Готові списки джерел за темами / Fallacious Beliefs

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 січня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Leonard, Carrie A., and Robert J. Williams. "Fallacious beliefs: Gambling specific and belief in the paranormal." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 51, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000113.

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Casey, John. "Beliefs, Commitments, and Ad Baculum Arguments." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020107.

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Typically, an ad baculum argument is one where an arguer threatens a respondent in order to induce them to adopt a standpoint. It is a fallacy, a common account goes, because the power to impose a standpoint is irrelevant to its truth or acceptability. However, fallacies, if they are to be anything, ought at a minimum to be persuasive, and it is hard to see how an ad baculum might persuade. Employing an ad baculum just underscores how terrible someone’s reasons are. Despite this, cases of fallacious ad baculum arguments seem to exist, and this is a fact that requires some explanation. This paper offers an account where the real target of an ad baculum is an audience downstream from the initial ad baculum exchange. This means that the ad baculum consists of misrepresenting the quality of evidence by means of the forced adoption of a particular standpoint.

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Bruckner, Michael. "Do You Really Want to Know? Challenging Pragmatism and Clearing Space for the Intrinsic Value View." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2016-300104.

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Abstract Pragmatic theories of epistemic normativity ground norms of belief formation in true belief's instrumental value as a means to promoting our desires. I argue that advocates of this view face a dilemma: either they agree that epistemic norms prescribe truth-conducive procedures of belief formation, which is untenable against the backdrop of their theory, or they dismiss the truth-conduciveness criterion and thereby render themselves incapable of explaining an intuition that most of us share: in cases where false beliefs generate the same pragmatic output as true ones, truth-conducive procedures of belief formation are still preferable to fallacious ones. After establishing this objection, I make a case for the position that regards the intrinsic value of true belief as the source of epistemic normativity by showing how it meets the challenge that pragmatism falls victim to.

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Khdairi, Iman M. "The Logic Game, Fallacy in Selected Poems by John Donne." Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v5n1y2021.pp32-34.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze three seduction poems by John Donne regarding his use of fallacy as a technique for seduction. These poems are “The Flea”, “Confined Love” and “To His Mistress Going to Bed”. Donne tries to manipulate reasoning in the arguments with the women in those poems cleverly through false beliefs i.e., fallacies, to convince them of the legitimacy and sanctity of sexual intercourse, whether it is premarital or adultery. He deploys strong fallacious arguments with the women, who are presented as cautious or dismissive, in all three poems to achieve his aim of convincing those women to voluntarily agree to his sexual desire.

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Ward, Andrew C. "The Value of Genetic Fallacies." Informal Logic 30, no. 1 (March 19, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v30i1.1237.

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Since at least the 1938 publication of Hans Reichenbach’s Experience and Predication, there has been widespread agreement that, when discussing the beliefs that people have, it is important to distinguish contexts of discovery and contexts of justification. Traditionally, when one conflates the two contexts, the result is a “genetic fallacy”. This paper examines genealogical critiques and addresses the question of whether such critiques are fallacious and, if so, whether this vitiates their usefulness. The paper concludes that while there may be one or more senses in which genealogical critiques are fallacious, this does not vitiate their value.

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Birrell, Ross. "The Radical Negativity and Paradoxical Performativity of Postmodern Iconoclasm: Marcel Duchamp and Antonin Artaud." Theatre Research International 25, no. 3 (2000): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300019738.

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‘Iconoclasm grew from the destruction of religious images and opposition to the religious use of images to, literally, the destruction of, and opposition to, any images or works of art and, metaphorically, the “attacking or overthrow of venerated institutions and cherished beliefs, regarded as fallacious or superstitious”’. Dario Gamboni.

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Afiyo, Assivon. "CONTRIBUTION DES VALEURS RELIGIEUSES AU DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 01 (January 31, 2024): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18118.

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The influence of religion on the development of a continent has always been a subject of reflection. In the African context, the vertiginous scale of the religious phenomenon links the underdevelopment of Africa to its belief that the failure to adopt an attitude of detachment from religious beliefs deemed superstitious and fallacious is preventing Africa from emerging. Despite a view that relegates the religious to the rank of retrograde forces, in Africa religious actors have always been vectors of social change and have been important for development initiatives. The aim of this research work is to show the significant contributions of religion to African development. From there, to indicate that development is only possible because of respect for values common to humanity, and these values are those that religion proposes to us.

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Pimenova, Oxana. "Argument Continuities in theory and practice." Journal of Argumentation in Context 11, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 200–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.21009.pim.

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Abstract Argumentation on some public policy issues is conjugated with disagreement and power differentials. Institutionally dominant arguers control the argumentation context through imposing authority rules which sometimes incentivize them to respond to opposing arguers in a fallacious way1 – with “the repeating tokens of the same counterarguments” and without considering the merits of opposing arguments. As produced in accordance with authority rules, such fallacies are embedded in the dominant argumentative discourse and easily pass unnoticed. To detect them, I introduce Argument Continuity (AC) – a new category of argumentative discourse analysis. AC is a set of the same arguments and counterarguments repeatedly produced/reproduced by the dominant arguer through an adversarial reasoning process to disconfirm opposing arguments and dismiss them. ACs are distinguished from other fallacies by their continuous nature and recursive way of production. ACs have their own life cycle – a chain of reasoning dynamics developing in a path-dependent fashion and increasing the cost of adopting a certain argument over time. I test the life cycle of ACs in a single case study – in consultations held by the Crown with Indigenous peoples of Canada over a controversial resource development project. Although ACs are not specific to the Crown-Indigenous relationships, they reveal how dominant arguers treat disagreement from epistemically diverse arguers. Based on observed evidence, I develop three theoretical propositions of ACs, which can serve as guidelines for researching the disconfirming mode of reasoning in other contexts of communication permeated by beliefs clash and power asymmetries.

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Barker, Eileen. "Misconceptions of the Religious ‘Other’." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 1, no. 1 (July 29, 2010): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v1i1.5.

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In a world in which we are faced with an ever-increasing religious diversity, the underlying assumption of this paper is that logical thought combined with accurate and reliable knowledge can make a significant contribution to the reduction of conflicts that arise through fallacious arguments and through both ignorance and misinformation of the beliefs and practices of religions other than one’s own. The paper summarizes some of the challenges of religious pluralism, demonstrating how tensions can arise and be exacerbated through the construction of negative images of ‘the other’, and outlines some of the common misconceptions that have led to conflicts and the abuse of the human rights of members of minority religions.

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Armstrong, Tess, Matthew Rockloff, Matthew Browne, and Alexander Blaszczynski. "Training gamblers to re-think their gambling choices: How contextual analytical thinking may be useful in promoting safer gambling." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 766–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00049.

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AbstractBackground and aimsHarmful gambling has been associated with the endorsement of fallacious cognitions that promote excessive consumption. These types of beliefs stem from intuitively derived assumptions about gambling that are fostered by fast-thinking and a lack of objective, critical thought. The current paper details an experiment designed to test whether a four-week online intervention to strengthen contextual analytical thinking in gamblers is effective in changing gamblers cognitions and encouraging safer gambling consumption.MethodsNinety-four regular gamblers who reported experiencing gambling-related harm were randomly allocated to either an experimental (n = 46) or control condition (n = 48), including 45 males, ranging from 19 to 65 years of age (M = 36.61; SD = 9.76). Following baseline measurement of gambling beliefs and prior week gambling consumption, participants in the experimental condition were required to complete an adaption of the Gamblers Fallacy Questionnaire designed to promote analytical thinking by educating participants on common judgement errors specific to gambling once a week for four weeks. Post-intervention measures of beliefs and gambling consumption were captured in week five.ResultsThe experimental condition reported significantly fewer erroneous cognitions, greater endorsement of protective cognitions, and reduced time spent gambling post-intervention compared to baseline. The control group also reported a reduction in cognitions relating to predicting and controlling gambling outcomes.ConclusionCognitive interventions that encourage gamblers to challenge gambling beliefs by reflecting on gambling involvement and promoting critical thinking may be an effective tool for reducing the time people invest in gambling activities.

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Дисертації з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Robertus, Kacie Taylor. "Myths and misconceptions exploring beliefs about pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/robertus/RobertusK0510.pdf.

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The purpose of this professional project was to explore myths and misconceptions about sexual activity in adolescents. Adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are a significant problem worldwide and have been studied for many decades (Kirby, 2002). The burden of treating pregnancy and STD in the adolescent population affects all aspects of healthcare. Because of the magnitude of the problem, prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents has become a national priority (McBride & Gienapp 2000). A review of literature was conducted focusing on education, current myths and misconceptions of sexual activity, STD and pregnancy. A survey was created based on the literature. The questions asked were pregnancy or STD related and focused on fertility, condom use, and STD transmission. A convenience sample of four female and three male adolescents aged 15-18 participated. Important preliminary results were provided by the survey. Survey results indicated a high number of incorrect responses. Questions regarding pregnancy were the most frequently missed while questions about STD were answered correctly by most participants. Sample size was small, so generalization is impossible. However, knowing that these adolescents had limited knowledge about pregnancy prevention and sexually transmitted diseases may encourage inclusion about these topics in future educational programs for adolescents.

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Книги з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Hoggart, Simon. Bizarre beliefs. London: Richard Cohen Books, 1995.

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Kohn, Alfie. You know what they say--: The truth about popular beliefs. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1990.

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Braden, Gregg. The spontaneous healing of belief: Shattering the paradigm of false limits. Carlsbad, Calif: Hay House, 2008.

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Reich, Herb. Don't you believe it!: Exposing the myths behind 250 commonly believed fallacies. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub., 2010.

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Reich, Herb. Don't you believe it!: Exposing the myths behind 250 commonly believed fallacies. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub., 2010.

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Thurman, Chris. The lies we believe. Nashville: T. Nelson, 1989.

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Thurman, Chris. The lies we believe. Nashville, Tenn: T. Nelson, 2003.

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Thurman, Chris. The lies we believe. Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1995.

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Mishan, E. Thirteen Persistent Economic Fallacies. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216025610.

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E. J. Mishan, an iconoclastic economist who has taught at such schools as the London School of Economics and the New School for Social Research, is in this volume a provocateur, smashing staunchly held beliefs of the right (free trade and common markets are good for the economy), and the left (local jobs are always lost when factories close down, pay disparity between men and women signifies discrimination). He also pokes holes in the accepted wisdom held by all, arguing for example that economic growth does not necessarily improve lives. Those who believe the fallacies Mishan exposes to the light of reason in this book are, however, neither ignorant nor careless. The fallacies are all plausible, and intelligent people can be forgiven for believing them. Mishan simply wants readers to see these thirteen popular, persistent fallacies for what they are: Humbug. Mishan’s scintillating text is apolitical. In arguing that immigration does not benefit a country's economy, for example, he is not arguing in favor of restricting immigration. Rather, his goal is to test the assumptions behind the dearly held positions of both the left and the right or to expose what he calls the breathtaking fatuity that counts as wisdom these days. Mishan wants to interject common sense and logic into today's debates over the economy and, especially, the political arguments that translate into legislation that has a negative impact on people. Mishan’s ideas breathe new life into debates gone stale by ideology. As he notes, the fallacies in this volume travel in the highest circles, from debates in Congress to the pages of the Wall Street Journal, Time, and The Economist. Most are things everybody knows. He hopes, therefore, to expose the concerned citizen to the shock-treatment of discovering that much of what passes for conventional economic wisdom is in fact fallacious. As the Economist pointed out in its glowing review of the first edition of this book, Dr. Mishan has written the perfect book for anyone wishing to start the study of economics.

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Shapiro, Larry. The Miracle Myth. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231178402.001.0001.

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There are many who believe Moses parted the Red Sea and Jesus came back from the dead. Others are certain that exorcisms occur, ghosts haunt attics, and the blessed can cure the terminally ill. Though miracles are immensely improbable, people have embraced them for millennia, seeing in them proof of a supernatural world that resists scientific explanation. Helping us to think more critically about our belief in the improbable, The Miracle Myth casts a skeptical eye on attempts to justify belief in the supernatural, laying bare the fallacies that such attempts commit. Through arguments and accessible analysis, Larry Shapiro sharpens our critical faculties so we become less susceptible to tales of myths and miracles and learn how, ultimately, to evaluate claims regarding vastly improbable events on our own. Shapiro acknowledges that belief in miracles could be harmless, but cautions against allowing such beliefs to guide how we live our lives. His investigation reminds us of the importance of evidence and rational thinking as we explore the unknown.

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Частини книг з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Ilie, Cornelia. "Chapter 3. Manipulating citizens’ beliefs and emotions." In Manufacturing Dissent, 85–118. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.339.03ili.

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In times of crisis, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, social divisions caused by dissensus about controversial government policies escalate due to widespread uncertainty and anxiety, fuelled by the proliferation of covert and overt manipulative strategies in official discourses. Like citizens in other countries, Swedes received during the Covid-19 crisis scarce or inconsistent information, and potentially misleading messages, while seeking to preserve a trust-based and tradition-rooted national consensus. Using a pragma-rhetorical and argumentation framework of analysis, this study scrutinizes the controversies emerging from the polarization of online comments made by reactive and counter-reactive citizens who either supported or challenged the controversial policies promoted by the Swedish Public Health Agency. The fallacies underlying the commenters’ arguments and counter-arguments show how initially reasonable discussions turned into deeply polarized disputes, as a manifestation of social dissent.

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Diana, Nicholas, John Stamper, and Kenneth Koedinger. "Online Assessment of Belief Biases and Their Impact on the Acceptance of Fallacious Reasoning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 62–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_12.

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Musi, Elena, Kay L. O’Halloran, Elinor Carmi, and Simeon Yates. "Developing Misinformation Immunity in a Post-Truth World: Human Computer Interaction for Data Literacy." In Truth Claims Across Media, 245–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42064-1_11.

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AbstractThe Networked Society has brought about opportunities, such as citizens’ journalism, as well as challenges, such as the proliferation of media distortions. To keep up which such a sheer amount of (mis)information, citizens need to develop critical media literacy. We believe that, even though not enough to guarantee a gatekeeping process, human-computer interaction can help users develop epistemic vigilance. To this sake, we present the Fake News Immunity chatbot, designed to teach users how to recognize misinformation leveraging Fallacy Theory. Fallacies, arguments which seem valid but are not, constitute privileged viewpoints for the identification of misinformation. We then evaluate the results of the chatbot as an educational tool through a gamification experience with two cohorts of students and discuss achieved learning outcomes as well as recommendations for future improvement.

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Vineberg, Susan. "Coherence and Epistemic Rationality." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 256–61. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199845893.

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This paper addresses the question of whether probabilistic coherence is a requirement of rationality. The concept of probabilistic coherence is examined and compared with the familiar notion of consistency for simple beliefs. Several reasons are given for thinking rationality does not require coherence. Finally, it is argued that incoherence does not necessarily involve fallacious reasoning.

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Clarke-Doane, Justin. "Observation and Indispensability." In Morality and Mathematics, 66–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823667.003.0004.

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This chapter argues that mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being empirically – i.e., a posteriori -- justified than our moral beliefs. It shows that Harman’s influential argument to the contrary is fallacious. It then formulates a better argument for a lack of parity between the cases, in terms of indispensability. It argues that, while the necessity of mathematics is no bar to developing a mathematics-free alternative to empirical science, the contents of our arithmetic beliefs, realistically and even objectively construed, do seem to be indispensable to metalogic. But this at most shows that a subset of our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified. Surprisingly, however, the range of moral beliefs that we actually have may be so justified, in a more direct way. The chapter concludes with the prospect that there is no principled distinction between intuition and perception, and, hence, between a priori and a posteriori justification.

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Thornberry, Patrick. "Indigenous Groups and Contemporary International Standards." In International Law and the Rights of Minorities, 375–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198256205.003.0041.

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Abstract There has been a considerable amplification of United Nations activity on indigenous populations following the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the subsequent Programme for the Decade of Action to Combat Racism and Racial Dis crimination2 (the Decade began on 10 December 1973). One of the objectives of this Programme is declared to be ‘ to identify, isolate and dispel the fallacious and mythical beliefs, policies and practices that contribute to racism and racial discrimination’. The Programme also looks forward to the ending of racist regimes, and is thus both activity directed and educational. The proposed revaluation of values’ has a particular potency in the context of indigenous populations, victims of the psychology and vocabulary of prejudice, dehumanization and patronization to as great an extent as any human group.

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"The Reasoning and Lapses of James’ The Will to Believe." In Fallacious Arguments in Ancient Philosophy, 387–99. mentis Verlag, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783897858589_017.

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Prevost, Robert. "Introduction." In Probability and Theistic Explanation, 9–11. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198267355.003.0001.

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Abstract IT is recognized generally that traditional deductive arguments for the existence of God are fallacious or at best inconclusive. However, the recognition of this inadequacy does not constitute an admission that religious belief is thereby unjustified. A number of philosophers, while admitting of no compelling deductive argument for God’s existence, consider religious belief to be justified on the basis of its power to explain some phenomenon or phenomena. Theism, on this account, is an explanatory theory, or hypothesis, whose acceptability is measured by its explanatory power.

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Goodin, Robert E. "Social Expectations and Norms Confer Advantage." In Perpetuating Advantage, 95–116. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0006.

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Abstract When exercising your own agency in a temporally extended manner, it is useful to know what to expect others to do. Some of those expectations are purely descriptive, based either on what you expect to happen or on what you believe (perhaps falsely) that others expect (perhaps wrongly). Other of those expectations are more prescriptive in form, based on norms (moral, social, role or legal) about what people should do. The descriptive and the prescriptive interact in various ways, some fallacious and others not. But underwriting stable expectations in either of those ways has conservative distributional consequences, cementing in advantages and disadvantages that are thus made to persist over time.

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Goldsmith, Timothy H. "Some Fallacies and Misconceptions." In The Biological Roots of Human Nature, 12–22. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062885.003.0002.

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Abstract The recurring national issue of how evolution is (or is not) treated in high school biology texts surfaced once again in California in late 1989 and prompted two revealing letters to the editor published shortly before Christmas in The New York Times. The letters are particularly interesting, not so much for what they say, but because of the academic credentials of the authors. One was written by a physician and postdoctoral scientist at an Ivy League university; the second by a professor of sociology at a prominent New York institution. Together they dust off several familiar shibboleths: the theory of evolution does not qualify for classification as fact; evolution deals with history, so it is not subject to investigation by experimentation, and is therefore not proper science; the fossil record fails to support the existence of evolution because it does not reveal every conceivable intermediate form that ever lived; the phrase “survival of the fittest” is a tautology and therefore untestable; evolution above the species level has never been demonstrated in the laboratory; and “not everyone believes in evolution,” documented by reference to an “authority” of like mind.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fallacious Beliefs"

Keane, Robert G. "The Fallacy of using design: "The Design is Mature"." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-t10.

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The U.S. Navy has experimented with many approaches to design and build its ships. Using an existing design as the “parent” design, also referred to as “modified-repeat” design, is on its face an attractive option. Many acquisition executives, program managers and some ship design engineers believe that a design based on a parent has fewer technical risks than a new “clean sheet of paper” design and therefore the time and cost to design and build it will be reduced. They assume early in the ship acquisition program that “the design is mature”” and because of that fewer problems will be encountered in completing the design and savings will thus be accrued. Yet, a number of naval ships based on a parent design have in fact experienced unanticipated cost and schedule growth during construction as well as technical problems during their in-service life. The authors will examine some of these ship designs which were based on an existing design and/or prototypes and highlight the fallacies of such beliefs and assumptions. The authors will also briefly describe the development and use of more physics-based design tools during early stage design that can reduce the risks of a new clean sheet ship design through design space exploration and actual design maturation. The authors are convinced from our experience on over fifty major naval ship designs that much of the unbudgeted and unnecessary growth in the costs to produce naval ships can be attributed to poor design decisions during early concept design. Achieving a truly mature or stable ship design earlier in the design process is critical for ensuring successful ship design, acquisition, construction, and in-service outcomes.

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