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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

Epiney, Astrid. "Climate Protection Law in the European Union—Emergence of a New Regulatory System." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 9, no. 1 (2012): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601012x632238.

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“Climate Protection Law” has been developed during the last approximately 15 years on an international, supranational and regional level. In the European Union the trading scheme of greenhouse gas allowances—introduced by Directive 2003/87—is to be considered a central element of the European Union’s climate protection policy. Despite of the creation of the EU emission trading scheme already in 2003 the scheme raises a range of legal questions which have not been really clarified yet. Against this background, the following contribution will discuss—on the basis of a summary of the legal bases and the development of emission trading in the EU—some selected legal questions concerning design, interpretation and application of the Directive 2003/87. Additionally, the question of whether the emission trading scheme as provided by Directive 2003/87 could serve as a model for air protection respectively emission reduction of other air pollutants and / or as a model for a trans-regional or even global emission trading scheme will be discussed.

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Wolff, Georg, and Stefan Feuerriegel. "Emissions Trading System of the European Union: Emission Allowances and EPEX Electricity Prices in Phase III." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2019): 2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152894.

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The Emissions Trading System in the European Union was introduced to achieve the climate goal of reducing emissions by around 43% between 1990 and 2030. Accordingly, the costs of emission allowances are part of power generation and, by extension, the price of electricity. Theoretical works thus suggest a positive relationship between the price of emission allowances and electricity. However, this has not been validated empirically for phase III of the Emissions Trading System in the short run as part of the price setting mechanism of electricity producers. Our evidence suggests an opposite effect: According to our empricial results, both European Power Exchange (EPEX) day-ahead and intraday markets are negatively affected during phase III. We further test for a potentially asymmetric influence with the help of quantile regressions. Altogether, the outcome has implications for policy-makers and calls for further attention by academics and policy-makers in the future design of the Emissions Trading System, especially under larger amount of renewables in the electricity system.

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Mandaroux, Rahel, Chuanwen Dong, and Guodong Li. "A European Emissions Trading System Powered by Distributed Ledger Technology: An Evaluation Framework." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042106.

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The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a major pillar of the European energy policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the reportedly pervasive frauds in this market are constraining the beneficial role of the EU ETS. In this conceptual paper, we propose to digitalize the EU ETS by distributed ledger technology (DLT), enabling the verification of authenticity and provenance, proof of ownership, and lifecycle traceability of carbon certificates and assets. Our platform allows verifiable credentials to validate emission allowances, real-time tracking of trading participants’ emissions, and the audit trail reporting of the decentralized trading records. Furthermore, we complement the DLT application concept with a structured interdisciplinary evaluation framework. Our framework and analysis aim to stimulate further interdisciplinary research in this area to support regulators, such as the European Commission, in designing effective digital emissions trading systems.

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Pruse, Ilze. "European union emissions trading system with regard to climate change mitigation in Latvia." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 8, no. -1 (November 9, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0005-y.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to analyse the volumes of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the European Union Emissions Trading System’s (EU ETS) participants in Latvia in relation to their participation therein. After describing and discussing the EU ETS mechanism and its operation in Latvia in the period 2005-2010, the interconnectedness between the GHG emissions and the EU ETS participants’ operation is analysed. The analysis concludes that, although the EU ETS has contributed towards GHG emission reduction, due to the growth of the economy, overall GHG emissions from the EU ETS participants in Latvia are increasing.

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Andersson, Fredrik NG. "Policy Update: Business cycles and the European Union Emission Trading System." Carbon Management 1, no. 2 (December 2010): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.10.26.

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Bayer, Patrick, and Michaël Aklin. "The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO2 emissions despite low prices." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 16 (April 6, 2020): 8804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918128117.

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International carbon markets are an appealing and increasingly popular tool to regulate carbon emissions. By putting a price on carbon, carbon markets reshape incentives faced by firms and reduce the value of emissions. How effective are carbon markets? Observers have tended to infer their effectiveness from market prices. The general belief is that a carbon market needs a high price in order to reduce emissions. As a result, many observers remain skeptical of initiatives such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), whose price remained low (compared to the social cost of carbon). In this paper, we assess whether the EU ETS reduced CO2 emissions despite low prices. We motivate our study by documenting that a carbon market can be effective if it is a credible institution that can plausibly become more stringent in the future. In such a case, firms might cut emissions even though market prices are low. In fact, low prices can be a signal that the demand for carbon permits weakens. Thus, low prices are compatible with successful carbon markets. To assess whether the EU ETS reduced carbon emissions even as permits were cheap, we estimate counterfactual carbon emissions using an original sectoral emissions dataset. We find that the EU ETS saved about 1.2 billion tons of CO2 between 2008 and 2016 (3.8%) relative to a world without carbon markets, or almost half of what EU governments promised to reduce under their Kyoto Protocol commitments. Emission reductions in sectors covered under the EU ETS were higher.

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Yeoh, Peter. "Implications of a Carbon Ratings Agency on the European Union Exchange Trading Scheme." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 17, Issue 5 (October 1, 2008): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2008026.

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Carbon trading under the Kyoto Protocol expanded further through the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The EU ETS is a cap and trade system where EU allowances are usable for complying with emission caps or sold to the market. The scheme is also linked to the UN carbon markets. This means the allowing of more permits to enter into the system. The EU ETS is designed to achieve the overall EU emissions reduction objective at comparatively lower costs. Despite the problems of over–allocation, the first phase from 2005 to 2007 managed to establish the development of various spot, futures, and options markets for the trading of EU allowances. The EU Commission has implemented measures to deal with the problem of over–allocation. Currently, The Carbon Rating Agency (TCRA) is launched to assist in the setting–up of a clearer relationship between carbon price and delivery risk to enable the carbon market to mature. This paper draws on insights of the more established but reasonably comparable credit rating agencies (CRAs) to assess implications of TCRA to the second phase development of the EU ETS.

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Chen, Xiaohong, Zhiyun Wang, and Desheng Dash Wu. "Modeling the Price Mechanism of Carbon Emission Exchange in the European Union Emission Trading System." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 19, no. 5 (August 14, 2012): 1309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2012.719389.

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Pászto, Vít, and Jarmila Zimmermannová. "Relation of economic and environmental indicators to the European Union Emission Trading System: a spatial analysis." GeoScape 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2019-0001.

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Abstract The main goal of this contribution is to evaluate the development of CO2 emissions and selected economic indicators of EU28 countries in the period from 2005 to 2015, and to capture geographical pattern and spatial distribution of countries emitting pollution. This will be performed within the context of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), which has represented a major scheme in Europe to cope with CO2 emissions since 2005. The actual situation in the field of the EU ETS is described and key scientific studies focusing on the EU ETS are presented. Based on a broad set of indicators we examine and evaluate possible geographical pattern in the development of selected indicators within the EU and provide detailed spatial analysis of economic and environmental data of EU28 countries, with the use of (geo)visual analysis of spatial data and spatial statistics (grouping analysis). The preliminary results of the (geo)visual analysis show that CO2 emissions within EU countries were decreasing in the selected period 2005–2015, with some exceptions (e.g. Iceland and Latvia). As the development of CO2 emissions in all EU countries is not similar, the other economic and environmental indicators were included (e.g. GDP, Investments) into the analysis in order to reveal a common (geographical) pattern and explain the current situation. Based on grouping/cluster analysis, it is possible to form territorial groups of EU states with similar development, which are almost perfectly in the line with current EU member states strategies of CO2 emissions trade. The current auction markets are well in tune with geographical and economic characteristics of particular EU countries. Results of grouping analysis of all indicators in 2015 using six K-nearest neighbours underline current separate auction markets for Germany, the United Kingdom and Poland.It indicates that the system of emission auctions has logical background and the markets represent natural platforms for emission trading, corresponding to both economic and spatial characteristics of particular countries/polluters. Presented approach thus brings valuable information for policymakers both on the national and international level for the next phases of EU ETS scheme planning.

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Ellerman, A. Denny, Claudio Marcantonini, and Aleksandar Zaklan. "The European Union Emissions Trading System: Ten Years and Counting." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/rev014.

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Дисертації з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

Rodríguez, Morales Jorge Ernesto. "Competition Policy and State Aid under the European Union Emissions Trading System." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115611.

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The interaction between competition and environmental policy is quite complex, particularly before state aids, whose control level reflects the emerging opportunity cost between both policies. In order to illustrate the potential efficiency losses or the imbalances on level playing field of competition, this article analyzes the legal, economic and political dimensions of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) free allocation of allowances mechanism for the power generation sector.
La interacción entre la política de competencia y la medio ambientales bastante compleja, especialmente en el caso de las ayudas estatales, cuyo nivel de control refleja el coste de oportunidad emergente entre ambas. Con el fin de ilustrar las potenciales pérdidas de eficiencia o los desequilibrios en la equidad de condiciones de competencia, este artículo analiza las dimensiones legal, económica y política del mecanismo de asignación gratuita de permisos de emisión del Régimen Comunitario de Comercio de Derechos de Emisión (RCCDE) de la Unión Europea para el sector de la generación eléctrica.

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Lacombe, Romain H. "Economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme : evidence from the refining sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42936.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-182).
I study the economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the refining industry in Europe. I contrast previous ex-ante studies with the lessons from a series of interviews I conducted with industrials, and the public data available on the first phase of the scheme, effective from January 1st, 2005 to December 31st, 2007. I conclude that because of organizational inertia, weak incentives linked to the low emission permit price that prevailed during its second part, and important industrial and regulatory constraints, the Phase I of EU ETS has had a limited economic impact on firms. However, this first trading period was instrumental in allowing the rening sector to build the capabilities needed to respond efficiently to the carbon price signal in the long run. I argue that the internal and external constraints that this first phase revealed will shape the future outcome of the scheme. Based on evidence from the rening sector under EU ETS, I take position in the current debate over policy design to suggest ways for regulators to improve the economic impact and environmental effectiveness of carbon markets.
by Romain H. Lacombe.
S.M.

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Braun, Nathan Eric. "Accounting for permit price differentials in the European Union emissions trading system." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/braun/BraunN1211.pdf.

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Since 2005, industrial installations regulated by the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) have been required to surrender a permit for every ton of CO₂ they emit. In addition to the standard EU ETS permit - the European Union Allowance (EUA) - installations are allowed to surrender limited numbers of offsets. Offsets currently trade at a discount relative to EUAs. While it is well known that an offset limit theoretically results in a permit price differential, the current offset limit is not binding in aggregate. This thesis reconciles this nonbinding offset limit with the EUA - offset price differential. It is shown how such a limit can cause a price differential by binding for individual installations even when it is not binding in aggregate. At the same time it is shown how, under certain circumstances, barriers to entry in the offset market result in two types of behavior: installations either use offsets up to what they believe is their cap or forego them entirely. This appears consistent with empirical EU ETS behavior. Results suggest navigating the regulatory process makes up a significant portion of these barriers to entry.

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Moore, Brendan. "The political effects of climate policy : policy feedback from the European Union Emissions Trading System." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/69974/.

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Greenhouse gas emissions trading has been widely promoted as a policy instrument that overcomes well-known political barriers to climate change mitigation. But others contend its political consequences make climate mitigation more difficult. However, few in-depth, theoretically-informed studies directly assess these claims. This thesis addresses these gaps by exploring the circumstances in which emissions trading generates policy feedback influencing subsequent political processes by reinforcing or undermining political support for the original policy. The study focuses on the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the world's largest and longest-operating trading system, combining the existing policy feedback literature with related literatures on emissions trading and EU policy making. Through document analysis and elite interviews, it examines the evolution of the ETS from 1998 to 2018, tracing its effects on actors, resources, and policy preferences over time. This analysis reveals that while EU policy makers anticipated political obstacles to adopting the ETS, they gave less consideration to post-adoption policy feedback. Indeed, the unintended feedback effects of the ETS were significant. One such selfreinforcing effect was the growth of a network of actors - such as industry associations and environmental NGOs - that became involved in subsequent policymaking processes and largely supported emissions trading. However, self-reinforcing feedback also stymied attempts to recalibrate the ETS to fit changing conditions. Other, self-undermining feedback reduced support for the status quo policy but facilitated political opportunities for policy centralization and steeper emission reductions. Self-reinforcing and self-undermining policy feedback therefore coexisted and interacted in subtle ways not fully explained in the existing literature. These findings are useful to those studying the long-term political viability of climate mitigation policy. They also contribute to the existing literature on policy feedback by analyzing a regulatory policy area in which feedback has been less explored. Finally, for EU scholars, they bring into sharper focus the endogenous influence of existing EU public policies on subsequent politics.

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Stahlavsky, Jan. "The Win-Win Promise of Carbon Trading? : Discursive Analysis of the European Union Emissions Trading System in the Czech Republic." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-146252.

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This thesis is using the idea that climate change is a product of discourses. It puts focus on the knowledge creation of particular climate change governance. This thesis aims to identify the discursive articulations of carbon trading in the Czech EU ETS. Environmental discourses, informed by M. Foucaults governmentality concept, have an impact on how climate change is rendered governable. Discourse analysis of the Czech EU ETS uses governmentality lens to detect fields of visibility, technical aspects, forms of knowledge and formations of identities of the particular environmental discourse to uncover, how the EU ETS is translated into the national level and how does it hold together.

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Sørmo, Aleksander. "The European Union Emissions Trading System : Why has it developed into an inefficient mechanism to lower greenhouse gases?" Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for historie og klassiske fag, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23460.

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Gewecke, Hanne. "It’s Complicated : A quantitative analysis explaining member state compliance with the EU’s 2020 emission target." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-338928.

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The European Union’s climate mitigation is highly dependent on member state compliance with EU climate policy. This paper therefore investigates the effect of different factors on national compliance with the EU’s emission target of a 20 percent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990. This target is further divided into additional ones, covering different sectors: a 21 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to 2005 in the sectors covered by the Emissions Trading System (ETS), and differentiated targets for each member state under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) during the same period. Common operationalizations of compliance in quantitative research are associated with problems since the available data mostly concern policy output. This paper measures compliance in terms of outcome instead, by comparing the emission targets to the actual reductions made by the member states. The results indicate that compliance with the nation-specific targets in the ESD sector is mostly decided by how much a state is required to reduce their emissions. Regarding the ETS target, compliance appears somewhat likelier in member states where a larger share of citizens are members of an environmental organization, and a little more unlikely in states where the industry contributes economically with a larger share of GDP.

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Grosjean, Godefroy [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer, Frank [Gutachter] Jotzo, and Jan [Gutachter] Minx. "Reforming the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) : an institutional perspective / Godefroy Grosjean ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Frank Jotzo, Jan Minx ; Betreuer: Ottmar Edenhofer." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/115627026X/34.

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Arnqvist, Angelica. "The Compatibility of EU State Aid for Environmental Protection with the Polluter Pays Principle : In the Context of the EU Emissions Trading System." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-168924.

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This thesis, examines three research questions concerning the coherence between the European Union (EU) rules about State aid for environmental protection and the “polluter-pays-principle” (PPP) in the context of the free allocation practice in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The aim of the first research question is to study whether the free allocation of emission rights within the EU ETS is compatible with the EU State aid rules. The conclusion to this research question is that the free allocation practice does fulfil the criteria to constitute State aid but that the Commission has permitted derogations against this prohibition, provided certain conditions such as necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. The second research question is whether the free allocation method is compatible with the PPP. The PPP can be divided into an economic dimension and a legal dimension and it is concluded that the free allocation practice is contrary to at least the legal dimension of the PPP. According to the OECD, exceptions from the principle can be made but the EU has not established conditions for when such derogations from the PPP can be made. The third research question concerns the compatibility between the EU State aid rules and the PPP. Generally there is no disharmony between the State aid rules and the PPP, since the PPP should not be seen as a mere prohibition against aid to polluters, but can also be considered a complement to State aid rules. However in the specific case of the free allocation rules in the EU ETS, State aid measures contrary to the PPP are carried out. Since the EU has not established conditions for whether derogations from the PPP can be made, it is concluded that the free allocation practice within the EU ETS does expose a disharmony between the PPP and the State aid rules. It is suggested that the EU clarifies the conditions for permitting derogations from the PPP, in preparation for the fourth phase of the EU ETS.

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Zelená, Vladimíra. "Komparace emisního obchodovacího systému EU a programu kyselého deště v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9233.

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The thesis focuses on comparison of emission trading of the European Union (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) which trades with carbon dioxide allowances and emission trading of the United States of America (Acid Rain Program) which trade with sulphur dioxide allowances. Despite of using same mechanisms and principles, these systems brought diverse results -- mostly because of different implementation of key parameters. The thesis which concerns with both of these systems is trying to find the major reasons of unsuccessful implementation of the European Union trading and the most important reasons leading to successful performance of the U.S. program.

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Книги з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

Borghesi, Simone, Massimiliano Montini, and Alessandra Barreca. The European Emission Trading System and Its Followers. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31186-9.

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Climate change and European emissions trading: Lessons for theory and practice. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008.

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Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Unger, Charlotte. Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003000433.

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Vlachou, Andriana. Political Economy of the European Union's Emissions Trading System. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Vlachou, Andriana. Political Economy of the European Union's Emissions Trading System. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Vlachou, Andriana. Political Economy of the European Union's Emissions Trading System. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Vlachou, Andriana. Political Economy of the European Union's Emissions Trading System. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Unger, Charlotte. Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System: Political Drivers and Barriers. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Unger, Charlotte. Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System: Political Drivers and Barriers. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2022.

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Частини книг з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

Wagner, Marcus. "Links of corporate energy management strategies in Europe with the European Union emissions trading system and environmental management systems." In Emissions Trading, 183–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73653-2_12.

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Marcu, Andrei, and Federico Cecchetti. "The Trading of Carbon." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 439–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_23.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of carbon pricing, with a specific focus on the trading of carbon via emissions trading systems (ETSs). The analysis starts with an overview of the main design options for a cap-and-trade system, presenting the experience of the European Union (EU) ETS as a real-world example of how such systems work. The history of the EU ETS is thoroughly examined, explaining what the main challenges and benefits of the system are, and what lessons can be learnt from the world’s biggest ETS. Using the European experience as a benchmark, other major ETS markets are also analysed, highlighting the potential for interconnection of different systems as well as the prospects for international cooperation mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

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Gutierrez González, Alicia. "The International Influence of the Emissions Trading System in Mexico." In Springer Climate, 91–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_5.

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AbstractThis article aims to give an overview of the international influence of the Emissions Trading System (ETS) in Mexico. It is divided into three parts. First, it briefly examines both the international Climate Change regime through the description of such instruments as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement, and the national regime by reviewing as the 2012 General Law on Climate Change (LGCC), the National Emissions Registry (RENE) and its Regulations, as well as other instruments regarding mitigation from carbon tax and clean energy. Second, it analyzes the legal framework of the pilot phase of the ETS in Mexico (under the cap and trade principle) which seeks to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) only in the energy and industry sectors whose emissions are greater than 100 thousand direct tonnes of CO2. In doing so, it also explains the relevance of implementing an ETS as a cost-effective mitigation measure to achieve the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in order to reduce 22% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (increasing to 36% if there is international support and financing) and 50% by 2050 as a developing country. Third, it focuses on the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) experience and shows that all its phases must be done gradually by adopting the learning-by-doing approach.

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Pérez Henríquez, Blas L. "Key Theoretical, Policy, and Implementation Experience Considerations for the Mexican ETS: Toward an Equitable and Cost-Effective Compliance Phase." In Springer Climate, 3–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_1.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the policy design and theoretical environmental economic principles that underpin the concept of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a policy approach to address climate change. It discusses basic environmental economic principles pertinent to the development of market-based solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and co-pollutants. The chapter serves as the technical basis for the broader discussion that this book as a whole presents on the launch of the pilot phase of the Mexican ETS on January 1, 2020. Understanding international program design experiences, theoretical principles, and implementing best practices is key to ensuring Mexico’s success in the transition from the pilot or learning phase to an operational ETS compliance system. This will ensure Mexico fulfills its national climate policy goals and nationally determined contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in a cost-effective manner, while also providing compliance flexibility to the industrial sectors covered under the program. A well-designed ETS ultimately provides the right incentives for industrial carbon emission reductions to drive cost-effective abatement and clean innovation. Secondly, this chapter presents a more in-depth review of policy developments focusing specifically on key implementation lessons from the two most advanced ETS systems in operation to date: (1) the European Union ETS and (2) California’s cap-and-trade program. In short, this chapter outlines a set of key policy lessons and design parameters to support the transition from the pilot Mexican ETS to an operational compliance phase in a socially just, environmentally sound, and cost-effective manner.

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Hänni, Julia, and Tienmu Ma. "Swiss Climate Change Law." In Swiss Energy Governance, 17–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between Swiss climate change law and the international and European climate change regimes. At the international level, the chapter reviews the three major international agreements regulating the field: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the Paris Agreement. And at the national and regional levels, the chapter briefly describes the CO2 Act—often considered the heart of Swiss climate change policy—and questions whether it will prove effective in achieving its explicitly stated emissions reduction targets. The chapter then reviews the most significant recent innovation in the evolution of Swiss climate change policy: joining the Emissions Trading System (ETS) established by the European Union. Due to long-standing problems afflicting the ETS, the authors raise doubts about whether Switzerland’s joining the scheme will lead to meaningful reductions in the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. As an alternative to an ETS-centric approach, the authors refer to an approach centered on human rights. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the major international climate change agreements, other sources of international law, and the recent Urgenda decision of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, the authors argue that under the human rights approach, Switzerland would be obligated to take stronger measures to reduce emissions than it could hope to achieve through the ETS and the CO2 Act alone.

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Borghesi, Simone, Massimiliano Montini, and Alessandra Barreca. "Linking Emission Trading Schemes." In The European Emission Trading System and Its Followers, 91–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31186-9_4.

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Moens, Gabriël, and John Trone. "The European Union and the World Trading System." In Commercial Law of the European Union, 397–422. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8774-4_13.

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Mißler-Behr, Magdalena, and Sana Mehicic. "Strategy Development and Risk Management in the Context of Emission Rights Trading." In Environmental Protection in the European Union, 93–111. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77614-7_7.

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Borghesi, Simone, Massimiliano Montini, and Alessandra Barreca. "The EU ETS: The Pioneer—Main Purpose, Structure and Features." In The European Emission Trading System and Its Followers, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31186-9_1.

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Borghesi, Simone, Massimiliano Montini, and Alessandra Barreca. "California, RGGI, Quebec: The Followers." In The European Emission Trading System and Its Followers, 29–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31186-9_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "European Union Emission Trading System"

PRANDECKI, Konrad, and Edyta GAJOS. "THE SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES – VALUATION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.255.

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Reducing greenhouse gases emissions is one of the major environmental challenges of the modern world. The European Union (EU) has set itself ambitious reduction targets. Proper monitoring of emissions and its valuation is necessary to achieve this goal. In addition, valuation (in monetary terms) will help to raise awareness of the climate change costs among society. The aim of this article is to present international comparisons within the EU covering the monitoring and valuation of aggregate emissions of selected greenhouse gases in general and in agriculture. The study uses Eurostat data for the years 2007-2015. The evaluation was based on the average annual price of carbon dioxide allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading System. Leipzig stock market data were used to determine the price. The study compares the total greenhouse gas emissions and its value in different EU countries. These results show that the largest emitters in the EU are Germany, United Kingdom, France. A comparison of per capita and per GDP emissions results in an almost reversal of this order. The share of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions was 11% in 2015 and ranged between countries from 3% (Malta) do 32% (Ireland). The results show also that the decline in value is greater than the decrease in emissions. This is due to the dramatic change in the price of allowances. The decrease in quantity of agricultural emission was 0,5%, whilst the decrease in value was 55,5% between years 2008 and 2015.

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Gambini, Marco, and Michela Vellini. "The Kyoto Protocol: Some Considerations About Its Applications in Italy." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22026.

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Climate change is a very important environmental, social and economic global problem. During the last century, the Earth’s average surface temperature rose by around 0.6°C. Evidence is getting stronger that most of the global warming that has occurred over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities that contribute to climate change include the burning of fossil fuels because it causes emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main gas responsible for climate change. In order to bring climate change to a halt, global greenhouse gas emissions would have to be reduced significantly. The European Union (EU) is engaged in international efforts to combat climate change. The EU is also taking serious steps to address its own greenhouse gas emissions. In March 2000 the Commission launched the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP). The ECCP led to the adoption of a range of new policies and measures, among which the EU’s emissions trading scheme, which started its operation on 1 January 2005, will play a key role. In this paper, we want to shortly explain the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, paying particular attention to the Emission Trading. We want to illustrate the European directive and the consequent Italian one: we will explain the Italian implementing norms that have been emitted for the period 2005–2007 and 2008–2012. Limiting then the analysis to the sector of electricity production, we want to show some examples of Italian power plants: we will illustrate them and we will estimate their CO2 emissions (according to a typical annual operation). The emission levels will be compared with CO2 quotas assigned in the period 2008–2012: these results will be commented in terms of the unavoidable economic implications that such allocation will involve. The CO2 quotas, assigned to Italy already for the period 2005–2007, involve a large control of these emissions: such situation will be reflected unavoidably on the increase of the kWh cost (it is already particularly high in comparison with the European average because of the particular energetic mix on which our electricity production is based): these effects could be particularly heavy for the competitiveness of our production system and for the modernization and the widening of our power plant park.

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Накрыжская, В. А. "Some legal aspects of European Program “Green Deal”." In XXIII Международная научная конференция «Цивилизация знаний: российские реалии» «Цивилизационные задачи современного правоведения: наука, образование, практика» (стратегическая панель). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cz22.2022.18.28.001.

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Европейская зеленая сделка является амбициозным пакетом мер правового, политического и экономического характера, направленных на достижение климатической нейтральности Европейским союзом (ЕС) к 2050 году. В статье анализируются некоторые правовые аспекты регулирования в таких сферах европейской экономики, как промышленность, сельское хозяйство, энергетика, инвестиции и других, которое радикально изменилось с 2019 года, в том числе в связи с опубликованием пакета инициатив Комиссии ЕС «Fit for 55» в 2021 году. Не все инициативы носят однозначно положительный характер: например, автор критически рассматривает предложенный механизм трансграничного углеродного регулирования и его связь с системой торговли квотами на выбросы ЕС в текущем виде, а также перспективы самой зеленой сделки. The European Green Deal is an ambitious package of legal, political and economic measures aimed at achieving climate neutrality of the European Union (EU) by 2050. The article analyzes some legal aspects of the regulation in such areas of the European economy as industry, agriculture, energy, investment and others, which has dramatically changed since 2019, especially due to publication of the EU Commission's "Fit for 55" package in 2021. Not all the initiatives are completely positive: for example, author discusses the proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism and its connection to the EU emissions trading system in its current form, as well as perspectives of the Green Deal.

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Tola, Vittorio, and Matthias Finkenrath. "Low Temperature Heat Recovery Through Integration of Organic Rankine Cycle and CO2 Removal Systems in a NGCC." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20324.

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Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants utilizing fossil fuels is expected to become substantially more important in the near- to medium-term due to increasing costs associated to national and international greenhouse gas regulations, such as the Kyoto protocol and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. However, since net efficiency penalties caused by capturing CO2 emissions from power plants are significant, measures to reduce or recover efficiency losses are of substantial interest. For a state-of-the-art 400 MW natural gas-fueled combined cycle (NGCC) power plant, post-combustion CO2 removal based on chemical solvents like amines is expected to reduce the net plant efficiency in the order of 9–12 percentage points at 90% overall CO2 capture. A first step that has been proposed earlier to improve the capture efficiency and reduce capture equipment costs for NGCC is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). An alternative or complementary approach to increase the overall plant efficiency could be the recovery of available low temperature heat from the solvent-based CO2 removal systems and related process equipment. Low temperature heat is available in substantial quantities in flue gas coolers that are required upstream of the CO2 capture unit, and that are used for exhaust gas recirculation, if applied. Typical temperature levels are in the order of 80°C or up to 100 °C on the hot end. Additional low-grade heat sources are the amine condenser which operates at around 100–130 °C and the amine reboiler water cooling that could reach temperatures of up to 130–140°C. The thermal energy of these various sources could be utilized in a variety of low-temperature heat recovery systems. This paper evaluates heat recovery by means of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) that — in contrast to traditional steam Rankine cycles — is able to convert heat into electricity efficiently even at comparably low temperatures. By producing additional electrical power in the heat recovery system, the global performance of the power plant can be further improved. This study indicates a theoretical entitlement of up to additional 1–1.5 percentage points in efficiency that could be gained by integrating ORC technology with a post-combustion capture system for natural gas combined cycles. The analysis is based on fundamental thermodynamic analyses and does not include an engineering- or component-level design and feasibility analysis. Different ORC configurations have been considered for thermal energy recovery at varying temperature levels from the above-mentioned sources. The study focuses on simultaneous low-grade heat recovery in a single ORC loop. Heat recovery options that are discussed include in series, in parallel or cascaded arrangements of heat exchangers. Different organic operating fluids, including carbon dioxide, R245fa, and N-butane were considered for the analysis. The ORC performance was evaluated for the most promising organic working fluid by a parametric study. Optimum cycle operating temperatures and pressures were identified in order to evaluate the most efficient approach for low temperature heat recovery.

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Wang, Yu, Zhijian Huan, and Jing Mao. "Study on price discovery of European Union carbon-emission rights trading market and enlightenment." In 2013 International Conference on Manufacture Engineering and Environment Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meee131262.

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Traber, Thure. "Impact of market power on price effects of the German feed-in tariff under the European emission trading system." In 2008 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market (EEM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2008.4579050.

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Međurečan, Luka, and Matija Sikirić. "CAFE regulations and the overview of the passenger car market within the European Union." In Public Transport & Smart Mobility. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptsm.2020.8.

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Vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) currently represent the most prevalent form of road transport. Although level of emission per vehicle have drastically decreased, their emissions have significant impacts on the environment and health. The emergence of vehicles powered by more environmentally friendly systems has resulted in a change in perceptions, as they result in a reduction in pollution and other negative impacts of the transport system. It is for this reason that the goal has been set, to reduce the market for vehicles with only internal combustion and focus on encouraging the purchase of more sustainable options. The aim of this paper is to review the regulations in the field of passenger car markets in the European Union, and to establish historical trends, as well as to identify goals for future market development.

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Yuan, Wanli, Tiande Mo, Yu Li, Baomin Duan, and Wei Zhong. "ptimization Design of Large-displacement Motorcycle Emission Testing Procedures." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-014.

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Economic and/or practical points to be addressed The large-displacement motorcycles, which engine displacements above 600cc, usually have good acceleration, strong power and large heat dissipation. Due to strict emission requirements leads by the new China IV emission standards that give rise to various problems during tests cycles, and the existing testing facilities and conditions cannot fully meet the testing requirements for such motorcycles. Therefore, the test cycle for the emission of pollutants from large-displacement motorcycles needs to be optimized to further ensure the detection accuracy and better provide accurate data support for large-displacement motorcycles. Methodology China is currently implementing the China IV emission standards (GB 14622-2016, GB 18176-2016) for motorcycles. Compared with European Union IV emission standards, the most important feature is the durability assessment for actual pollution control devices. This paper makes a detailed comparative analysis for the limitation and detection method of the Type I test, Type II test, Type III test, Type IV test, Type V test and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system test for the large-displacement motorcycles, and designed an optimized emission testing technology for large-displacement motorcycle emission test procedures. Main scientific and technical Through the analysis for a large number of test results of large-displacement motorcycles, it is considered that they are similar to other types of motorcycles in single emission test procedures for type II test, type III test, type IV test, and OBD system test. However, special features are found in Type I test and Type-V test because of differences in displacement, acceleration and heat dissipation in large-displacement motorcycles. In consequence, it is necessary to optimize the testing technology to provide improvement in emission detection method to ensure the data accuracy. It is believed that the following factors will have an impact on the emission results and shall be strictly controlled and improved: 1. Impact from the fuel; 2. Impact from the driving behavior; 3. Impact from the testing equipment and the ambient environment during the test; 4. Impact from the vehicle maintenance during the test. Through a large number of motorcycle tests, it has been fully verified that the above four factors have significant impacts on the emission results. The research and verification carried out on the emission test of large-displacement motorcycles can determine how to optimize these four factors to ensure the data accuracy for the emission test of large-displacement motorcycles. Achieved results Several factors that impact the large-displacement motorcycles emission test have been fully verified, indicating that the test procedures need to be precisely optimized that suggesting for testing procedures are summarized and given in the following four factors, thereby reducing emission detection errors and ensuring the test accuracy. 1. Standardized training method for the driver 2. Environmental condition control method 3. Environmental background gas concentration control method 4. Fuel control method and requirements

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Savic Radovanovic, Radoslava, Aleksandra Aleksic-Agelidis, and Jelena Aleksic Radojkovic. "ZAKONSKI PROPISI U ORGANSKOJ PROIZVODNJI-NACIONALNA I EU REGULATIVA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.459sr.

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Organic production in the Republic of Serbia is controlled production, officially regulated by the Law on Organic Production ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 30/10, 17/2019) that provided the legal basis for the adoption of regulations - Rulebook on control and certification in organic production and methods of organic production ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 095/2020) and the Rulebook on documentation submitting for certificate issuance by the authorized organization and organic products trading requirements ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 88/16). The Law on Organic Production regulates the production of agricultural and other products, goals, principles and methods of organic production and control, certification, processing, labeling, storage, transport, trade, import and export of organic products as well as other issues of importance for organic production. The provisions of the Act are applied to products originating from all stages of organic production - plant and livestock, including aquaculture products for market. Organic products are not considered to be products obtained by hunting and fishery. The system of organic products control in the Republic of Serbia was established in accordance to the European Union regulations- Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 886/2008). On January 2021, these regulations will expire. The new Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on organic production and labeling of organic products (Regulation (EU) 2018/848) will enter into force in order to respond to growing consumers demands and expectations.

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