Дисертації з теми "EU public procurement"

This thesis attempts to prove how the flexible application of public procurement has the potential to realise a social model of integration in the European Union wherein the European citizen is the key actor in the integration process. The integration dynamics of the European Union have been promoted by recourse to neoliberal economic theories where market integration features as a crucial imperative. In this respect the regulation of public procurement plays a vital role in the programme of the Single European Market. Preferential procurement alongside state aid reflects on market intervention on the part of the public sector commensurate with neo-liberal principles and less on the distributive objectives of societal welfare. However, this thesis presents a fundamental departure from such logic for it argues on the basis of a social just alternative that takes into account the distributive objectives of societal welfare albeit in a limited manner in so far public procurement contracts are concerned. The question of poverty across the EU is put into context as its persistent levels are perceived as indicative system-failures of market regulation that are too heavily based on neo-liberal economics. On a plane of practical reasonableness the thesis argues for optimal use of public procurement as a dynamic policy instrument by institutionalising a balance both domestically and EU-wide. Such balance needs to be guided by a public interest function where the key umbrella concept that corresponds to embracing the fight against poverty namely, respect for human dignity, equality and freedom for participatory action is incorporated. As a powerful socio-economic lever public procurement should not be regarded as a barrier to EU economic growth but as a crucial safety valve at the disposal of Member States for the benefit of the EU citizen and not in the least EU integration aims.

This PhD thesis looks at one of the most crucial determinants of state formation, quality of institutions, and social equality: institutionalised grand corruption. Institutionalised grand corruption denotes the particularistic allocation of public resources, that is violating prior explicit rules in order to benefit a closed network while denying access to all others. Emphasizing access to power and public resources deviates from traditional definitions of corruption resting on individual wrongdoing and abuse of power. The thesis makes use of large amounts of administrative data describing public procurement tenders on transaction level and links it to data on company ownership, financial accounts, and political office of company owners. By using data mining techniques it breaks away from standard, and arguably deficient, measures of quality of institutions and corruption. It proposes a complex ‘blueprint’ for measuring institutionalized grand corruption in the allocation of public resources and applies its key elements to three Central and Eastern European countries: Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. It is emphasized that these cases are only ‘pilot’ measurements, the blueprint is applicable to practically every high and middle income country, data is typically going back in time for 6-8 years. Using such a novel indicator set allows for an unprecedented detail of analysis. Results highlight the role played by European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds in increasing the prevalence of institutionalised grand corruption. This is due to at least two factors, first, they provide additional public resources available for corrupt rent extraction; second, they change the motivations for and controls of corruption. In Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia, the first effect increases the value of particularistic resource allocation by up to 1.21% of GDP, while the second effect decreases it by up to 0.03% of GDP. The latter effect is entirely driven by Slovakia; in Czech Republic and Hungary even this effect increases particularism.

When choosing and applying the award criteria in the context of public procurement procedures, contracting authorities exercise their discretionary powers with a view to selecting the most economically advantageous tender. The importance of the use that contracting authorities make of their margin of discretion is directly related to the result of any public procurement procedure: the level of satisfaction of the contracting authorities’ needs provided by the works/supply/service contract concluded with the winning tenderer. Despite the tendency for public procurement regulation to focus on procedural rules (‘how to buy’), rather than the actual outcome of the procurement activity itself (‘what to buy’), there are substantive requirements derived from legislative sources, as well as soft law and jurisprudence, that somehow structure the contracting authorities’ decision making freedom. Although there is no standard unit that allows for the measurement of contracting authorities’ margin of discretion and its variation, this thesis aims to identify factors which contribute either to increase or to reduce the said margin. In other words, it is proposed to highlight the elements which determine the expansion or the limitation of the referred discretionary powers. The thesis concludes that despite the different national regulatory approaches to this topic under the common EU legal framework, the practice in the Member States covered by this thesis seems to indicate that contracting authorities exercise their discretionary powers in a (unknowingly) similar way.

This paper is dealing with Public Private Partnership (PPP) as the alternative to the classical public procurement. It describes and compares advantages and disadvantages of this approach and explore legislative and institutional setting in chosen countries of EU to comparison. The main focus of the work concerns the comparison of the development of this concept and its current state of use in those countries. The emphasis was on finding a correlation between the number and volume of PPP projects and the state of national economies in the years 2006-2015, especially in the immediate period of the recent financial crisis, when could be expected increased attractiveness of the concept for political representation. On the specific case is explored its economic efficiency and legitimacy.

Since 1993, the European Union has dramatically increased the scope and volume of its procurement regulation; particular increases have been made in terms of the procurement procedures made available, and the obligations that national contracting authorities have in light of EU law. This thesis examines the influence that recent developments in EU public procurement law have had on national procurement regulation in the UK, the Netherlands, and France. To assess this influence, three 'case study' areas were selected for investigation: the new procurement procedure 'competitive dialogue', made available for the procurement of complex contracts; the ability to repeat purchase using 'framework agreements', recently made available for purchasing in non-utilities sectors; and the Court of Justice's use of 'general principles of equal treatment and transparency', which has created new obligations for national contracting authorities. The thesis found that, in the areas examined, the influence of EU secondary legislation is substantial and-in two of the three countries examined-also plays a visible role in national regulation where EU law is not mandatory. The Court of Justice jurisprudence evaluated has had its most significant impact on the national judiciary: courts were found to reinforce the Court's judgments in all countries. Soft law issued by the European Commission had little perceivable influence on the formal legal regulation of the Member States examined, but may have influenced approaches taken to guidance or legislation more generally. The thesis also observed that harmonization of national laws, despite not being an objective of the EU rules, has increased in recent years-but even now, national differences (usually reflective of historical approaches taken to procurement regulation) are visible in those areas where the EU rules are optional, rather than mandatory.

This thesis deals with the EU internal market, focusing on the recent developments related to the Single Market Act of 2010. At the same time, the work deals with a critical assessment of selected instruments of the internal market, improving the business environment and thereby promote the competitiveness of European enterprises. Selected instruments which are rated in the work were selected on the basis of the content of EU Single Market Act, specifically the thesis evaluates additional funding for businesses, instruments of the European public procurement system and ultimately the EU regulatory environment and tools for administrative burdens reduction.

The subject of this thesis is to selection of optimal variant of financing the investment engineering characters. The theoretical part is focused on the possibilities of investment financing in the public sector, the issue of public procurement, risks arising from the financing of public procurement and state engineering in the south and west Bohemia. The benefit of the practical part will specifically identify funding options researched the project and recommend the optimal variant of its financing.

Moteur incontournable de l'économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l'objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L'efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s'agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s'agissant du droit européen: tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l'instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d'objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s'inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d'intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d'harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu'en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier.

Moteur incontournable de l’économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l’objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L’efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s’agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s’agissant du droit européen : tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l’instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d’objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s’inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d’intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d’harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu’en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier
As a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context

碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
103
Since the Industrial Revolution, many industrialized countries began to promote sustainable development. The EU spent almost 19% of the GDP on public procurement every year. With such large of money, the EU has to considerate about avoiding waste during public procurement. The EU began to promote Green Public rocurement. This essay works on the Green Public Procurement of the EU in order to explain its background and its influence on the member states. This essay also to describe the advantages and disadvantages of the Green Public Procurement in the EU and member states.

The core of thesis lays in quantitative analysis of microeconomic data on public procurement and alternative forms of dealing with public money. It consists of three essays with one common attribute: extensive groundwork with data, including overlaps into legal and technical disciplines. The fist essay examines the relationship between transparency of ownership structure and (i) profits of firms winning public procurement contracts and (ii) competition for the contracts and savings of the public authority. It identifies a significant advantage of firms with opaque ownership structure in terms of access to public money. It concludes with a possible explanation of conflict of interest and corruption, which might channel such advantages. The second essay proposes and tests a novel methodology for benchmarking of contracting authorities. The proposed rating measures a deviation from best practice recommendations in the areas of openness, competition and transparency. Indirectly it measures efficiency and corruption potential in public procurement. The pilot results of the methodology are provided and extensively discussed for a group of Czech municipalities. Third essay investigates issue of crowding out effect potentially introduced by EU funds provision. It studies direct budgetary impacts of...

碩士
國立中正大學
法律系研究所
106
While drafting Public Procurement Law, there are several principles of Public Procurement such as the principle of value of money should be taken into account by legislators. Public Procurement as a tool for promoting labor and social policy means Governments could buy what they need while enforcing labor and social policy. The issue of whether public authorities shall take non-economic considerations into account while purchasing then has been subject to discussion. At first, some argue that this will hinder the realization of Procurement’s original principles. Lately, a growing number of people take positive attitude toward this and point out that there are lots of tools in public procurement could be used. At EU level, Public Procurement Directives were revised in 2014. According to Directive 2014/24/EC, under certain limitations, it enables procurers to make better use of public procurement in support of common societal goals. As for the regarding issue at Taiwan level, despite of stipulating in article 1, according to the legislative process and other articles, we could know that our legislators allow certain policies under certain circumstances to be enacted while procuring. While comparing with EU, our Public Procurement law still leave much to be desired such as the limited tools for our government to use. This article then provides some rough suggestions on amending the law.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A Contratação Pública, ao nível da formação dos contratos públicos, assume importância relevante nos quadrantes socioeconómicos do Estado, sendo merecedora de uma abordagem relativamente aos procedimentos adjudicatórios em vigor, concretamente no que respeita aos critérios de adjudicação na formação dos contratos públicos, tendo em conta a dinâmica contratual entre entidades adjudicantes, operadores económicos e sociedade em geral. Atendendo às alterações em curso no contexto legislativo nacional, na sequência da publicação de três Directivas no JOUE, em 28/03/2014, em matéria de Contratação Pública, pretende-se fazer a ligação dos critérios de adjudicação no âmbito da formação dos contratos públicos em vigor, enunciando as alterações plasmadas nas ditas Directivas, e as consequências decorrentes da transposição destas, para o Direito Português, segundo uma perspectiva pessoal. No âmbito do direito comparado, faz-se alusão, ainda que de forma breve, sobre os procedimentos adjudicatórios ao nível da Contratação Pública, bem como em alguns casos, ao enquadramento histórico dos contratos públicos. As regras jurídicas, e preceitos normativos implementados, a forma como se realiza a Contratação Pública nos Estados mencionados, as quais, e em alguns deles, espelham a primazia de factores políticos que estão subjacentes a tais tomadas de posição, em detrimento, a factores socioeconómicos, e ambientais, apesar de terem suporte na legislação portuguesa vigente. O Estado, na qualidade de autoridade adjudicante, e no exercício da sua actividade de prossecução do interesse público deve, com a abertura do procedimento concursal ter presente que lhe assiste o dever legal de proceder à adjudicação. A adjudicação firma-se em critérios, critérios estes que foram alvo de alterações legislativas no âmbito do Direito Comunitário, concretamente com o Directiva 2014/24/UE.Com os critérios de adjudicação efectivam-se as relações contratuais entre as entidades públicas e os operadores económicos (privados), no âmbito dos contratos públicos.Actualmente são dois os critérios de adjudicação em vigor, conforme preceitua o art.º 74º do CCP, os quais são objecto de alteração, cfr. pontos 89 e 90 do preâmbulo da Directiva e art.ºs 67º e 68º da Directiva 2014/24/UE, consistindo a alteração mais visível, na concreta forma como se irá proceder à escolha por parte da entidade adjudicante, sobre qual o critério a lançar no procedimento adjudicatório.Nesta medida, os critérios da proposta economicamente mais vantajosa para a entidade adjudicante e da proposta do mais baixo preço, são substituídos, predominantemente, pelo da proposta economicamente mais vantajosa, em termos económicos segundo o ponto de vista da entidade adjudicante, designadamente, ponderando uma abordagem custo-eficácia, custos do ciclo de vida, podendo, nessa medida, aferir-se a melhor relação qualidade-preço. No decurso de todo o processo de análise, podem/devem estar subjacentes outros critérios que incluam aspectos qualitativos, ambientais e/ou sociais ligados ao objecto do contrato público em causa.Cabe à entidade adjudicante especificar a ponderação atribuída a cada um dos critérios escolhidos para determinar a proposta economicamente mais vantajosa, excepto se esta for escolhida com base no preço. A Directiva 2014/24/UE deixa, no entanto, ao critério dos Estados-Membros o poder de decisão quanto à proibição ou restrição da utilização exclusiva do preço ou custo como critério avaliador da proposta economicamente mais vantajosa, se assim considerarem adequado.
Public procurement, and especially writing public contracts, is of great importance in socio-economic sectors of the State, so careful attention should be given to current procedures for awarding contracts, and in particular to the criteria for awarding contracts, taking in to account the contractual dynamic between contracting authorities, economic operators and society at large. Given the changes currently being made in the context of Portuguese legislation since the publication of the three directives on public procurement in the OJEU of 28/03/2014, the aim of this work is to make a link between the criteria used in awarding public contracts already in force, the alterations in the aforementioned directives, and the consequences for Portuguese law resulting from the changes they bring, from a personal prospective. In comparative law, mention is made, even if only briefly, of procedures for awarding contracts for public procurement as well as, in some cases, the historical context of public contracts. The legal rules, legislative provisions implemented and the way public procurement is carried out in the States mentioned, often reflect the pre-eminence of underlying political factors, rather than socio-economic and environmental factors, despite there being legislation in force to support these issues in Portuguese law. As the contracting authority, the State, which has the responsibility for acting in the public interest, should, at the time of opening tender procedures, remember its legal duty in awarding contracts. Awarding a contract is based on criteria, and these criteria have been subject to legal changes under EU law, specifically from Directive 2014/24/EU.Using the award criteria, contractual relationships are established between public entities and (private) economic operators in the guise of public contracts.There are currently two award criteria currently in force, according to article 74 of the CCP (Portuguese Code of Public Contracts), which are subject to change, cf. points 89 and 90 of the preamble of the directive and articles 67 and 68 of the Directive 2014/24/EU. This is the most visible alteration regarding which criterion is used in the procurement process, and will have a direct effect on the procedure for how the contracting authority will choose contract winners.With these new measures, the criteria for the most economically advantageous proposal for the contracting authority and the lowest price proposal are replaced, predominantly, by criteria seeking the most economically advantageous proposal in economic terms from the standpoint of the contracting authority, which means looking at cost-efficiency and life-cycle costs to assess which is the best proposal in terms of price-quality. During the process of analysis, other underlying criteria can and must be accounted for, including qualitative, environmental and/or social factors linked to the public contract in question.The contracting authority is responsible for specifying the thinking behind how and what criteria are chosen to determine the most economically advantageous proposal, except where the choice is based solely on price. Directive 2014/24/EU does, however, leave it to the discretion of member states as to whether there is a prohibition or restriction on using price or cost as the sole criterion in evaluating the most economically advantageous proposal, should they consider that to be sufficient.

Na última década, a contratação pública centralizada e agregada tem conhecido um avanço significativo, nomeadamente através de vários instrumentos de compra ou técnicas de compra agregada. As diretivas europeias de contratação pública de 2014 e a revisão do Código de Contratos Públicos (CCP) de 2017 apresentam vantagens, contudo, contemplam igualmente inúmeras desvantagens. A presente tese pretende constituir um contributo para uma reflexão mais profunda e estruturada sobre o regime do Sistema Nacional de Compras Públicas (SNCP), que requer constante renovação da concorrência, eficiência e deve contemplar os existentes instrumentos procedimentais especiais. O modelo SNCP está desajustado da realidade portuguesa e do tecido empresarial nacional, sendo a dificuldade no acesso ao mercado público demasiado evidente. De facto, é importante refletir sobre os desafios diários das empresas para se tornarem fornecedoras do Estado. As diretivas europeias devem ser cumpridas, mas o legislador deve ter em linha de conta as especificidades do seu país e as suas envolventes. O que é necessário mudar? Em que medida deverá ser realizada a revisão? Quais as vantagens que advêm dessa mudança? São questões centrais e orientadoras a que o presente trabalho pretende dar resposta. O Estado Português necessita de um novo regime de compras públicas, devendo seguir uma lógica de serviços partilhados e de economia circular e promovendo, desta forma, a maximização do uso de bens e serviços. Portugal necessita de um Sistema de Compras Públicas capaz de demonstrar que cria valor, flexível, abrangente, dinâmico, inovador, aberto à renovação de concorrência e em que todos são incluídos (Estado e empresas). Este trabalho assume-se como um desafio, uma visão fundamentada e um contributo para as Compras Públicas, mais propriamente para as Compras Públicas Centralizadas, temática relevante para o país e cuja mudança vem assumindo caráter de urgência na generalidade dos organismos públicos, quer da administração central, local, quer do sector empresarial do Estado, dado que a função compras protagoniza, cada vez mais, um papel estratégico nas organizações, passando a fazer parte de um processo complexo e integrado.
Publics Contracts; Public Procurement; Public Centralized Purchasing; Framework Agreements, Directive 2014/24/EU; Public Sector; Access to the Public Market; Dynamic Acquisition Systems; National Public Procurement System; Circular Economy, Professionalization of the Public Buyer, Secondary Policies, Public Interest; Value creation; Comprehensiveness, Dynamism; Flexibility.