for the state and the business sector. In the last few years, the development of electronic technologies have formulated united state procurement electronic system. State financial resource spending requires business correspondence based on a single electronic system, which facilitates the acquisition of the buyer and the supplier openly, easily and without any unnecessary restrictions. Electronic system elaboration ensures maximal transparency of procurement procedures and rational spending of the state financial resources. Furthermore, increases competition among the bidders participating in the tender and raises public awareness. E-procurement system increases efficiency of the procurement processes, through saving purchaser’s and potential supplier’s financial, human and time-consuming resources. Besides, the tender procedures are transparent and easy to understand for any person interested in it.It is effective and efficient for any country to use the state procurement electronic system, as it provides transparent procedures and eliminates competition restrictions, corruption and discrimination risks.
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Medzmariashvili, Tinatin. "State Procurement Electronic System Efficiency in Georgia." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejes-2018-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract State procurement has significant strategic importance for Georgia, while it serves the rational expenditure of the state funds and the creation of a transparent competitive environment for the state and the business sector. In the last few years, the development of electronic technologies have formulated united state procurement electronic system. State financial resource spending requires business correspondence based on a single electronic system, which facilitates the acquisition of the buyer and the supplier openly, easily and without any unnecessary restrictions. Electronic system elaboration ensures maximal transparency of procurement procedures and rational spending of the state financial resources. Furthermore, increases competition among the bidders participating in the tender and raises public awareness. E-procurement system increases efficiency of the procurement processes, through saving purchaser’s and potential supplier’s financial, human and time-consuming resources. Besides, the tender procedures are transparent and easy to understand for any person interested in it.It is effective and efficient for any country to use the state procurement electronic system, as it provides transparent procedures and eliminates competition restrictions, corruption and discrimination risks.
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Hanák, T. "Electronic Reverse Auctions in Public Construction Procurement – Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractElectronic reverse auctions (e-RAs) are considered to be an effective tool for negotiating tender prices and achieving cost savings. Furthermore, if multicritera evaluation is used, it can be expected that e-RAs will also contribute to achieving benefits in other areas, e.g. helping to minimize life-cycle costs. This study aims to analyse the mutual relationships between selected e-RA variables. More specifically, correlation analysis is applied to explore real e-RA data representing public tenders for construction work. This study’s findings reveal that the correlations examined are generally weak or very weak. Furthermore, it has been found that the value of correlation coefficients varies depending on the type of structure, and that public tenders are usually evaluated solely on the basis of the criterion of the lowest bid price. Recommendations for public authorities in using e-RAs in the role of the buyer are also provided at the end of this paper.
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Rashid, Md Abdur, and Mohammad Shorif Uddin. "Comparing the Efficiency of Manual and Electronic Tender Document Preparation: Cost and Time Context." Intelligent Information Management 14, no. 06 (2022): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/iim.2022.146013.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Electronic tender"
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Du, Rong. "Secure electronic tendering." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16606/1/Rong_Du_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tendering is a method for entering into a sales contract. Numerous electronic
tendering systems have been established with the intent of improving the efficiency
of the tendering process. Although providing adequate security services
is a desired feature in an e-tendering system, current e-tendering systems are
usually designed with little consideration of security and legal compliance.
This research focuses on designing secure protocols for e-tendering systems.
It involves developing methodologies for establishing security requirements, constructing
security protocols and using formal methods in protocol security verification.
The implication is that it may prove suitable for developing secure
protocols in other electronic business domains.
In depth investigations are conducted into a range of issues in relation to establishing
generic security requirements for e-tendering systems. The outcomes are
presented in a form of basic and advanced security requirements for e-tendering
process. This analysis shows that advanced security services are required to secure
e-tender negotiation integrity and the submission process.
Two generic issues discovered in the course of this research, functional difference
and functional limitations, are fundamental in constructing secure protocols
for tender negotiation and submission processes. Functional difference identification
derives advanced security requirements. Functional limitation assessment
defines how the logic of generic security mechanisms should be constructed. These
principles form a proactive analysis applied prior to the construction of security
protocols.
Security protocols have been successfully constructed using generic cryptographic
security mechanisms. These protocols are secure e-tender negotiation
integrity protocol suite, and secure e-tender submission protocols. Their security
has been verified progressively during the design. Verification results show that
protocols are secure against common threat scenarios. The primary contribution of this stage are the procedures developed for the complex e-business protocol
analysis using formal methods. The research shows that proactive analysis has
made this formal security verification possible and practical for complex protocols.
These primary outcomes have raised awareness of security issues in e-tendering.
The security solutions proposed in the protocol format are the first in e-tendering
with verifiable security against common threat scenarios, and which are also practical
for implementation. The procedures developed for securing the e-tendering
process are generic and can be applied to other business domains. The study
has made improvements in: establishing adequate security for a business process;
applying proactive analysis prior to secure protocol construction; and verifying
security of complex e-business protocols using tool aided formal methods.
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Du, Rong. "Secure electronic tendering." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16606/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tendering is a method for entering into a sales contract. Numerous electronic tendering systems have been established with the intent of improving the efficiency of the tendering process. Although providing adequate security services is a desired feature in an e-tendering system, current e-tendering systems are usually designed with little consideration of security and legal compliance. This research focuses on designing secure protocols for e-tendering systems. It involves developing methodologies for establishing security requirements, constructing security protocols and using formal methods in protocol security verification. The implication is that it may prove suitable for developing secure protocols in other electronic business domains. In depth investigations are conducted into a range of issues in relation to establishing generic security requirements for e-tendering systems. The outcomes are presented in a form of basic and advanced security requirements for e-tendering process. This analysis shows that advanced security services are required to secure e-tender negotiation integrity and the submission process. Two generic issues discovered in the course of this research, functional difference and functional limitations, are fundamental in constructing secure protocols for tender negotiation and submission processes. Functional difference identification derives advanced security requirements. Functional limitation assessment defines how the logic of generic security mechanisms should be constructed. These principles form a proactive analysis applied prior to the construction of security protocols. Security protocols have been successfully constructed using generic cryptographic security mechanisms. These protocols are secure e-tender negotiation integrity protocol suite, and secure e-tender submission protocols. Their security has been verified progressively during the design. Verification results show that protocols are secure against common threat scenarios. The primary contribution of this stage are the procedures developed for the complex e-business protocol analysis using formal methods. The research shows that proactive analysis has made this formal security verification possible and practical for complex protocols. These primary outcomes have raised awareness of security issues in e-tendering. The security solutions proposed in the protocol format are the first in e-tendering with verifiable security against common threat scenarios, and which are also practical for implementation. The procedures developed for securing the e-tendering process are generic and can be applied to other business domains. The study has made improvements in: establishing adequate security for a business process; applying proactive analysis prior to secure protocol construction; and verifying security of complex e-business protocols using tool aided formal methods.
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Parrish, Robert M. "Rank reduction methods in electronic structure theory." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quantum chemistry is plagued by the presence of high-rank quantities, stemming from the N-body nature of the electronic Schrödinger equation. These high-rank quantities present a significant mathematical and computational barrier to the computation of chemical observables, and also drastically complicate the pedagogical understanding of important interactions between particles in a molecular system. The application of physically-motivated rank reduction approaches can help address these to problems. This thesis details recent efforts to apply rank reduction techniques in both of these arenas.
With regards to computational tractability, the representation of the 1/r Coulomb repulsion between electrons is a critical stage in the solution of the electronic Schrödinger equation. Typically, this interaction is encapsulated via the order-4 electron repulsion integral (ERI) tensor, which is a major bottleneck in terms of generation, manipulation, and storage. Many rank reduction techniques for the ERI tensor have been proposed to ameliorate this bottleneck, most notably including the order-3 density fitting (DF) and pseudospectral (PS) representations. Here we detail a new and uniquely powerful factorization - tensor hypercontraction (THC). THC decomposes the ERI tensor as a product of five order-2 matrices (the first wholly order-2 compression proposed for the ERI) and offers great flexibility for low-scaling algorithms for the manipulations of the ERI tensor underlying electronic structure theory. THC is shown to be physically-motivated, markedly accurate, and uniquely efficient for some of the most difficult operations encountered in modern quantum chemistry.
On the front of chemical understanding of electronic structure theory, we present our recent work in developing robust two-body partitions for ab initio computations of intermolecular interactions. Noncovalent interactions are the critical and delicate forces which govern such important processes as drug-protein docking, enzyme function, crystal packing, and zeolite adsorption. These forces arise as weak residual interactions leftover after the binding of electrons and nuclei into molecule, and, as such, are extremely difficult to accurately quantify or systematically understand. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) provides an excellent approach to rigorously compute the interaction energy in terms of the physically-motivated components of electrostatics, exchange, induction, and dispersion. For small intermolecular dimers, this breakdown provides great insight into the nature of noncovalent interactions. However, SAPT abstracts away considerable details about the N-body interactions between particles on the two monomers which give rise to the interaction energy components. In the work presented herein, we step back slightly and extract an effective 2-body interaction for each of the N-body SAPT terms, rather than immediately tracing all the way down to the order-0 interaction energy. This effective order-2 representation of the order-N SAPT interaction allows for the robust assignment of interaction energy contributions to pairs of atoms or functional groups (the A-SAPT or F-SAPT partitions), allowing one to discuss the interaction in terms of atom- or functional-group-pairwise interactions. These A-SAPT and F-SAPT partitions can provide deep insight into the origins of complicated noncovalent interactions, e.g., by clearly shedding light on the long-contested question of the nature of the substituent effect in substituted sandwich benzene dimers.
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Cruz-Hernández, Juan Manuel. "Modeling, sensitivity analysis and control design for a tendon transmission." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modelling, analysis, and control of a tendon transmission for a haptic device is presented. A linear force-to-force model is used to study the dynamics of the transmission, to predict how certain system parameters affect the response, and how these parameters can be modified for improvements. To this end, sensitivity analysis was applied to show how the system is affected for each of its components considered in the linear model. This sensitivity analysis leads to criteria that can be used to choose the best values for the parameters to achieve a wide bandwidth and a good disturbance rejection. Nominal values of some parameters were identified with the help of a testbed representing one channel of the haptic interface. Significant nonlinearities were observed in force-to-force, force-to-velocity, and force-to-position phase plots. The open loop and closed loop responses (using a proportional, a second and a fourth order lead controllers) were then compared. The final design of the controller was done using the loopshaping technique. This controller was designed from the information about linear behavior of the plant and to reduce the nonlinearities shown in the force-to-force phase plot. The idea is to lump the memory effects of the transmission as a linear model, while the nonlinear response is assumed to be memoryless. This can actually be experimentally verified. A robust controller was designed given the range of uncertainty given by the open loop response to signals with different amplitudes. It is capable of reducing the nonlinearities seen in the open loop response to insignificant values. The controller also exhibits very good disturbance rejection and robustness. The performance of each controller is presented in terms of the closed loop Bode plot and phase plot. Experimental results are presented showing the characteristics of the controller.
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Szarek, Pawel. "Theoretical Study of Electronic States of Chemical Bonds." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/66212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14161号
工博第2995号
新制||工||1444(附属図書館)
26467
UT51-2008-N478
京都大学大学院工学研究科マイクロエンジニアリング専攻
(主査)教授 立花 明知, 教授 榊 茂好, 教授 木村 健二
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Pingenot, Joseph Albert Ferguson. "Electron and hole spins in quantum dots." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the technology underlying modern electronics advances, it is unlikely that previous rates of power use and computational speed improvement can be maintained. Devices using the spin of an electron or hole, "spintronic" systems, can begin to address these problems, creating new devices which can be used as a continuation and augmentation of existing electronic systems. In addition, spintronic devices could make special use of coherent quantum states, making it feasible to address certain problems which are computationally intractable using classical electronic components. Unlike higher-dimensional nanostructures such as quantum wires and wells, quantum dots allow a single electron or hole to be confined to the dot. Through the spin-orbit effect, the electron and hole g-tensor can be influenced by quantum dot shape and applied electric fields, leading to the possibility of gating a single quantum dot and using a single electron or hole spin for quantum information storage or manipulation.
In this thesis, the spin of electrons and holes in isolated semiconductor quantum dots are investigated in the presence of electric and magnetic fields using realspace numerical 8-band strain-dependent k · p theory. The calculations of electron and hole g-tensors are then used to predict excitonic g-tensors as a function of electric field. These excitonic g-factors are then compared against existing experimental work, and show that in-plane excitonic g-factor dependence on electric field is dominated by the hole g-factor. The dependence of the electron and hole g-tensors on the applied electric field are then used to propose a class of novel quantum dot devices which manipulate the electron or hole spins in either a resonant or a non-resonant mode. Because of the highly parabolic dependence of some components of the hole g-tensor on the applied electric field, a shift in the Larmor frequency and an additional resonance are predicted, with additional shifts and resonances occurring for higher-order dependencies. Spin manipulation times down to 3.9ns for electrons and 180ps for holes are reported using these methods.
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Dvořáková, Jitka. "Veřejné zakázky v oblasti ICT." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis is focused on analysis of complicated situation in public tenders in ICT field. The content is divided into two main parts. The first part provides an overview of historical development in terms of legal definition of basic laws in public tenders. Historical excursion includes a chapter dealing with the proposed amendment to public tenders act. There are shown the main points that would have a significant impact and would change the process of future commissioning of public tenders. The second part is practically oriented, beginning with computerization of public tenders and dealing further with a practical side of public tenders. There are also defined administrative offenses of commissioners as well as those of suppliers in this part of the thesis. The main focus of the work is an analysis of the most serious cases of public tenders commissioning in ICT field and definition of the biggest faults that occur. There are also provided suggestions as to how to deal with the situation in this part of the thesis.
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Zhao, Zishi. "Analysis on rationalizing Chinese landless farmer's compensation." abstract only (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446448.
Повний текст джерела
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Lewis, Cannada Andrew. "The Unreasonable Usefulness of Approximation by Linear Combination." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83866.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through the exploitation of data-sparsity ---a catch all term for savings
gained from a variety of approximations--- it is possible to reduce the
computational cost of accurate electronic structure calculations to linear.
Meaning, that the total time to solution for the calculation grows at the same
rate as the number of particles that are correlated. Multiple techniques for
exploiting data-sparsity are discussed, with a focus on those that can be
systematically improved by tightening numerical parameters such that as the
parameter approaches zero the approximation becomes exact.
These techniques are first applied to Hartree-Fock theory and then we attempt
to design a linear scaling massively parallel electron correlation strategy
based on second order perturbation theory.Ph. D.
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Nozaki, Hiroo. "Theoretical Studies of Atomic and Molecular Systems by Electronic Stress Tensor Theory." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215528.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Electronic tender"
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Russo, Camila. The Infinite Machine: How an army of crypto-hackers is building the next internet with Ethereum. New York: Harper Business, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2020.
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2
L, Seleznev M., ed. Tenzornye metody postroenii͡a︡ informat͡s︡ionnykh sistem. Moskva: "Nauka", 1989.
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3
Kirkham, M. B., and Iskandar Karam Iskandar. Trace elements in soil: Bioavailability, flux, and transfer. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 2001.
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Lines, Andersen Deborah, ed. Digital scholarship in the tenure, promotion, and review process. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2004.
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Peasants and king in Burgundy: Agrarian foundations of French absolutism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
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Richard, Chait, ed. The questions of tenure. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2002.
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Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.
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Russo, Camila. The Infinite Machine: How an Army of Crypto-hackers Is Building the Next Internet with Ethereum. Harper Business, 2020.
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Russo, Camila. The Infinite Machine: How an Army of Crypto-hackers Is Building the Next Internet with Ethereum. Harpercollins, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Electronic tender"
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Lacroix, Sylvie, and Olivier Delos. "How to dematerialize tendering to RFPs and tenders opening Processes?" In ISSE 2005 — Securing Electronic Business Processes, 242–50. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85237-3_25.
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Xiujie, Sun, Lu Yanxia, Meng Yin, and Wu Yanan. "Research on Tender Evaluation Intelligent Decision Support System of Engineering Project." In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Communication, Electronics and Automation Engineering, 769–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31698-2_108.
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Kadler, Karl E., and David F. Holmes. "Electron microscope studies of collagen fibril formation in cornea, skin and tendon: Implications for collagen fibril assembly and structure in other tissues." In The Many Faces of Osteoarthritis, 117–29. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8133-3_12.
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Panda, Prabir, and G. P. Sahu. "Public Procurement Framework in India." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 229–48. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2203-4.ch010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies highlight that public procurement in any country acts as a barometer of public confidence in fairness and transparency of public institutions. A number of cases related to corruption in public procurement in the country have been highlighted by media on regular basis. These incidents raise questions regarding robustness of the procurement framework in vogue in the country. Though no special legislative framework dealing with public procurement exists in the country, the administrative guidelines on the subject are quite exhaustive. Procurement is not a state subject; hence law can be made by the Centre for entire country. However, no separate law governing public procurement has been enacted in India. However, public procurement in India is not bereft of its share of issues. Multiplicity of instructions, absence of procurement law and singular emphasis on upfront value of acquisition without considering life cycle cost mars public procurement in India. Further, social and environmental sustainability has also not received the attention it deserves. Studies highlight that migration of public procurement to Internet could provide us savings of up to 25% by streamlining 30% of Indian Union Budget spent on provisioning of goods / services. However, any such endeavor has 70% chances of failure. With only 13% e-procurement research focusing on public sector make matter worse. In the above backdrop, the chapter would cover: Importance of public procurement, Difference between public and corporate procurement, Overview of procurement framework of the country - covering constitutional/ legislative/ administrative provisions, generic public procurement process, various types of procurements – limited tender, open tender, single tender, issues in public procurement of the country and e-procurement initiatives by Government of India and status thereof.
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Hulela, Keba. "ICTs for Improved Service Delivery." In Cases on Progressions and Challenges in ICT Utilization for Citizen-Centric Governance, 240–52. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2071-1.ch011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Botswana the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) smart switch card system, an offshoot of the Universal Electronic Payment System (UEPS), was recently introduced. It is a worldwide communication device that is digital in providing information to the users. In Botswana, it serves to administer food and basic needs offered to the vulnerable people as one of the pillars of development in terms of catering for the needy. Furthermore, it is used to empower orphans, destitute, and HIV/AIDS home-based patients in the Social Safety Nets programs, replacing all the other strategies that were used previously. The previous program was a manual system whereby beneficiaries were getting their social grants through lining up at their district councils’ office doorstep for attendants to use the roll call. The old system demanded commercial businesses to tender for supply of items to the vulnerable population, but it posed some challenges and frustrations to beneficiaries and the government.
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Stojmenovic, Milica. "Social and P2P Networks on the Internet." In Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications, 545–50. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9.ch077.
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This article studies social networks on the Internet created by popular applications such as e-mails, Web, chat, file sharing via peer-to-peer interaction, and online gaming. The Internet has its roots in military and academia. Connections are available around the world at academic institutions, military installations, government agencies, commercial enterprises, commercial information providers (AOL, CompuServe, and MSN), and Internet service providers. The Internet offers the following services: sending and receiving e-mail (electronic mail), transferring files between computers, participating in discussion groups through newsgroups and mailing lists, searching and retrieving information, chat, Internet relay chat, instant messaging, Internet telephony (voice chat), and on-line shopping. Newsgroups contain databases of messages on topics. They are similar to mailing lists, except that e-mail messages are posted to newsgroup sites. Bulletin boards and discussion groups offer similar services. People “surf the net” to find information and download files and connect directly to other computers. Web pages are used to communicate with customers and suppliers, describe organizations and products, tender documents, and provide services (banking, stocks, and software).
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Raven, Peter V., Xiaoqing Huang, and Ben B. Kim. "E-Business in Developing Countries." In Electronic Business, 2025–43. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-056-1.ch126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Internet has changed the way many companies do business, but has also tended to increase the disparity between firms in developed countries and those in developing countries. As the digital divide seems to grow, the question becomes how will developing countries catch up? We examine two large developing countries, China and India, in an attempt to understand their approaches to developing e-business. While both countries had access to the technology at about the same time, each has taken a different path to utilizing it. These approaches are based on a number of factors, including government initiatives and focus, infrastructure building, experience and understanding of business operations, and culture, among others. China appears to be ahead of India in the mechanics and infrastructure, but India is ahead in e-readiness. Both countries are poised for rapidly increasing e-business, however, they have huge problems of poverty and inequality between urban and rural connectivity must be resolved to really take advantage of e-business.
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Wallace, J. D. "Computer-Mediated Communication Research." In Handbook of Research on Electronic Surveys and Measurements, 207–22. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-792-8.ch022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter asks “what is meant by computer-mediated communication research?” Numerous databases were examined concerning business, education, psychology, sociology, and social sciences from 1966 through 2005. A survey of the literature produced close to two thousand scholarly journal articles and bibliometric techniques were used to establish core areas. Specifically, journals, authors and concepts were identified. Then, more prevalent features within the dataset were targeted and a fine grained analysis was conducted on research affiliated terms and concepts clustering around those terms. What was found was an area of scholarly communication, heavily popularized in education related journals. Likewise topics under investigation tended to be education and internet affiliated. The distribution of first authors was overwhelming populated by one time authorship. The most prominent research methodology emerging was case studies. Other specific research methodologies tended to be textually related such as content and discourse analysis. This study was significant for two reasons. First, it documented CMC’s literature historical emergence through a longitudinal analysis. Second, it identified descriptive boundaries concerning authors, journals, and concepts that were prevalent in the literature.
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"10. Tensor factorization of grid-based two-electron integrals." In Tensor Numerical Methods in Quantum Chemistry, 141–56. De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110365832-010.
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Chania, Ana, and Kakha Demetrashvili. "Public Procurement Reform in Georgia." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 151–69. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2203-4.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Georgian public procurement system has undergone significant Public Financial Management reforms over the last few years. The goal of creation, introduction and management of the Georgian Electronic Government Procurement (Ge-GP) system was delegated upon the State Procurement Agency, which succeeded in ensuring the development of the software for the Ge-GP system under the assistance of the National Agency of Public Registry. The Ge-GP system was created within less than one year. From the first of December, 2010 all the paper-based tenders were abolished and electronic procurement has become the single platform. Through the introduction of electronic procurement platform, the Georgian procurement system has become considerably more transparent and nondiscriminatory, encouraging free and fair competition and minimizing the risk of corruption. Experience of the Georgian e-Procurement System could be one of the motivating factors for the countries working towards public procurement reform.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Electronic tender"
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Pourkashani, A., R. Rzayev, and F. Faghihi. "Appropriate hash functions selection for message authentication in electronic tender for insurance companies." In 2010 5th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology (ICCIT 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccit.2010.5711224.
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Panfilova, Elena Evgenevna. "VICTORY ORGANIZATION ALGORITHM ON ELECTRONIC SALES IN PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT FOR STATE AND MUNICIPAL NEEDS." In International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-553592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the consideration of recommendations for supplier companies participating in public procurement regarding the start of organizational work on electronic trading platforms within the framework of the “business-to-government” model. The choice issues of electronic trading platforms for accreditation, the analysis specifics of tender documentation and work with special accounts against the security of the application have been considered.
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Kajendran, K. "Exploring the lesson learnt by implementing e-tendering: A review of literature." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.39.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the success of a construction project, the selection of the most suitable contractor is vital. The process of selecting the most suitable contractor is called tendering. Unexceptional to other industries, the construction industry all over the world is also being urged to move to advanced information technologies to compete in the global market. Addressing globalization along with the introduction of Building Information Modelling (BIM), it becomes crucial for the tendering process to move from traditional to electronic tendering (e-tendering). This study identifies the application of e-tendering in different countries and the outcomes and readiness of Sri Lanka to accept e-tender through an extant literature review. It was concluded that e-tendering benefits through high transparency and accountability, less corruption, less cost, time and paperwork, and easy evaluation of submitted tenders if rightly implemented addressing the challenges such as legal and security issues, resistance to change, less investment in Information Technology, unawareness of the process of e-tendering and non-identical software and formats. Further, considering Sri Lanka’s readiness in adopting etendering, the country’s government has considerably progressed towards e-government but not has been fully implemented. This study would be beneficial for the government and private clients who are willing to practice e-tendering.
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Xiaochuan, Zeng, Li Xuejun, He Cuizhu, and Hu Qiaodan. "First-Principles Study on Adsorption Reaction of Oxygen Molecules on Fe (110) Crystal Surface." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92890.
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Abstract The adsorption reaction between oxygen (O2) molecule and ferrum (Fe) (110) crystal surface in the oxidation process of Fe surface was studied by using the first-principles method. The differential charge density analysis of the adsorption sites of oxygen molecule on Fe (110) crystal surface, the calculation of adsorption energy at different sites and the analysis of electronic density of states showed that the stable adsorption position of oxygen molecule was parallel to Fe (110) crystal surface, and the oxygen atom tended to adsorb at the triangular gap of Fe atoms. The electronic structure of the adsorption system showed that the 2p electron orbital of oxygen atom plays a major role in the adsorption, and only O-Fe electron interaction exists when oxygen molecule is adsorbed in the parallel orientation, which makes the whole Fe (110) crystal surface lose electrons, increase the system potential and the risk of electrochemical corrosion. The research conclusions can provide theoretical support for the further insight in the oxidation corrosion mechanism of nuclear metal surface.
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Benger, Werner, and Hans-Christian Hege. "Tensor splats." In Electronic Imaging 2004, edited by Robert F. Erbacher, Philip C. Chen, Jonathan C. Roberts, Matti T. Gr÷hn, and Katy B÷rner. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.549300.
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Liu, Haotian, Xiaoyan Y. Z. Xiong, Kim Batselier, Lijun Jiang, Luca Daniel, and Ngai Wong. "STAVES: Speedy tensor-aided Volterra-based electronic simulator." In 2015 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccad.2015.7372622.
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Laimon, Hamzah N. "Development of a Tilt Sensor Data Glove to Wirelessly Control a Multi-Fingered Robotic Hand." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electronic gloves are one of the most common methods used as human hand input devices. They proved to be useful in various applications such virtual reality, sign language interpretation and robotic systems. However, many of these electronic gloves tend to be either economically or computationally expensive. In contrast, this article discusses the development of a data glove that is practical and cost efficient with wireless control capabilities. It is based on placing tri-axial tilt accelerometers on the glove to map the movement of human fingers. All data acquired from the glove is transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth connection to a computer where it can be used for various applications. The glove was used to control a five-motor tendon driven robotic hand. Tests were carried out to correlate tilt angles acquired from the glove with the appropriate motor values that will move the robotic fingers to the same position as that of the glove fingers. As a result, the robotic hand was able to mimic each human hand finger and thereby perform sign and grasp movements.
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Dou, Zheng, Chunmei Li, Chao Li, Guangzhen Si, and Qingsong Feng. "Framework on tensor modulated tensor encoded." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceict.2016.7879680.
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Yonemaru, M., A. Shimizu, S. Matsuda, and I. Seo. "The Identification of Thermal Fatigue Testing Method of Soldered Joints for Space Use." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0091.
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Abstract Electronic devices have been used under various thermal conditions in space applications. The temperature range often exceeds 100°C, and the electronic devices are stressed by both high and low temperatures and thermal cycles. Since repairing and reworking of the spacecraft electronic hardware cannot be performed after launch, verifying the reliability of the hardware on the ground before the launch is essential. The thermal stresses to the electronic devices' soldered joints have recently tended to increase because the devices must be made smaller and lighter. The thermal fatigue of the soldered joints must be addressed in order to achieve highly reliable flight hardware. We studied a test method to estimate the thermal fatigue life of soldered joints for space use. This paper examines the thermal fatigue life using two kinds of test methods as heat-resistant evaluation tests of soldered joints for space use, and evaluates the effect of the test parameters on the thermal fatigue life of soldered joints. We conclude that the thermal fatigue life of soldered joints cannot be estimated accurately, if the test parameters are instituted uniformly.
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Szebeszczyk, Janina, and Joanna Straszecka. "Achilles tendon reflex measuring system." In Optoelectronic and Electronic Sensors, edited by Ryszard Jachowicz and Zdzislaw Jankiewicz. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.213153.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Electronic tender"
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Gustafsson, Kenneth K. Measurement of Deuteron Tensor Polarization in Elastic Electron Scattering. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/767960.
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Schutt, Timothy C., and Manoj K. Shukla. Computational Investigation on Interactions Between Some Munitions Compounds and Humic Substances. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Humic acid substances (HAs) in natural soil and sediment environments effect the retention and degradation of insensitive munitions compounds and legacy high explosives (MCs): DNAN, DNi- NH4+, nMNA, NQ, NTO (neutral and anionic forms), TNT, and RDX.A humic acid model compound has been considered using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration, and density functional theory to characterize the munition binding ability, ionization potential, and electron affinity compared to that in the water solution. Humic acids bind most compounds and act as both a sink and source for electrons. Ionization potentials suggest HAs are more susceptible to oxidation than the MCs studied. The electron affinity of HAs are very conformation-dependent and spans the same range as the munition compounds. When HAs and MCs are complexed the HAs tend to radicalize first thus buffering MCs against reductive as well as oxidative attacks.
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Voloshynov, Serhii A., Halyna V. Popova, Alona Y. Yurzhenko, and Ekaterina O. Shmeltser. The use of digital escape room in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3869.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper is tended to investigate the gamification activities use in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. Gamification methods with examples are described (gamification testing, QR Code quest, storytelling and escape room). Comparative characteristic of traditional learning and learning using gamification in educational electronic environment is given in the article according to different criteria: the place and role of teacher or students in the learning process; type of information communication; methods of training; equipment; level of freedom of the actions; presence of the problems in educational process; level of its control and learning outcomes. The paper also presents examples of gamification activities based on escape room quest to form communicative competency of future maritime professionals. Escape room activity presented in the article contains storytelling element, crossword and electronic testing questions of different types. Question types listed in the paper are Drag and drop to the text, Short answer and Multiple choice. Escape room activity was done by second year cadets of Kherson State Maritime Academy. According to the received results, knowledge quality increased by 10% and success by 20%. Further investigation of gamification activities can also be done for learning system of maritime higher education institutions using simulation technologies of virtual, augmented and mixed realities.
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Grein, Friedrich. First-Principles Theory and Calculations of Electronic g-tensor Elements for Paramagnetic Defects in Semiconductors and Insulators. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419610.
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Gillen, Emily, Olivia Berzin, Adam Vincent, and Doug Johnston. Certified Electronic Health Record Technology Under the Quality Payment Program. RTI Press, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0014.1801.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 2016 Quality Payment Program (QPP) is a Medicare reimbursement reform designed to incentivize value-based care over volume-based care. A core tenet of the QPP is integrated utilization of certified electronic health record technology (CEHRT). Adopting and implementing CEHRT is a resource-intensive process, requiring both financial capital and human capital (in the form of knowledge and time). Adoption can be especially challenging for small or rural practices that may not have access to such capital. In this issue brief, we discuss the role of CEHRT in the QPP and offer policy recommendations to help small and rural practices improve their health information technology (IT) capabilities with regards to participation in value-based care. The QPP requires practices to have health IT capabilities, both as a requirement for a complete performance score and to facilitate reporting. Practices that are unable to implement CEHRT will have difficulty complying with the new reimbursement system, and will likely incur financial losses. We recommend monetary support and staff training to small and rural practices for the adoption of CEHRT, and we recommend assistance to help practices comply with the requirements of the QPP and coordinate with other small and rural practices for reporting purposes.
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Robayo Botiva, Diana María. Brief Current Context of the Types of Electronic Commerce in Colombia. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gclc.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the current context, e-commerce has improved significantly as consumers have increased online shopping in different sectors of the economy. Therefore, the term “e-commerce” is becoming increasingly well-known and relevant for conducting business transactions. In addition, the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the extreme growth of e-commerce, and in the long term it will be a vital part of companies to achieve a greater competitive advantage as it offers benefits to the end consumer. However, it is important to note that there will be technological and non-technological limitations that will affect its growth. Nevertheless, the advance of information and communication technologies (ICTS) will tend to correct these limitations, consolidating the generalized increase of e-commerce worldwide. Consequently, it is pertinent that students of economics, administrative and accounting sciences, engineering, among others, expand their knowledge in e-commerce and thus be at the forefront of the different issues surrounding the digital transformation in companies and the digital economy.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas