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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Korczewski, Zbigniew. "Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurements in Diagnostics of Turbocharged Marine Internal Combustion Engines Part I Standard Measurements." Polish Maritime Research 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2015-0007.

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Abstract The article discusses the problem of diagnostic informativeness of exhaust gas temperature measurements in turbocharged marine internal combustion engines. Theoretical principles of the process of exhaust gas flow in turbocharger inlet channels are analysed in its dynamic and energetic aspects. Diagnostic parameters are defined which enable to formulate general evaluation of technical condition of the engine based on standard online measurements of the exhaust gas temperature. A proposal is made to extend the parametric methods of diagnosing workspaces in turbocharged marine engines by analysing time-histories of enthalpy changes of the exhaust gas flowing to the turbocompressor turbine. Such a time-history can be worked out based on dynamic measurements of the exhaust gas temperature, performed using a specially designed sheathed thermocouple. The first part of the article discusses possibilities to perform diagnostic inference about technical condition of a marine engine with pulse turbocharging system based on standard measurements of exhaust gas temperature in characteristic control cross-sections of its thermal and flow system. Selected metrological issues of online exhaust gas temperature measurements in those engines are discusses in detail, with special attention being focused on the observed disturbances and thermodynamic interpretation of the recorded measuring signal. Diagnostic informativeness of the exhaust gas temperature measurements performed in steady-state conditions of engine operation is analysed in the context of possible evaluations of technical condition of the engine workspaces, the injection system, and the fuel delivery process.

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Korczewski, Zbigniew. "Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurements in Diagnostics of Turbocharged Marine Internal Combustion Engines Part II Dynamic Measurements." Polish Maritime Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2016-0010.

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Abstract The second part of the article describes the technology of marine engine diagnostics making use of dynamic measurements of the exhaust gas temperature. Little-known achievements of Prof. S. Rutkowski of the Naval College in Gdynia (now: Polish Naval Academy) in this area are presented. A novel approach is proposed which consists in the use of the measured exhaust gas temperature dynamics for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the enthalpy flux of successive pressure pulses of the exhaust gas supplying the marine engine turbocompressor. General design assumptions are presented for the measuring and diagnostic system which makes use of a sheathed thermocouple installed in the engine exhaust gas manifold. The corrected thermal inertia of the thermocouple enables to reproduce a real time-history of exhaust gas temperature changes.

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Korczewski, Zbigniew. "Exhaust gas temperature measurements in diagnostic examination of naval gas turbine engines." Polish Maritime Research 18, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-011-0026-7.

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Exhaust gas temperature measurements in diagnostic examination of naval gas turbine engines The third part of the article presents a method for detecting failures of the automatic engine control system with the aid of an exhaust gas temperature setter, specially designed and machined for this purpose. It also presents a procedure of identifying the operating tolerances and determining the diagnostic tolerances for the exhaust gas temperature recorded in the naval turbine engine during the start-up and acceleration processes. The diagnostic tolerances were determined using the statistic inference, based on the hypothesis about the normal distribution of the starting exhaust gas temperature dispersion at the initial time of engine operation. The above hypothesis was verified using the non-parametric statistic test χ2 for examining the consistency of the empirical distribution with the assumed normal distribution. As a result of the examination, satisfactory convergence of the compared distributions was obtained which made the basis for assuming the three-sigma limits of the diagnostic tolerance for the analysed engine control parameter.

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Winnes, Hulda, Erik Fridell, and Jana Moldanová. "Effects of Marine Exhaust Gas Scrubbers on Gas and Particle Emissions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040299.

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There is an increase in installations of exhaust gas scrubbers on ships following international regulations on sulphur content in marine fuel from 2020. We have conducted emission measurements on a four-stroke marine engine using low sulphur fuel oil (LSFO) and heavy fuel oil (HFO) at different steady state engine loads. For the HFO the exhaust was probed upstream and downstream of an exhaust gas scrubber. While sulphur dioxide was removed with high efficiency in the scrubber, the measurements of particle emissions indicate lower emissions at the use of LSFO than downstream of the scrubber. The scrubber removes between 32% and 43% of the particle mass from the exhaust at the HFO tests upstream and downstream of the scrubber, but levels equivalent to those in LSFO exhaust are not reached. Decreases in the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH-16) and particulate matter as black carbon, organic carbon and elemental carbon, over the scrubber were observed for a majority of the trials, although emissions at LSFO use were consistently lower at comparable engine power.

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Damm, Christopher J., Donald Lucas, Robert F. Sawyer, and Catherine P. Koshland. "Real-Time Measurement of Combustion Generated Particles with Photofragmentation-Fluorescence." Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 11 (November 2001): 1478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702011953892.

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Excimer laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) is a viable technique for real-time monitoring of carbonaceous particles in combustion exhausts. The exhaust from a single-cylinder two-stroke engine is diluted and diverted into the laser interrogation region, resulting in a particle concentration of approximately 1 × 107/cm3. Light from a 193 nm ArF laser photofragments the particles and then produces fluorescence from the atomic carbon fragments at 248 nm, CH fragments at 431 nm, and C2 fragments at 468 nm. The atomic carbon fluorescence signal is proportional to the number concentration of particles in the laser interrogation region. The 100-shot (1 s) detection limit for particles in the exhaust is 1 mg/m3, expressed as a mass concentration of particulate matter. Interferences from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are negligible. The relative fluorescence yield at 248 nm is four times greater from particles than from the gas phase hydrocarbons present in the exhaust. This high yield suggests that the gas phase hydrocarbon interference would not be problematic for measurements of diesel exhaust, where the ratio of particulate carbon to gas phase hydrocarbon is high.

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PUZDROWSKA, Patrycja. "Identification of damages in the inlet air duct of a diesel engine based on exhaust gas temperature measurements." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-219.

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The temperature of the exhaust gas of a diesel piston engine, measured in the characteristic control sections of its thermo-flow system, can be a valuable source of diagnostic information about the technical condition of the elements limiting the working spaces thus separated, including the turbocharging system, but also its fuel supply system and replacement of the medium. In standard marine engine measurement systems equipped with an impulse turbocharging system, the exhaust gas temperature is measured at the outlet of individual cylinders and before and after the turbocharger turbine, using traditional thermocouples with high measurement inertia (time constant of tenths of a second and more). This means that for further diagnostic analyses, the average value of the periodically changing temperature of the exhaust stream leaving individual engine cylinders, the exhaust stream in the collective duct feeding the turbine and the exhaust stream in the exhaust duct of the turbine is used. This article proposes a new approach to the issue of diagnostic informationiveness of the exhaust gas temperature of a diesel engine, extending its observations with the dynamics of changes in the duration of one working cycle. The aim of the tests carried out on the laboratory stand of Farymann Diesel engine type D10 was to determine the diagnostic relations between the loss of permeability of the inlet air channel filter baffle and selected standards of the quick-changing signal of the exhaust gas temperature. On the basis of the calculations carried out, the following dynamic features of the recorded signal were determined: maximum amplitude of instantaneous exhaust gas temperature values (peak-to-peak value), its rate of increase and decrease, and the specific enthalpy of exhaust gases within one engine work cycle. Comparative analysis of numerical data characterizing the recorded quick-changing exhaust gas temperature courses clearly indicates obvious thermodynamic and energy consequences of partial loss of flow capacity of the air channel supplying the combustion chamber of the test engine. A further development of the experimental test programme is foreseen in order to determine a diagnostic matrix to support the diagnostic inference about the technical condition of the diesel engine on the basis of measurements and analysis of the quick-changing exhaust gas temperature.

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Kang, Il-seok, and Sung-mo Yang. "The Effect of Back Pressure Change on Exhaust Emissions According to the Confluence Geometry of a Dual Exhaust System in Idling." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041855.

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In this study, a pressure transducer was installed in an exhaust system to analyze the effect of the change in back pressure according to the change of the confluence geometry of an exhaust pipe system on an exhaust emission. In addition, to perform exhaust gas measurement, the system was warmed up for about 40 s on the chassis dynamometer, and exhaust gas and back pressure measurements were performed simultaneously. In the back pressure measurement results, it was possible to confirm the difference in back pressure according to the change in the confluence shape. In addition, it was also confirmed that there was a clear difference in the exhaust emission measurement result. In particular, the H-type exhaust pipe system showed the highest pressure in the exhaust pipe due to the influence of the confluence geometry. Due to this influence, THC showed the highest measured value in the exhaust emission result. However, the X-type exhaust pipe system showed the lowest pressure due to the influence of the confluence geometry. Due to this influence, the THC showed the lowest measured value in the exhaust emission result. Therefore, through the conclusion of this study, an optimal exhaust system to reduce THC was proposed, and the importance of back pressure in exhaust system design was confirmed.

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SUZAKI, Kotaro, Hiroyuki YAMADA, Yuichi GOTO, Kentaro MISAWA, Jun MATSUMOTO, Yohei YAMATO, Shunichi ISHIUCHI, et al. "EM2-2: Time-Resolved Measurements of Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Exhaust Gas Using Resonance Enhanced Multi-Photon Ionization Method(EM: Exhaust Emission Control and Measurement,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.725.

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Dutz, Franz J., Sven Boje, Ulrich Orth, Alexander W. Koch, and Johannes Roths. "High-Temperature Profile Monitoring in Gas Turbine Exhaust-Gas Diffusors with Six-Point Fiber-Optic Sensor Array." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 5, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp5040025.

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In this paper, the deployment of a newly developed, multipoint, fiber-optic temperature-sensor system for temperature distribution measurements in a 6 MW gas turbine is demonstrated. The optical sensor fiber was integrated in a stainless steel protection cable with a 1.6 mm outside diameter. It included six measurement points, distributed over a length of 110 mm. The sensor cable was mounted in a temperature probe and was positioned radially in the exhaust-gas diffusor of the turbine. With this temperature probe, the radial temperature profiles in the exhaust-gas diffusor were measured with high spatial and temporal resolution. During a test run of the turbine, characteristic temperature gradients were observed when the machine operated at different loads.

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Neff, Helmut, Elmar Uwe Kurt Melcher, Joseana Macêdo Fechine Régis de Araújo, Sergio de Brito Espinola, Adalberto Gomes Teixeira Júnior, Samir Trajano Feitosa, Gustavo de Brito Espinola, and Sergio Vinícius da Costa Cândido. "Remote Gas Emission Flux Sensing in a Thermal Power Plant Using Shadow Image Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.638.

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Total flue gas emission is a crucial quantity for control of environmental impact in thermal power plants. Direct gas flow measurements by Pitot tubes and other sensors are hampered by the very high temperature at the exhaust, high content of carbon soot and frequently turbulent flow conditions, which cause a non-parabolic flow profile across the exhaust cross section. We are developing an optical imaging method for gas flux measurements, using shadow video imaging of the dynamic hot gas emission profile at the power plant exhaust. All, high exhaust gas temperature, pressure increase and carbon soot content cause small variations of the refractive index. This deflects a considerable amount direct sunlight under inclined solar illumination conditions (at approx 38 deg inclination angle), and results in a rather sharp contrast and clear shadow image of the gas flow above the exhaust. This feature is not observable in direct transmission imaging. The distant flow shadow image pattern, as seen on the plant floor, is video monitored over a short time period and the dynamic image evolution digitally processed and analyzed. The presented method is similar to the well known optical so-called Schlieren imaging technique. Initial video processing algorithms and results are presented that provide the flue gas flow velocity directly at the exhaust exit, being close to the expected values, obtained from power plant process parameters.

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Дисертації з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Parri, Lorenzo. "Ion current and exhaust gas composition measurements for combustion monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1143828.

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The efficiency of combustion processes is assuming nowadays a huge importance, since the energy production, many industrial processes, as well as building heating systems are still mainly based on the combustion of hydrocarbons. The performance of the combustion process depends on many factors and it is a crucial point for the reliability and the efficiency of a plant or a thermal machine that exploits combustion as a primary source of energy. Moreover, the constant increasing of carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere makes more and more important reducing the emission of this gas as well as the other pollutant/toxic chemical compounds that are produced during combustion. An optimized combustion process allows reducing dramatically the production of chemical compounds like carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxides, and also to releasing in the atmosphere the minimum amount of carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced. There are many studies related to the optimization of the internal combustion of the engines, especially for automotive applications, whereas the literature is less exhaustive for burner combustion optimization. The focus of this work is the study and the development of measurement systems allowing to get information about the combustion characteristics in gas turbines, with the aim of providing tools for monitoring/controlling the combustion parameters and keeping the combustion efficiency as high as possible over time. This activity has been developed in collaboration with Beker Huges (Nuovo Pignone Tecnologie - Florence), one of the world leaders in the design and development of gas turbines. Two different sources of information on the state of the combustion process have been considered in this thesis, namely the density of ions produced by the flame in the combustion chamber and the composition of the exhaust gases. The measurement of the ionic density due to the flame has been used since several years, particularly in the automotive sector, to obtain information about the combustion process: from the postprocessing of the signal obtained using ionization sensors (or ionic current sensors), it is possible to determine, for example, the onset of the combustion, the air–fuel ratio (and therefore the pollutant concentration at the exhaust), as well as to get information about the flame stability and the occurrence of periodic pressure variations in the combustion chamber. On this basis, even if the relationship between combustion parameters and flame induced ion density is highly dependent on the type of fuel, there is room to exploit the information of the ion sensors also with gas turbines, to optimize the operation of the combustor (e.g. reducing instability) and to monitor the polluting emissions. Ion or ionization sensors, which are usually used to measure the ion density in a burning gas, are essentially conductive electrodes capable of generating signals for either the charge transferred to/from the ionized gas and/or the charge induced on the electrodes themselves. The challenging issue concerns the choice of the materials for the sensor (electrodes and electrical insulators) which, being placed in the combustion chamber, must operate in extreme conditions, i.e., for example, in presence of very high temperatures. On the other hand, the conditioning front-end electronics for this kind of sensors is not critical. As far as the measurement of the concentration of toxic/pollutant compounds in exhaust gases is concerned, the most relevant compounds to be considered are carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Monitoring CO and NOx in the exhaust gases is important not only from the point of view of environmental pollution, but also because their concentrations are useful and reliable indicators about the combustion efficiency. The drawback is that, due to the measurement procedure, they cannot be used for a timely feedback control of the combustion process, the reason is that the exhaust gases must be sampled from the chimney and pumped to the measurement instrument (gas analyser), and this procedure introduces a significant delay between the instant in which the gases are produced by the combustion and the time at which they are analysed. From the standpoint of the measurement instruments, exhaust gas analysers with different accuracies and costs (which are usually relevant) are available on the market. These devices can be portable or fixed and can exploit different measurement principles. Besides cost, an issue of these devices is that accurate gas sensors need frequent calibration exploiting reference gas tanks, which can be a problem in specific industrial plants such as power generation or oil and gas plants. The possibility to use a more flexible gas analyser, with a better trade-off among cost, measurement accuracy, the calibration intervals and robustness, is a deeply felt need in the oil & gas sector, considering also that these instruments are required to operate in environments that can be severely harsh, especially in terms of temperature and humidity. In this thesis, the developed and tested, in laboratory and in actual real test rigs of two measurement instruments, one for ion current measurements and one for exhaust gas composition measurement is discussed. For the first instrument, a theoretical model of the ion sensor used was also developed, which significantly helped in interpreting the experimental data.

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Arter, Micah. "The effects of diesel fuel density on fuel consumption measurements of portable in-use emissions measurement systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5509.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 91 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).

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Johansson, Anton, and Martin Drangel. "Measurements and Modelling for Heat Transfer Corrected Exhaust Gas Temperatures in a Gasoline Engine." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157637.

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This thesis is treating the modelling of a thermocouple (tc) to compensate forheat transfers due to convection, radiation and conduction when performingtemperature measurements in an SI-engine. An experiment plan was developedwhich covered experiments in an stc-rig and on a 4-cylinder SI-engine. The measurementsin the stc-rig was mainly to develop the model, while the measurementsin the engine lab was mainly to examine the characteristics of the engineand evaluate the modelled tc.Measurements with an exposed thin tip tc in the stc-rig showed a symmetricaltemperature profile in the pipe. By examining how the 1.5 mm tc behaved inthis environment with known gas temperature profile, the obtained knowledgecould be applied to cross-sectional measurements in the SI-engine. It was foundthat the temperature profile in the engine deviated from the temperature profilemeasured in the stc-rig. The temperature was higher near the top of the pipethan in the center and lower part. In the horizontal direction, the temperaturewas found to be constant.Conclusions drawn from measurements in the engine lab points to that the crosssectionaltemperature and mass flow profiles have a strong connection with theengine’s operation point. The cross-sectional profiles, along with respective profileover time, is crucial when estimating the energy content of an exhaust gaspulse.The inverted sensor model with optimized parameters could estimate the meanvalue of the measured gas temperature during stationary runs within 6 degC.

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Catalan, Ros Leyre. "Analysis of human exposure at local exhaust ventilation by means of 3D air velocity measurements, tracer gas tests and controlled turbulence environment." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19713.

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Local exhaust (LE) ventilation is a ventilation technique where contaminated air is locally extracted close to the contaminant source usually with the purpose to reduce the exposure of workers to dust, fumes or vapour, which can be hazardous to their health. The performance of a LE installation depends however on many influential factors, and there is not yet an international standardized way to test LE constructions. The present study is the natural continuation of some previous studies at the University of Gävle that aimed at contributing to the establishment of such tests. The study entails full scale experimental measurements that include 3-D air velocity measurements and tracer gas tests in a controlled air turbulence environment generated through physical movements of a vertical, human-sized cylinder. These measurements were focused on human exposure, which was analysed by means of a seated human simulator for different configurations in which the exhaust flow rate, turbulence level, the exhaust hood arrangement and the measuring/injecting distance varied. The use of a sonic 3-D anemometer, that yielded both magnitude and direction of the air movement, proved very useful in analysing the generated air turbulence. As a measure of the LE performance, PNV value (Percentage of Negative Velocities) was used. This measure represents the percentage of time when the air flow at the measuring point in front of the exhaust hood is directed away from the nozzle, i.e. when the velocity component in the direction towards the exhaust hood opening is negative. Regarding the results obtained, in an otherwise undisturbed environment, measurement data showed that the natural convection from the human simulator sitting in front of the LE introduces some disturbances of the air flow in the suction region, proportional to the exhaust flow rate. However, when additional turbulence was generated through the controlled movements of the human-sized cylinder, thus creating a controlled turbulence setting, natural human convection leaded to a lower percentage of negative velocities (PNV) in comparison with the case in which human simulator was not present, especially for low exhaust air flow rates and when the exhaust hood was raised from the table. The tracer gas tests implied injection of a neutrally buoyant tracer gas through a perforated sphere placed in front of the exhaust hood. The amount of tracer gas that escaped from the suction flow was measured both in the room air and in the breathing zone. The first measurements yielded a sensitive method for measuring the capture efficiency (CE) of the exhaust hood. The CE is the percentage of injected tracer gas that is directly captured by the exhaust hood. This parameter showed that although the convection flow generated by the human simulator leads to low PNV values, it seems that the tracer gas is not actually being captured, but trapped in that convection flow. As a consequence, PNV and CE get a strong correlation, which is even more intense when injection and capture point are closer together. Hence, PNV represents a good alternative to tracer gas measurements only if the relationship between the correlation of PNV and CE with respect to the distance from the injection to the capture point is known. Finally, measurements of tracer gas in the breathing zone showed random, short and high exposures when turbulence was generated and those exposures got worse by natural human convection.

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Palaghita, Tudor I. "Combustor Exhaust Temperature Nonuniformity Sensing Using Diode Laser Absorption." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14574.

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This thesis describes the development of a sensing technique for temperature nonuniformity along the line of sight through combustion exhaust, geared for gas turbine applications. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy is used to measure three absorption lines and compute a variable to characterize the level of temperature nonuniformity along the laser path. Nonuniformity information is obtained from one line of sight sensor because the absorption has a nonlinear dependence on temperature. This dependence is analyzed to determine the behaviour, shape, and response of absorption lines measured through mediums with nonuniform temperature profiles. Based on this analysis a new line selection process for nonuniformity sensing is developed. A sensor for temperature nonuniformity is proposed and demonstrated through computer simulations and experiments in the exhaust of a laboratory-scale combustor. The nonuniformity variable, U, is shown to monotonically track the level of temperature nonuniformity along the laser path. The capabilities of this sensing technique are determined based on a comprehensive analysis of errors and their effect on sensor performance. Methods to mitigate these errors are described, and the overall sensor capability is determined based on the characteristics of state of the art diode laser and absorption sensor technology. Such a sensor is capable of measuring minimum temperature deviations of 17% or more, which is well within the needed capabilities for industrial applications. Furthermore, the results and knowledge presented in this thesis apply to other absorption based sensing techniques.

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Suarez-Bertoa, Ricardo, Michael Clairotte, Bertold Arlitt, Shigeru Nakatani, Leslie Hill, Klaus Winkler, Charlotte Kaarsberg, et al. "Intercomparison of ethanol, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde measurements from a flex-fuel vehicle exhaust during the WLTC." Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73222.

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An intercomparison exercise of the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) aiming at measuring ethanol, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions from a flex-fuel light-duty vehicle using E85 was conducted in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory (VELA) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC), Ispra, Italy. The instruments used during the intercomparison allowed online measurements of these compounds directly from the diluted exhaust. Measurements were done either in real time or immediately after the test. The measurement and analysis of exhaust emissions over the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle was done by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-Qi-ToF-MS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and gas chromatography (GC). Results showed that online systems can perform measurements from the vehicle diluted exhaust assuring a good repeatability (within instrument variance) and reproducibility (between instrument variance) of the results. Measurements from all the instruments were in good agreement (|Z-score| < 2). Results showed that online systems can perform measurements from the vehicle diluted exhaust assuring the reproducibility and repeatability of the results. Results obtained measuring at the tailpipe using a FTIR were in good agreement with those acquired measuring at the constant volume sampler (CVS). Considering the low sensitivity of the current technique used to measure hydrocarbons emissions towards oxygenated compounds (flame ionization detector; FID), non-methane organic gases (NMOG) were calculated applying their FID response factors to the measured emissions of ethanol, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. NMOG resulted to be up to 74% higher than measured non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC).

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BEAMER, BRYAN ROBERT. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR EVALUATION OF LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION FOR MAIL-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1089901302.

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Fuller, Andrew D. "A flow rate measurement system for a mobile emissions measurement system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1903.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 111 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).

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Tiwari, Aseem. "Design, development and qualification of Compact Mobile Emissions Measurement System (CMEMS) for real-time on-board emissions measurement." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4944.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 125 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-125).

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Riddle, Wesley C. "Design and evaluation of the emissions measurement components for a heavy-duty diesel powered vehicle mobile emissions measurement system (MEMS)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1939.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 167 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-130).

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Книги з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1995 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Global emission experiences: Processes, measurements, and substrates. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995.

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Grosjean, Daniel. Measurements of vehicle emissions of speciated carbonyls and carboxylic acids in highway tunnels. Alpharetta, GA: Coordinating Research Council, 2001.

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Laser diagnostics and optical measurement techniques in internal combustion engines. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2012.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2006 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Diesel exhaust. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

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Klingenberg, Horst. Automobile exhaust emission testing: Measurement of regulated and unregulatd exhaust gas components, exhaust emission tests. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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Klingenberg, Horst. Automobile Exhaust Emission Testing: Measurement of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components, Exhaust Emission Tests. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2005 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Diesel exhaust emission control modeling. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2007 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Diesel exhaust, emission control, 2007. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2007.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1996 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Engine emissions and emissions measurement. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2007 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Diesel exhaust emission control modeling, 2007. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Wülbern, Kai, and Roman Windpassinger. "On-line Measurements of Exhaust Gas with an FT-IR-Spectrometer." In Progress in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, 567–69. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6840-0_141.

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Klingenberg, Horst. "Measurement of Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components and Diesel Exhaust Gas Particles." In Automobile Exhaust Emission Testing, 220–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80243-0_7.

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Palocz-Andresen, Michael. "Fuel System and Fuel Measurement." In Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation, 59–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11976-7_4.

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Matuszewska, Aniela, and Maria Czaja. "The Use of Synchronous Fluorescence Technique in Environmental Investigations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airborne Particulate Matter from an Industrial Region in Poland." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92402.

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The applicability of the fluorescence techniques to identify the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples is presented. The technique of synchronous fluorescence enabled the identification of the PAHs series containing 2–6 condensed rings in urban airborne particulate matter from Upper Silesia industrial region in Poland. The results obtained by synchronous and conventional fluorescence measurements have been confirmed by those from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As the air sample was taken in summer season, the main source of pollution by PAHs component seems to be transport – the exhaust gases from motor vehicles.

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Chang, Kuo-Chi, Kai-Chun Chu, Hsiao-Chuan Wang, Yuh-Chung Lin, Tsui-Lien Hsu, and Yu-Wen Zhou. "Study on IoT and Big Data Analysis of 12” 7 nm Advanced Furnace Process Exhaust Gas Leakage." In Linked Open Data - Applications, Trends and Future Developments. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92849.

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Modern FAB uses a large number of high-energy processes, including plasma, CVD, and ion implantation. Furnaces are one of the important tools for semiconductor manufacturing. According to the requirements of conversion production management, FAB installed a set of IoT-based research based on 12″ 7 nm-level furnaces chip process. Two furnace processing tool measurement points were set up in a 12-inch 7 nm-level factory in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan, this is a 24-hour continuous monitoring system, the data obtained every second is sequentially send and stored in the cloud system. This study will be set in the cloud database for big data analysis and decision-making. The lower limit of TEOS, C2H4, CO is 0.4, 1.5, 1 ppm. Semiconductor process, so that IoT integration and big data operations can be performed in all processes, this is an important step to promote FAB intelligent production, and also an important contribution to this research.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Frey, Rdiger, Holger Nagel, Jochen Franzen, Hugo Betzold, Walter Ulke, and Boesl Ulrich. "Fast Multicomponent Exhaust Gas Analyzer for Dynamic Exhaust Measurements." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/940826.

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Otero, Raul, Kevin T. Lowe, Wing Ng, Lin Ma, and Chuyoung Kim. "Non-Intrusive Measurement of Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Characteristics using Acoustic Measurements." In 32nd AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-4160.

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Vassiliev, V., S. Irmisch, and S. Florjancic. "CFD Analysis of Industrial Gas Turbine Exhaust Diffusers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30597.

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The key aspects for the reliable CFD modelling of exhaust diffusers are addressed in this paper. In order to identify adequate turbulence models a number of 2D diffuser configurations have been simulated using different turbulence models and results have been compared with measurements. An automated procedure for a time- and resource-efficient and accurate prediction of complex diffuser configuration is presented. The adequate definitions of boundary conditions for the diffuser simulation using this procedure are discussed. In the second part of this paper, the CFD procedure is being applied to investigate the role of secondary flow on axial diffusers. Prediction results are discussed and compared with available measurement data.

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DeSilva, Upul, Richard H. Bunce, and Heiko Claussen. "Novel Gas Turbine Exhaust Temperature Measurement System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95152.

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Siemens Energy, Inc. has been investigating the potential of a new approach to measuring the process gas temperature leaving the turbine of their heavy industrial gas turbine engines using an acoustic pyrometer system. This system measures the bulk temperature crossing a plane behinds the last row of turbine blades and is a non-intrusive measurement. It has the potential to replace the current intrusive multiple point measurement sensor arrays for both engine control and performance evaluation. The acoustic pyrometer is a device that measures the transit time of an acoustic pulse across the exhaust duct of the engine. An estimate of the temperature of the process fluid can be made from the transit time. Multiple passes may be made at various radial positions to improve the measurement. The gas turbine exhaust is a challenging environment for acoustic temperature measurement where there can be significant temperature stratification and high velocity. Previous applications of acoustic pyrometers to measure process gas temperature in power plants have been confined to applications such as boilers where rapid temperature changes are not expected and fluid velocity patterns are well known. The present study describes the results of acoustic pyrometer testing in an operating gas turbine engine under load using an active acoustic pyrometer system containing eight sets of transmitters and receivers, all external to the turbine exhaust flow path. This active method technology is based on the temperature dependence of the isentropic speed of sound from the simple ideal gas assumptions. Sound transmitters and receivers are mounted around the exhaust duct to measure the speed of sound. Very sophisticated topographical mapping techniques have been developed to extract temperature distribution from using any where from 2 to 8 sensors with up to 24 paths and 400 points. Cross correlation of sensor results to obtain topographical mapping of gas isotherms in a plane in full engine field tests have been conducted to prove the feasible of this technology on a gas turbine engine. The initial installation of the active acoustic pyrometer system in an engine exhaust was accomplished in 2009. All the tests indicate that the steady state measurements of the acoustic pyrometer system fall within 10C of the measured exhaust thermocouple data. An additional installation on a different model engine was subsequently made and data have been gathered and analyzed. Results of these tests are presented and future evaluation options discussed.

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Stolberg-Rohr, Thomine, Rainer Buchner, Sønnik Clausen, Jens Møller Jensen, Allan Skouboe, Gary Hawkins, and René Skov Hansen. "In Optics Humidity Compensation in NDIR Exhaust Gas Measurements of NO2." In Optical Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sensors.2014.seth1c.3.

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Ghaderi, Amir, Luke M. Middelburg, David Bilby, Jaco H. Visser, Per Lundgren, Peter Enoksson, and Reinoud F. Wolffenbuttel. "Self-Cleaning Micro-Windows for In-Tailpipe Optical Exhaust Gas Measurements." In 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie45063.2020.9152437.

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Spicer, Chester W., Michael W. Holdren, Deborah L. Smith, David P. Hughes, and Mark D. Smith. "Chemical Composition of Exhaust From Aircraft Turbine Engines." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-034.

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This paper reports measurements of the chemical composition of exhaust from two aircraft turbine engines. The two engines are the F101, used on the B-1B aircraft, and the F110, used on the F-16C and F-16D aircraft. Samples were collected from each engine using a probe positioned just behind the exhaust nozzle. The measurements reported here were made at four power settings from Idle to Intermediate power. Exhaust composition measurements included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, and individual organic species. The principle focus of this paper is on the detailed organic species results.

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Desideri, Umberto, and Stefano Ubertini. "Flow Field Measurements in an Annular Gas Turbine Exhaust Diffuser With Struts." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-418.

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This paper presents the velocity and turbulence characteristics of the flow in an annular diffuser, which is a model of a gas turbine exhaust diffuser with six struts. The diffuser where the measurements were made is a scaled down model of a 10 MW gas turbine, built by GE/Nuovo Pignone. In a previous paper (Desideri and Manfrida, 1995) 2-D turbulence and velocity measurements were presented with axial inlet velocity conditions. In this paper a more detailed 3-D analysis of the design and off design behavior of the diffuser is presented. Turbulence characteristics were determined by means of two hot split-film probes, which allowed measuring axial, radial and tangential components of the mean velocity and their fluctuating components. The measuring point is moved inside the diffuser by means of two step-motors, which allow the rotation of the hub and the radial displacement of the probe. Off-design behavior of the annular diffuser was determined by changing the inlet velocity angle of 10° from axial direction. The effect of swirl on the performance of the diffuser will be presented. Turbulence microscales were also calculated in regions of interest inside the diffuser, with particular attention to the strut wake.

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Bakken, L. E., and L. Skogly. "Parametric Modelling of Exhaust Gas Emission From Natural Gas Fired Gas Turbines." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-399.

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Increased focus on air pollution from gas turbines in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea has resulted in taxes on CO2. Statements made by the Norwegian authorities imply regulations and/or taxes on NOx emissions in the near future. The existing CO2-tax of NOK 0.82 /Sm3 (US Dollars 0.12/Sm3) and possible future tax on NOx are analysed mainly with respect to operating and maintenance costs for the gas turbine. Depending on actual tax levels, the machine should preferably be operated on full load/optimum thermal efficiency or part load to reduce specific exhaust emissions. Based on field measurements, exhaust emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, N2O, UHC etc.) are established with respect to load and gas turbine performance, including performance degradation. Different NOx emission correlations are analysed based on test results, and a proposed prediction model presented. The impact of machinery performance degradation on emission levels is particularly analysed. Good agreement is achieved between measured and predicted NOx emissions from the proposed correlation. To achieve continuous exhaust emission control, the proposed NOx model is implemented to the on-line condition monitoring system on the Sleipner A platform, rather than introducing sensitive emission sensors in the exhaust gas stack. The on-line condition monitoring system forms an important tool in detecting machinery condition/degradation, air pollution and achieving optimum energy conservation.

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Kranendonk, Laura A., James E. Parks, Vitaly Prikhodko, and William Partridge. "High Speed H2O Concentration Measurements Using Absorption Spectroscopy to Monitor Exhaust Gas." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0239.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Exhaust gas measurements"

Miller, Paul Albert. Exhaust-gas measurements from NASAs HYMETS arc jet. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1002096.

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Prasad, Kuldeep, Rodney A. Bryant, Kevin Li, Elizabeth F. Moore, Aaron Johnson, and James R. Whetstone. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Dispersion : 2. Comparison of FDS Predictions with Gas Velocity Measurements in the Exhaust Duct of a Stationary Source. National Institute of Standards and Technology, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1159.

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Hardy, J., R. Abston, J. Hylton, T. McKnight, R. Joy, and C. Morgan. Exhaust Gas Flow Measurement System - CRADA Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770441.

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Taishi, Tsuyoshi, Tetsuji Koyama, Soon-Bark Kwon, Takafumi Seto, and Hiromu Sakurai. New Measurement System of Nanoparticles in the Automobile Exhaust Gas. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0658.

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EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/022-01-0589.

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High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst-case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore, a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS. Therefore, a new measurement and analysis approach has been developed, where the exhaust gas is guided to a metal foam collector, in which HC`s are deposited. The probe is then analyzed in a suited thermogravimetrical system (TGA) in nitrogen atmosphere, temperature range 25°C to 650°C. Analyzing the TGA curve, HC concentration data for 6 different boiling temperature ranges are obtained, provided to an adapted 1-d fouling simulation model. Using these data along with further input parameters like cooler geometry, gas temperature, pressure, flow, particle size distribution and coolant temperature, the simulation model has proven as a suitable tool to predict the fouling and identify engine settings for fouling reduction.

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