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1
Engblom, Samuel. "Equal Treatment of Employees and Self-Employed Workers." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 17, Issue 2 (June 1, 2001): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/354231.
Анотація:
Developments in the organisation of work make it necessary to question the traditional personal scope of labour law. Many self-employed workers share sufficiently many characteristics with employees to make a strong case for their inclusion in the personal scope of labour law. Genuinely self-employed workers are, however, not just workers, but commercial enterprises as well. A balance thus has to be struck between the conflicting regimes of labour law and commercial law, granting sufficient social protection to the self-employed workers while not destroying the competitiveness of his or her enterprise.
2
Naldi, N. "Labour employed in production and labour commanded: a Ricardian conjecture." Cambridge Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.4.547.
3
James, Claire. "Self-employed and employee transport workers: Labour process determinants of occupational injury." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.1993.10669118.
4
Todolí-Signes, Adrián. "The ‘gig economy’: employee, self-employed or the need for a special employment regulation?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258917701381.
Анотація:
The digital era has changed employment relationships dramatically, causing a considerable degree of legal uncertainty as to which rules apply in cyberspace. Technology is transforming business organisation in a way that makes employees – as subordinate workers – less necessary. New types of companies, based on the ‘on-demand economy’ or so-called ‘sharing economy’ and dedicated to connecting customers directly with individual service providers, are emerging. These companies conduct their entire core business through workers that they classify as self-employed. In this context, employment law is facing its greatest challenge, as it has to deal with a very different reality to the one existing when it was created. This article analyses the literature available about the classification of this new type of worker as an employee or as self-employed, concluding that there is a need for a new special labour regulation. It also describes and justifies the bases for this new special labour regulation.
5
Reis, Mauricio. "Self‐employed workers' health and household labour supply." Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 6 (November 2011): 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443581111177376.
6
Koellinger, Philipp D., Julija N. Mell, Irene Pohl, Christian Roessler, and Theresa Treffers. "Self-employed But Looking: A Labour Market Experiment." Economica 82, no. 325 (November 13, 2014): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12115.
7
A, Onasoka, Olyinka. "Pain Experience and Coping Strategies Employed by Women in Labor in a Secondary Health Facility in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.10.01.art017.
Анотація:
Labour pain experience is distinctive and complex, and women use various coping strategies to cope with it. Hence, this study attempted to explore pain experience and coping strategies employed by women in labor in a secondary health facility in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. A qualitative exploratory research design was used, and a purposive sampling technique was used to select a total of ten (10) mothers who delivered within 48hours in the healthcare facility. A total of three FGD sessions were conducted, each had between 3 and 4 participants. The semi-structured interview guide was used for data collection, and the data were analyzed using content analysis. The women who participated in this study were between 20 and 42years of age, and they perceived labour pain differently. Some of the women described labour pain as very painful; others said the pain is normal, while some said the pain cannot be compared with anything. The study revealed that younger women who are primiparous perceived labor pain as more severe than the multiparous women. All the participants said that birth information and instructions received from the midwives, as well as the presence of caring midwives, help to relieve labour pains and consequently influence their pain experience(s) positively. The coping strategies used varied among participants, and deep breathing techniques, relaxation, and vertical positions were the major coping strategies used. Therefore, the provision of adequate labour information on coping strategies and the presence of caring midwives influenced the labour experience(s) positively.
8
Sabir, Muhammad, and Zehra Aftab. "Province-wise Growth Patterns in Human Capital Accumulation." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.873-890.
Анотація:
It is apparent from various labour force surveys that during the past 20 years Pakistan’s employed labour force has become more “educated”. For instance, according to the Labour Force Survey 1982-83, 28 percent of the employed labour force had attained formal education.12 In comparison, the literate employed labour force in 1999- 2000 is estimated at 46 percent, while the formally educated is 43 percent. However, the pattern of growth in educated labour force is not uniform in all four provinces of the country. A closer look at disaggregated provincial level data reflects the disparity in employed labour force in the four provinces: Punjab, Sind, NWFP, and Baluchistan.
9
Laycock, Henry. "Exploitation and Equality: Labour Power as a Non-Commodity." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 15 (1989): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1989.10716804.
Анотація:
The theory of surplus value contrasts ‘pay for labour power’ (for proletarians) and ‘pay for labour services’ (for independent, self-employed ‘professionals’). Unlike labour services (living labour, living labour, i.e., work itself) but like all commodities, labour power has a specific economic value (it contains a specific amount of embodied labour) and it exchanges at this value. Unlike that of other commodities, the consumption of labour power results in the creation of more value than the commodity itself contains. Surplus value arises from the gap between the labour needed to sustain a day’s work, to keep the worker going for a day, and the labour performed in that same time. By the labour theory of value, the amount of labour needed to sustain a day’s work (necessary labour) confers one value on the means of subsistence the worker requires, and thereby on the labour power the worker sells to her employer, whereas the day’s work itself (necessary and surplus labour) confers another larger value on the product marketed by the employer.
10
Ayuwat, Dr Dusadee, Wanichcha Narongchai, and Dr Somkiat Choosrithong. "LABOUR RIGHTS OF INFORMAL LABOUR IN RURAL KHON KAEN, THAILAND: THE HOME WORKERS PERSPECTIVES." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (August 24, 2014): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i1.3289.
Анотація:
The objectives of this research were to study the home working production process and to study labour rights understanding of the home workers in the rural area of Khon Kaen province, Thailand via the qualitative research methodology. Data collection was based on an in-depth interview and observation to 18 home workers, which conducted during March August 2010. The content analysis was employed to data analysis. The results indicated that the formation of the home workers was driven by the demand from the producers from neighboring villages. These producers were operating within the chain of production associated with other producers from the central part. Due to their formation as a group, their existing skills in garment and tailoring, and their increased labor management skill, they had the ability to get order directly from the outside producers. Despite their limited negotiation capacity regarding benefits, the informal labours considered the home workers as economically rewarding and beneficial to their family. As regards understanding on the labour rights, the home workers define the labour rights as the right to social insurance, the right to safe work place, the right to medical services, and the right to increased wages. The majority of them had a limited understand about the labour rights as it was related to the rights and duty of the employees and employers.
11
Bari, Lauren. "Who are solo self-employed women? Analysis of the trends and characteristics of solo self-employed women in Ireland 2003–2019." Irish Journal of Management 40, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2021-0006.
Анотація:
Abstract Solo or ‘freelance’ self-employment is becoming a more popular form of self-employment in the labour market. In some jurisdictions such as the UK, this growth is being attributed to rising numbers of women – and women with children in particular - seeking the flexibility and autonomy of freelance work as a response to shortages of flexibility in wage-and-salaried employment. Yet little is known about how these trends might be occurring in Ireland and who might be represented in this small but growing cohort of workers. This research uses Labour Force Survey data to explore trends in female solo self-employment in Ireland between 2003 and 2019 and key variables are drawn upon to develop a profile of this underexplored labour market group. The analysis highlights that while growth in solo self-employment rates has been slow and numbers still relatively small, it is increasingly made up of highly educated and professional women in relatively high-paid sectors opting for flexible working arrangements.
12
Mangan, David. "Regulating for decent work: Reflections on classification of employees." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520905142.
Анотація:
The International Labour Organisation hosted the Sixth Regulating for Decent Work Conference in its centenary year of 2019. As part of these three days, I had the pleasure to chair a panel posing the prescient question: ‘Are the Categories of “Employee” and “Self-Employed” Still a Valid Tool to Allocate Labour Rights?’ In this brief introduction, I outline the product of that panel by situating classification as part of an interplay between labour and commercial law.
13
Zvaigzne, Anda, Inese Saulāja, and Aija Čerpinska. "COMPETITIVENESS OF WOMEN IN THE LABOUR MARKET IN LATGALE." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 6 (October 21, 2014): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2014vol1.6.1174.
Анотація:
Competitiveness in the labour market is a range of various factors that assist an employee in getting or retaining a job, while an employer can attract and maintain a labour force adequate to meet the employer’s needs. The research aim is to examine the competitiveness of women in the labour market in Latvia and to develop proposals for its improvement. The present research deals with employment trends, especially focusing on statistical data on women. The research also examines statistical data on job vacancies, unemployment, wages, and other related data. To identify the factors influencing women’s competitiveness, 214 women were surveyed in Latgale region. According to the survey, there are several factors influencing women’s competitiveness in the labour market. Education, length of service, and experience are the most significant factors. The longer women’s unemployment period is, the more these women require support to restart their employment and to be competitive in the labour market. Research methods employed: the monographic method, the descriptive method, analysis and synthesis, the graphic method, document analysis, statistical analysis, and a sociological method – a survey. The survey results were processed using the tools of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel
14
Chernyak, Oleksandr, and Yevgen Chernyak. "MODERN CHALLENGES IN GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF LABOUR FORCE MIGRATION IN UKRAINE." Ekonomika 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2012.0.905.
Анотація:
The work includes an analysis of the main modern challenges in the sphere of the labour force migration in Ukraine. The development of governmental regulations of labour force migration will give Ukraine a chance to improve the quality of workforce coming from abroad and to avoid the quitting of scientists by making them able to be employed in Ukraine. Also, changes in migration policy will help to decrease the unemployment rate in the country. The influence of labor force migration on the country’s economic development is also measured. The necessity of changes in governmental regulation of labor force migration in Ukraine is described in the paper. The government should make several steps to stimulate the usage of local labor force instead of cheap and unqualified foreigners by national enterprises. The first step is to provide the “quality rate” of a foreigner to be employed. The second step is the governmental support of enterprises that will act according to the mentioned rules and carefully regard the professionalism of employees. Such enterprises should receive subsidies.
15
Ghayur, Sabur. "Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, Working Conditions, and Child Labour." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.789-803.
Анотація:
Pakistan’s labour market is showing its inability to continue the past trend of labour absorption. Generation of additional work opportunities commensurate with labour supplies, increasing by over 3 percent annually, has emerged as the most formidable challenge of the nineties. The labour market is presently confronted with the twin menace of unemployment and underemployment. Although, the rate of unemployment has not as yet assumed serious proportions, the worrying aspect of this 5 percent unemployment is its concentration amongst the youth, and educated and trained. The under-utilisation of manpower, however, is manifested in the form of under-employment. There are more than a-tenth of the employed who find their work unable to keep them busy for 35 hours a week [FBS (1994)]. Further, those employed a-quarter of them find their employment income only meeting half of the subsistence requirements, while a similar proportion find their employment income barely managing to meet the subsistence requirements [NMC (1989)]. Lesser productive and low remunerative work opportunities is thus emerging as the major characteristic of the labour market in Pakistan.
16
Kovacevic, Ljubinka. "Personal scope of labour legislation - (un)reliability of the criteria for qualification of subjects of labour law protection." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 152 (2015): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1552505k.
Анотація:
Establishing the personal scope of labour legislation is a delicate task, primarily because of the need to make labour law protection available to all people, who actually perform dependent work. Labour law protection is therefore traditionally limited to people working under the power of another, although, depending on the nature of their work, the degree of their subordination to the employer?s (managerial, normative and disciplinary) prerogatives may vary. This is the main reason why legal subordination was developed as a reliable criterion for the qualification of employees. However, certain legal systems have recently started defining this term based on other characteristics of subordinated work, which leads to dilution of the traditional concept of subordination. Besides, the dilution of this concept is also caused by the introduction of legal fiction regarding employee status in favour of certain categories of workers. Although these changes have been implemented in court practices of certain countries, there is no reason to conclude that the subordination concept has been diluted beyond recognition. In this regards, one should be aware of the need to protect the persons who are engaged in a disguised employment relationship, which is why the principle of primacy of fact should be applied here. On the other hand, the emergence of new forms of work significantly dulls the edge that delineates the dependent from independent work, especially if we take into account the self-employed persons whose means of subsistence come predominantly from one employer, making them economically dependent and thereby creating the need for their special protection.
17
Śliwicki, Dominik, and Marek Ręklewski. "Application of the Logit Model to the Analysis of Economic Activity Factors of the Disabled." Oeconomia Copernicana 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2014.020.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the classification as a working group of economically active people with disabilities. According to the Labour Force Survey methodology, working population is defined as labor resources, labor supply and labor force, which includes all people of working-age 15 and older, considered as employed or unemployed. Community of people with disabilities is extracted from the general population aged 15 and more, on the basis of law. People with disabilities include those aged 16 and over who have been awarded a judgment about the degree of disability or inability to work (CSO 2011).In the analyses of the labor market models with qualitative variables, which include logit models, are very often used. For the purpose of the study it was assumed that these models will describe the probability of a person with a disability to qualify for the category of employed. The basis for estimating probability models were individual data obtained under representative Labour Force Survey in the fourth quarter of 2010. A set of explanatory variables contains 54 binary variables.
18
Hilmiati, Nurul, Ulyatu Fitrotin, Irma Mardian, Putu Adnyana, Awaludin Hipi, and Johanes Geli Bulu. "Gender segregation in farm labour, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic: case study from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602047.
Анотація:
Farm labour plays significant roles in crops production. This paper aims to describe gender segregation in crops farming, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara. A survey was conducted in three districts, East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima, involving 102 farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview method which then analysed descriptively. The results showed that most respondents employed woman labours for planting and mixed labour for harvesting amid the land ownership discrepancy and agroecology conditions. Women were considered to be more skilful and diligent than men. Nevertheless, they received lower pay by 50-100% on daily basis. Covid pandemic situation has posed varying effects on labour prices, work availability and movement. Labour prices generally has increased due to increasing prices of basic needs, yet work availability decreased as land owners tried to reduce cost because of rocketing fertiliser prices. Pandemic situation did not affect labour movement was in East Lombok and Bima since majority farmers used local labour. While in Sumbawa, as many farmers relied on migrant labour from Lombok and Bima for harvesting, the 2020 has affected harvest quality and subsequently selling prices due to late harvest since labours were not allowed to travel.
19
Novikova, Olga, and Lіudmyla Logachova. "Social guarantees for persons, employed in industry, on labour conditions." Economy of Industry 83, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2018.03.093.
20
Thornton, James. "The labour supply behaviour of self-employed solo practice physicians." Applied Economics 30, no. 1 (January 1998): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368498326173.
21
Parker, Simon C., Yacine Belghitar, and Tim Barmby. "Wage Uncertainty and the Labour Supply of Self‐Employed Workers." Economic Journal 115, no. 502 (March 1, 2005): C190—C207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2005.00987.x.
22
Beusch, Elisabeth, and Arthur van Soest. "Labour Market Trajectories of the Self-employed in the Netherlands." De Economist 168, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 109–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-020-09358-x.
23
Silinevica, Irena. "RESEARCH OF SOME ASPECTS ABOUT THE ELDERLY EMPLOYED IN THE LATVIAN LABOUR MARKET." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 10 (September 18, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2018vol1.10.3465.
Анотація:
The seniors are among the resources to reduce tension in certain labour market areas and promote further economic development. Taking into account the aging population trends, the role of seniors will increase in Latvia’s labour market. The aim of this research study is to explore the self-assessment of the elderly employed about their abilities to work competitively at pre-retirement age and go on to work at pension age. The research has verified some theoretical findings about the elderly people in the labour market by using content analysis, comparative analysis, synthesis, and the abstract and logical construction methods. The self-assessment of the employed aged above 50 about their abilities to compete in labour market is analysed in the research. A survey of the pre-retirement and pension-aged employees is carried out in the research. The main findings of the research are as follows: the development of technologies and the raising standard of living in Latvia creates new social opportunities for pre-retirement and retirement-age people to go on to work. The stereotypes in society on the preretirement and retirement-age employees are out of date and need to be changed. There are recommendations for improvement of competitiveness of the elderly employed in the labour market developed in the paper.
24
Engblom, Samuel, and Magnus Lundberg. "Answers to the New trade union strategies for new forms of employment questionnaire." European Labour Law Journal 10, no. 3 (September 2019): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952519866536.
Анотація:
The personal scope of Swedish labour law is almost exclusively defined by the concept of the employee. Few workers other than employees are covered. From a comparative perspective, the Swedish concept of employee is rather wide, and the exemptions from the personal scope are few. There are no intermediary categories between employees and self-employed workers, but the scope of e.g. some occupational safety and health regulations is extended to cover some self-employed workers. Swedish trade unions are allowed to organise self-employed workers and many unions do so. There are some examples of collective bargaining agreements covering or regulating the conditions of self-employed workers.
25
Jain, Chandan. "Employment in Schools in India." Review of Market Integration 10, no. 1 (April 2018): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929218767540.
Анотація:
In the present article, we highlight the role that schools play in the Indian labour market. Using data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey, we provide estimates for the number of individuals employed in schools and the share of schools in the overall labour force in the country. We find that the share of schools in the overall labour force has increased between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, we also analyse the differences in these estimates across regions and gender as well. We find that despite the decline in female labour force in rural areas, number of females employed in schools in rural areas has increased over time. Additionally, we find that schools constituted the largest share in the overall female labour force employed in the services sector in the country. JEL: I20, J21
26
Han, Euna, and Tae Hyun Kim. "BODY MASS INDEX AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH KOREA." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 4 (July 25, 2016): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000341.
Анотація:
SummaryThis study assesses differential labour performance by body mass index (BMI), focusing on heterogeneity across three distinct employment statuses: unemployed, self-employed and salaried. Data were drawn from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. The final sample included 15,180 person-year observations (9645 men and 5535 women) between 20 and 65 years of age. The findings show that (i) overweight/obese women are less likely to have salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men are more likely to be employed in both the salaried and self-employed sectors than underweight/normal men, (ii) overweight/obese women have lower wages only in permanent salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men earn higher wages only in salaried temporary jobs than underweight/normal weight women, (iii) overweight/obese women earn lower wages only in service, sales, semi-professional and blue-collar jobs in the salaried sector than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men have lower wages only in sales jobs in the self-employed sector than underweight/normal weight women. The statistically significant BMI penalty in labour market outcomes, which occurs only in the salaried sector for women, implies that there is an employers’ distaste for workers with a high BMI status and that it is a plausible mechanism for job market penalty related to BMI status. Thus, heterogeneous job characteristics across and within salaried versus self-employed sectors need to be accounted for when assessing the impact of BMI status on labour market outcomes.
27
Reljanović, Mario, and Jovana Misailović. "Labour status of digital workers: Experience of European countries." Strani pravni zivot, no. 3 (2021): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-33727.
Анотація:
The use of information and communication technologies in the work process introduced significant innovations, as well as the emergence of new occupations and professions. This digitalisation of work affects the increase of efficiency and easier performance of a number of jobs, but also the precarisation of labour and shifting the focus of employers from employment to other, atypical forms of labour relations. At the same time, employed digital workers exercise some of their labour rights in a specific way. In most cases, digital work implies physical separation from the employer, which raises a number of questions: how to organise working hours, how to supervise the work of digital workers, how they can exercise their collective rights, how the employer can arrange a safe working environment outside its premises, and similar. On the other hand, workers who work outside the employment relationship, among which platform self-employed workers and freelancers stand out, are in a significantly more difficult position when it comes to exercising basic labour rights. The emergence of false self-employment, which is expanding along with the growth of the use of ICT in the work process in various occupations, as well as the virtually unresolved status of the" freelancers" working exclusively in short-term employment for multiple employers simultaneously or successively, are some of the most pressing problems in modern labour law. The research is focused on the analysis of all these issues; it does not largely deal with the basic clarification of the concepts and development of certain categories of employment - these issues are treated only superficially - but it rather indicates the upgrade of the initial tendencies of changes in the understanding of labour and employment, with particular emphasis on returning to classical form of labour relation, which has been refined and modernised with new elements resulting from the digitalisation of work.
28
Ganda, Fortune, and Collins C. Ngwakwe. "The differential effect of labour unrest on corporate financial performance." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 3 (2015): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i3c2art10.
Анотація:
Heightening labour unrest episodes have inevitably generated important results on corporate financial performance. This paper provides first-hand, empirical data to illustrate the effect of labour unrest on firm performance before periods of labour unrest (2004 to 2008) and during periods of labour unrest (2009 to 2013) in South Africa’s mining sector. Content analysis was used to gather financial performance measures (Operating profit, Return on Capital Employed and Debt to Equity Ratios) of two mining firms. Then, t-test (paired samples) were utilised to analyse the data. The findings demonstrates that operating profit during labour unrest was lower when compared to operating profit before labour unrest for both company’s A and B. Return on Capital Employed results for five years before labour unrest was greater than ROCE during the labour unrest for both companies. Then, debt to equity during the labour unrest is greater than before labour unrest for the studied companies.
29
Комарова, Anna Komarova, Басовский, and Leonid Basovskiy. "Analysis of Labour Efficiency and Human Capital Assessment in the Russian Federation on the Example of Siberian Federal District." Economics 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17722.
Анотація:
With the use of regression analysis, we calculated the elasticity of labor efficiency
by education level of the employed population. The analysis included regional
data from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia.
The implemented methodology is based on econometric models of labour
productivity in the regions of the Siberian Federal District of Russia. It is shown
that the level of education of the working population is a significant factor
in determining the productivity of labour in the regions of the Siberian Federal
District of Russia.
30
Westregård, Annamaria. "Digital collaborative platforms: A challenge for both the legislator and the social partners in the Nordic model." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520905154.
Анотація:
This paper focuses on the specific problems in the labour and social security legislation as it relates to crowdworkers in the digitalised new economy, analysing their place in labour market, and especially in the collective agreements which are the standard means of regulating working conditions in the Nordic model. Sweden has a binary system where a performing party is as either an employee or self-employed. The law on working and employment conditions offers only limited protection to those on short, fixed-term contracts; instead, it is social partners that have improved crowdworkers’ conditions in some industries by using collective bargaining. However, there are no collective agreements in the digital economy, or indeed for platform entrepreneurs. The complications of the parties’ positions will be analysed, especially as platforms do not consider themselves to be employers, but rather coordinators of the self-employed. It is not only labour law regulations that are important to prevent precariat among crowdworkers. It is also very important that the social security regulations adapt to the new labour market as the social security legislation is an important part of the Nordic model.
31
Celestin, Mbonigaba. "Factors Leading Female Labour Force Involvement in Rwanda." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v1i2.33.
Анотація:
The study evaluates the determinants of female labour force participation in Rwanda. The specific objectives were to establish the determinants of female labour choice to working in different sectors in Rwanda, and investigate the factors which affect female labour force participation in Rwanda. To be able to respond to the research questions and objectives, the Rwanda labor force survey data of year 2018 data collected by National institute of statistics of Rwanda (NISR) was used. As this study, use national coverage data with a representative sample of 8936 households in the second round of august 2018, while the sample size in the first round of February 2018 was 8924 households. The validity and representatively of the sample was done and tested by NISR (2018). The documentation on administrative data was done to compare and triangulation of results from the survey. The documents targets were available annual reports that talk about female labor force participation rate in 2018. The data analysis was done by descriptive statistical method to analyze data into quantitative by showing frequency, percentages and cumulative percent, the cross tabulation was used to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables, and finally logistic regression models was used to predict the odds ratios and probability of being employed and access the main determinant of female labor force market outcome in Rwanda. The study findings were summarized in accordance with the research objectives. The survey respondent’s female in employment ages includes 40.1% of female from urban and 59.9% female in employment age are from rural areas. Among which almost 40.8% of female surveyed were married with one husband. It is evidenced that many females are single not yet married (34.5%). The findings show that to analyse the socioeconomic and demographic factors determining the factors of female employment in public institutions and the choice of employment using labor force survey data collected by NISR in the year of 2018. The multinomial and binary models provided almost the same trends in explaining the determinants of female employment in Rwanda, explained by near similar coefficients and odd ratios either in magnitude and sings. This technique helped to examine probable determinants of female employment and the estimation of these probabilities of being employed or being government employee. Hence, the findings of this study help us to confirm that the problem of the study was solved, research objectives were achieved, and research questions were answered where we confirmed that there are different determinants of female labour force participation in Rwanda. Government should develop the Soft skills which are important for both men and women, women may benefit more from soft skills training to foster self-esteem, decision-making, negotiation skills, and perseverance, for example. Acknowledging women’s time constraints, provide flexible schedules and various time options for participation in services (e.g., mornings, evenings, and weekends).
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Hui, Gong. "Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labour Demand." Learning & Education 9, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v9i2.1400.
Анотація:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is set to influence every aspect of our lives. As a technology platform, AI can automate tasks previously performed by labour or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be productively employed. Recent technological change has been biased towards automation, with insufficient focus on creating new tasks where labour can be productively employed. The consequences of this choice have been stagnating labour demand, declining labour share in national income, rising inequality and lowering productivity growth. The current tendency is to develop AI in the direction of further automation, with better economic and social outcomes.
33
Bagari, Sara, and Maria Sagmeister. "Economic dependence and parental protection: A comparative analysis of Austrian and Slovenian labour and social security rights of economically dependent self-employed parents." European Labour Law Journal 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20319525211060362.
Анотація:
Taking parental protection rights as a clear-cut field of study, this article argues that there are significant protection gaps in the social rights and employment protection of the economically dependent self-employed. Their exclusion from employment protection can be justified as far as the protective purpose is tied to the personal subordination of the employee relationship. However, certain vulnerabilities arise not from personal, but from economic dependency, whereas the changing labour market and the growing area of precarious self-employment must be considered. Comparing the rights of working parents in Slovenia and Austria, we distinguish between employees and economically dependent self-employed persons in this specific area and point to challenges for the wider field of labour and social rights. The purposes of parental protection rights are diverse; they include health protection, guarantee social security and serve equal treatment purposes. Therefore, they represent an ideal field to discuss arguments regarding the inclusion or exclusion of the economically dependent self-employed into different protective frameworks.
34
Mose, Jared Isaboke. "Drivers of Labour Productivity in Flower Farms in Naivasha, Kenya." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 4 (October 8, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n4p117.
Анотація:
Although Kenya is the most successful producer and exporter of fresh produce and flowers in sub-Saharan Africa, other countries both in Africa and elsewhere, offer strong competition that could erode export market share in future. Increased labor productivity is crucial for Kenya’s competitiveness. This study aimed at examining the key drivers of labour productivity in flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. Descriptive survey design was employed and stratified proportionate random sampling technique used to select 381 respondents from who data was collected using a questionnaire. A log-linearized Cobb-Douglas model was used examine determinants of labour productivity. The results showed that workers’ participation in Labor unions, Information & Communication Technology and workers’ skills acquired through training were the major factors that determined labour productivity by 35.4 percent, 19 percent and 14.7 percent respectively. While worker’s wage increase and tools used by a worker influenced labour productivity by 9 percent and 11.4 percent respectively. Worker’s level of education and worker’s experience also increased labour productivity by 5.1 percent and 4 percent respectively. The study recommends that; the Kenyan government should give special attention to education to produce skilled and innovative workers. Flower Farms should invest more in training of workers to acquire relevant skills, acquisition of appropriate tools; improve ICT infrastructure and support labor union in the flower farms.
35
Gableta, Małgorzata, Anna Cierniak‑Emerych, and Agata Pietroń‑Pyszczek. "Working Conditions in the Context of Building Employer Image." Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów 45, no. 3 (July 19, 2017): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6273.
Анотація:
Differentiation of job expectations maintained by persons employed in business entities is also evident with regard to working conditions. Proper realisation of these expectations does have a notable impact upon employer image – an attribute of growing significance in the modern Polish labour market. The focus of this paper is placed on the process of building the employer image, as expressed in the employer’s observance of employee interests and other activities designed to increase their job satisfaction. The research is based, predominantly, on the results of empirical studies on observance of employee interests in business setting. The findings seem to corroborate the view that an employer’s approach to the formulation of working conditions is largely influenced by employees’ traits and the attributes of the organisational culture, which both have a notable impact upon the differentiation of employer images as viewed from the employer’s standpoint.
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Jabłonkowska, Jolanta. "THE PROFESSIONAL SITUATION OF BACKPACKERS EMPLOYED ON THE AUSTRALIAN LABOUR MARKET." Folia Turistica 51 (June 30, 2019): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1590.
Анотація:
Purpose. The article presents the results of research carried out among backpackers employed as part of the Australian visa programme (in both 417 and 462 categories). The analysis includes the backpackers’ employee experience, their professional situation and relations with employers. Method. In 2016, direct interviews were conducted with 19 people from various countries who, within the WHV programme, undertook a temporary job on the entrepreneurial market in Western Australia. The GT (Grounded Theory) method was used. Findings. The obtained results allowed to describe the area of experience gained by backpackers (who are stakeholders of the Australian visa programme) in terms of their professional situation and the conditions of the provided work. Research and conclusions limitations. . There is a problem outlined in the article. The presented conclusions are part of the comprehensive studies that have been being conducted since 2014 regarding the experience of backpackers employed on the Australian labour market. Practical implications. The work is practical in nature. It is important for many reasons, most of all because hiring backpackers has impact on the development of many sectors of the Australian industry. Therefore, extensive discussion of the issue allows to search for the necessary solutions. More controversial seem to be the rules applied to backpackers’ employment so far, but more important are solutions. Another aspect that gives practical value to this issue is the need for discussion on the revision of the WHV programme in view of admission of anew group of backpackers to the temporary labour market in Australia - from the countries of former socialist democracies (including Poland). Originality. The raised issue is usually presented in foreign research as statistics and reports. The research commonly shows the number of employed backpackers, classifies the forms of their employment and describes the economic results for Australia. However, there is a lack of detailed qualitative analysis in which, from the perspective of the subjects, that means backpackers who are stakeholders of the WHV programme, the implications of running the WHV programme would be shown. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research.
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Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Elena V. Odintsova, and Igor A. Shichkin. "THE IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL SKILLS IN THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE INCOME FROM EMPLOYMENT: GENERATIONAL DIFFERENTIATION." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-4-93-113.
Анотація:
The article presents the results of a research aimed at identifying the level of proficiency in the use of ICT tools (ICT skill levels) among employed and unemployed and also generational groups (youth, middle and older generation), as well as identifying the quality of employment and income depending on the level of ICT skills of employed and their generational groups. The author’s classification of the ICT skills levels is presented and, on its basis, a quantitative identification of the ICT skills levels among the employed and unemployed is carried out. It was found that among the employed, 40.5% have the ICT skills required for work, including 1.8% are distinguished by the presence of specialized skills corresponding to the third (highest) level, the remaining 59.5% have basic ICT skills. Among the unemployed, compared to the employed, the share of those with only basic ICT skills not related to professional activity (75.1%) is significantly higher, while the share of those with the third (highest) (0.9%) and second (24.0%) the level of ICT skills, on the contrary, is lower relative to the employed. Generational differences in the levels of ICT skills among employed and unemployed were revealed. Among the youth, the proportion of those who possess the highest ICT skills and have realized their labor potential is higher than for the employed as a whole and their other generational groups. Estimates of the distribution of employed and their generational groups according to the level of income from the main employment, determined on the basis of original system of social standards, depending on the level of ICT skills, are obtained. As a result of the research, it was revealed that a higher level of ICT skills increases the chances of realizing the existing labour potential. Meanwhile, as higher the level of ICT skills, the greater chances of “converting” them into higher incomes due to employment. It is shown that implementation of labour potential in the labour market with a higher level of ICT skills determines lower risks of reducing the quality of employment, and also increases the chances for employed people to ensure higher standards of material prosperity in their households.
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Lynda Harling Stalker, L. "Self‐employed craft production is embedded work." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 3, no. 4 (October 16, 2009): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506200910999156.
Анотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate how self‐employed craft producers are embedded in social relationships.Design/methodology/approachTo explore this question, narrative analysis and case study methodology is employed.FindingsIt is found that despite doing work that speaks to local values, self‐employed craft producers in Newfoundland narrate tensions that exist between themselves and locals.Originality/valueThis paper takes on the notion of a “global village” where the local is no longer seen as important to work and labour. It contributes to the understanding of work as embedded within a place.
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Chauhan, Anjali, Bani Sarkar, and Kritika Tanwar. "Comparative evaluation of artificial rupture of membranes and spontaneous rupture of membranes on course of labour and feto-maternal outcomes." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20204306.
Анотація:
Background: Present study was undertaken to do a comparative evaluation of artificial rupture of membrane (ARM) and spontaneous rupture of membrane (SRM) on the course of labour and feto-maternal outcome.Methods: It was prospective interventional randomized comparative study including 120 primigravidae (60 in ARM and SRM group each) with cervical dilatation ≥3 cm and intact membranes. Amniotomy was performed in ARM group after enrolment while no intervention in SRM group. Outcomes noted were duration of labor, mode of delivery, APGAR score, NICU stay.Results: Significant reduction seen in duration of labour in ARM group (p=0.0001). Mean duration of labor was 5.24 hours in ARM group while 6.94 hours in SRM group. No significant difference noted in mode of delivery (p=0.082). No significant adverse feto-maternal outcomes were seen with amniotomy. APGAR score and NICU admission had no significant difference among the two groups.Conclusions: ARM can be opted as an intervention with shorter duration of labour without adversely affecting the feto-maternal outcomes. It is safe, reliable and cost effective modality when employed in primigravida and may be considered as a low-cost accessible intervention to reduce prolonged labour and its associated complications.
40
Chesalina, Olga. "Social and Labour Rights of “New” SelfEmployed Persons (and in Particular Self-Employed Platform Workers) in Russia." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-2-49-78.
Анотація:
In the first part of the article, the business model of “work on demand” in Russia is described, and the nature and functions of platform providers with particular reference to labour disputes concerning the classification of platform workers are analysed. Furthermore, the author discusses options concerning the labour protection of platform workers. Taking into account that workers on demand are classified as self-employed in case law and in practice, the second part of this article reflects implications for tax and social law. Particular attention is paid to the tax holidays of 2017–2019 and the tax on professional income. Hereby the access to social protection for self-employed persons in general, and for those self-employed who use privileged tax regimes in particular, is analysed. In the light of these reflections, the false incentives of the tax on professional income are investigated. Finally, some conclusions are offered, to explain the interrelationship between labour, social and tax law. Coordination of legislative measures and reforms in labour law, in social law and in tax law is seen as a way to improve the situation of workers on demand.
41
Laužadytė, Agnė. "MARGINALISATION IN THE DANISH LABOUR MARKET." Ekonomika 90, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2011.0.947.
Анотація:
In this paper, I estimate different time hazard models of the exit from different labour market states – unemployment, employment and inactivity – in Denmark. I find that women and individuals over fifty are more likely to experience long-term unemployment and inactivity. The less educated and unskilled workers are found to be another risk group to face marginalisation. Being previously employed reduces the risk of inactivity and increases the probability of re-entry to employment, while long-term unemployment or inactivity makes workers more likely to return to these labour market states in the future. Living in biggest Danish cities where job competition is high is a disadvantage, but it has a positive effect on labour market performance of persons over fifty. And finally, I find that those who have stayed in job for one year tend to remain employed, while persons inactive for longer than one year face a much higher risk of marginalisation.
42
Imran, Anum, Fatima Farooq, and Imran Sharif Chaudhry. "The Determinants of Female Child Labour in Pakistan: The Case of Multan City." Review of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v2i1.121.
Анотація:
The ever-rising danger of child labour has created several problems in Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to find out those determinants which affect the female child labour in Multan and also identify some new determinants which affect the incidence of the child labour. Data has been collected for 200 female labourers, employed as maidservants, baby sitters and other household activities. The results of the study show that female child labour decreases due to increase in schools, assets, per-capita income, transfer payments, education and number of employed members in a family while on the other hand; large family size increases the female child labour. On the basis of the econometric analysis, we may suggest that government officers, media experts, members of non-government organizations and educationists should make serious and sincere efforts to achieve the objective of decreasing the incidence of female child labour and develop their living situations.
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Witkowski, Jarosław. "LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYMENT OF CERTAIN ENTITIES EMPLOYED ON THE BASIS OF LABOUR BASED RELATIONSHIP." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XXI (December 30, 2021): 791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6225.
Анотація:
In the present article the author discusses the basis of employment of common guard, judge, assessor of the Court, prosecutor and assessor of the Regional Public Prosecytor. In the author’s opinion, there is a difference between labour based relationship and administrative law based relationship. The aim of the present article is indication of entities employed on the basis of labour based relationship and on the basis of administrative law based relationship.
44
Makori, Artlibert, Florence Maina, Brian Obiero, Sonkori Daniel, Rose Njeri, Sharon Obonyo, Benson Okwayo, and Wilbroda Okaka. "EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE AGILITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT FOR LABOUR, KENYA)." Journal of Human Resource and Leadership 7, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jhrl.1537.
Анотація:
Purpose: The research sought to assess the effect of employee agility on organization performance with a specific study by the State Department for Labour.
Methodology: The data for this study were collected at the State Department for Labour. The respondents included a sample of the employees working at the department as of the end of 2020. The study population comprised 484 employees working at the State Department for Labour. This study adopted ten percent of the target populace, which translates to 59 participants. Therefore, the sample scope for the research was 59 respondents. The research employed stratified random sampling techniques. In addition, the study depended on key information that was assembled by a designed data assortment tool that was accurately created. Descriptive measurements such as percentages, frequencies, standard deviations, and mean were utilized to summarize composed data. Likewise, inferential tools of regression and correlation analysis were utilized to create the connection between employee agility and organizational performance. The study results were offered using bar charts, tables, pie charts, and graphs.
Results: From the findings of this study, it was resolved that employee agility positively influences organizational performance. The State Department for Labour is critical since its mandate, among others, is to ensure there are harmonious industrial Labour relations. The economic growth and development of the country rely on it to enhance Labour productivity through its Labour dispute resolving mechanism. Therefore the performance of the state Labour department is essential. There is a link between operative agility enablers and general internal performance.
A unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study would inform policymakers and Human Resource Practitioners on various approaches to improving employee agility in order to enhance Organizational Performance.
45
Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. "The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsz022.
Анотація:
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is set to influence every aspect of our lives, not least the way production is organised. AI, as a technology platform, can automate tasks previously performed by labour or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be productively employed. Recent technological change has been biased towards automation, with insufficient focus on creating new tasks where labour can be productively employed. The consequences of this choice have been stagnating labour demand, declining labour share in national income, rising inequality and lowering productivity growth. The current tendency is to develop AI in the direction of further automation, but this might mean missing out on the promise of the ‘right’ kind of AI, with better economic and social outcomes.
46
Izbienova, T. A., and A. K. Bezina. "Implementation of the Right of Workers Employed through the Internet Platforms to Unionize in European Countries and in the Russian Federation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.123.2.088-101.
Анотація:
The paper is devoted to examining some legal aspects of implementation of the right to unionize for individuals employed through the Internet platforms — digital applications that serve as a link between the participant providing the service and its consumer. The emergence of such intermediaries has become a part of digitalization of wage labor characterizing the beginning of the 4th Industrial Revolution. The modern labor market is characterized by instability due to the withdrawal of some sectors of the economy from the traditional Fordist model of labor organization. The instability caused desocialization of workers, their disintegration and had a negative impact on the traditional labour movemen that has always been expressed in the form of trade unions. In this regard, the authors’ objective is to investigate the prospects and legal grounds for creating unions of workers employed through the Internet platforms, as well as the legal specifics of their labor rights protection with due regard to their precarious legal status. To achieve this objective, it was necessary to resolve the issues of expediency, effectiveness of trade union protection of digital labor and the place of trade unions in social and partnership relations with the participation of workers employed through the Internet platforms. The author formulates the conclusion about the effectiveness of trade union protection of labor rights of workers employed through the Internet platforms, provided the socio-partner procedures are employed.
47
Cardinaleschi, Stefania, Santis De, and Marina Schenkel. "Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 3 (2019): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1903325c.
Анотація:
This paper analyses the relation between bargaining regimes and the gender wage gap (GWG), identifying the contribution of individual characteristics. First, a description of the gender disparities in the Italian labour market is presented, using the evidence from the Linked Employer Employees Data from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Then, with a particular focus on the different types of collective agreements, various decomposition techniques are employed in order to describe how gender inequality differs across bargaining regimes. Finally, some suggestions are advanced regarding the mix of policies that could reduce the gender wage gap in the labour market.
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McCrystal, Shae. "Designing Collective Bargaining Frameworks for Self-Employed Workers: Lessons from Australia and Canada." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 30, Issue 2 (June 1, 2014): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2014013.
Анотація:
The capacity for workers to combine in order to further their economic and social interests is a fundamental right enshrined in the Conventions of the International Labour Organization. Despite this, access to lawful collective bargaining may be limited in national jurisdictions to a more restricted class of workers, namely 'employees'. In common law countries, self-employed workers (or independent contractors) are almost always excluded. The distinctions drawn in national collective bargaining schemes between who is covered and who is not are a product of twentieth-century forms of work organization which facilitated a clear delineation between 'employees' labouring for the benefit of their employer, and self-employed 'entrepreneurs' in business for themselves. However, the economic structures and forms of work organization underpinning that distinction have broken down. Workers in need of the protection and benefits collective bargaining offers may be excluded because their contractual arrangements do not fit the twentieth-century model of employment on which access to collective bargaining is commonly based. Exploring how the boundaries of labour law regulation should be redrawn for the new globalized, outsourced and restructured world of work is a major challenge confronting the labour law discipline. This article considers how we might redefine those boundaries in the context of collective bargaining to accommodate the needs of self-employed workers. Starting from the assumption that such workers should be provided with access to lawful collective bargaining, the article discusses the issues that arise in designing such a framework. The discussion will draw upon various schemes in Australia and Canada that have been designed for particular classes of precarious self-employed workers, considering the lessons that can be learned from those experiences.
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Javed, Saman, and Noshaba Batool. "DO PERSONALITY AND GENDER MITIGATE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL LABOR? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM HEALTHCARE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9228.
Анотація:
Purpose: The impact of emotional labor on organizational outcomes is contingent upon numerous factors. Moreover, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the implications of emotional labour practices, especially among physicians, have become more uncertain. This study aims to address these notions by examining the multigroup moderating effect of social and enterprising personalities and gender on a model of emotional labour. The aim is to determine whether emotional labour affects emotional exhaustion and well-being varies across these groups.
Methodology: Serial mediation and multigroup moderation methods were employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Data was collected from 400 physicians across Pakistan. Snowball sampling method was adopted for data collection. Structural equation modelling, including serial mediation and multigroup moderation techniques were employed for data analysis.
Main Findings: Physicians with highly social personalities and low enterprising personalities are more likely to experience detrimental effects of surface acting. Genuine emotions improve well-being for high social and enterprising as well as low enterprising personality physicians. No across-group differences exist for deep acting. For gender, females are found to be more susceptible to negative repercussions of emotional labor than their male counterparts. Positive effect of genuine emotions remains somewhat the same for both.
Implications/Applications: This study assists healthcare organizations in making the right choices during the recruitment and selection process to choose the most suitable candidates for tasks involving emotional labor, i.e., ones whose personality and gender attributes are aligned with the affective or emotional component of work. This would aid in ensuring doctors’ high psychological and physical well-being at work.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research proposes a model of emotional labour strategies and their effects on physicians' emotional exhaustion and well-being. Multigroup moderating effects of two personality types, i.e., social and enterprising, and gender, are investigated with respect to the proposed model to see if there lie any differences between physicians belonging to various personality or gender groups.
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Gołaś, Zbigniew. "Przemiany i uwarunkowania wydajności pracy w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2016." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 106, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2019.106.1.2.
Анотація:
The main aim of the work was to present the changes observed in the labour productivity in EU agriculture in years 2005-2016. The author proposed also the methodical decomposition of the labor productivity ratio in agriculture. Seven factors (ratios) have been taken into account in three models of labor productivity decomposition. These factors are: inputs productivity, land productivity, value added index, production taxation, production subsidies, equipment employed in agricultural land and the level of agricultural production intensity. The use of the deterministic method allowed to analyse the changes in labour productivity from the perspectives both in the EU agriculture (EU-28) and in the Polish agriculture. Performed studies seems to prove that in the years 2005-2016 the labor productivity measured by gross value added increased in case of EU-28 by average 2.13% and in the case of EU-15 only by 0.98%. At the same time, higher increase was observed in the case of EU-13 which equal to 3.45%. It may suggest that can be observe the ongoing process of the labor productivity convergence in EU agriculture. In the light of deterministic analysis, it was possible to specify the main factors contributing to the increase in labor productivity in agriculture in the EU-28 and in Poland, which are the increase in production intensity and the increase in agricultural land/labour relation. However, it should be also noted that the favorable direction of changes in labour productivity was weakened by the decreasing efficiency of production measured by the inputs productivity and the share of value added in revenues.