Статті в журналах: "Failure strength"

1

Do, Thanh Trung, and Dong Joo Lee. "Failure of Composites with Discontinuous Fabric Preform under Bending." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.698.

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During the fabric preform and/or mold closure processes of the resin transfer molded composites (RTMCs), the discontinuous fabric patterns such as wrinkling and overlapping can be occurred and influenced the failure strength. It is found that the composites with discontinuous fabric preform had two failure mechanisms as functions of fabric ply number and discontinuous fabric length under the three-point bending. First, the failure modes can be related to the bend strengths that were controlled by the interfacial bonding strength depending on the discontinuous fabric length. Second, the failures were controlled by the potential strength of fabric when the discontinuous length reached the critical value. Moreover, the experimentally measured results of the normal and discontinuous preform models under bending were compared to examine the safety conditions as functions of fiber content and other factors.

2

Mohammed, Ahmed, and Wael Mahmood. "Statistical Variations and New Correlation Models to Predict the Mechanical Behavior and Ultimate Shear Strength of Gypsum Rock." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (August 11, 2018): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0026.

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Abstract In this study, over 1000 data from the several research studies was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, flexural strength, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the calcium rocks. The gypsum rock data were statistically analyzed, quantified and compared with the limestone rock data. The ranges of the densities for gypsum rock (CaSO4·2H2O) and limestone rock (CaCO3) were 2.10 to 2.83 gm/cm3 and 1.70 to 2.75 gm/cm3, respectively. The compressive and tensile strengths of the gypsum and limestone rocks varied from 2 MPa to 250 MPa and 1.8 MPa to 25 MPa, respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to better quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum and limestone rocks. The prediction of the failure models for the two rock types was also compared to the Mohr-Coulomb failure model. The Vipulanandan failure model predicted the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum and limestone rocks were 64 MPa and 114 MPa, respectively.

3

Liu, Zhun, Zhidong Guan, Riming Tan, Jifeng Xu, and Xing Li. "Multiscale Analysis of CFRP Laminates with MMF3 Criterion under Different Off-Axis Loading Conditions." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112255.

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A multiscale analysis strategy with physical modified-micromechanics of failure (MMF3) criterion was proposed to analyze the failure behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates. The quantitative relationship between the macro- and micro- stresses was determined considering two typical fiber distributions. Thermal residual stress was taken into account in the stress transformation. The failures were defined and the properties of damaged elements were degraded at the constituent level. The back-calculation method based on the iteration algorithm was proposed to determine the micro strength with macro mechanical tests. A series of off-axis loading tests were conducted to verify the established multiscale models. The predicted strength was also compared with the results using micromechanics of failure (MMF) criterion to present accuracy improvements. Thermal residual stress was found to affect the strength by contributing to the matrix damage status. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis was provided for the matrix-dominant micro strength to investigate its physical meaning. Results suggest that the micro tensile and compressive strength of the matrix influenced the off-axis tensile and compressive strengths respectively, with relative large off-axis angles, while the micro shear strength of the matrix dominated when the off-axis angles were relative small.

4

Winters, Katherine, Woodman Berry, Greg Seimens, and Oliver-Denzil Taylor. "Failure mode transitions of unconfined granular media from dry to unsaturated to “quasi-fully” saturated states." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503023.

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Recent research has shown discrepancies between the prevailing mathematical representations of near-surface shear strength and the observed shear strengths. This investigation focuses on three granular materials, i.e., 1) poorly-graded, medium-fine silica-quartz sand, 2) an engineered silica-quartz mix of 3.38-mm and 0.638-mm sub-angular particles, and 3) an angular fused quartz sand. Specimens were tested under load-controlled conditions at variable saturations in order to identify and quantify the influence of suction on the granular structures and failure modes. All three materials exhibited localized radial particle force chain buckling failures in unconfined drained dry (UDκ) conditions and classical shear failures in the unconfined drained unsaturated shear (UDP) conditions. In unconfined drained suction failures (UDS) conditions, the poorly-graded, medium-fine silica-quartz sand exhibited a bulging and sloughing failure without weeping, while the other two materials wept and then held loads before failure. Thus, it is suggested that the pore fluid had a predominate lubrication (strength weakening) effect, and the assumption of structure stiffening (strength increase) from matric suction may not be valid at near-surface conditions for sub-angular silica-quartz materials but is valid for the angular fused quartz.

5

Sui, Zhi Li, Zhao Guang Li, Zhi Jun Yang, Ran Shen, Xu Peng Wang, and Wen Li Li. "Tunnel Strength and Excavation Effect under Different Stress Paths." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.902.

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The stress path division of soil strata surrounding the excavation tunnel was obtained by numerical simulation, and based on this, the impact variation of different stress paths to the surrounding soil strength was gotten by laboratory triaxial test. The results show that tunnel excavation can result in four different stress path divisions of the soil strata, which have deferent failure to the tunnel stability. Deferent paths have respective failure forms, and the failure strengths are basically the same when the forms are identical (extrusion failure or compression failure) even if the paths are different, but to deferent forms, the failure strength are deferent, generally speaking, the strength of extrusion failure will be 10% ~25% lower than that of compression failure. These researches can provide strong basis for accurately study about the influence of engineering property of environmental soil strata.

6

Bansal, Manik, Indra Vir Singh, Bhanu K. Mishra, Kamal Sharma, and IA Khan. "A numerical prediction of flexural strength probability for NBG-18 nuclear grade graphite using strength pair model." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 52, no. 3 (March 17, 2017): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324717698609.

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In this work, a strength pair model has been proposed for the numerical prediction of flexural strength probability of NBG-18 nuclear grade graphite. The input to the proposed model is a random strength pair of tensile and compressive strengths whose value is based on its probability of occurrence in the experimental data. A finite element–based deterministic numerical approach has been implemented. To account for the large difference in tensile and compressive strengths, Drucker–Prager failure criteria has been implemented. The failure envelope of the Drucker–Prager failure criteria is assumed to have uniaxial fit with Mohr–Coulomb model in the principal stress space. A total of 292 simulations with random pairs of tensile and compressive strength are performed on a three-point bend specimen to obtain a set of flexural strength data. The flexural strength data obtained through numerical simulations are fitted using normal and Weibull distributions. The flexural strength probability obtained from the proposed model is found on conservative side. A goodness-of-fit test concludes that Weibull distribution fits the numerical data better than normal distribution.

7

Cao, Rihong, Wenyu Tang, Hang Lin, and Xiang Fan. "Numerical Analysis for the Progressive Failure of Binary-Medium Interface under Shearing." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4197172.

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Binary-medium specimens were fabricated using the particle flow code, and the shear strength, dilatancy, and failure behavior of the binary-medium specimens with different bond strength ratios (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) under different normal stresses were studied. Numerical results show that the bond strength ratio and normal stresses considerably influence the shear strengths of binary-medium interface. Shear strength increases as the bond strength ratio and normal stress increase. The dilation of interfaces with high bond strength ratios is more evident than those of interfaces with lower bond strength ratios, and the curves for the high bond strength ratio exhibit remarkable fluctuations during the residual stage. At increased normal stress and bond strength ratio, the peak dilation angle shows decreasing and increasing trends successively. In this study, the specimens exhibited three kinds of failure modes. In mode II, the sawtooth experienced shear failure, but some tensile cracks appeared on the interface of the binary-medium. In mode III, no sawtooth was cut off, indicating tensile failure on the interface. At a low bond strength ratio, damage or failure is mostly concentrated in the upper part of the model. Failure parts gradually transfer to the lower part of the model when the bond strength ratio and normal stress increase. Furthermore, evident tensile cracks occur on the interface. When the bond strength ratio reaches 1.0, the failure mode of the specimen gradually transforms from sheared-off failure to chip-off failure. The number of microcracks in the specimens indicates that the lower the bond strength ratio, the more severe the damage on the specimens.

8

Pang, Yu-Yang, Gang Wu, Zhi-Long Su, and Xiao-Yuan He. "Experimental study on the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces based on carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination failures and hybrid failures." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 11 (March 10, 2020): 2247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220911167.

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The failure mode is crucial to the interfacial bond performance between carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates and steel substrates. Existing studies mainly focused on the cohesive failures in the adhesive; however, research on other types of failure modes is still limited. In this article, a series of single-shear bonded joints are prepared to investigate the bond behaviors of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces based on carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination failures and hybrid failures. Three kinds of adhesives—which have different tensile strengths and elastic moduli—and two kinds of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates—which have different interlaminar shear strengths—are used to evaluate the influencing factors of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces. The three-dimensional digital image correlation technique is applied to measure the strain and the displacement on the surface of each specimen. The obtained test results include the strain distribution, the ultimate load, the failure mode, the load–slip curves, and the bond–slip relationships. For the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination mode, the results show that the load at the debonding stage is closely related to the interlaminar shear strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plate, and the higher the interlaminar shear strength is, the greater the load. However, for the hybrid mode, the load of the whole test process is independent of the interlaminar shear strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plate.

9

Fang, Xuan, Jie Yang, Jia-Ming Na, and Zhen-Yuan Gu. "Unified Failure Strength Criterion for Terrace Slope Reinforcement Materials." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 14, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9639184.

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This paper presents a study on the failure strength criterion of terrace slope reinforcement materials, such as lean cemented sand and gravel (LCSG) material, under a triaxial stress state. Cement content and confining pressure were selected as major factors to investigate their influence on the peak stress of terrace slope reinforcement materials based on experimental results and data from the literature. The mechanical properties of the LCSG samples, with cement contents of 60, 80, and 90 kg/m3, and noncemented sand and gravel materials were tested under four confining pressure levels (namely, 300, 600, 1000, and 1500 kPa). The results show that the strength of LCSG material improves as the confining pressure increases. When the confining pressure exceeds 1200 kPa, the rate of increase of the strength for LCSG material and other cemented grained materials declines generally. The material strength displays a linear increase with the growth of the cement content. When the axial load rises up to a certain value, damage will occur at the particle cemented site near the shear plane, and the resistance stress generated by the cementation shows a trend of growth first and then attenuation, and concurrently, the friction between particles increases by degrees. Based on the identified strength characteristics of LCSG material under different cement contents and confining pressures, a new strength criterion that incorporates the frictional strengths and the cementing strengths is proposed for LCSG and other similar materials. The results of this work can provide an important theoretical basis for the stability calculation of terrace slopes and LCSG dams.

10

Marone, Chris. "Fault zone strength and failure criteria." Geophysical Research Letters 22, no. 6 (March 15, 1995): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95gl00268.

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11

HUGHES, PHILIP D, MICHAEL I POLKEY, M. LOU HARRIS, ANDREW J S. COATS, JOHN MOXHAM, and MALCOLM GREEN. "Diaphragm Strength In Chronic Heart Failure." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 160, no. 2 (August 1999): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9810081.

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12

XIE, LIYANG, and ZHENG WANG. "LOAD-STRENGTH INTERFERENCE FAILURE RATE MODEL." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 16, no. 03 (June 2009): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539309003381.

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The variation of failure rate is interpreted in terms of the interaction mechanism between load and strength (product property). It is highlighted that the variation of product failure rate with service time is controlled by two types of failure rate variation trends. One is the decreasing trend dominated by load statistical characteristic, the other is the increasing trend dominated by strength degradation. Under the action of a stationary random load process, the statistical characteristics of load peaks leads to product failure rate decreasing with service time, provided that the product property does not degrade. The reason is simply that, a product will not fail to a impact of load not higher than those to which the product has successfully resisted, while the possibility that a higher impact (higher than all the preceding ones) appears in a unit time interval will decrease with the increase of operation experience. On the other hand, load history dependent product property deterioration leads to failure rate increasing continuously. From the viewpoint that failure is the reflection of load-strength interaction, this paper derives failure rate model for product subjected to random load sequence. As the foundation, discrete time parameter, i.e. number of load actions is used, "discrete failure rate" is defined, and it is clarified that the discrete failure rate at the nth load action is equivalent to the failure probability caused by the (n + 1)th load action, given that the product has survived to the foregoing n times of load actions. Based on the failure rate model, the effects of load uncertainty, component strength uncertainty, and strength degradation as well on failure rate are discussed.

13

Li, Rui, Lei Liu, Zhihua Zhang, and Huaming An. "Experimental Study of Brazilian Tensile Strength of Concrete Under Static Loads." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020601018.

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Concrete is one of the most significant materials in modern society. It is widely used in many projects. Thus it is essential to study the strength and the failure patterns of this material. As well known, the compressive strength is much higher than the tensile strength for concrete. Thus, it is easy to fail due to the tensile strength for concrete. Thus, this paper focuses on the study of the tensile strength of the concrete and its failure patterns. Three types of concretes are made for studying the tensile strengths and the failure patterns of the concretes. Then the Brazilian tensile strength test method is employed in this study. The mythology of calculating tensile strength by the Brazilian tensile strength test method is introduced. Many discs are made for the tests. The Rock mechanics testing machine is used to excavate pressure on the top and bottom of the disc. It is concluded that the failure of the disc is along the vertical diameter between the top and bottom plates contacting the dis. The tensile failure is not obviously influenced by the ratios of the materials while the tensile strength is significantly influenced by the ratios of the concrete. The damage index of concrete is also proposed to describe the capabilities of resisting failure.

14

Battley, MA, and TD Allen. "Core failure in sandwich structures subjected to water slamming loads." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 1751–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636219837655.

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Sandwich composite materials are widely used within the marine industry, particularly as hull panels. Water impact loads, known as slamming, can be very significant for these structures, particularly for high-speed craft. These loadings generate local regions of high transverse shear forces near panel boundaries, which can result in transverse shear failures of core materials. The transient nature of slamming loads can cause stress rates that are high enough to affect the strength of the core material, particularly for polymeric foams. Despite the significant body of work on the constitutive behaviour and failure mechanics of sandwich core materials, there is a lack of understanding of how core materials fail in transverse shear during slamming events. There is also only very limited knowledge of how the core shear strengths measured using standardised, often quasi-static material coupon testing relate to their behaviour in a panel-slamming situation. This paper contributes in two novel areas; controlled experimental characterisation of the failure mechanics of sandwich panels subjected to water slamming to understand and quantify the strength of different polymeric core materials, comparison of the failure modes and transverse shear strength of slam-loaded sandwich panels to predictions from material coupon properties. Core types include low, medium and high elongation polymeric foams. The results demonstrate that the more ductile foams perform better as panel structures under slamming relative to their quasi-static properties compared with the more brittle cores. Prediction of the strength of a panel is shown to be highly dependent on the load distribution and whether the static or dynamic core strength is considered. The results support empirical experience that ductile foams perform well under slamming loads, and that high-elongation materials can perform better in slamming situations than predicted by their quasi-static strengths.

15

Zheng, Xi Tao, Qin Sun, Ying Nan Guo, and Ya Nan Chai. "Strength Predication for Load-Bearing Lugs of Three-Dimensional Braided Composites." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1948.

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Load response and failure modes of three-dimensional (3-d) four-directional braided composite lugs were studied analytically and experimentally. The objective of the study was to get information on the stiffness, strength and failure mode of the lug, as well as on the applicability of the analysis method used to predict lug load response and failure. The test lugs were manufactured with the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) technique. The test specimens were loaded parallel to the lug centerline. Two types of specimens were tested to failure. Three of them were instrumented with 18 strain gages in each type of lug. There are three basic failure modes in braided composite joints: net-tension, shear-out, and bearing. Net-tension failure is associated with matrix and fiber tension failure due to stress concentrations. Shear-out and bearing failures result primarily from the shear and compression failures of fiber and matrix. The analyses were performed using finite element method. Shell elements were used. A steel pin was modeled to apply the loading. The loading was applied with a constant force distribution through the center of the pin. A contact was defined between the pin and the surrounding lug surface. The measured strains showed fairly good correlation with the analysis results. The strain response was almost linear. It can be concluded that with correct material properties the FE approach used in the analyses can provide a reasonable estimate for the load response and failure of 3-d braided composite lugs

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Tantbirojn, D., C. Fernando, and A. Versluis. "Failure Strengths of Composite Additions and Repairs." Operative Dentistry 40, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/14-042-l.

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SUMMARY Purpose When adding composite to a cured composite restoration, the intent is to achieve the same failure strength as the original restorative material. This study evaluated the failure strengths of added or repaired composite using various chemical and/or mechanical surface treatments. Methods Failure strengths were determined using a four-point bending test. Beam-shaped specimens were fabricated by adding new composite to cured composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra). The cured composites were either fresh or aged seven days (N=10-14). The composite surfaces were left unground or were ground before treatment with various combinations of roughening, acid etching, silane, and dental adhesives (conventional Adper SingleBond Plus or new multimode Scotchbond Universal) and/or tribochemistry (CoJet system). Monolithic composite specimens were the control. Failure strengths were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Fisher protected least significant difference (α=0.05). Results Failure strengths (mean ± standard deviation) when composite was added to unground freshly cured composites (111±25 MPa) and aged composites using a new multimode adhesive with (102±22 MPa) or without (98±22 MPa) tribochemical treatment were not significantly lower than the monolithic specimens (122±23 MPa). Grinding the surfaces of freshly cured composite significantly reduced failure strength, either with (81±30 MPa) or without (86±31 MPa) use of conventional adhesive. Failure strengths of aged composites were also significantly lower (51±21 MPa with SingleBond Plus), even after tribochemical treatment (71±29 MPa with SingleBond Plus; 73±35 MPa with Silane-Visiobond). Conclusions Using a new multimode adhesive when adding composite to freshly cured or aged composite substrates recovered the failure strength to that of the original monolithic composite.

17

Christensen, Richard, Zhi Li, and Huajian Gao. "An independent derivation and verification of the voids nucleation failure mechanism: significance for materials failure." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2222 (February 2019): 20180755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0755.

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Independent derivations are given for the failure criteria of the purely dilatational stress state involving voids nucleation failure as well as for the purely distortional stress state involving shear bands failure. The results are consistent with those from a recently derived failure theory and they further substantiate the failure theory. The voids nucleation mechanism is compared with the ideal theoretical strength of isotropic materials as derived by density functional theory and two other atomic-scale methods. It is found that a cross-over occurs from the voids nucleation failure mechanism to the ideal strength limitation as the tensile to compressive strengths ratio, T / C , increases toward a value of unity. All the results are consistent with the failure modes transition results from the general failure theory.

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Colvin, G. E., and S. R. Swanson. "In-Situ Compressive Strength of Carbon/Epoxy AS4/3501-6 Laminates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2902144.

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An experimental program has been conducted to evaluate how changes in laminate lay-up can influence the compression behavior of fiber-dominated, resin-based composites. The testing utilized a cylindrical, 3.81 cm (1.5 in.) diameter test specimen because it provides inherent resistance to global buckling failure modes and lack of free edge effects. Seven different laminates representing 0° dominated lay-ups, axial bias lay-ups, and quasi-isotropic lay-ups were tested. The measured macroscopic stress strain failure data showed a strong in-situ dependence of the 0° failure strain on the lay-up. The quasi-isotropic laminate failure strains were nearly twice the 0° dominated laminate failure strains. Photomicrographs of the failure zone from sections of failed specimens showed the presence of fiber kinking in all the laminate failures.

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Pan, Andrew, Mohammadamin Jafari, Lijie Guo, and Murray Grabinsky. "Hybrid Failure of Cemented Paste Backfill." Minerals 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101141.

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The hybrid failure is a coupled failure mechanism under the action of tensile and shear stresses. The failure is critical in cemented paste backfill (CPB) since there are no visible signs prior to the failure. Few studies have been conducted on the coupled stress response of CPB. This is most likely due to a lack of suitable laboratory equipment and test procedures. This paper presents a new punching shear apparatus to evaluate the hybrid failure of CPB. We harness two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) for supplementing experimental study in providing stress transformation, deformation, and possible failure mechanisms. Our study suggests that the coupled stress is a combination of tensile and shear strength in function of the angle of the frustum. The strengths measured by the coupled stress are comparable to those measured by direct shear and tensile strength tests, in which the strength properties of CPB are curing time and binder content dependent. The FEA results substantiate the effectiveness of proposed model for predicting the hybrid failure of CPB.

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Broughton, Roy M., Yehia El Mogahzy, and D. M. Hall. "Mechanism of Yarn Failure." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 3 (March 1992): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206200302.

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The importance of interfiber friction in determining yarn strength has been acknowledged by several authors. Studies of the effect of friction on yarn strength were often based on determining the influence of twist level, a structural factor, to change the level of friction. To our knowledge, no study is available in which varying fiber frictional characteristics are introduced into a constant yarn structure ( i.e., the same twist, fiber type, fiber length, etc.). This effect has been accomplished through a surface treatment that changes the level of interfiber friction, and subsequent yarn testing provides useful and interesting information about how fiber interaction contributes to yarn strength. The results presented here show that interfiber friction can (under certain circumstances) be the dominant factor in determining the tensile properties of a ring spun staple yarn. Friction and yarn strength results show that moderate changes in the interfiber friction can produce large changes in yarn strength. We suggest that interfiber friction should receive more attention as a determinant of yarn properties, particularly strength.

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Maliovana, O. O. "STRENGTH OF HIGHER STRENGTH CONCRETE ELEMENTS UNDER SHEAR ACTION." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, no. 50 (April 11, 2018): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2018.50.1068.

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The strength design method of concrete and reinforced concrete elements is expounded in this article. The experimental program included the study of the strain condition and failure load determination for considered types of elements. The strength design method is expounded for concrete and reinforced concrete elements by means of variation method in the concrete plasticity theory that was developed in Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk University. There are the results of experimental investigation for truncated concrete wedges that simulate work of concrete compressed zone above dangerous inclined crack, Hvozdev specimens and crucial keys as well as beams. Also all elements were made of higher strength concrete in order to test the applicability of given method to these elements. The results of the experimental research have confirmed the applicability of plasticity zones assumed in the theoretical solutions. The theoretical strength is well coordinated with the experimental one. The failure character of reinforced concrete beams has been discovered. It has not differed from the flexure elements failure by cross section made of conventional concrete.

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Tandon, Raghav, Sanjeev Maharjan, and Suraj Gautam. "Shear and tensile bond strengths of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry with different mortar mixtures and thicknesses." Journal of Engineering Issues and Solutions 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joeis.v1i1.36814.

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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks are commonly used for masonry walls. In order to understand the strength of AAC masonry, it is essential to assess the tensile and shear bond strengths of the AAC block-mortar interface for various mortar combinations. This research investigates the bond strength of AAC block mortar interface made up of a) polymer modified mortar (PMM) and b) ordinary cement sand mortar of 1:4 or 1:6 ratio with thickness of 10mm, 15mm or 20mm. A thin cement slurry coating was applied on the block surface before placing the cement sand mortar in the masonry. For all types of interface, shear bond strength of masonry was studied using a triplet test, while the tensile bond strength was determined through a cross-couplet test. Among the cement sand mortar used in this study, cement sand mortar of ratio 1:4 and thickness 15mm showed the maximum shear strength of 0.13MPa with the failure of blocks as the predominant failure while the PMM had shear bond strength of 0.12MPa with the failure of blocks as the predominant failure type. However, in case of the tensile bond strength testing, PMM showed the tensile bond strength of 0.19MPa, which was highest among all the test specimens used in this study. Considering both the tensile and shear bond strengths of the AAC masonry and based on the observed failure pattern, among all the combinations used in the experiment, either PMM or cement-sand mortar of ratio 1:4 and thickness of 15mm can be chosen for the AAC masonry.

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Feng, William W., and Scott E. Groves. "On the strength of Toray 1000/Der332 Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 1 (January 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100101.

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The finite-strain-invariant criterion is applied to Toray 1000 / DER332 symmetrically balanced angle-ply laminates subjected to a uniaxial loading state. The results indicate that the initial failures are all in the matrix failure mode.

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Liu, Zhun, Xiaoning Zhao, Xuanxiu Liu, Lei Song, and Qing Nie. "Experimental Study on Statistic Failure Properties of Composite Considering Temperature Effect." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2101, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2101/1/012062.

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Abstract Advanced composite has been widely used in many fields with high mechanical performance requirements. Aim to characterize the reliability of composite, a statistic failure model was established based on Weibull distribution. Strength tests at various temperatures were conducted under tensile, compressive and in-plane shear loading conditions. As the temperature rises from 25 °C to 180°C, the strengths at different loading conditions reduces by nearly 60% except that the longitudinal tensile one reduces by only 16%. Equivalent strength at reference temperature was obtained based on time-temperature superposition principle. Then, the model parameters were determined with transferred test data using the median rank method, and statistic characterizations of different strength properties were further studied. Results show that the failure probability of composite is independent of temperature. Among all the strengths, the longitudinal compressive strength possesses the smallest shape parameter and correlation coefficient R of the fitting result, which means the strongest randomness of failure.

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Yoshimine, M., P. K. Robertson, and C. E. (Fear) Wride. "Undrained shear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 5 (November 23, 1999): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-047.

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This paper attempts to evaluate the undrained shear strength of sand during flow failures, based on both laboratory testing and field observations. In the laboratory, the minimum shear resistance during monotonic loading was taken as the undrained strength, based on the criterion of stability. Triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and simple shear test data on clean sand were examined and it was revealed that the undrained shear strength ratio could be related to the relative density of the material provided that the initial stress, piprime, was less than 500 kPa. Three previous flow failures involving sand layers with relatively low fines contents and reliable cone penetration test (CPT) data were studied. Using existing calibration chamber test results, the Toyoura sand specimen densities in the laboratory tests were converted to equivalent values of CPT penetration resistance. The undrained shear strengths measured in the laboratory for Toyoura sand were compared with those from the case studies. It was found that the behaviour of sand in simple shear in the laboratory was consistent with the field performance observations. Triaxial compression tests overestimated the undrained strengths, and triaxial extension tests underestimated the undrained strengths. From both the simple shear test result and the CPT field data, the threshold value of clean sand equivalent cone resistance for flow failure was detected. Based on these observations, a CPT-based guideline for evaluating the potential for flow failure of a clean sand deposit is proposed. Key words: liquefaction, flow, laboratory testing, in situ test, case histories.

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Behera, Ranjan K., SK Parida, and RR Das. "Three-dimensional adhesion failure analysis of the single lap joint having pre-embedded circular defects." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 54, no. 5-6 (July 2019): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324719867002.

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The present research aims to study the growth of the circular adhesion failure pre-existing at the interfaces of the strap adherend and the adhesive in a single lap joint. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of adhesively bonded single lap joints made with high strength steel adherends under uniformly applied extension have been carried out. The interfacial stresses and strain energy release rate values, being indicative parameters, in the growth of the adhesion failures are computed in the vicinity of the pre-existing circular adhesion failure fronts when the load on single lap joint increases till failure. The magnitudes of the strain energy release rate are computed using the virtual crack closure technique. The results show that the sizes of the adhesion failure significantly influence the magnitudes of the interfacial stresses, the three modes of strain energy release rates and the load-bearing capacity of the single lap joint. The finite element analysis predicts that pre-embedded circular adhesion failures will not have grown from the pre-embedded circular adhesion failure front, instead the failure will be initiated from the overlap ends upon loading for the adhesive bonded single lap joint made with strong adherends and AV119 adhesive. The finite element analysis also proposes a method to calculate the strength of this type of joint configurations using the global shear strength of the adhesive and the intact bonded area. The finite element analysis predicted failure strength of the single lap joint is in good agreement with the experimentally obtained strength for the single lap joint containing pre-existing circular adhesion failure.

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Bilisik, Kadir, Gulhan Erdogan, and Erdal Sapanci. "Interlaminar shear properties of nanostitched/nanoprepreg aramid/phenolic composites by short beam method." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 21 (November 14, 2018): 2941–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318811523.

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The interlaminar shear strengths of nanostitched 3D aramid/phenolic composites were studied. Stitching slightly improved the interlaminar strength of the z-stitching/nanotube composites. In addition, the stitching fiber type influenced the interlaminar strength of the z-stitching/nanotube aramid/phenolic composites. The failures of all structures in the compression and tensile sides were almost negligible. However, all structures had interlaminar shear failure where delamination in z-stitching/nanotube composites was arrested. The introduction of the stitching yarn in the baseline structure improved its out-of-plane failure properties without reducing the in-plane properties. The effects of stitching and multiwall carbon nanotubes on the 3D aramid/phenolic composite were encouraging and the nanostitched para-aramid/phenolic nanocomposite could be considered as damage tolerance material.

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Lo, King H., Akira Miyase, and Su Su Wang. "Failure strength predictions for closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 30 (May 17, 2018): 4185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318777049.

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This paper describes an effort to model mechanical strength of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams under static loading. The study presented here is a continuation of an earlier study to model elastic stiffness of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams as effective transversely isotropic materials. An engineering approach is used in the study and governing equations are developed for predicting the strength of polyvinyl chloride foams. To account for foam microstructure and cell-shape anisotropy on foam strength, a unit cell representation of the polyvinyl chloride foam microstructure is used to derive equations to assess tensile and shear strengths of polyvinyl chloride foams. The differential stretching of polyvinyl chloride foam cell walls (in the rise direction and in the in-plane directions) on the strength of the foam-matrix polymer is also taken into account in modeling the mechanical strength of polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foams. The behavior of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams under compression is different from that under tension. In the paper, the equations for predicting compressive strength of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams are based on an approximate theory developed in an earlier study of compressive strength of unidirectional composites. The validity of the foam strength predictive equations, derived in the paper, is first demonstrated through comparison of the predictions with the results on Divinycell H (DIAB) foams obtained from a systematic in-house test program. A comparison is also carried out between the strength predictions and the test results published by two polyvinyl chloride foam manufacturers for different density polyvinyl chloride foams. Good agreements are found for all the different density foams studied.

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Baldissera, Renata, Ricardo Abreu da Rosa, Márcia Helena Wagner, Milton Carlos Kuga, Fabiana Soares Grecca, Augusto Bodanezi, Luis Carlos da Fontoura Frasca, and Marcus Vinícius Reis Só. "Adhesion of real seal to human root dentin treated with different solutions." Brazilian Dental Journal 23, no. 5 (October 2012): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402012000500009.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigants on sealer-dentin bond strength when using Real Seal. Thirty single-rooted teeth were divided into 3 groups. In one group, the teeth were irrigated with 3 mL of 2.5% NaOCl after each file change, flushed with 17% EDTA for 3 min and finally rinsed with 3 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. In the other two groups, rinse with NaOCl was replaced with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and 0.9% saline, respectively. Each root was sectioned transversally into apical, middle and coronal thirds to obtain 2-mm-thick slices. Each slice was filled with Real Seal and Resilon. Push-out test was used to analyze bond strength and failure modes were classified as adhesive, cohesive or mixed, according to SEM observations. The push-out test did not reveal any statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the irrigants. However, the groups exhibited significantly different (p<0.05) bond strengths in terms of the root canal third. Higher bond strength was observed at the apical third when compared with coronal third, while middle third presented intermediary values. Fifteen specimens were analyzed by SEM (5 per group). Eleven specimens exhibited adhesive failures (5 in saline, 4 in NaOCl and 2 in CHX group); 2 cohesive failures were observed in the CHX group, and 1 mixed failure each was observed in the CHX and NaOCl groups. The tested irrigants did not influence the bond strength of Resilon and Real Seal to dentin. The apical third exhibited higher mean bond strengths and adhesive failures were predominant.

30

Yoshihara, Hiroshi, and Masahiro Yoshinobu. "Off-axis tensile strength and evaluation of the in-plane shear strength of paper." Holzforschung 68, no. 5 (July 1, 2014): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0163.

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Abstract The off-axis tensile strength (OATS) of copy paper, filter paper, and sack paper was obtained from dog-bone specimens. The relationship between OATS and the off-axis angle (OAA) was predicted under several failure conditions. Additionally, the shear strengths (SS) of these papers were evaluated based on the results of OAT tests. The OATS could be accurately predicted under several Hill-type failure conditions. An equation for deriving the in-plane SS of these papers was proposed based on the tensile strength of the specimen with a 35° OAA, in which the contribution of the shear stress component was maximum.

31

Zhang, Shaohua, Xizhi Zhang, Shengbo Xu, and Xingqian Li. "Seismic behavior of normal-strength concrete-filled precast high-strength concrete centrifugal tube columns." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 614–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219878855.

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This study reports the cyclic loading test results of normal-strength concrete-filled precast high-strength concrete centrifugal tube columns. Seven half-scale column specimens were tested under cyclic loads and axial compression loads to investigate their seismic behavior. The major parameters considered in the test included axial compression ratio, filled concrete strength, and volumetric stirrup ratio. The structural behavior of each specimen was investigated in terms of failure modes, hysteresis behavior, bearing capacity, dissipated energy, ductility, stiffness degradation, drift capacity, and strain profiles. Test results revealed that the concrete-filled precast high-strength concrete centrifugal tube column exhibited good integral behavior, and the failure modes of all columns were ductile flexural failures. Lower axial compression ratio and higher volumetric stirrup ratio resulted in more satisfactory ductile performance. In contrast, the filled concrete strength has a limited influence on the structural behavior of concrete-filled precast high-strength concrete centrifugal tube columns. Based on the limit analysis method, the calculation formula for the bending capacity of the concrete-filled precast high-strength concrete centrifugal tube column was developed, and the results predicted from the formulas were in good agreement with the experiment results.

32

Peng, Wen Jie, and Jian Qiao Chen. "Numerical Evaluation of Ultimate Strengths of Composites Considering Both In-Plane Damage and Delamination." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.771.

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Traditional laminate strength analysis only considers face failure under in-plane loads. In fact, owing to the mismatch of the mechanical properties of the adjacent layers, a three-dimensional interlaminar singular stress fields develop in a small boundary region in the vicinity of the free edges of the laminate under mechanical load, which may lead to interlaminar delamination failure. Neglecting this interlaminar failure mode, the failure strength of laminate will be overestimated. In this paper, face failure and interlaminar failure are both considered. So for a lamina, three major failure modes are considered: matrix failure, fiber breakage and delamination. Finite element method is used to obtain the stresses in a laminate under mechanical loads. Stress-based criterions are adopted to predict the failure mode of laminas. When a lamina is failed, the lamina stiffness is reduced according to the corresponding failure mode, and the stresses of the laminate are re-analyzed. This procedure is repeatedly performed until the whole laminate fails and thus the ultimate strength is determined. The predicted ultimate strengths are in good agreement with experiment results in the open literature.

33

Zheng, Yonglai, and Shuxin Deng. "Failure Probability Model considering the Effect of Intermediate Principal Stress on Rock Strength." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/960973.

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A failure probability model is developed to describe the effect of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength. Each shear plane in rock samples is considered as a micro-unit. The strengths of these micro-units are assumed to match Weibull distribution. The macro strength of rock sample is a synthetic consideration of all directions’ probabilities. New model reproduces the typical phenomenon of intermediate principal stress effect that occurs in some true triaxial experiments. Based on the new model, a strength criterion is proposed and it can be regarded as a modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion with a uniformity coefficient. New strength criterion can quantitatively reflect the intermediate principal stress effect on rock strength and matches previously published experimental results better than common strength criteria.

34

Rasooli, Amanullah, and Hideki Idota. "Assessment of Redundant Steel Structural Systems Considering Effects of Member Strength Variability on the System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 267 (December 2012): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.267.33.

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In the present study, the failure of basic redundant steel structural systems is investigated. By considering that each member of the system has brittle, semi-brittle, or perfectly plastic properties, the statistical behavior of perfectly brittle systems, semi-brittle systems, perfectly plastic and combination systems are evaluated, and the effects of the coefficient of variation (CoV) of members on the systems are investigated. Uncorrelated strengths with the same mean are considered for the system elements. By using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, maximum strength, yield strength and residual strength of the redundant steel structural systems are evaluated. The CoV of member strength is an essential parameter for statistical assessment of steel structural systems. In this study, the strength is defined random variable a selected normal distribution represents the random variable, for the member strength. The deformation capacity of the member is strongly depends to the characteristics of member strength, but the post failure factor has deterministic values, only for the combination system. The post failure factor is a random variable that represents the uncertainty, uniform distribution is selected to represents random variable, in combination system post failure factor.

35

Zhang, Yulin, Maoxian Zhao, Jionglong Su, Xiao Lu, and Kebo Lv. "Novel Model for Cascading Failure Based on Degree Strength and Its Application in Directed Gene Logic Networks." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8950794.

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A novel model for cascading failures in a directed logic network based on the degree strength at a node was proposed. The definitions of in-degree and out-degree strength of a node were initially reconsidered, and the load at a nonisolated node was proposed as the ratio of in-degree strength to out-degree strength of the node. The cascading failure model based on degree strength was applied to the logic network for three types of cancer including adenocarcinoma of lung, prostate cancer, and colon cancer based on their gene expression profiles. In order to highlight the differences between the three networks by the cascading failure mechanism, we used the largest-scale cascades and the cumulative cascade probability to depict the damage. It was found that the cascading failures caused by hubs are usually larger. Furthermore, the result shows that propagations against the networks were correlated with the structures motifs of connected logical doublets. Finally, some genes were selected based on cascading failure mechanism. We believe that these genes may be involved in the occurrence and development of three types of cancer.

36

Ren, Li, Ting Ai, Zhe Ming Zhu, Ling Zhi Xie, and Ru Zhang. "Strength Reduction Technique for Non-Linear Failure Criterion." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1568.

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In the analysis of slope stability, a reduction method of non-linear shear strength was applied. A power function was used to approximate the shear failure envelope which is determined by the non-linear criterion or experimental data, and then the coefficients of that function were determined by using the collocation points. The equivalent friction angles and cohesive strengths of rock as well as stress range were determined by fitting an average linear relationship to the approximate curve generated by the power function through the method of least square. Finally, an example was presented to demonstrate the superiority and feasibility of the method introduced in this paper.

37

Ahmad, Hilton, and Mustafa Abbas Abed. "Strength Prediction of Double-Lap Bolted Joints of Woven Fabric CFRP Composite Plates Using Hashin Formulations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.290.

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Failure modes in composite plates with bolted joint configuration include net-tension, shear-out and bearing failures. Few analytical and numerical approaches in strength prediction frameworks of composite plates with bolted joints were reported in the literatures. Present works are dealing with strength prediction in bearing failure of woven fabric CFRP plates with double lap bolted joint configurations by modeling 3D finite element analysis framework. The pre-processing stage is modeled using commercial ABAQUS CAE package and takes into account all parts interactions, clamping pressure and friction contact. Testing series are following the experimental works found from the literatures with variation of plate width to hole diameter (W/d) ratios and incorporated with finger-tight clamp-up. Hashin failure criterion was implemented as constitutive modeling in current analysis, based on ply-by-ply approaches found to be more appropriate phenomenon in bearing failure. The strength prediction results demonstrated good agreement with all experimental datasets particularly with bearing failures as compared with previously reported work, used stress concentration approach found to be accurate in net-tension failure only.

38

Hakiri, Norio, Mototsugu Sakai, Seiji Nomura, and Sadayoshi Aizawa. "Failure Strength of Cokes Reacted with CO2." Tetsu-to-Hagane 96, no. 5 (2010): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.96.305.

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39

Sørensen, Bent F., Helmuth Toftegaard, Søren Linderoth, Mats Lundberg, and Stefanie Feih. "Strength and failure modes of ceramic multilayers." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32, no. 16 (December 2012): 4165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.06.012.

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40

Topin, V., J. Y. Delenne, F. Radjaı, L. Brendel, and F. Mabille. "Strength and failure of cemented granular matter." European Physical Journal E 23, no. 4 (August 2007): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2007-10201-9.

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41

Evans, S. A., L. Watson, M. Hawkins, A. J. Cowley, I. D. Johnston, and W. J. Kinnear. "Respiratory muscle strength in chronic heart failure." Thorax 50, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.50.6.625.

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42

Cerreta, Ellen K., George T. Gray III, Carl P. Trujillo, Mark L. Potocki, Shraddha Vachhani, Daniel T. Martinez, and Manual L. Lovato. "Strength and failure of a damaged material." EPJ Web of Conferences 94 (2015): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159402015.

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43

BRAR, N. S., Z. ROSENBERG, and S. J. BLESS. "SPALL STRENGTH AND FAILURE WAVES IN GLASS." Le Journal de Physique IV 01, no. C3 (October 1991): C3–639—C3–644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1991389.

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44

Klaasen, H., J. Kübarsepp, and F. Sergejev. "Strength and failure of TiC based cermets." Powder Metallurgy 52, no. 2 (June 2009): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329008x315575.

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45

Hammond, Michael D., Karen A. Bauer, John T. Sharp, and Robert D. Rocha. "Respiratory Muscle Strength in Congestive Heart Failure." Chest 98, no. 5 (November 1990): 1091–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.5.1091.

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46

Pariseau, W. G. "Fitting failure criteria to laboratory strength tests." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 44, no. 4 (June 2007): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.09.006.

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47

Doronin, S. V. "Simulating strength and failure in engineering plant." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 42, no. 7-8 (July 2006): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-006-0127-9.

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48

Brochard, Laurent, Sabri Souguir, and Karam Sab. "Scaling of brittle failure: strength versus toughness." International Journal of Fracture 210, no. 1-2 (January 27, 2018): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-018-0268-9.

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49

Krivobodrov, V. S., and A. M. Leksovskii. "Strength and failure energy content of composites." Mechanics of Composite Materials 23, no. 6 (1988): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00616791.

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50

Komissarov, A. A., D. Yu Ozherelkov, Yu B. Sazonov, D. V. Ten, and A. A. Tokar’. "Causes of High-Strength Drill Pipes Failure." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2021, no. 4 (April 2021): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029521040157.

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