Книги з теми "Existence results"
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1
Nielsen, Lars Tyge. Existence of equilibrium in CAPM: Further results. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1990.
2
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-527-1.
3
Badiale, Marino. Semilinear elliptic equations for beginners: Existence results via the variational approach. London: Springer Verlag, 2011.
4
Orlik, Lyubov', and Galina Zhukova. Operator equation and related questions of stability of differential equations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1061676.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to the application of methods of functional analysis to the problems of qualitative theory of differential equations. Describes an algorithm to bring the differential boundary value problem to an operator equation. The research of solutions to operator equations of special kind in the spaces polutoratonny with a cone, where the limitations of the elements of these spaces is understood as the comparability them with a fixed scale element of exponential type. Found representations of the solutions of operator equations in the form of contour integrals, theorems of existence and uniqueness of such solutions. The spectral criteria for boundedness of solutions of operator equations and, as a consequence, sufficient spectral features boundedness of solutions of differential and differential-difference equations in Banach space. The results obtained for operator equations with operators and work of Volterra operators, allowed to extend to some systems of partial differential equations known spectral stability criteria for solutions of A. M. Lyapunov and also to generalize theorems on the exponential characteristic.
The results of the monograph may be useful in the study of linear mechanical and electrical systems, in problems of diffraction of electromagnetic waves, theory of automatic control, etc.
It is intended for researchers, graduate students functional analysis and its applications to operator and differential equations.
5
Kondrat'ev, Sergey. Theory and practice of personalized learning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1098272.
Анотація:
The monograph presents the psychological theory and organization of personalized learning in general education schools. The concept of integrative subjectivity of a person as a form of reflexive and areflexive self-existence is considered as the psychological basis of personalized learning. The author characterizes the personality and the social individual in the light of the humanitarian Christian paradigm: reveals the phenomenology of integrative subjectivity, its structural organization, levels and forms of development of the individual and the social individual. From the standpoint of the Christian psychology of education, the general psychological and socio-psychological aspects of personalized learning are revealed, the psychological typification of students and teachers is justified, the extraordinary pedagogical interaction as a psychological mechanism of personalized learning is presented, the experimental construction of psychological types of primary school students based on the perception of educational material, as well as the typological features of teachers. Technologies of personalized learning are presented. The monograph reflects the results of many years of theoretical and experimental research of the author. It is of interest to seminarians, students, postgraduates of Orthodox educational institutions, students of Higher theological courses, faculties of advanced training and retraining, as well as philosophers, psychologists, teachers, social workers, and specialists in the field of education.
6
Kazakov, Evgeniy. The soul of Russian culture. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1223289.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to the study of one of the "eternal" philosophical problems: the soul as a metaphysical essence of Russian culture, its structure, functioning and genesis. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of the turning point for the modern Russian history of the Silver Age, which set the direction of events up to the present time. The study is the result of many years of work by the author, which is reflected in the books "The Genesis of spiritual life", "Soul: the metaphysics of self-determination", "Homo nudes", "The Heartbreaker".
It is addressed to teachers, graduate students, students and anyone interested in the metaphysics of the existence of Russian culture.
7
Billé, Franck, Sanjyot Mehendale, and James W. Lankton. The Maritime Silk Road. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722247.
Анотація:
The Maritime Silk Road foregrounds the numerous networks that have been woven across oceanic geographies, tying world regions together often far more extensively than land-based routes. On the strength of the new data which has emerged in the last two decades in the form of archaeological findings, as well as new techniques such as GIS modeling, the authors collectively demonstrate the existence of a very early global maritime trade. From architecture to cuisine, and language to clothing, evidence points to early connections both within Asia and between Asia and other continents—well before European explorations of the Global South. The human stories presented here offer insights into both the extent and limits of this global exchange, showing how goods and people traveled vast distances, how they were embedded in regional networks, and how local cultures were shaped as a result.
8
Haase, Christian, Andreas Paffenholz, Lindsay C. Piechnik, and Santos Francisco. Existence of Unimodular Triangulations-Positive Results. American Mathematical Society, 2021.
9
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Scuola Normale Superiore, 2015.
10
Velichkov, Bozhidar. Existence and Regularity Results for Some Shape Optimization Problems. Edizioni della Normale, 2015.
11
R, Kleindorfer Paul, and Sertel Murat R. Equilibrium Existence Results for Simple Economies and Dynamic Games. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
12
Minhos, Feliz, and João Fialho. High Order Boundary Value Problems: Existence, Localization and Multiplicity Results. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.
13
LI, LIN, and SHU-ZHI SONG. SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: EXISTENCE RESULTS VIA THE VARIATIONAL APPROACH. WSPC, 2016.
14
Serra, Enrico, and Marino Badiale. Semilinear Elliptic Equations for Beginners: Existence Results Via the Variational Approach. Springer, 2010.
15
Alpay, Mehmet Emin. Existence and uniqueness results for ¾ -optimal linear dynamic controllers for discrete time SISO systems. 1995.
16
Borodovsky, A. P., and S. V. Gorokhov. Umrevinsky ostrog: Results of the 2010–2017 archaeological research. IAET SB RAS Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/7803-0307-7.2020.
Анотація:
Th e monograph is the fi rst source to fully introduce into scientifi c discourse the results of the comprehensive studies of the representative item of the Early Modern Period in the Upper Ob region, the Umrevinsky ostrog, that were conducted in 2010–2017 and are still under way. It is discovered that the cultural layer of this archaeological monument contains structures and artifacts dating back by their traditions to the Moscow Tzardom and the Peter I period. Th e research of an extensive necropolis of the Umrevinsky ostrog and analysis of the metal composition of those cross pendants discovered in the territory of the monument allowed attributing the chronology of its appearance and existence. Th e appendix dwells in detail upon the written sources related to the Umrevinsky ostrog and academic missions of the fi rst half of the 18th century, during which the fi rst items of the archaeological heritage in the territory of Novosibirsk region were found. Th e publication is meant for archaeologists, ethnographists, historians, local historians, museum employees, teachers, and students of the departments of history of higher education establishments.
17
Stone, Michael E. “Circles Behind . . .” and Final Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842383.003.0008.
Анотація:
The fit among groups whose existence is inferred by scholars from the contents of written works and those groups attested in historical sources is discussed. We now acknowledge the contemporaneous existence of various groups. We detect the existence of secret groups and the influence their existence may have on our understanding of STPsociety. Once we accept the existence of secret knowledge and secret groups, then their existence in turn changes the character of knowledge in the society within whose boundaries given secret traditions exist. The existence of the secret society and the way it is structured are results of the existence of knowledge, whether conceptual or practical, that a group of people is convinced must be kept hidden.
18
Cook, Roy T. Predication, Possibility, and Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792161.003.0007.
Анотація:
Bob Hale’s deflationary conception of truth equates the actual (and necessary) existence of a property or relation with the possible existence of a corresponding predicate with appropriate satisfaction conditions. After surveying recent work on developing a semi-formal framework within which to study the deflationary conception, and presenting extant results regarding the extent to which the account supports the second-order comprehension schema, this chapter examines the extent to which the deflationary account allows one to justify various second-order versions of the axiom of choice. The results are primarily negative: choice does not seem to be forthcoming on the deflationary approach, and even assuming the possibility of arbitrary countably infinite linguistic supertasks, a version of the countable axiom of choice seems to be the best that we can do.
19
Siff, Stephen. Research at the Intersection of Media and Medicine, 1957–1962. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039195.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter explores cross-fertilization between researchers and media figures in the late 1950s, as LSD spread from controlled trials to the black market. News reporters gravitated toward research documenting astonishing results with LSD, even as those studies were becoming further removed from the scientific consensus about the drug. Scholars James Coleman, Elihu Katz, and Herbert Menzel launched the study of the diffusion of tetracycline that resulted in the landmark Medical Innovation, cementing the idea that innovations spread through interpersonal relationships. Allowing for a role for media in informing physicians of the existence of new drugs, the scholars emphasized the apparent importance of social relationships in spreading the determination to actually use them.
20
Miriam, Goldby. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 3 Enforceability of ‘Spontaneous Law’ in England: Some Evidence from Recent Shipping Cases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter analyses the process of rule-making in the maritime transport industry. It uses the term ‘spontaneous law’ to refer to norms that emerge as a result of regular and repeated interactions among participants in shipping networks, interactions that create common understandings as to how contractual obligations undertaken are to be performed. The rule-making activity results in a combination of articulated or expressed rules that are enforceable directly as a result of the formation of a valid and binding contract; and unexpressed (or implicit) understandings that form part of the contractual context and that supplement the expressed rules. The context within which these unarticulated rules come into existence is a commercial network of contractual relationships. The chapter engages with the pragmatic question of how and to what extent these unarticulated rules will be enforced by the courts in the resolution of a dispute, focusing on the courts of England and Wales.
21
Callender, Craig. Moving Past the ABCs of Time. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797302.003.0013.
Анотація:
How do the views developed in this book connect with traditional work in analytic metaphysics on time? After giving a potted history of the field, the chapter then displays many connections and modifications between that work and the present one. It highlights one major problem with traditional analytic philosophy of time, namely, its focus on bare existence, i.e., what events exist as of when. Almost by definition, existence will play no role in science, so philosophy of time will never be threatened by scientific results. The irony about this maneuver is that creating this safety zone around time leaves philosophers of time unable to do their original job, explaining the temporal phenomena.
22
Duggan, John. Candidate Objectives and Electoral Equilibrium. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0004.
Анотація:
This article looks at the known foundational results on spatial models of elections. The issues of equilibrium existence, the characterization of equilibria (in terms of their social welfare properties), and the distance between equilibrium policy and positions of the candidates are examined. It then discusses the results of the case where candidates are able to give precise predictions of voters' behaviour precisely; the article also introduces the ‘Downsian model’. The article looks at two models of probabilistic voting, before finally moving on to consider the most common objective functions that are used to model the electoral incentives of different types of candidates.
23
Castillo-Diaz, Pablo, and Hanny Cueva-Beteta. The Promise and Limits of Indicators on Women, Peace and Security. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.15.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on the rapid proliferation of data-driven indicators to track the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 internationally, regionally, and nationally. The chapter presents both the critiques and the strengths of such indicators and summarizes current debates around them. It questions the adequacy of indicators primarily because they value process over results and can be manipulated to produce predetermined results. At the same time, indicators expose the shortcomings of governments and pressure them to meet or exceed gender targets. This chapter suggests that evidence gathering and application is a pivotal space to advance gender equality, and the mere existence of indicators makes accountability more possible.
24
Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Applications to the topology of Berkovich spaces. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter presents various applications to the topology of classical Berkovich spaces. It deduces from the main theorem several new results on the topology of V(superscript an) which were not known previously in such a level of generality. In particular, it shows that V(superscript an) admits a strong deformation retraction to a subspace homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex and that V(superscript an) is locally contractible. The chapter also proves the existence of strong retractions to skeleta for analytifications of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties and goes on to prove finiteness of homotopy types in families in a strong sense and a result on homotopy equivalence of upper level sets of definable functions. Finally, it describes an injection in the opposite direction (over an algebraically closed field) which in general provides an identification between points of Berkovich analytifications and Galois orbits of stably dominated points.
25
McDuff, Dusa, and Dietmar Salamon. Generating functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses generating functions in more detail. It shows how generating functions give rise to discrete-time analogues of the symplectic action functional and hence lead to discrete variational problems. The results of this chapter form the basis for the proofs in Chapter 11 of the Arnold conjecture for the torus and in Chapter 12 of the existence of the Hofer–Zehnder capacity. The final section examines generating functions for exact Lagrangian submanifolds of cotangent bundles.
26
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Degenerate Diffusion Operators Arising in Population Biology (AM-185). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book provides the mathematical foundations for the analysis of a class of degenerate elliptic operators defined on manifolds with corners, which arise in a variety of applications such as population genetics, mathematical finance, and economics. The results discussed in this book prove the uniqueness of the solution to the martingale problem and therefore the existence of the associated Markov process. The book uses an “integral kernel method” to develop mathematical foundations for the study of such degenerate elliptic operators and the stochastic processes they define. The precise nature of the degeneracies of the principal symbol for these operators leads to solutions of the parabolic and elliptic problems that display novel regularity properties. Dually, the adjoint operator allows for rather dramatic singularities, such as measures supported on high codimensional strata of the boundary. The book establishes the uniqueness, existence, and sharp regularity properties for solutions to the homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat equations, as well as a complete analysis of the resolvent operator acting on Hölder spaces. It shows that the semigroups defined by these operators have holomorphic extensions to the right half plane. The book also demonstrates precise asymptotic results for the long-time behavior of solutions to both the forward and backward Kolmogorov equations.
27
Bruno, Brunella, Alexandra D'Onofrio, and Immacolata Marino. Determinants of Bank Lending in Europe and the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0006.
Анотація:
We provide a comprehensive analysis of the main drivers of bank lending in Europe and the United States over the period from 2008 to 2014. We relate bank characteristics prior to the global financial crisis to their lending behaviour during and after the crisis period. Our analysis confirms the existence of a bank lending channel, that seems stronger in Europe than in the United States, especially if we look at corporate loans rather than at the whole loan portfolio. We uncover that the main bank characteristics affecting lending are size, capitalization, liquidity, and ownership structure, as well as, to a lesser extent, reliance on deposits and exposure to government bonds. Some of these factors have indeed shielded bank lending as predicted, but the results are not always in the expected direction, which points to the existence of a revised version of the traditional bank lending channel.
28
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0001.
Анотація:
This book proves the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for a class of degenerate elliptic operators known as generalized Kimura diffusions, which act on functions defined on manifolds with corners. It presents a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle that demonstrates, in the general case, how regularity implies uniqueness. The book is divided in three parts. Part I deals with Wright–Fisher geometry and the maximum principle; Part II is devoted to an analysis of model problems, and includes degenerate Hölder spaces; and Part III discusses generalized Kimura diffusions. This introductory chapter provides an overview of generalized Kimura diffusions and their applications in probability theory, model problems, perturbation theory, main results, and alternate approaches to the study of similar degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations.
29
Bencini, Giulia M. L. Psycholinguistics. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0021.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on psycholinguistics of language production. It provides empirical evidence for and against the two-stage model of language production, which assumes separate levels for functional (semantic and syntactic) processing, as well as for positional processing. The chapter also discusses the results of studies supporting the existence of lexically independent structure building operations in language production in addition to lexical representations. It also contends that lexically independent structural processes often receive a straightforward interpretation as abstract constructions in a Construction Grammar framework.
30
Folawewo, Abiodun O., and Olusegun A. Orija. Informal–formal workers' transition in Nigeria: A livelihood analysis. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/903-7.
Анотація:
This study evaluates the effects of the informal sector on Nigerian workers’ livelihoods and analyses workers’ transitions within the informal sector and between informal and formal employment. A binary logit model is applied to General Household Survey panel data for the periods 2010/11, 2012/13, and 2015/16. We find that informal employment has the greatest impact on workers’ livelihoods in terms of earnings. Results also indicate the existence of a high level of dynamic transition of workers within different types of informal employment. Our results further indicate that both self-employed and wage employed informal workers are likely to transit to formal employment, the likelihood being higher for the upper-tier informal wage employed. While informally employed workers have a very high chance of transiting to formal employment, formal workers have a much lower chance of transiting to informal employment. The policy implication of our results is the need to create better working conditions for informal workers.
31
Kuzminova, E., ed. Ostrog Bible and the Development of the Slavic Biblical Tradition. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3039.978-5-317-06829-5.
Анотація:
The collective monograph summarizes the results of the latest scientific research on the Ostrog Bible of 1581. The sources of the first complete printed bible codex among the Eastern Slavs, the history and prehistory of its creation are investigated, the features of its existence and the nature of reception are considered, textual and linguistic parameters are highlighted, its place in the Slavic biblical tradition is determined. The publication is addressed to Biblical scholars, Palaeoslavists, specialists in Early Modern times and anyone interested in the history of Slavic literature and inter-Slavic cultural and linguistic ties.
32
de Cataldo, Mark Andrea, Luca Migliorini Lectures 1–3, and Luca Migliorini. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter summarizes the classical results of Hodge theory concerning algebraic maps. Hodge theory gives nontrivial restrictions on the topology of a nonsingular projective variety, or, more generally, of a compact Kähler manifold: the odd Betti numbers are even, the hard Lefschetz theorem, the formality theorem, stating that the real homotopy type of such a variety is, if simply connected, determined by the cohomology ring. Similarly, Hodge theory gives nontrivial topological constraints on algebraic maps. This chapter focuses on the latter, as it considers how the existence of an algebraic map f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties is reflected in the topological invariants of X.
33
Banal-Estanol, Albert, Enrique Benito, and Dmitry Khametshin. Asset Encumbrance and CDS Premia of European Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0021.
Анотація:
Asset encumbrance refers to the existence of bank balance sheet assets being subject to arrangements that restrict the bank’s ability to freely transfer or realize them. Asset encumbrance has recently become a much discussed subject and policymakers have been actively addressing what some consider to be excessive levels of asset encumbrance. Despite its importance, the phenomenon of asset encumbrance remains poorly understood. We build a novel data set of asset encumbrance metrics based on information provided in the banks’ public disclosures for the very first time throughout 2015. We provide descriptive evidence of asset encumbrance levels by country, credit quality, size, and business model, using different encumbrance metrics. Our empirical results point to the existence of an association between CDS premia and asset encumbrance that is negative, not positive. That is, on average, encumbrance is perceived to be beneficial. Still, certain bank-level variables play a mediating role in this relationship. For banks that have high exposures to the central bank, high leverage ratios, and/or are located in southern Europe, asset encumbrance is less beneficial and could even be detrimental in absolute terms.
34
Levin, Frank S. Entanglement and the Elements of Reality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0015.
Анотація:
Chapter 14 examines entangled quantum systems, hidden variable theories and Bell’s inequality. In 1935, Einstein and collaborators, postulating the existence of elements of reality, analyzed an entangled system and concluded that quantum theory was incomplete. Their analysis is described using spin singlets, which are entangled states of two spin ½ particles. A possible avoidance of their conclusion is by using hidden variable theories. In analyzing a class of local hidden variable theories, John Bell derived an equality that could test them. This was done by experiments using entangled photons; their results violated the inequality, thereby establishing that quantum mechanics, not local hidden variable theories, is the correct description. Later theoretical analysis, and relevant experimental results, strongly supported this. A further theoretical analysis, involving just a single measurement, led to a pronounced conclusion: farewell to the elements of reality. Ditto as well to the spooky-action-at-a-distance problem that had so bothered Einstein.
35
Boudou, Alain, and Yves Romain. On Product Measures Associated with Stationary Processes. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.15.
Анотація:
This article considers the connections between product measures and stationary processes. It first provides an overview of historical facts and relevant terminology, basic concepts and the mathematical approach. In particular, it discusses random measures, the projection-valued spectral measure (PVSM), convolution products, and the association between shift operators and PVSMs. It then presents the main results and their first potential applications, focusing on stochastic integrals, the image of a random measure under measurable mapping, the existence of a transport-type theorem, and the transpose of a continuous homomorphism between groups. It also describes the PVSM associated with a unitary operator, the convolution product of two PVSMs, the unitary operators generated by a PVSM, extension of the convolution product of two PVSMs, an equation where the unknown quantity is a PVSM, and the convolution product of two random measures. The article concludes with an analysis of mathematical developments related to the previous results.
36
Cooray, Arusha, Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati, and Indra de Soysa. Do bigger health budgets cushion pandemics? An empirical test of COVID-19 deaths across the world. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/922-8.
Анотація:
How has government healthcare spending prepared countries for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic? Arguably, spending is the primary policy tool of governments in providing effective health. We argue that the effectiveness of spending in reducing COVID deaths is conditional on the existence of healthcare equity and lower political corruption, because the health sector is particularly susceptible to political spending. Our results, obtained using ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation, suggest that higher spending targeted at reducing inequitable access to health has reduced COVID deaths. Consistent with the findings of others, our results indirectly suggest that health spending is necessary, but not sufficient unless accompanied by building resilience against the spread of deadly disease. Equitable health systems ease the effects of COVID presumably because they allow states to reach and treat people. Spending aimed at increasing health system capacity by increasing access thus seems a sound strategy for fighting the spread of disease, ultimately benefiting us all.
37
Venkatesh, Bala, and Jeremy Cohen. Pathophysiology and management of adrenal disorders in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0261.
Анотація:
The existence of the syndromes of relative adrenal insufficiency, or critical illness corticosteroid insufficiency, are debatable. In sepsis, there are alterations in plasma cortisol profiles, and corticotropin responsiveness with marked variability in responses between patients. It is probable that the spectrum of plasma and tissue glucocorticoid changes may represent a ‘sick euadrenal state’ analogous to the sick euthyroid state and may not reflect adrenocortical insufficiency. Treatment of acute adrenal crisis should not be delayed for the results of adrenal testing, and should consist of immediate supportive measures, fluid resuscitation, and high-dose intravenous glucocorticoid therapy. Admission to intensive care with a primary diagnosis of hyperadrenalism is uncommon. Patients usually present uncontrolled hypertension, electrolyte abnormalities or encephalopathy.
38
Mele, Alfred R. Libertarianism and Human Agency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190659974.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter’s guiding question is about indeterministic agent-internal processes that are still at work in a decision-producing causal stream when a decision results. The question is this: If incompatibilism is true, what contribution might such processes make to there being directly free decisions beyond being sufficient for the falsity of determinism? Two answers are offered, one for philosophers who believe that freely A-ing does not depend on being able to do otherwise than A and one for philosophers who reject this belief. Topics discussed in the course of developing these answers include Frankfurt-style cases, evidence of indeterministic processes in decision-producing causal streams, and evidence regarding the existence of agent-causal powers.
39
Voisin, Claire. Integral coefficients. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160504.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter turns to a number of birational invariants that can be defined using Z-coefficients. It is devoted in part to the study of the groups Z²ⁱ(X) measuring the failure of the Hodge conjecture with integral coefficients. Some vanishing and nonvanishing results are presented, together with a comparison of the group Z⁴(X) with the so-called unramified cohomology of X with torsion coefficients. This chapter also considers various forms of the existence of an integral cohomological decomposition of the diagonal of a threefold X with trivial CH₀ group. It shows that an affirmative answer to this question is equivalent to the vanishing of numerous birational invariants of X.
40
M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Residually Pseudo-Split Buildings. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0033.
Анотація:
This chapter presents results about a residually pseudo-split Bruhat-Tits building ΞL. It begins with a case for some quadratic space of type E⁶, E₇, and E₈ in order to identify an unramified extension such that the residue field is a pseudo-splitting field. It then considers a wild quaternion or octonion division algebra and the existence of an unramified quadratic extension L/K such that L is a splitting field of the quaternion division algebra. It also discusses the properties of an unramified extension L/K and shows that every exceptional Bruhat-Tits building is the fixed point building of a strictly semi-linear descent group of a residually pseudo-split building.
41
Robertson, Lynn C. Balint’s Syndrome and the Study of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.029.
Анотація:
Balint’s syndrome is the most severe neuropsychological disorder affecting spatial attention that has been observed. In humans, it can be observed after bilateral occipital-parietal damage. The signs and symptoms of this syndrome are first described and then discussed in terms of how research with patients with Balint’s syndrome has helped and/or limited our understanding of object-based attention, visual search, and feature binding in visual perception. The findings have also supported the existence of implicit spatial maps that are available in the face of severely limited conscious spatial awareness. The results of such studies have led to advancements in attentional theory, especially as related to spatial attention and its interaction with object perception.
42
Herrnson, Paul S., and Justin H. Kirkland. Political Parties and Campaign Finance Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.16.
Анотація:
This chapter argues that to accurately gauge the impact of political parties on elections, it is necessary to look beyond traditional party committees and consider these organizations’ impact on the thousands of other groups that participate in the financing of campaigns. Using social network analysis and federal campaign finance data, the chapter demonstrates the existence of two distinctive hierarchical extended party networks, each comprising formal party organizations, campaign committees associated with members of Congress and congressional candidates, and PACs allied with one party. It also provides evidence suggesting party organizations’ influence over hundreds of millions of dollars in contributions and expenditures that flow within their networks. The chapter’s results have implications for party and interest group development and behavior, as well as legislative and electoral politics.
43
Corry, Richard. Power and Influence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840718.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book investigates the metaphysical presuppositions of a common—and very successful—reductive approach to dealing with the complexity of the world. The reductive approach in question is one in which we study the components of a complex system in relative isolation, and use the information so gained to explain or predict the behaviour of the complex whole. So, for example, ecologists explain shifts in species population in terms of interactions between individuals, geneticists explain traits of an organism in terms of interactions between genes, and physicists explain the properties of a gas in terms of collisions between the particles that make up the gas. It is argued that this reductive method makes substantive metaphysical assumptions about the world. In particular, the method assumes the existence of causal powers that manifest ‘causal influence’—a relatively unrecognized ontological category of which forces are a paradigm example. The success of the reductive method, therefore, is an argument for the existence of such causal influence. The book goes on to show that adding causal influence to our ontology gives us the resources to solve some traditional problems in the metaphysics of powers, causation, emergence, laws of nature, and possibly even normative ethics. What results, then, is not just an understanding of the reductive method, but an integrated metaphysical world view that is grounded in a novel ontology of power and influence.
44
Humphreys, Paul. Emergence. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.38.
Анотація:
This chapter surveys contemporary theories of emergence and argues that no comprehensive account currently exists. It separates ontological emergence, epistemological emergence, and conceptual emergence, as well as discussing synchronic and diachronic forms of each. It further argues that the emphasis on emergence in the philosophy of mind has led to a neglect of diachronic emergence and that the contrast between reduction and emergence has reinforced that bias. Downward causation is assessed as being less of a problem for ontological emergence than usually supposed; recent presentations of weak emergence and of undecidability results are discussed. Universality and nonlinearity as sources of emergence are examined, as is the role of holism in emergence and skepticism about the existence of emergence. Finally, a tentative suggestion is made about how to bring order to this vast literature.
45
Baulieu, Laurent, John Iliopoulos, and Roland Sénéor. Supersymmetry, or the Defence of Scalars. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788393.003.0027.
Анотація:
The only fields of the Standard Model whose masses are not protected by a symmetry are the scalar fields. Supersymmetry is a symmetry between fermions and bosons which provides precisely such a protection mechanism. This chapter presents a comprehensive study of supersymmetric field theories. In particular, it is shown that they do not suffer from the phenomenon of gauge hierarchy. They have remarkable renormalisation properties and offer the most attractive framework to build a unified theory. The breaking of supersymmetry, both explicit and spontaneous, is studied in detail. The generalisation of electric-magnetic duality in supersymmetric theories yields non-perturbative results and the concept of twist makes possible the study of topological field theories. The supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model is shown to predict the existence of new elementary particles, whose phenomenological properties are analysed.
46
Dove, Michael R. Bitter Shade. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251746.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book asks an age-old question about the relationship between human consciousness and the environment: How do we think about our own thoughts and actions? How can we transcend the exigencies of daily life? How can we achieve sufficient distance from our own everyday realities to think and act more sustainably? To address these questions, the book draws on the results of decades of research in South and Southeast Asia on how local cultures have circumvented the “curse of consciousness” — the paradox that we cannot completely comprehend the ecosystem of which we are part. The book is focussed on three principles: perspectivism (seeing oneself from outside oneself), metamorphosis (becoming something that one is not), and mimesis (copying something that one is not), which help a society to transcend the hubris and myopia of everyday existence and achieve greater insight into its ecosystem.
47
Pruss, Alexander R., and Joshua L. Rasmussen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746898.003.0001.
Анотація:
Why care whether there is a necessary being? The chapter opens with an explanation of how the question of whether there is a necessary being matters in theology, cosmology, and debates about fundamental ontology. It is shown that some of the most important questions in these fields depend in one way or another on whether there is a necessary being. Some reason is provided to be optimistic that it is possible to make progress on the question of whether there is a necessary being. Toward that end, the results of a survey (www.necessarybeing.com) are also given, which suggests that the vast majority of people, including skeptics of a necessary being, are inclined to find plausible certain premises in deductive arguments for the existence of a necessary being. The stage is set for a detailed presentation and analysis of those arguments.
48
Pruss, Alexander R. Infinity, Causation, and Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810339.001.0001.
Анотація:
Infinity is paradoxical in many ways. A particular large family of paradoxes is examined that on its face iswidely varied. Some involve deterministic supertasks, such as Thomson’s Lamp where a switch is toggled an infinite number of times over a finite period of time, or the Grim Reaper, where it seems that infinitely many reapers can produce a result without doing anything. Others involve infinite lotteries. Yet others involve paradoxical results in decision theory, such as the surprising observation that if you perform a sequence of fair coin-flips that goes infinitely far back into the past but only finitely into the future, you can leverage information about past coin-flips to predict future ones with only finitely many mistakes. It turns out that these, and a number of other paradoxes have a common structure: their most natural embodiment involves an infinite number of items causally impinging on a single output. These paradoxes can all be solved with a single move: embrace causal finitism, the view that it is impossible for a single output to have an infinite causal history. The book exposits such paradoxes, defends causal finitism at length, and ends up considering connections with the philosophy of physics, where causal finitism favors, but does not require, discretist theories of space and time, and the philosophy of religion, where we get a cosmological argument reminiscent of the Kalām argument for the existence of God.
49
Tritten, Tyler. A Response to Old Riddles and a New Typology: On the Euthyphro Dilemma and Theomonism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428194.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter argues for a reading of Schelling that is able to offer a satisfactory response to the Euthyphro Dilemma while also avoiding the pitfall of onto-theology, that is, grounding God’s existence in reason alone while grounding the being of reason in God. Eternal truths of reason exist only because God exists, but God only exists as God by means of this consequence. This does not, however, identify God and reason as onto-theology has done, as it is argued that all identification is only possible on the basis of a more radically conceived and more original process of differentiation. God only exists as God on the basis of a consequence that has acquired an independence and autonomy. There is thus not one God, but God only exists as One by means of that which results from him, hence theomonism rather than monotheism.
50
Stuewer, Roger H. Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0006.
Анотація:
Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.