Дисертації з теми "Fair Value Disclosure"

Following an attempt to harmonize the U.S. GAAP and IFRS a new IFRS standard became mandatory in the EU known as IFRS 13 “Fair value measurement” in 2013. The new accounting standard aims to decrease inconsistencies with fair value measurement by introducing new disclosure requirements for fair value assets with no active market (level 3). This study investigates how well Swedish listed firms have complied with the new disclosure requirements, and whether their compliance level has affected the information asymmetry between market participants. The sample consists of Swedish listed firms from Nasdaq OMX within the banking, forestry and real estate industry where fair value assets on level 3 are prevalent. The result revealed that Swedish firms had increased their compliance level with the disclosure requirements; furthermore, the regression analysis indicated a negative relation between an increase in disclosure level and information asymmetry after controlling for some variables. However, since the result was not significant suggestions for future research is to increase the sample size outside of the Swedish context.

The new accounting standard IFRS 13 had its mandatory implementation January 1 st 2013. The main reason for the implementation was to eliminate inconsistencies and reduce complexities in fair value measurements. The new disclosure would therefore enable public real estate companies to be more transparent towards investors, who base their financial decision on the information that is presented in the financial report. Since the market value of investment properties is important for investors when making their financial decisions, this study focuses on the disclosure requirements of IFRS 13 in Sweden. The aim of this research was to study how well Swedish real estate companies follow the new disclosure requirements and how this may affect the investors’ financial decisions. In order to conduct the study a mixed method approach was undertaken. The study consisted of a sampled of 90 financial reports from 15 public real estate companies in Sweden before and after IFRS 13. The disclosure requirements were later calculated in accordance to an unweighted disclosure index and then tested against a hypothesis with the help of the Wilcoxon matched pair test. The comparison of the financial reports during the period 2010- 2015, that is before and after IFRS 13, enabled us to see how well the new requirements were followed. If a certain disclosure requirement was not followed an analysis of the audit reports was made in order to conclude if a modified opinion had been left by the auditor or not. In order to strengthen this specific part of the study a qualitative method was undertaken to get an expert’s point of view regarding the new requirement as well how the investors may be affected. Four auditors were interviewed in order to acquire this information but also to get a better insight regarding the investors’ point of view. After the data collection and analysis, our findings reveal that the overall compliance of public real estate companies in Sweden was high and that the disclosure quality had increased after the implementation of IFRS 13. However, not all disclosure requirements were fulfilled and none of the company’s auditors chose to give a modified statement. The results from the qualitative part of the study showed that all participants consider auditors to have sufficient knowledge of IFRS 13. Furthermore, the participants’ also claimed that the change of disclosure requirements has little impact on investors’ financial decisions.

With the recent financial crisis that have happened and the global move towards fair value accounting financial institutions such as the IASB saw fit to increase the mandatory disclosure requirements by implementing IFRS 13 to regulated fair value accounting in IFRS. The implementation of IFRS 13 means that many of the old standards in regards to fair value will be replaced, for example investment properties reporting under IAS 40. Furthermore IFRS 13 redefines the classification system for assets and liabilities.   The purpose of this study is to investigate whether these changes have any influence on investment decisions. This has been done by adopting a qualitative abductive descripto-explanatory approach to our research, and our empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with academics and audit professionals.   The analysis of our empirical data suggests that the implementation of IFRS 13 and its increased disclosure requirements have been useful to investor’s decision making. IFRS 13 accomplishes this through its increased clarity in financial reporting. However investors should be mindful whilst investing in companies utilizing Level 3 valuation techniques because they use estimates of unobservable inputs and because such estimates are hard to control they are prone to bias, error, and manipulation.

Sammanfattning Titel: IFRS 13 - En dokumentstudie över implementeringens påverkan på delårsrapporter i fastighetsbranschen Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Johannes Fritzin och Pia Siewert Svensson Handledare: Bengt Bengtsson Datum: 2014-01-08 Bakgrund: Det har länge diskuterats hur tillgångar ska värderas och redovisas och flera standarder har införts genom åren. I och med införandet av IAS 40 fick företagen möjlighet att värdera förvaltningsfastigheterna till verkligt värde. Kritik har dock riktats mot detta värderingssätt och förste januari 2013 infördes IFRS 13 som bland annat ställer krav på ökade upplysningar. Syfte: Vårt syfte är att studera och beskriva hur väl bolagen inom fastighetsbranschen, som är skyldiga att följa IFRS 13, lever upp till upplysningskraven i sina delårsrapporter vad det gäller värdering av förvaltningsfastigheter. Vi vill också belysa eventuella skillnader och likheter mellan företagens upplysningskvalité och vad dessa kan bero på. Därutöver tänker vi undersöka om implementeringen bidragit till mer information i företagens delårsrapporter.   Metod: Studien är en dokumentstudie av delårsrapporter rörande företag i fastighetsbranschen. I studien utförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av delårsrapporterna med utgångspunkt från upplysningskraven i IFRS 13. Analys och slutsats: Vi har analyserat fjorton olika företag. Vår slutsats är att det skiljer sig mycket mellan företagen hur väl de uppfyller kraven. De flesta av de fjorton företagen är ganska dåliga eller dåliga på att följa upplysningskraven. Framförallt är företagen dåliga på att lämna precisa indata, men de är också dåliga på att konkret uppge vilken värderingsnivå de verkligen använder. De faktorer som verkar mest sammanhängande med lågt uppfyllande av upplysningskraven är stor spridning både geografiskt och vad gäller fastighetstyp. Så företag med förvaltningsfastigheter på ett fåtal orter och inom samma bransch uppfyllde kraven bättre. När det gäller implementeringen visar undersökningen att upplysningarna i de flesta fall har ökat under de senaste fem åren. Dock har bara fyra företag ökat sina upplysningar mellan 2012 och 2013 då IFRS 13 infördes. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Genomföra studien igen längre fram när företagen har haft lite mer tid att ta till sig IFRS 13 och se om det medför en förbättring. Samt för att få ett ännu tydligare orsakssamband genomföra studien på fler företag, till exempel i hela Skandinavien. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien ger en bild av hur väl företagen följer den nya standarden IFRS 13 och den visar också att än så länge så har standarden inte fullt ut haft den avsedda verkan som var tänkt. Studien ger också en bild av vilka faktorer som kan tänkas ligga bakom hur väl kraven uppfylls. För eventuella användare av IFRS 13 ges också en tydligare bild av vad upplysningskraven verkligen innebär och hur andra företag gör för att uppfylla kraven. Nyckelord: IFRS 13, verkligt värde, fastighetsbranschen, förvaltningsfastigheter, upplysningskrav
Abstract Title: IFRS 13 - A document study over the implementation impact on the interim financial statements in the real estate business Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Johannes Fritzin and Pia Siewert Svensson Supervisor: Bengt Bengtsson Date: 2014-01-08 Background: It has for a long time been discussed how assets are to be valued and presented and several standards have been introduced over the years. With the introduction of IAS 40, companies had the opportunity to evaluate the investment properties at fair value. Critics have however been made against this valuation method and in the first of January 2013 IFRS 13 was introduced which among other things requires increased disclosures. Aim: Our purpose is to study and describe how well the companies in the real estate industry, who are required to comply with IFRS 13, lives up to the disclosure requirements in its interim reports in terms of the valuation of investment properties. We also want to highlight any differences and similarities between corporate disclosure quality and what these may be due. In addition, we intend to examine whether implementation has contributed to more information in the companies' interim reports. Method: The study is a document study of interim reports on companies in the real estate industry. In the study was a qualitative content analysis conducted of the interim reports based on the disclosure requirements of IFRS 13. Analysis and conclusions: We have analyzed fourteen different companies. Our conclusion is that there is big different between the companies how well they meet the requirements. Most of the fourteen companies are pretty bad or bad to follow the disclosure requirements. Above all, companies are bad about leaving precise input, but they are also poor at concrete specify the measurement level they actually use. The factors that seem most consistent with low fulfillment of disclosure requirements are wide distribution both geographically and by property type. So companies with investment properties at a few locations and within the same industry met the requirements better. In terms of implementation, the survey shows that the information in most cases has increased over the past five years. However, only four companies increased their disclosures between 2012 and 2013, when IFRS 13 were introduced. Suggestions for future research: Conduct the study again later when companies have had a little more time to take in IFRS 13 and see if it results in an improvement. And to get an even clearer causal link conduct the study on more companies, such as in Scandinavia. Contribution of the thesis: The study provides a picture of how well companies comply with the new standard, IFRS 13 and it also shows that so far the standard has not fully had the intended effect as intended. The study also provides a picture of what factors might underlie how well the requirements are met. For any users of IFRS 13 it also provides a clearer picture of what the disclosure requirements really means and how other companies are doing to meet the requirements. Keywords: IFRS 13, Fair value, the real estate, investment properties, disclosure requirements

International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 3 Business Combinations settles the rules of identifying, measuring, accounting and reporting for the business combinations. It decides, what is, or is not, a business combination, and explains different types of it. It asks an acquirer to use the acquisition method for accounting for the business combination at the date of acquisition. Especially to correctly recognize all the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combinations, to measure them at their fair value at the date of acquisition, to measure goodwill, and to report the information on business combination required in his financial statements. This thesis deals with the most important aspects of the business combinations, especially mergers. It explains also the most significant differences of the standard IFRS 3 Business combinations compared to the previous vision, and to some national legal regulations, and mentions also the probable development of the international accounting in the future. An attention is given also to the cross-border acquisitions. In its practical part, the thesis focuses to evaluation of fulfilling the requirements to disclose information on business combination in practice.

Sammanfattning   Titel: Efterlevnaden av upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 vid värdering till verkligt värde - En studie om efterlevnaden av IFRS 13 bland börsnoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien    Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Fredrik Hallin Johansson & Sebastian Warren   Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig   Datum: 2017 – juni   Syfte: Företag som brister i den finansiella rapporteringen lever inte upp till IFRS krav på transparens, kompabilitet och en enhetlig redovisning i Europa. Relevant information riskerar därmed att undanhållas från investerare, analytiker och övriga intressenter på kapitalmarknaden. Att redovisningsstandarder efterlevs är avgörande för att uppfylla dessa målsättningar. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur variablerna företagsstorlek, revisionsbyrå, skuldsättningsgrad, lönsamhet, likviditetsnivå, tid och kluster påverkar efterlevnad av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 hos börsnoterade fastighetsbolag i Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien.    Metod: Deduktiv ansats där hypoteser formuleras för att testa ett antal oberoende variablers påverkan på fastighetsbolagens efterlevnad av IFRS 13. Ett upplysningsindex konstrueras för att operationalisera efterlevnaden där analysen av insamlad data från årsredovisningar genomförs med multipel regressionsanalys och korrelationsanalys.    Resultat & Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett positivt signifikant samband mellan tid och efterlevnadsgrad, vilket innebär att företagen har en högre efterlevnad av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven i IFRS 13 2015 jämfört med 2013. Ett signifikant negativt samband mellan likviditetsnivå och efterlevnadsgrad kan också konstateras där fastighetsbolag med lägre likviditetsnivå har en högre efterlevnad. Studien visar även att efterlevnaden av de obligatoriska upplysningskraven var relativt hög överlag med en genomsnittlig efterlevnad på 76,1 % för 2013 och 81,6 % för 2015. Vi kan slutligen konstatera varierande resultat mellan Sverige, Tyskland och Storbritannien, vilket visar att de studerade variablerna har olika stor påverkan på efterlevnaden av upplysningskraven i dessa länder.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: En begränsning med denna studie är att vi enbart studerar hur tid, kluster och ett antal företagsspecifika faktorer påverkar efterlevnaden av obligatoriska upplysningskrav. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns landspecifika faktorer som också kan ha en påverkan på efterlevnaden i olika länder. Det vore därmed intressant att även inkludera dessa variabler i vidare studier för att studeras dess påverkan. Den finansiella sektorn står ut med en generellt låg efterlevnad av obligatoriska upplysningskrav i IFRS och det vore därmed också intressant att studera vilka faktorer som kan förklara variationer i efterlevnaden inom denna sektor.      Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien ger bevis på vad som kan förklara skillnader i efterlevnadsgraden av IFRS 13 hos svenska, tyska och brittiska fastighetsbolag. Studiens praktiska bidrag är att den kan ge intressenter en större förståelse för vilka faktorer som kan påverka i vilken utsträckning fastighetsbolag efterlever obligatoriska upplysningskrav. En sådan ökad förståelse leder förhoppningsvis till tydligare standarder och en högre efterlevnad i framtiden vilket innebär en högre kvalité i den finansiella rapporteringen.
Title: Compliance with IFRS disclosure requirements when valuating at fair value – A study examining the compliance with IFRS 13 within listed real estate investment companies in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain.   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Fredrik Hallin Johansson & Sebastian Warren   Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig   Date: 2017 - June   Aim: Companies that lack in their financial reporting do not live up to IFRS requirements of transparency, comparability and uniform accounting in Europe. Relevant information risk to be withheld from investors, analysts and other stakeholders on the capital market. Compliance with accounting standards is crucial to reach these goals. The purpose of this study is to examine how the variables company size, auditor, leverage, profitability, liquidity, time and cluster affects compliance with the mandatory disclosure requirements of IFRS 13 within listed real estate investment companies in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain.   Method: Deductive approach where hypotheses are formulated to test several independent variables impact on real estate investment companies compliance with IFRS 13. A disclosure index is designed to operationalize the compliance level, where the analysis of gathered data from annual reports is performed with multiple regression- and correlation analysis.   Result & Conclusions: The result of this study shows a positive significant relationship between time and compliance level, which means that companies have a better compliance with the mandatory disclosure requirement of IFRS 13 for the year 2015 compared to 2013. A significant negative relationship between liquidity and compliance level can also be found, which means that companies with a lower level of liquidity tend to comply better with the mandatory requirements of IFRS 13. The study also shows a relatively high compliance overall with an average compliance level of 76,1 % for 2013 and 81,6 % for 2015. We can finally conclude a varying result between Sweden, Germany and Great Britain, which shows that the examined variables have different effects on the compliance level in the different countries.   Suggestions for future research: A limitation within this study is that we only examine how time, clusters and several firm specific factors affect the compliance of mandatory disclosure requirements. Prior studies shows that country specific factors also could have an impact on the compliance level in different countries. Therefore it would be interesting to include these variables in further studies to see if they affect the compliance level. The financial sector has been shown to have low level of compliance with IFRS mandatory disclosure requirements and it would therefore also be interesting to examine explanatory factors for compliance level within this sector.   Contribution of the thesis: This study provide evidence of what can explain the differences between Swedish, German and British real estate investment companies level of compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements of IFRS 13. This paper could be useful for different stakeholders by giving them a greater understanding for which factors that can affect to what extent real estate investment companies comply with mandatory disclosure requirements. A greater understanding will hopefully result in clearer standards and higher compliance in the future which thereby would result in a higher quality in the financial reporting.

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The convergence to the international accounting standards introduced in the Brazilian accounting practices the fair value methodology from which financial assets and financial liabilities will start to be measured taking into consideration its fair market value. However, the complexity to understand, interpret and apply IAS 39 rules, recognized by the IASB, may cause distortions in the recognition and fair value measurement process with effects in the transparency of financial instruments disclosure. This process is compounded by the development of financial markets and risk exposures arising from financial instruments, requiring a better disclosure of risks associated to those instruments, especially derivatives. The study aimed to examine whether the disclosure level practiced by listed companies included in the BOVESPA index are complying with the requirements emanated from the international accounting standards. For this purpose, the financial statements for the period ended as at December 31, 2010 were object of the analysis as those statements were the first one presented according to the mandatory IFRS standards. In order to achieve the proposed objectives of the research, four index categories were developed (qualitative, quantitative, hedge accounting and risk management) based on disclosure provisions established by IFRS 7. The results obtained in the study revealed that the disclosure level for qualitative, quantitative, market risk and sensitive analysis is in line with IFRS standards. Nevertheless, more complexity accounting issues introduced by the international standards and not previously included into the Brazilian accounting practices framework, such as hedge accounting, still presents an incipient level of disclosure. Analogously, the result of the study did not take notice of greater transparency in the disclosure process with respect to credit and liquidity risk exposures, in contrast to the noticed for the market risk exposures where a high level disclosure might be attributed to a requirement enforced by CVM through a normative act
O processo de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade introduziu nas práticas contábeis brasileiras a contabilidade pelo valor justo, de forma que os ativos financeiros e os passivos financeiros passam a ser mensurados com base no seu valor justo de mercado. Mas, a complexidade ao entendimento, interpretação e aplicação das normas do IAS 39, admitido pelo próprio IASB, pode causar distorções no reconhecimento e avaliação a valor justo de instrumentos financeiros e com reflexos adversos no processo de evidenciação de informações sobre tais instrumentos. Esse processo é agravado com a evolução dos mercados financeiros e das exposições a riscos provenientes de instrumentos financeiros, requerendo uma melhor divulgação dos riscos associados à utilização desses instrumentos, especialmente os derivativos. A pesquisa buscou analisar se o nível de evidenciação praticado pelas companhias abertas integrantes do Índice BOVESPA está em conformidade com os padrões exigidos pelas normas internacionais de contabilidade. Para tanto foram analisadas as demonstrações financeiras padronizadas correspondentes ao período findo em 31 de dezembro de 2010, por serem essas as primeiras demonstrações obrigatórias publicadas de acordo com as IFRS. Como forma de alcançar os objetivos propostos na pesquisa, foram elaboradas quatro categorias de indicadores de evidenciação (qualitativa, quantitativa, hedge accounting e gestão de riscos), com base nos padrões de divulgação estabelecidos no IFRS 7. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa indicam que o nível de evidenciação qualitativa, quantitativa e de riscos de mercado e análise de sensibilidade está alinhado com o IFRS. No entanto, aspectos contábeis mais complexos introduzidos pela norma internacional e não inseridos anteriormente no arcabouço das práticas contábeis brasileiras, como a contabilidade de hedge, ainda apresentam um nível incipiente de divulgação. Da mesma forma, o resultado da pesquisa não observou uma maior transparência na divulgação de exposições a riscos de crédito ou de liquidez, contrariamente ao observado às exposições de riscos de mercado em que existe uma divulgação padronizada por força de imposição normativa da CVM

Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres distincts. Le premier chapitre étudie la tentative d'harmonisation de la réglementation financière et de la divulgation de l'information financière par l'Union Européenne. Ces réglementations financières sont appliquées à travers un ensemble de directives avec un objectif commun. Nous étudions l'impact de ces changements sur l'asymétrie d'information. Nous considérons également le rôle des caractéristiques du pays et des entreprises. Nos résultats montrent que l'asymétrie d'information a diminué après le changement de régime réglementaire de l'UE. Nous démontrons que les pays dont la règlementation antérieure est d'un niveau de qualité élevé avec un système juridique efficient ont connu une réduction d'asymétrie d'information plus importante. Selon les résultats, l'impact des réglementations sur l'asymétrie d'information est plus important pour les entreprises qui avaient un meilleur environnement avant le changement de régime. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'efficacité de l'utilisation de la juste valeur en comptabilité pour fournir des informations plus pertinentes sur la valeur des banques. Les études pertinence de la valeur ont été menées en quatre étapes. Tout d'abord, nous comparons la pertinence de la valeur des actifs et passifs tels qu'ils sont inscrits dans les bilans. Nous constatons que les actifs et passifs pris à la juste valeur sont plus pertinents pour expliquer la valeur de marché des capitaux propres. En outre, on observe que la crise financière de mi-2008 n'a pas d'impact significatif sur la pertinence des actifs et des passifs pris en FV et, que la qualité de l'audit améliore la pertinence des actifs pris en FV. Dans la deuxième étape, nous nous concentrons sur la mesure de la juste valeur et nous trouvons que les actifs basés sur « marked-to-market » sont plus pertinents que les actifs « marked-to-model » et que la haute qualité de l'audit a un impact positif sur la pertinence des actifs basés sur les niveaux de FV 1 et 2. Dans la troisième étape, nous examinons la pertinence de la valeur incrémentale des justes valeurs, en étudiant la pertinence du contenu de l'information fournie par la différence entre les justes valeurs et les coûts historiques. Pour terminer, nous évaluerons la pertinence des deux modèles que nous proposons en comparant les résultats obtenus au titre de celui de « la juste valeur totale » à ceux obtenus par le modèle « du coût historique ». Dans le troisième chapitre, nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure la juste valeur en comptabilité permet de mesurer l'exposition aux risques prise par les banques. Nous étudions le rôle de la taille des banques et celui de la situation économique du marché financier. Nous démontrons que pour un échantillon global, les ratios d'endettement de coût historique et la GAAP, sont plus liés au risque de la banque que les ratios fondées sur les justes valeurs. Pour les petites banques le ratio de levier financier de la GAAP et du HC expliquent mieux le risque de défaut des banques que le ratio de levier financier de FV, et pour les grandes banques cet ordre s'inverse. Nos résultats fournissent la preuve que, pendant les périodes stables, le ou la GAAP et le ou la HC sont plus pertinentes que le risque par FV. En période de crise cet ordre s'inverse, et les ratios de FV expliquent mieux les attentes du marché concernant le risque de défaut de toutes les banques
This dissertation consist three distinct essays that study the effectiveness of financial disclosure regulations. The first essay studies the effectiveness of EU regulatory changes aimed to harmonize and enhance EU financial information environment. Unlike literatures that study the adoption of a single regulation, we consider a set of EU regulations that have common objectives. We find that the adoption of these regulation have decreased information asymmetry in financial markets. We also show that the effectiveness of regulatory changes varies across counties. We find that firms that needed the improvement in financial information environment the most benefited the least from implementation of regulations under study. We argue that EU capital market impacts generally attributed to the adoption of IFRS are likely to come from regulatory changes concomitant to IFRS. We then focus on banks and find that EU regulatory changes had a more significant impact on banks than other firms. The second essay studies the effectiveness of fair value accounting in providing more value-relevant information. The value relevance studies have been conducted in four stages. First, we compare the value relevance of assets and liabilities as they are carried in balance sheets and find that assets and liabilities carried at fair value are more value-relevant than those carried at cost. Furthermore, we illustrate that the 2008 financial crisis had no significant impact on the value relevance of FV assets and liabilities. Also high audit quality improves the value relevance of assets carried at FV. Second, we focus on fair value measurement levels and find marked-to-marked fair values to be more value-relevant than marked-to-model fair value assets and high audit quality has a positive impact on value relevance of assets carries at FV levels 1 and 2. Third, we focus on the incremental value relevance of fair values, where we study the value relevance of fair value information over those conveyed by costs data. Finally, we compare the relative value relevance of a full fair value versus full cost accounting. The third essay looks at the risk relevance of fair value accounting. We compare the accounting-based debt ratio with fair values, cost and US GAAP data for explaining market assessments of bank risk. We find that although in overall US GAAP information and cost accounting are more risk relevant than fair values, relative value-relevance of the ratios depends on bank size and general economic condition. During financial crisis and for large banks fair values are more risk-relevant than HC and GAAP. Overall, this dissertation sheds light on the effectiveness of financial regulations regarding information disclosure and the impact of influential factors with an emphasis on banks

Abstract Problem: In today’s business environment, rising demand in financial reporting and frequent changes in accounting frameworks lead to an increased focus on reliability in Fair Value Measurement (FVM) and disclosures. The frequent changes in accounting frameworks create a challenge for managers in measuring accounting estimates accurately and have been an exceedingly difficult task. The difficult task is that of the auditors. How would auditors endorse and ensure the reliability and relevance of financial statements? Also how could they evaluate the accuracy of the measurement of fair values as presented in the financial statements? (IFAC, 2011, ISA 540). Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the methods and approaches used by auditors while auditing fair values from practical perspectives. Method: A multiple case study with pure qualitative methods and an inductive approach has been adopted. The qualitative method used a semi-structured interview to collect data.  Result: The result shows that by understanding the challenges and following the phases of auditing, auditors can maintain the quality of financial reporting. Four key audit phases are relevant to audit FVM. These are: understanding the Client-Business environment, Engagement, Internal Control, and Planning phases of auditing. Furthermore, the results revealed key challenges of auditing FVM and disclosures. These challenges are information insufficiency in the market (reliability), competence, auditors’ lack of fair value audit exposure, and the manager's leadership role and style. Moreover, as previous studies on FV have primarily relied on synthesis of academic literature, the thesis contributes knowledge to academia by using an empirical approach.

This study investigates several of the mandatory disclosures for investments in associates. An important investigation of this study is whether or not the information content in disclosed fair values for investments in associated companies subsumes their equity accounted carrying amounts. The study modifies existing value-relevance models for its purposes and compares alternative measurement bases for investments in associates by investigating the significance of changes in error terms. Differences across time and between countries are investigated utiling various statistical approaches as well as an indicator variable approach. Findings suggest that equity accounted carrying amounts and disclosed fair values of listed associates are incrementally value-relevant. This implies that investors utilise fundamental information of the associate to develop their own intrinsic valuation of listed associates, which is not equal to current market values. However, this does not equally apply in the case of unlisted associates, where disclosed fair values are not incrementally value-relevant to equity accounted carrying amounts. Other findings suggest that the value-relevance of the equity accounted carrying amounts and disclosed fair values of associates differ significantly across time and between countries for both listed and unlisted associates. In addition, findings confirm that an exceptional economic event, such as the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, impacts significantly on the overall value-relevance of accounting information. Lastly, findings of this study imply that the disclosed summarised financial information of associates, although not individually value-relevant, is incrementally value-relevant when considered as a group.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Financial Management
PhD
Unrestricted

Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
Sendo que a globalização económica levou à adoção das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), o justo valor torna-se cada vez mais relevante e as divulgações sobre o justo valor tornam-se indispensáveis para a sua melhor compreensão. Neste estudo pretende-se identificar o grau de cumprimento das divulgações sobre o justo valor por parte das empresas cotadas em Portugal nas suas demonstrações financeiras consolidadas nos anos 2007 e 2012 e analisar os principais determinantes da sua divulgação. Para tal, construíram-se duas grelhas de cumprimento com os requisitos das divulgações sobre o justo valor das respetivas normas nos dois anos, calcularam-se os índices de divulgação e aplicou-se o modelo de regressão linear. Os resultados indicam que as médias dos índices de divulgação dos anos 2007 e 2012 são 75,81% e 79,95%, respetivamente. Revela-se também que as empresas com maior dimensão e auditadas pelas Big 4 apresentam um maior nível de divulgação. Conclui-se ainda que a dimensão é uma variável robusta para explicar o nível de divulgação e as variáveis ano e setor também são estatisticamente significativas e positivas no nível de divulgação.
Since the economic globalization led to the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the fair value becomes increasingly relevant and the disclosures about fair value become indispensable for its better understanding. This study is intended to identify the degree of compliance with disclosures about fair value by listed companies in Portugal in their consolidated financial statements for the years 2007 and 2012 and analyze the main determinants of disclosure. To this end, it was built up two grids of compliance with the requirements of the disclosures about fair value of the respective standards in two years, calculated the disclosure indices and applied the linear regression model. The results indicate that the means of the disclosure indices for the years 2007 and 2012 are 75,81% and 79,95%, respectively. It also reveals that companies with larger size and audited by Big 4 show a higher level of disclosure. It even concludes that the size is a robust variable to explain the level of disclosure and the variables year and sector are also statistically significant and positive on the level of disclosure.

I januari år 2013 införde IASB en ny standard (IFRS 13) med syftet att ge vägledning i hur verkligt värde bör beräknas och redovisas. Förvaltningsfastigheter är ett tillgångsslag som skall redovisas till verkligt värde antingen i värderingssyfte eller i upplysningssyfte. Förvaltningsfastigheter är fastigheter som innehas av ägaren för att generera hyresinkomster och/eller värdestegring. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur IFRS 13 har påverkat både värderingen och redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter hos svenska fastighetsbolag noterade på OMX Stockholm, Mid & Large Cap. I studien undersöks räkenskapsåren 2011–2014 för att försöka fånga utvecklingen och de förändringar som implementeringen av standarden givit upphov till. Syftet med IASB:s arbete är att harmonisera redovisningen globalt och därmed underlätta jämförelse av och förståelse för redovisning från olika delar av världen. Resultatet från vår studie indikerar att IFRS 13 inte har haft någon större inverkan på redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter samt att värderingstekniker och tillvägagångssätt vid värdering inte påverkats överhuvudtaget. Ett tydligt mönster som kan skönjas i studien är att fastighetsbolagen gärna väljer att värdera sina fastigheter baserat på en kassaflödesmodell som bygger på icke observerbara data i form av uppskattningar och egna antaganden. Detta trots att man i första hand skall använda information från tidigare transaktioner från likartade objekt när man uppskattar en förvaltningsfastighets värde. Icke observerbara data är något som bör undvikas i största möjliga utsträckning vid värdering till verkligt värde då det tillhör den lägsta nivån i den värderingshierarki som finns för verkligt värde i IFRS 13. Anledningen till detta är att data på de högre nivåerna (nivå 1&2) bygger på faktiska händelser och transaktioner. Icke observerbara data (nivå 3) bygger på bästa tillgängliga information då marknadsuppgifter från tidigare händelser och transaktioner saknas. För att undersöka hur bolagen har efterföljt IFRS 13 har ett par av upplysningskraven i standarden valts ut. Fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar har sedan studerats och analyserats med dessa upplysningskrav som utgångspunkt. För att genomföra studien har all väsentlig information från bolagens årsredovisningar för samtliga räkenskapsår (2011-2014) sammanställts och jämförts. Därefter har insamlat material analyserats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensram som ligger till grund för studien. IFRS 13 är principbaserat vilket gör att standarden är öppen för tolkning. Det har medfört att den data som samlats in från fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar också är öppen för tolkning. Enligt vår mening är det inte alltid en självklarhet exakt vad som krävs för att uppfylla kraven i en principbaserad standard. Enligt vår bedömning följer alla bolag som ingår i studien de upplysningskrav som finns att tillgå i IFRS 13. Hur standarden följs skiljer sig dock en del mellan bolagen. Den största skillnaden sedan införandet av standarden är att bolagen generellt lämnar mer information som rör värdering till verkligt värde. Studien har bidragit till insikt både i vad som påverkar värdering av förvaltningsfastigheter och hur varierande tolkningen av principbaserade standarder kan vara. En standard kan enligt vår studie uppfyllas på fler än ett sätt.
In January 2013 IASB introduced a new standard (IFRS 13) with the intention to give guidance on how to account for and calculate fair value. Investment property is an asset class that must be reported at fair value either for valuation purposes or for disclosure purposes. Investment properties are estates held by the owner to generate rental income and/or increase in value. This study aims at investigate how IFRS 13 has affected both the valuation and accounting of investment properties of Swedish real estate companies listed on OMX Stockholm, Mid & Large Cap. The study examines the fiscal years 2011-2014 in order to try to capture the development and the changes that the implementation of the standard has given rise to. The purpose of the IASB's work is to harmonize the financial reporting globally and thus facilitate comparison of understanding of accounting from different parts of the world. The results of our study indicate that IFRS 13 has not had a major impact on the reporting of investment properties and that valuation techniques and valuation procedures have not been affected at all. An obvious pattern that can be seen in the study is that real estate companies prefer to value their investment properties based on a cash flow model based on unobservable inputs like estimates and own assumptions. This in spite of the fact that information from previous transactions from similar items should be used primarily when estimating the value of an investment property. Unobservable inputs should be avoided to the greatest extent possible when fair value are calculated because it belongs to the lowest level in the hierarchy for fair value in IFRS 13. The reason for this is that data on the higher levels (levels 1&2) are based on actual events and transactions. Unobservable data (Level 3) are based on best available information as market data from past events and transactions are missing. To investigate how companies have applied IFRS 13, a pair of disclosure requirements in the standard have been sorted out. The real estate companies’ annual reports have been studied and analyzed with these disclosure requirements as a root. To complete the study, all essential information from the company's annual reports for all fiscal years (2011–2014) has been compiled and compared. Afterwards, collected material has been analyzed using the theoretical reference frame on which the study is based. Subseque IFRS 13 is principle based, which makes the standard open to interpretation. As a result, the data collected from the annual reports are also open to interpretation. In our opinion, it is not always clear exactly what is required to meet the requirements of a principle-based standard. According to our assessment, all companies included in the study follows the disclosure requirements in IFRS 13. However, the compliance of the standard differs between the companies. The main IV difference since the introduction of the standard is that the companies generally provide more information about fair value measurement. The study has provided insight into both what factors affecting valuation of investment properties and how different interpretation of principle-based standards can be. According to our study, a standard can be met in more than one way.

碩士
輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
105
With the issue of International Financial Reporting Standard 13: Fair Value Measurement in 2013. Taiwan started to set a clear specification on fair value accounting. However, in the past, there is little literature on the fair value hierarchy and IFRS 13 in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of the disclosure of Level 3 fair value information on value relevance. This study investigates two research questions, which are that whether there is a positive relationship between the completeness of the disclosure of Level 3 fair value information and value relevance, and whether the ability in accounting of top managers could increase or decrease the value relevance of Level 3 fair value information, respectively. This study proposes a comprehensive score to measure the completeness of the disclosure of the Level 3 fair value information, and the information of the Level 3 fair value is manually collected from the annual reports of listed firms from 2013 to 2015. Furthermore, the ratio of the managers receiving the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) certifications among top managers is used to measure the accounting ability of top managers. The empirical results show that the value relevance of the Level 3 fair value information is positively related to the completeness of the disclosure. This result suggests that more information related to the Level 3 fair value disclosed in annual reports helps investors to reflect the Level 3 fair value information on stock prices. The empirical results also suggest that the accounting ability of top managers could enhance the value relevance of the Level 3 fair value information.

The ever-increasing use of Fair Value Accounting (FVA) is preferable in promoting such benefits as relevant financial information and improving transparency of financial reporting compared to traditional accounting methods (McDonough et al. 2020). At the same time, the passage of FVA introduces substantial difficulties from the audit perspective in obtaining and confirming fair value inputs (Bradley & Sun 2021; Griffith 2020). Given the rising use of complex estimates of FVA, the problem of management bias can lead to demands for high-quality audit services. Consequently, more audit effort and time are required from auditors to provide assurance in financial reporting which eventually leads to higher audit fees (Sangchan et al. 2020). This study’s primary motivation is driven by the limited and inconclusive research on the monitoring costs resulting from Fair Value Disclosure (FVD) (Miah 2019). Therefore, it aims to examine the relationship between FVD and audit fees paid by Jordanian firms from 2005 through to 2018. It explores the relationship between the presence of FVD and audit fees and looks closely at the relationship between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees. Due to the uniqueness of this study’s institutional environment characteristics, the impact of a number of ownership structure factors (including family, government and financial institutional ownership) on the association between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees is examined. The moderating role of the major two auditor industry expertise attributes: market share (MS) and portfolio share (PS) on the link between the proportion fair-valued assets and audit fees is also investigated. This study, moreover, considers further factors of the auditees’ industry type, such as whether the entity is in the financial or non-financial sector. An analysis is also conducted to produce new empirical evidence on the effect of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) on the association between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit pricing. This study is based on the publicly available secondary data from a sample of annual reports published by Jordanian firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). This analysis employs an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to test the developed hypotheses. A number of additional analyses and sensitivity tests are also conducted to ensure that the main regression results are robust to different measurements and estimators. The regression analysis finds that a greater level of FVD (and proportion of fair-valued assets) is the major driver of higher audit fees. The results are more pronounced for firms with larger ratios of the subjective FVDs (Level 3 assets). Further, a significant and positive difference in the association between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees is evident for finance industry vs. non-finance industry. Specifically, the moderating impact of industry type is significantly positive (negative) in relation to Level 2 (Level 1) assets but not significant for Level 3 assets. A significantly negative (positive) impact of the pre-crisis (post-crisis) period on the association between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees is confirmed. The regression findings, moreover, confirm a negative impact of the moderating pre-crisis over fair value inputs, whereas a positive impact of post-crisis is documented only for Level 1 assets. These findings are in line with the agency and stakeholder theories as the conjunction between the different types of users and the likelihood of material misstatements, and managers’ fraud following the application of FVA have led to abuse of power. Shareholders have potentially been misled simply to serve managements personal interests. The current study’s results are consistent with agency and stakeholder theories, and indicate that family ownership leads to a weaker relationship between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees. Conversely, the analysis confirms the opposite for both governmental and financial institutional ownership factors. This is also consistent with signalling theory. The regression, moreover, confirms that the nature of the impact of moderating family ownership on the association between Level 1 assets and audit fees is significantly negative (not for Level 2 and Level 3 assets). The analysis confirms that state ownership in the case of the subjective fair values (Level 3 assets) leads to expensive audit fees being charged. The regression, moreover, confirms that the association between the highly uncertain fair values (Level 3 assets) and audit fees is strengthened when financial institution ownership exists. In line with the signalling theory, the analysis suggests that the association between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees is strengthened when the client hires industry specialist auditors identified by MS. Conversely, industry specialists identified by the PS approach are not significantly moderating the relationship between the proportion of fair-valued assets and audit fees. With respect to fair value hierarchy level inputs, Level 1 was the only level found to be moderated by both scenarios with positive (negative) sign under the product differentiation scenario (shared efficiency scenario). The results furthermore support the agency and stakeholder theories. This study pioneers the topic by examining post-FVA transformation consequences in a developing country, Jordan (Abdullatif 2016). It is the first attempt of its kind to examine the integration of the agency, signalling and stakeholder theories with fair value proxies to establish and evaluate the nature of the relationship between FVD and audit fees (Samaha & Khlif 2016). Results of this study provide policymakers and standard setters with updated empirical evidence originating from a non-Western setting about the post-implementation costs of IFRS/FVA. The findings also benefit regulatory authorities on monitoring and governing the audit profession, which could lead to considering the challenges of auditing the less verifiable fair values. This research assists Jordan’s government in providing more specific guidelines and recommendations that simplify and guarantee best practices of FVA. This contribution makes the findings of the study more relevant to wider settings. Arguably, the findings from Jordan as a study site can reasonably be generalised to other countries in the ME, especially to those that have not yet applied or recently have applied fair value model.

I examine whether financial statement preparers (managers and auditors) treat recognized versus disclosed fair value of option compensation differently. Recognition refers to items that appear on the face of financial statements and that are included in subtotal figures that appear in the summary accounts; disclosure refers to items that appear in words and amounts in only the financial statement footnotes. I find that fair value recognition of option compensation is likely to have a significant impact on net income. Firms in my sample granted options amounting to a median fair value of 7% of profits in 1996 and 11% of profits in 2004. I compare the terms of option grants and the properties of fair value estimation under a disclosure reporting regime to terms and properties under a recognition regime. Under a fair value recognition regime, I find firms reduce/eliminate option grants across all levels of employees, reduce the statutory length of options, and substitute restricted stock and bonuses for option compensation. The fair value reduction in option grants is on average 9% (0.4%) of absolute net income. In contrast, under a fair value disclosure regime, option compensation was not reduced. I also find that firms increase the bias in three inputs to fair value option estimation: volatility, dividend, and interest. This increase amounts to 4%, 2%, and 0.3% of fair value cost. Mandatory recognition firms also display increased dividend and interest input accuracy. Combined, these results suggest that financial statements reflect differences in behavior between recognition and disclosure reporting regimes, such that both real actions and fair value estimation are used to reduce recognized values.

Dissertation

碩士
國立臺灣大學
會計學研究所
104
In response to the harsh public criticism of the inadequate disclosures mandated by SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, the FASB issued ASU (Accounting Standards Updates) 2010-06, Improving Disclosures about Fair Value Measurements, and ASU 2011-04, Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP (the Updates hereafter), in an effort to further increase the reporting transparency, especially for Level 3 measurements. Using annual reports of banking firms, I examine whether the increased fair value disclosures by the Updates can effectively decrease “crash risk”, defined as the frequency of extreme negative stock returns. In support of the hypothesis, I find that firms, especially for those with Level 3 estimates, experience a decrease in crash risk after the Updates. In the additional test, I find evidence that firms with high Level 3 transaction volume experience a decrease in crash risk after the amendment to disclosures of Level 3 activity by the Updates. This suggests that the enhanced disclosures about transactions of Level 3 measurements can effectively reduce stock price crashes. Moreover, I find evidence that managers operating in firms with strong corporate governance show a lower tendency to conceal bad news, leading to lower stock price crash risk. Therefore, the impact of the Updates on bad news hoarding, thus crash risk, is limited. Taken together, my results are consistent with increased transparency from the Updates reducing crash risk among U.S. banking firms.

碩士
國立成功大學
財務金融研究所在職專班
101
Taiwan adopted IFRS in 2013. Since IAS 40 permits entities to choose measurement subsequent to initial recognition between a fair value model and a cost model, the market investor look forward to the benefit to recognize unrealized gains or losses of investment property, but the FSC restricts entities to adopt cost model until review on 2015 to avoid market volatility and earning management . The policy-makers and the users of financial statement concern about the following topics : (1)The value-relevance and the reliability of recognition versus disclosure of investment property fair values, (2) Whether recognition is associated with the incentive to manage earnings, and the reliability decline for rcognizers. (3) Can the independent appraisers increase the reliability of recognition? Empirical studies provide evidences about the value-relevance of accounting fair value, but have not unanimous conclusion of the reliability. Most of related prior studies only test the difference of value-relevance of recognition versus disclosure of investment property fair values, or make an inference of reliability from value-relevance. This stuty not only examines the value-relevance of investment property fair value, but investigates the reliability by empirical models, and considers the inferences of independent appraisal estimates and the incentive to manage earnings. The empirical results suggest that : (1) The higher value-relevance is found to be evident in recognized fair value estimates of investment properties as compared with disclosed values. (2) Bias increases for recognizers, we therefore conclude that the value-relevance of recognition is irrelevant to the reliability, and the investors perceive recognized items to be more reliable than disclosed items just because they are “recognized”. The essentially evaluate of reliability depends on professional judgment, so the investors need the independent appraisers to check on. (3) Opportunism increases with recognition as compared with disclosure, but does not increase the bias of estimates actually. The reliability of fair value estimates increases when valued by external appraisers. (4) The external appraisers and Big 4 auditors have distinct specialties, a monitoring mechanisms include both of them are intended to bring into play.

碩士
中原大學
會計研究所
89
The value-relevance is the empirical relation between stock market value (or changes in value) and particular accounting numbers for the purpose of assessing or providing a basis of assessing those numbers’ use or proposed use in an accounting standard. This study investigates the value-relevance of fair value disclosures under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards in Taiwan No.27 by examining whether differences between the market value and book values of common equity can be explained in a predictable way as a function of differences between fair value estimates disclosed under SFAS No. 27 and their related book values for both sample years, 1998 and 1999. The inquiry focuses on bank because SFAS No. 27 disclosures relate only to financial instruments and thus are more comprehensive for bank than for firms in other industries, in that the fair values of most major assets and obligations are disclosed. After we testing the samples that are deflated, ranked and financial structure and audit-quality controlled respectively, the fair value of SFAS No. 27 variables are not found to have the significant explanatory power except the off-balance-sheet credit risk. Our second set of tests examines whether the fair value of the financial instruments provide incremental information after controlling different year sample. The result that the fair value instruments liabilities variable are significant. Finally, an important finding is that a proxy for default risk to nonperforming loans and a proxy for the intangible attributable to core deposit are significantly associated with bank share prices.

碩士
輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
107
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the disclosures about Level 3 fair values on cost of debt capital. Using the yield spread between government bonds and corporate bonds is used to measure the debt capital cost. The disclosures of valuation techniques, quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs, and the sensitivity analysis of the changes in unobservable inputs of Level 3 fair values are used to measure the disclosure quality of Level 3 fair values. The empirical results show that the disclosures about the quantitative information of unobservable inputs and the sensitivity analysis of the changes in unobservable inputs significantly reduce the cost of debt capital. Moreover, the cost of debt capital of the firms which disclose the three items simultaneously is significantly lower than that of other firms, suggesting that the completeness of the disclosures about Level 3 fair values helps to decrease the cost of debt capital.