Статті в журналах: "Farm transitions"

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Teixeira, Heitor, Leonardo van den Berg, Irene Cardoso, Ardjan Vermue, Felix Bianchi, Marielos Peña-Claros, and Pablo Tittonell. "Understanding Farm Diversity to Promote Agroecological Transitions." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 4337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124337.

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Agroecology is increasingly promoted by scientists, non-governmental organisations (NGO’s), international organisations and peasant movements as an approach to foster the transition to sustainable and equitable food systems. The challenges to agroecological transitions are not the same for all farmers, as they can face different social and bio-physical conditions. We developed a farm typology combining participatory and quantitative methodologies to assess and categorise farm diversity and its implications for developing strategies to promote agroecological transitions. The participatory typology was developed during workshops to acquire insights on local farmers’ perceptions and knowledge, and to generate hypotheses on family farm diversity. The participatory-based hypotheses were tested in the quantitative farm characterisation, which provided information on household characteristics, production strategies, land use, participation in public policies and extension services. Farms were located in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which harbour a wide diversity of farmers and where different actors have been engaged in agroecological transitions for the past 30 years. Our main findings were: (i) In the face of agroecological transitions, farmers differ in their management strategies, practices and principles; (ii) farmers identified as agroecological typically had stronger engagements in a network composed of farmers’ organisations, universities and NGO’s; (iii) agroecological farms showed great potential to provide a wide range of ecosystem services as they featured a higher crop diversity and a higher number of crops for self-consumption; (iv) to promote agroecology, it is crucial to recognise peasant knowledge, to change the dominant discourse on agriculture through social movement dynamics, and to generate support from public policies and funds; and (v) participatory and quantitative methodologies can be combined for more precise and relevant assessments of agroecological transitions.

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Leonard, Susan Hautaniemi, Glenn D. Deane, and Myron P. Gutmann. "Household and farm transitions in environmental context." Population and Environment 32, no. 4 (July 6, 2010): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0118-9.

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Foran, B., and B. Allan. "Assessing Options for Farming Systems Transitions in New Zealand's Mountainlands." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 2 (1995): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950166.

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The transition of an agricultural ecosystem from a less to a more sustainable or desirable state is dependent as much on the routes and tactics used to effect the transition, as it is on the management ideas and the biological components used. Against the background of the failure of farmers to take up an integrated "all grass wintering system" in the mountain lands of the South Island of New Zealand, we compared a wide range of transitional opportunities and evaluated them in economic terms over a 20 year period. Farm structure at the start of the transition was a rather obvious but key criterion for success of the transition. Transition from a farm structure where supplementary feeding cost NZ$90,000 per year into the new system, allowed a position better than the "do nothing" option to be achieved in as little as 8 to 9 years. Transitions from smaller farm structures of $60,000 and $30,000 took from 12 to more than 20 years to achieve a cash position better than the "do nothing" option. Herein lies the quandary for all farming systems which might aim to make transitions and to "do it better". We explore the sensitivity of these general results to the effects of product price and interest rates, wool growth and lambing rates, whether transition should be gradual or fast, and the incumbent debt levels that can be serviced in addition to the new development. In conclusion we note some essential components of any study of transition of pastoral systems. It is important that dynamic tools are used in any transition study since the route taken in the transition can be more important than the end point. The economic advantage offered by new pastoral technology is important, particularly the time it takes to become fully implemented. Sensitivity analyses should be undertaken for key production and price assumptions. It is helpful to present these analyses as three-dimensional diagrams to allow biological and economic risk to be assessed against each other. While increased animal numbers bring better economic returns, both industry attitudes and the management of ecological risk may require the maintenance of present animal numbers. Increased profitability will then rely on individual animal performance, and higher quality livestock products.

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Biorn, E., and H. M. Bjornsen. "What motivates farm couples to seek off-farm labour? A logit analysis of job transitions." European Review of Agricultural Economics 42, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbu025.

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Wang, Shukun, Dengwang Li, Tingting Li, and Changquan Liu. "Land Use Transitions and Farm Performance in China: A Perspective of Land Fragmentation." Land 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080792.

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Land fragmentation (LF) is widespread worldwide and affects farmers’ decision-making and, thus, farm performance. We used detailed household survey data at the crop level from ten provinces in China to construct four LF indicators and six farm performance indicators. We ran a set of regression models using OLS methods to analyse the relationship between LF and farm performance. The results showed that (1) LF increased the input of production material and labour costs; (2) LF reduced farmers’ purchasing of mechanical services and the efficiency of ploughing; and (3) LF may increase technical efficiency (this result, however, was not sufficiently robust and had no effect on yield). Generally speaking, LF was negatively related to farm performance. To improve farm performance, it is recommended that decision-makers speed up land transfer and land consolidation, stabilise land property rights, establish land-transfer intermediary organisations and promote large-scale production.

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Molnar, Joseph J., and Greg Traxler. "People Left Behind: Transitions of the Rural Poor." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, no. 1 (July 1991): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017842.

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AbstractCompared to their urban counterparts, the rural poor are more likely to be employed, more apt to be members of married-couple families, less likely to be children, less likely to be minority, and more likely to have assets but a negative income. This paper examines poverty rates and factors that affect mobility in and out of poverty among major categories of the rural poor. Particular attention is paid to farm workers and the rural farm population in the South. It endeavors to identify both structural conditions that perpetuate rural poverty and government interventions that ameliorate human suffering and break the cycle of poverty reproduction.

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HUGHEY, KENNETH F., MARY J. HEPPNER, JOSEPH A. JOHNSTON, and THOM D. RAKES. "Farm Families in Career Transitions: Descriptive Characteristics and an Intervention." Journal of Counseling & Development 67, no. 8 (April 1989): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02121.x.

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Wang, Hao, Jan Fidrmuc, Qi Luo, and Mingzhong Luo. "Exploring the determinants of on-farm transitions: Evidence from rural China." Applied Economics 52, no. 52 (June 21, 2020): 5667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1770194.

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Smith, Andrew P., and Andrew D. Moore. "Whole farm implications of lucerne transitions in temperate crop-livestock systems." Agricultural Systems 177 (January 2020): 102686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102686.

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Seidel, G. E. "Effects of Transitions in North American Animal Agriculture on Animal Well-being: Personal Observations." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-12340005.

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Abstract People involved with production animal agriculture in the U.S., including owners and workers, are often portrayed as callous to animal welfare. While callous people exist in any population, I maintain that most people who own and work with farm animals do consider animal welfare, both for moral and economic reasons. It is rare that stressed, unhealthy or injured animals are more profitable than healthy, unstressed ones. Furthermore, the owners of farm animals and related facilities overwhelmingly are families or individuals (~97%), not corporations; most owners of so-called industrial farms are but a generation removed from so-called family farms, and most of these owners still have values similar to those of traditional family farms, although their hired workers may not. Farmers need to have income, so husbandry practices need to be profitable for farms to be sustainable. However, production animal agriculture has not been very profitable, partly because most products are commodities, and this low profitability has been a major cause of the huge decrease in numbers of farmers and farm units over the past century. The net result is larger units with less attention paid to individual animals, which can be problematic, but does not necessarily result in decreased animal welfare. Modern genetic tools and facilities can be used to promote animal welfare simultaneously with improving production efficiency and economic viability.

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Leitner, Jonathan. "Transitions in the Colonial Hudson Valley: Capitalist, Bulk Goods, and Braudelian." Journal of World-Systems Research 22, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 214–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2016.615.

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A long debate about the American “transition to capitalism” was apparently settled via a rough consensus on the gradual prevalence of rural capitalism in the north; and that even small, subsistence-oriented farm households engaged in some market exchange, while market-oriented farm households engaged in some subsistence activities. Yet certain Marxist scholars argue that even prevalent market exchange did not necessarily signify a capitalist economy. Similarly, certain world-systems scholars see the debates as somewhat pointless, inasmuch as capitalism is a systemic characteristic that exists regardless of any individual identification. These latter notions derive in part from Braudel’s tripartite structure of early modern economic life, which sees self-sufficiency and basic daily survival existing alongside market economies and everyday forms of exchange, with the capitalist world-economy in turn overarching, yet not necessarily affecting, the other two levels. This paper posits that colonial America’s “transition” to capitalism was effectively the gradual, often contested, and geographically uneven addition of Braudel’s second layer of economic life – the market economy – onto the first layer of self-sufficiency and basic material life; with this process arguably driven by the third layer of the larger capitalist economy, as other recent studies of the colonial Hudson Valley have focused on, albeit while ignoring the region’s diverse and uneven economic geography It explores the notion of geographically-uneven Braudelian economic structures and transitions within the late 17th and 18th century colonial Hudson Valley, a region of four rather distinct subregions demonstrating that even within relatively small geographical spaces, at least at certain times, one can find different means of Braudelian economic life, and by extension, varying articulations with the world-economy and possible paths to eventual core emergence.

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Polita, Fabíola Sostmeyer, and Lívia Madureira. "Transition Pathways of Agroecological Innovation in Portugal’s Douro Wine Region. A Multi-Level Perspective." Land 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030322.

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The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) is an analytical framework developed to explain transitions towards sustainability. This article aims to contribute to enhancing the use of the MLP to understand the transitions towards sustainability in agriculture. We propose that MLP is an insightful framework to capture particular micro-level trajectories of adopting innovations. The Douro wine region in Northern Portugal, known worldwide for the wines that are produced there, was the study area of our empirical research. This region has become the stage for developing a complex agroecological innovation, the Ecological Infrastructures (EIs). These consist of a combination of techniques that aim to expand the ecosystem services of the vineyards. The uniqueness of its development at the farm level originates a multiplicity of innovation trajectories, which are the focus of this study. Content analysis of 20 interviews with winegrowers was performed, and the results were analysed through the MLP framework. This allowed us to conclude that a process of transition towards the sustainability of region-level winegrowing is underway, and that it can be explained by the overlapping of different paths of adopting innovation. Our research shows that in-depth analysis of qualitative data, done through content analysis, can be used to amplify the insightfulness of MLP by enabling it to uncover the microscale transition pathways that shape uneven region-level transitions.

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Madsen, Sidney, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Noelle LaDue, Isaac Luginaah, Chipiliro Dzanja, Laifolo Dakishoni, Esther Lupafya, Lizzie Shumba, and Catherine Hickey. "Explaining the impact of agroecology on farm-level transitions to food security in Malawi." Food Security 13, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 933–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01165-9.

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de Koning, Susan, Nathalie Steins, and Luc van Hoof. "Balancing Sustainability Transitions through State-Led Participatory Processes: The Case of the Dutch North Sea Agreement." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042297.

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Following the Paris Agreement, investing in renewable energy production at sea is perceived as a promising development. In addition, food security challenges place increased focus on utilizing seas and oceans while biodiversity and ecosystem integrity must be safeguarded. In the North Sea, these three challenges are combined by the Dutch government in a deliberative governance agreement, involving key stakeholders, aimed at establishing a marine spatial allocation strategy. This paper outlines the development and first outcomes of this agreement. Using concepts of sustainability transitions and deliberative governance, we examined the role of the Dutch government in creating sustainability solutions through cross-sectoral participation processes. Based on our results, we argue that only the government can bring together parties that do not actively seek cooperation, like fisheries organizations and wind farm developers. This is in line with the government’s role to ensure compliance with international and national agreements, while also representing local (national) stakes. By opening up a discussion between parties that in the past were competing for marine space, the Dutch government has managed to make progress in obtaining transition goals. One of these transitions is the transition of the governance system itself, moving towards a more egalitarian style of policy making.

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Rossing, Walter A. H., Annemarie Groot Kormelinck, Florencia Alliaume, Santiago Dogliotti, Jessica Duncan, Carlos Huenchuleo, Laurens Klerkx, Jacques Trienekens, and Daniel Gaitán-Cremaschi. "Transitioning to the safe and just space inside ‘the doughnut’ by means of agroecological niche food systems: insights from Chile and Uruguay." International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47, no. 3 (December 2020): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2258.

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To operate within the safe and just operating space captured by the doughnut metaphor, sustainability transitions are needed in the food system. Niche food systems with highly distinct practices and organization constitute a treasure chest of alternatives from which society can build new futures. Policy has little awareness of niche food systems and their potential contributions to sustainability transitions. Importantly, this limits society’s ability to adapt. Here, we review findings from an ongoing scientific project into different components of the vegetable food systems in Chile and Uruguay. The aim of the project is to investigate options for transitioning to low- or no-pesticide vegetable food systems. The results show: 1. the presence of promising alternative vegetable food systems in Chile, which are, however, highly marginalized and disempowered; 2. a diversity of vertical and horizontal producer arrangements in Uruguay and the need for value-driven as well as market-driven engagement; and 3. major possibilities for improving production systems to arrive within the doughnut by taking a systems perspective at the farm scale that includes the farm families and their networks. Consequences of these findings for alternative vegetable food systems are discussed.

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Asztalos Morell, Ildikó. "Handing down — taking care: Generation transfer in Hungarian farm families in the context of transitions." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 58, no. 1 (June 2013): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aethn.58.2013.1.5.

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Beyer-Sherwood, Teresa. ""From Farm to Factory: Transitions in Work, Gender, and Leisure at Banning Mill, 1910?1930s"." Oral History Review 33, no. 2 (September 2006): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2006.33.2.65.

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Harchaoui, Souhil, and Petros Chatzimpiros. "Energy, Nitrogen, and Farm Surplus Transitions in Agriculture from Historical Data Modeling. France, 1882–2013." Journal of Industrial Ecology 23, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12760.

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O’Meara, Lydia, Susan L. Williams, David Hickes, and Philip Brown. "Predictors of Dietary Diversity of Indigenous Food-Producing Households in Rural Fiji." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071629.

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Fiji, like other Pacific Islands, are undergoing economic and nutrition transitions that increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) due to changes of the food supply and dietary intake. This study aimed to examine dietary diversity (DD) in indigenous food-producing households in rural Fiji. Surveys were conducted with households from the Nadroga-Navosa, Namosi and Ba Provinces of Western Fiji in August 2018. Participants reported on foods consumed in the previous 24 h per the Household Dietary Diversity Score. Data was analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Of the 161 households, most exhibited medium DD (66%; M = 7.8 ± 1.5). Commonly consumed foods included sweets (98%), refined grains (97%) and roots/tubers (94%). The least consumed foods were orange-fleshed fruits (23%) and vegetables (35%), eggs (25%), legumes (32%) and dairy (32%). Households with medium DD were more likely to be unemployed (OR 3.2, p = 0.017) but less likely to have ≥6 occupants (OR = 0.4, p = 0.024) or purchase food ≥2 times/week (OR = 0.2, p = 0.023). Households with low DD were more likely to have low farm diversity (OR = 5.1, p = 0.017) or be unemployed (OR = 3.7, p = 0.047) but less likely to have ≥6 occupants (OR = 0.1, p = 0.001). During nutrition transitions, there is a need for public health initiatives to promote traditional diets high in vegetables, fruits and lean protein and agricultural initiatives to promote farm diversity.

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Gosnell, Hannah, Nicholas Gill, and Michelle Voyer. "Transformational adaptation on the farm: Processes of change and persistence in transitions to ‘climate-smart’ regenerative agriculture." Global Environmental Change 59 (November 2019): 101965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101965.

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Shapiro, Carl R., Genevieve M. Starke, Charles Meneveau, and Dennice F. Gayme. "A Wake Modeling Paradigm for Wind Farm Design and Control." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152956.

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Wake models play an integral role in wind farm layout optimization and operations where associated design and control decisions are only as good as the underlying wake model upon which they are based. However, the desired model fidelity must be counterbalanced by the need for simplicity and computational efficiency. As a result, efficient engineering models that accurately capture the relevant physics—such as wake expansion and wake interactions for design problems and wake advection and turbulent fluctuations for control problems—are needed to advance the field of wind farm optimization. In this paper, we discuss a computationally-efficient continuous-time one-dimensional dynamic wake model that includes several features derived from fundamental physics, making it less ad-hoc than prevailing approaches. We first apply the steady-state solution of the model to predict the wake expansion coefficients commonly used in design problems. We demonstrate that more realistic results can be attained by linking the wake expansion rate to a top-down model of the atmospheric boundary layer, using a super-Gaussian wake profile that smoothly transitions between a top-hat and Gaussian distribution as well as linearly-superposing wake interactions. We then apply the dynamic model to predict trajectories of wind farm power output during start-up and highlight the improved accuracy of non-linear advection over linear advection. Finally, we apply the dynamic model to the control-oriented application of predicting power output of an irregularly-arranged farm during continuous operation. In this application, model fidelity is improved through state and parameter estimation accounting for spanwise inflow inhomogeneities and turbulent fluctuations. The proposed approach thus provides a modeling paradigm with the flexibility to enable designers to trade-off between accuracy and computational speed for a wide range of wind farm design and control applications.

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Lestar, Tamas. "Religions going nuts? Faith-based veganism and transformative learning in the context of sustainability transitions (case 1: The Hare Krishna movement)." Journal of Organizational Change Management 33, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 805–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-09-2019-0274.

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PurposeThis paper is based on several years of ethnographic and desk-based research studying the Hare Krishna movement. The work is the first in a series exploring how segments of specific faith communities embrace dietary veganism and how this relates to the concept of transformational learning/change in the context of sustainability transitions. The focus is on how these communities embrace a plant-based diet representing different rationales and attitudes of learning in the process of organisational change.Design/methodology/approachI investigated Krishna practices extensively by visiting and volunteering in several of its farm communities in Europe. I used the mixed method of qualitative observations, participation, in-depth interviews and email interviews during a period of ten weeks spent in the communities altogether. I had not been in contact with Hare Krishna believers before the fieldwork.FindingsKrishna veganism is analysed in the context of sustainability transitions by drawing on the concept of transformative (third-order) learning/change. Findings reveal an unexpected tendency to veganism despite the movement's worldview and radical commitment to dairy consumption. By calling into question their own collective dietary paradigm, the Hare Krishna community provides an exemplary case of third-order learning and change in an organisational context.Originality/valueThe paper invites scholars to include third-order learning into sustainability transitions frameworks while aiming to address the shortcomings of theorising levels of learning. The connection between Krishna veganism, third-order learning and sustainability transitions has not been put forward before.

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Druml, Thomas, Michaela Horna, Gertrud Grilz-Seger, Maximilian Dobretsberger, and Gottfried Brem. "Association of body shape with amount of Arabian genetic contribution in the Lipizzan horse." Archives Animal Breeding 61, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-79-2018.

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Abstract. Crossbreeding between individuals of different breeds and introgression, the transfer of genes between breeds and/or populations mediated primarily by backcrossing, have been characteristic tools used in the refinement or optimisation of practical horse breeding. In this study we analysed the genetic contribution of the Arabian horse to the gene pool of the Lipizzan horse and its association with the overall type via shape regression analysis in 158 Lipizzan horses from the Austrian federal stud farm of Piber and the Spanish Riding School. Although crossbreeding with Arabian horses took place between 1776 and 1945, we found a significant association between Lipizzan body shape (p < 0.003) and individual coefficients of Arabian gene proportion, which varied from 21 to 29 %. In order to compare and interpret the estimated Lipizzan shape transitions from Iberian type towards the oriental type, we included a sample of 32 Shagya Arabians from the Slovak National stud farm Topol'ćianky. The estimated shape transitions in Lipizzans due to an increasing proportion of Arabian genes are similar to those we observed in the population comparison study of Lipizzan and Shagya Arabian horses. The main morphometric differences due to increasing Arabian genetic contributions in Lipizzans were found in the conformation of head, neck, withers, and legs. Although selection in the Austrian Lipizzan breed favours the Iberian type, Arabian shape characteristics are still present, indicating the segregation of Arabian founder haplotypes in the population. We also demonstrated that techniques of shape analysis are able to differentiate phenotypes associated with the gene pool and can be applied for phenotypic evaluation and prediction in crossbreeding programs.

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Zhang, Tao, Meng Meng, Yang Cao, Yanfeng Jiang, and Jiahui Liu. "Research on Effect of Construction of Huitengxile Wind farm to Grassland Ecosystem with Transitions of Land Use and Landscape Pattern." Procedia Engineering 174 (2017): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.222.

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Busby, Graham, and Samantha Rendle. "The transition from tourism on farms to farm tourism." Tourism Management 21, no. 6 (December 2000): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00011-x.

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Kretschmer, Sebastian, and Sheena Dehm. "Sustainability Transitions in University Food Service—A Living Lab Approach of Locavore Meal Planning and Procurement." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137305.

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Due to its purchasing power, the public food service sector is viewed as a potential transformative driver towards sustainable food systems. Organic meal planning and regional procurement may be a vital implementation strategy towards Planetary Health Diets in the communal catering arena. Capable of unleashing desirable synergies within local foodsheds, this transition pathway can potentially benefit all stages of the value chain, while also positively influencing consumer dietary behavior. Transformation, however, poses complex challenges to caterers, as it demands a shift in mindset regarding the philosophy, organization, and management of cafeteria systems as well as the need for affordable and aggregated supplies of source-identified local organic foods. This action research case study engaged the public caterer of a German University, undergraduate students, and additional stakeholders in a Living Lab to develop a weekly farm-to-table cafeteria menu, including its actual preparation, based on a conceptual sustainability standard. Hence, through an iterative process, involving two feedback cycles, an ambitious set of nutritional and procurement criteria were devised, inspired by the external input from exemplary practitioners in the field of green cuisine and procurement. The resulting meal plan was then subjected to an evaluation vis-á-vis its compliance with (1) dietary recommendations, (2) seasonality, (3) organic certification, (4) a defined foodshed boundary, (5) budget neutrality, and (6) life cycle assessment.

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Mwaura, F. M., M. Ngigi, and G. Obare. "Drivers of cooking energy choices by meal-types among smallholder farmers in western Kenya." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i2a8917.

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There are gaps in research needed to enhance policy intervention for rural households’ transitions from traditional biomass to cleaner energy sources. This paper reports on a survey among farmers in western Kenya to assess drivers of cooking energy choices for various key meals; to understand agricultural production factors in cooking energy choices; and to assess energy use homogeneity among varied sub-counties. The study sampled 388 respondents from four heterogeneous rural sub-counties differing in altitude, proximity to public forests, and cultural characteristics. The multinomial logit model analysis showed that significant factors influencing the shift from firewood to LPG for breakfast preparation included access to credit, income, formal employment, and the proportion of adults in the household. Shifting from firewood to crop wastes was significant, influenced by distance covered to collect firewood, and desire for warming houses. The shift from firewood to sticks was influenced by firewood cost, houses owned, and reliance on own farm for woodfuel. Determinants of cooking energy choices for breakfast, lunch and supper were identical. Sticks were seen as an inferior cooking energy source. The adoption of cleaner energy was more associated with breakfast than other meals. Despite the sub-counties’ heterogeneity, no substantial differences were observed among them on drivers of cooking energy choices. Study outcomes were consistent with other concepts associated with cooking energy usage, including the transition energy ladder and energy stacking.

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Natcher, David, Erika Bachmann, Mohamed Baco, Suren Kulshreshtha, Jeremy Pittman, and Derek Peak. "Transitions in Cooperative Labour and the Constraints to the Adoption and Scaling-Up of Labour Intensive Agricultural Technologies." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 3 (May 25, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n3p71.

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The research presented in this paper stems from a collaboration between researchers in the Benin Republic, Nigeria and Canada who are examining the opportunities to enhance the sustainable production of under-utilized indigenous vegetables through the micro-dosage of synthetic fertilizer. Because micro-dosing is a labour intensive technology, and is time sensitive in application, we sought to better understand how the availability of labour, as affected by changes in cooperative networks, might affect adoption and scaling up opportunities. The systems of cooperative labour described in this paper reflect the culture and traditions of the Betammaribe people, residing in the village of Koumagou B in northwest Benin. Our results indicate that cooperative labour systems among the Betammaribe are in transition and are being influenced by seasonal migration, the financial demands of formal education, the use of oxen by those with relative wealth, and off-farm employment. These pressures have led to the atomizing of Koumagou B households and a concomitant decline in the availability of cooperative labour. Interventions designed to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers must not inadvertently perpetuate social and economic inequalities or disadvantage those most vulnerable. It is this possibility that warrants careful consideration as we contemplate the benefits of adopting and scaling-up new agricultural technologies in the future.

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Heimberg, Celine, Anna Jespersen, and Randi Moe. "Tail Tip Lesions in Mink (Neovison vison): Effects of an Additional Hammock in Multilevel Cages." Animals 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110214.

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The occurrence of wounds in different anatomical regions, such as tail tip lesions, is an important welfare concern in farmed mink. This study investigated whether mechanical factors attributed to cage design in multilevel cages may be involved in the etiology of tail tip lesions. Specifically, effects of an additional hammock intended to reduce speed during transitions between cage levels and thereby assumed to lower the incidence and severity of tails hitting the wire mesh were investigated. Three mink farms and a total of 600 mink participated in the study. On each farm, brown female mink (n = 100) were either housed in multilevel cages equipped with plastic hammocks (placed either perpendicular or parallel to the sidewalls) or in standard multilevel cages without hammocks (n = 100). The study was conducted from December to March using singly housed females. Significant differences in the number of tail tip wounds were found between groups with a hammock installed in the cage vs. control groups in two of the farms (p = 0.029 and p = 0.031), with more wounds developing in cages without a hammock. Furthermore, there was a trend towards difference in the number of tail tip wounds in groups with hammocks installed perpendicular vs. groups with hammocks installed parallel to the cage sidewalls, but a potential farm effect cannot be ruled out. This study is the first to suggest that mechanical factors associated with cage design may play a role in the etiology of tail tip lesions in farmed mink. Further studies are needed to understand the causal relationship between cage design and tail tip lesions in mink.

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ELLIS, MARK. "T. J. Woofter Jr. and Government Social Science Research During the New Deal, World War II, and the Cold War." Journal of Policy History 32, no. 3 (July 2020): 241–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030620000081.

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AbstractThe work of southern sociologist Thomas Jackson Woofter Jr. (1893–1972) is frequently cited by American historians, but his contribution to government policy on agriculture in the New Deal, Social Security in the 1940s, and demography in the Cold War remains underappreciated. He left the University of North Carolina to direct government research on rural relief in the 1930s, Social Security enhancement during and after World War II, and foreign population and manpower projections during the Cold War. Contributing to the delivery of essential programs in key agencies, he participated in internal and external debates over policy and social attitudes between 1930 and 1960. Woofter worked for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Farm Security Agency, the Federal Security Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency, improving data-gathering and assisting transitions in federal policymaking. This article assesses his role in those agencies, using official records, other primary materials, and secondary sources.

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Dang-Xuan, Sinh, Lauren E. MacDonald, Janna M. Schurer, Hung Nguyen-Viet, and Phuc Pham-Duc. "Household Exposure to Livestock and Health in the CHILILAB HDSS Cohort, Vietnam." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 5_suppl (July 2017): 72S—83S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517712758.

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In Vietnam, pigs and poultry are predominantly produced by small-scale farmers, creating challenges for zoonotic disease management. The objective of this study was to characterize practices related to livestock and manure management and to measure association with 3 self-reported health symptoms (coughing, fever, and diarrhea/nausea/vomiting) in a region currently undergoing health transitions. We analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected from a subset (N = 5520) of the Chi Linh Health and Demographic Surveillance System cohort in Chi Linh district, Vietnam. Bivariate analyses indicated that female gender was a significant risk factor for all 3 health symptoms, whereas age (≥60 years), suburban living, low education level, and household wealth were risk factors for 2 symptoms. Overall, we found no indication that biogas production or exposure to livestock and manure adversely affected human health. Efforts to control zoonotic disease transmission should prioritize utilization of veterinarians, enhanced farm biosecurity, and improvements to commune drinking water/wastewater infrastructure.

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Yeates, SJ, DG Abrecht, TP Price, WS Mollah, and P. Hausler. "Operational aspects of ley farming systems in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961025.

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The ley farming systems proposed for the Australian semi-arid tropics involve rotating an annual pasture (usually legume) with crops sown using no-tillage. These systems were developed to overcome many of the climatic constraints that beset previous attempts at cropping in the region. However, difficulties in the timing of farm operations also contributed to past failures. No analysis of the operational aspects of ley farming had been made; this was the objective of this paper. During the transition between wet and dry seasons rainfall is extremely variable. These periods were shown to be the most critical time for operations in ley farming systems. During the dry-wet transition, management of ley pastures is very difficult because pastures must provide grazing for livestock as well as sufficient soil cover for timely sowing of a following crop. Legume pastures have reduced grazing value at this time due to spoilage by early rain. Similarly, during the wet-dry transition annual pastures must be allowed to set seed at a time when crops are yet to be harvested and stubbles are not available for grazing. It was suggested that including separate paddocks of perennial pasture could reduce the demand on annual pastures during the seasonal transitions. A limited number of days to sow a crop combined with severe yield penalties for late sowing restrict the area that can be sown in any season. Sowing opportunities were determined for 3 locations in the Northern Territory. No-tillage was shown to increase the potential number of sowing days. However, the time available to apply glyphosate before sowing using no-tillage was confined to the morning due to risk of afternoon rainshowers reducing efficacy. The number of seasons where a particular crop or cultivar could not be sown was independent of the method of tillage. The wet-dry transition was shown to be important for harvest operations. Our analysis of 3 sites in the Northern Territory suggests that for mungbean and sorghum, later maturity combined with prompt harvest will reduce the risk of poor seed quality due to weathering and could permit earlier sowing. However, for sorghum, an economic assessment of these practices required research that can quantify the interaction between sowing date, time-to-maturity and grain yield.

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Staniszewski, Jakub. "CAN STRUCTURAL GENOTYPES OF AGRICULTURE BE DISTINGUISHED IN INDIVIDUAL REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION?" Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5836.

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The aim of this study is to verify the hypothesis that structural genotypes exist in EU agriculture. To verify the hypothesis, CSO data from the 2010 and 2016 Farm Structure Survey for 258 NUTS 2 regions were used. 21 structural variables were calculated on the basis of the data and then they were used to carry out a latent profile analysis. At the last stage of the research, the influence of structural genotypes on the productivity of production factors was verified using the MANOVA method. The obtained results confirm the existence of 5 structural genotypes: (1) small farms and a polarized agrarian structure, (2) very small, non-specialized, labour-intensive farms and a polarized agrarian structure, (3) large farms and non-polarized agrarian structure, (4) average farms, (5) very large farms – outliers. What differed the most among farms was the concentration of production. Additionally, the relative stability of the adherence of the regions to a given genotype was confirmed, as well as the influence of this relation on the productivity, in particular on labour productivity. Any transitions between clusters concerned, in the vast majority, those regions where the scale of production was higher.

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Galán, E., R. Padró, I. Marco, E. Tello, G. Cunfer, G. I. Guzmán, M. González de Molina, et al. "Widening the analysis of Energy Return on Investment (EROI) in agro-ecosystems: Socio-ecological transitions to industrialized farm systems (the Vallès County, Catalonia, c.1860 and 1999)." Ecological Modelling 336 (September 2016): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.05.012.

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35

Dabbert, Stephan, and Patrick Madden. "The transition to organic agriculture: A multi-year simulation model of a Pennsylvania farm." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 1, no. 3 (1986): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001028.

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AbstractPrior research has shown that an established organic farm can be as profitable as a conventional farm under certain circumstances. However, organic farming systems often require a transition period before they are fully established after a changeover from conventional farming. Yields may decrease and recover only slowly during this transition period and less profitable crop rotations may be required to establish an organic system. Previous studies have ignored the income trend during the transition phase, and comparisons of organic and conventional farms have been faulted for lack of similarity in management and other resources. The study reported here used a multi-year simulation model to investigate the trend in income of a 117-hectare crop-livestock farm in Pennsylvania (called the Kutztown farm) during this transition process. A baseline model of the Kutztown farm under conventional management (CONB) was found to earn an income (returns over cash operating cost) of $61,900. The transitional models developed were an upper-yield case assuming no yield decline during the transition (TRANS) and a lower-yield case assuming severe yield decline in the first year after the change-over from conventional management and a subsequent linear recovery of yields over a three-year period (TRANS-L). Income was found to be severely depressed by a yield decline during the transitional phase. The first year of TRANS-L resulted in a 43% reduction in income. The scenario without a yield decline (TRANS) resulted in a 13% lower income compared to the baseline (CONB) model. Both transitional models led to an established organic situation with stable organic yields and an income of $57,400 or 7% less than under conventional management. It was found to be more profitable to sell the crops and purchase manure than to feed the crops to beef in a fattening enterprise. At small herd sizes (100 head) the reduction in income caused by the feeding operation was moderate ($1,300), but with a larger operation (213 head) the income sacrifice increased tenfold.

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Lu, Wencong, and Godwin Seyram Agbemavor Kwasi Horlu. "Transition of small farms in Ghana: perspectives of farm heritage, employment and networks." Land Use Policy 81 (February 2019): 434–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.10.048.

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37

Hayden, Jennifer, Sarah Rocker, Hannah Phillips, Bradley Heins, Andrew Smith, and Kathleen Delate. "The Importance of Social Support and Communities of Practice: Farmer Perceptions of the Challenges and Opportunities of Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems on Organically Managed Farms in the Northern U.S." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124606.

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Most U.S. farms today specialize in either crop or livestock production, failing to harness the potential economic and environmental benefits of integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS). This specialization is particularly contradictory for organic operations, which aim to promote biodiversity and reduce reliance on outside sources of feed and fertility. This study investigated the challenges and opportunities experienced by farmers interested in integrating crops and livestock on organically managed farms in Iowa, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota. Qualitative methods, including focus groups and interviews, generated four categories of challenges: farming norms, complexity of management, biophysical conditions, and financial costs, and four categories of opportunities: increasing support for ICLS, financial and labor advantages, biophysical improvements, and animal welfare. Discussion of the data analysis demonstrates how most of the challenges of ICLS are mitigated by opportunities. For instance, increasing support for ICLS means there are growing communities of practice in which farmer-to-farmer knowledge exchange and peer support overcome obstacles to success in these systems. Unmitigated challenges that are beyond the control of farmers include regional infrastructure, financing and insurance, and long time horizon for returns. These three unmitigated challenges may require interventions such as policy support, economic incentives and social infrastructure to enable successful farm transitions to ICLS in this region.

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Savage, D. B., D. M. Ferguson, A. D. Fisher, G. N. Hinch, D. G. Mayer, E. Duflou, J. M. Lea, N. D. Baillie, and M. Raue. "Preweaning feed exposure and different feed delivery systems to enhance feed acceptance of sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08055.

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Prior exposure of sheep to a novel feed has been shown to expedite the acceptance of that feed later in life. This study was designed to investigate the benefits of early social transmission of feed recognition for productivity and feeding behaviour of sheep in a feedlot. On a research farm near Armidale, Australia, 175 12-week-old Merino × Dorset lambs, together with their dams, were exposed to one of three preweaning treatments: (i) no exposure to feedlot pellets, (ii) offered feedlot pellets on the pasture, or (iii) offered feedlot pellets in feed troughs. The feedlot pellets were offered on two occasions at a rate of 200 g/dam, 1 month before weaning. After weaning, from 18 weeks of age, the lambs were observed for feeding behaviour and their growth during a 50-day feedlot finishing phase. Preweaning exposure to the pellets and the feed delivery system increased the rate of feed acceptance; however, there was no difference in the growth of lambs between the preweaning treatments at the end of the feedlot phase. The difference in percentage of lambs not eating between treatment groups was most pronounced during the first 2 days of the feeding period, with the differences gradually diminishing over the initial week of the feedlot phase. It is considered that differences in feedlot performance due to rate of acceptance of novel feeds are more likely under commercial conditions where pen densities are higher and feed ration transitions may be more rapid.

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Kushner, Gilbert. "Farm Team:Too Wet to Plow: The Family Farm in Transition." Anthropology Humanism Quarterly 16, no. 4 (December 1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1991.16.4.151.

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40

VOSOUGH AHMADI, B., M. NATH, J. J. HYSLOP, C. A. MORGAN, and A. W. STOTT. "Trade-offs between indicators of performance and sustainability in breeding suckler beef herds." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000496.

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SUMMARYManagement of beef suckler cattle herds requires a difficult but vitally important balance between farm profits, animal health and welfare and sustainable food production. A dynamic programming (DP) model was implemented to investigate the consequences of replacement and management decisions on the interactions and possible trade-offs between animal welfare, fertility and profitability in breeding beef suckler cattle herds. The model maximized profit from the current cow and all successors by identifying the best keep/replace decision. The 150 states incorporated in the DP model were all combinations of: ten cow-parity, five calving periods including one barren state (five in total) as fertility indicators and three body condition scores at weaning as an animal welfare indicator reflecting feeding and nutritional conditions of animals. Statistical models were fitted to data from a breeding suckler cattle herd, consisting of performance records of 200 cattle over 5 years, to parameterize the DP model. Estimated parameters used in the DP model were: (i) probabilities of transitions between states and (ii) probability of involuntary culling. These estimates were used in the form of conditional probabilities of successful or failed (as a result of involuntary culling) transitions to the next state. In addition, statistical models were used to estimate probability of calving difficulty. There was strong evidence (P<0·001) that parity affected calving difficulty and weak evidence (P= 0·067) that parity affected the incidence of involuntary culling. The DP model outcomes indicated that cows calving very early, i.e. those who conceived in the first 21 days after artificial insemination, showed reduced frequencies of calving difficulty as well as voluntary culling, and so gave better financial returns than late-calving cows and barren cows. As a result, fewer replacements were needed that reduced the frequency of calving difficulty, further implying a win–win scenario for both profit and welfare. In contrast, in late-calving animals, the frequency of calving difficulty increased and they were less profitable and more prone to be culled. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that the optimum voluntary culling rate was sensitive to commodity market prices. These findings suggest well-informed nutrition and reproduction management could deliver a win–win outcome for profit and animal welfare.

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Tamáš, Vojtěch. "Problem of the dual structure of farms in European transition economies." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060571.

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This paper deals with the dual farm structure, with a closer focus on the transitional economies of the EU. There are characterized and analyzed the factors which have a significant impact on both small family farms and the large agricultural enterprises. The part of the analysis is also the demonstration of these factors in transition economies, where the changes manifest themselves most strongly in present agribusiness. Assumptions of the development for agriculture in the early transition period significantly differed from the subsequent actual development of this sector in transition economies. Present a very diverse structure of agricultural holdings in individual economies involves extremes. Significantly different is the size of farms and their organizations. These differences are documented on the example of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. An important role in terms of farm size play returns of scale and flexibility. The determinants of flexibility are demonstrated by the small Polish family farms.

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Kumar, Mukesh, Azeema Begam, and Nargis Noman. "TRANSITION IN RURAL ECONOMY: AN EMPLOYMENT PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 59, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v59i1.325.

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The process of transition in rural economy has been observed with the deepest and fastest structural transformation from farm to non-farm sector in Pakistan. The structure and composition of labour market is also undergoing such considerable changes due to increasing share of the non-farm sector. Given this insight, the study assesses the change in rural economy particularly relying on population and migration trend and employment transition. The descriptive analysis of the study reveals that thereis declining trend in migration from rural to urban areas with a considerable transition in employment from farm to non-farm sectors. The factor analysis points out the fact that push incentives of the farm sector are stronger than the pull incentives of the nonfarm sector for the movement of labour away from the farm sector in Pakistan. Hence, an immense focus is required for the farm sector in the lieu of employment opportunity while creating more diversification in non-farm activities in rural areas. Thus, there is also a dire need to enhance occupational activities such as agro-based processing, new farming practices, livestock, small scale manufacturing, retail trade, construction etc. to enhance the earnings of labour in the rural economy.

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Mitchell, A. A., R. N. Scoon, and M. R. Sharpe. "The Upper Critical Zone in the Swartklip Sector, north-western Bushveld Complex, on the farm Wilgerspruit 2JQ: II. Origin by intrusion of ultramafic sills with concomitant partial melting of host norite-anorthosite cumulates." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0011.

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Abstract In the Bushveld Complex, the ultramafic (orthopyroxenite/harzburgite with chromitite) layers that host most of the PGE and chromite mineralization in the Upper Critical Zone display well-documented discordant basal contacts with their anorthositic and noritic host rocks. Whilst not so well documented, there is evidence that the upper contacts of these units are also discordant. We review the nature of the contacts between the ultramafic units and adjacent plagioclase-rich lithologies. These include contact phenomena like pegmatoidal lithologies and thin magmatic reaction chromite stringers. We conclude that most, if not all, ultramafic layers were intruded as sills into pre-existing norite/anorthosite cumulates. The sequence of norites and anorthosites that hosts the ultramafic layers was built up by a prior series of multiple tholeiitic (A-type) magma intrusions. The spectrum of lithologies from melanorite through to (mottled) anorthosite represents differing degrees of partial melting in response to these successive magma influxes. Density and competence contrasts between layers of plagioclase-rich rocks in turn provided pathways for sill propagation of subsequent ultramafic (U-type) magmas. The ultramafic magmas further modified the host norites and anorthosites by processes of partial melting and metasomatism. The ultramafic units themselves accumulated as composite sills in response to multiple magma injections. In the western Bushveld Complex, particularly including the Swartklip Sector in the north-western part of the complex, the Merensky Reef is represented by various facies that occur at different levels in the host stratigraphy. This phenomenon has been referred to by the term “regional potholing”, and has been attributed to the erosion of footwall cumulates by new influxes of magma. We suggest that a series of step-and-stair-type transitions of intruding sills to successive stratigraphic levels might more appropriately explain the various facies of the Merensky Reef.

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De Herde, Maréchal, and Baret. "Lock-Ins and Agency: Towards an Embedded Approach of Individual Pathways in the Walloon Dairy Sector." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164405.

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As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent of strategical power left to farmers in dairy cooperatives of increasing size is a frequently raised issue. Four dairy cooperatives collect 97% of the milk in the Walloon Region (in the southern part of Belgium). Two of them integrated agro-food multinationals. We decided to analyze the trajectories of Walloon dairy farmers exploring alternatives to the delivery of milk to these mainstream dairy cooperatives. We focused on the territories situated to the east of the Walloon Region, where dairy farming represents 75% of farming revenues. Alternatives consist either of processing milk on farm or in concluding a contract with a cheese processor collecting milk directly from farmers. Our objective was to understand the issues faced in these alternative trajectories and the reason why these alternatives remained marginal. We designed a qualitative case study based on interviews with farmers and local cheese processors. We mobilized evolutionary approaches on the stability and transitions of systems and approaches of change at the farmer level. It appears that the alternative trajectories remain embedded in a broader dairy context. The lock-ins emerging from this context determine the evolution of the farming model towards intensification and the individual identity and capabilities of farmers. We present a model of interconnected and embedded lock-ins, from the organizational frame of the regime to the individual frame. This model illustrates how the agency articulates with structural dynamics. We propose structural measures in the organization of agricultural education and in terms of support to alternative supply chains that will enhance agency in favor of a change.

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Leistritz, F. Larry, Richard W. Rathge, and Brenda L. Ekstrom. "Farm Families in Transition: Implications for Rural." Community Development Society. Journal 20, no. 2 (September 1989): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575338909489981.

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Maharjan, Biboss, Anon Chaulagain, Parikrama Sapkota, Dhurva P. Gauchan, and Janardan Lamichanne. "Soil properties during transition from conventional to organic farming system in Kavre District, Nepal." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 13, no. 1 (October 4, 2018): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v13i1.21264.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil physical and chemical properties during the transition from conventional to organic farming system. Soil samples were collected from five different farms: “Hasera organic farm” under 10 years of organic farming, “Everything organic nursery” under 5 years of organic farming, “Grameen Krishi” under 3 years of transition from conventional to organic, “Gautamshree farm” under 1 years of transition from conventional to organic and “Kuntabeshi farm” under IPM practice as reference. Soil bulk density, moisture content, texture, NPK, CEC and soil organic matter was evaluated in soil samples collected at 0-15 cm. Soil organic matter (5.45%) was highest in Hasera farm, whereas lowest bulk density (1.02gcm-3) was also in Hasera farm. Lowest soil organic matter content was found in Gautamshree farm. Soils of all farms were under loam texture. Soil macronutrients were highest in Grameen Krishi farm. The overall pH value of all soil samples was slightly acidic to acidic.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 1, 2017, Page: 76-84

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Grzelak, Aleksander. "Accumulation of assets in farms covered by the FADN farm accountancy system in Poland – the economic and eco-efficiency context." Management 23, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0031.

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Summary The primary objective of the article is to identify the accumulation processes in farms in Poland based on the economic size as well as the context of eco-efficiency (from the perspective of Environmental Sustainable Value). In addition, the importance of subsidies in generating accumulation was specified and the context of eco-efficiency was taken into account. Analysis of the environmental context was carried out with the use of the assessment of subsidies for public goods and return to cost ratio (RTC) based on the concept of Sustainable Value (SV). Cross-analysis has shown that with the transition to groups of farms with an increasing economic size, the situation was more favourable from the perspective of the accumulation rate and its level per 1 ha. Subsidies play a significant role in shaping accumulation. It was observed that the higher rate of accumulation associated with the transition to groups of farms with greater economic strength is accompanied by an increase in eco-efficiency through the prism of the RTC indicator. Larger (but not the largest) farms are more efficient in using the transformation of environmental inputs into production output, which does not mean that they exert an absolutely lower environmental pressure.

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Gjedrem, Anna Marie, and Torgrim Log. "Study of Heathland Succession, Prescribed Burning, and Future Perspectives at Kringsjå, Norway." Land 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120485.

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The coastal heathland of Western Europe, dominated by Calluna vulgaris L., was previously maintained by prescribed-burning and grazing to the extent that the Calluna became anthropogenically adapted to regular burning cycles. This 5000–6000-year-old land management practice was essential for local biodiversity and created a vegetation free from major wildland fires. In Norway, recent neglect has, however, caused accumulation of live and dead biomass. Invasion of juniper and Sitka spruce has resulted in limited biodiversity and increasing wildland fire fuels. At the Kringsjå cabin and sheep farm, Haugesund, an area of previous fire safe heathland has been restored through fire-agriculture. Kringsjå is located close to several important Viking Age sites and the Steinsfjellet viewpoint, a popular local tourist destination. The motivation for the present study is to analyse this facility and investigate possibilities for synergies between landscape management and tourism as a route to sustainable transitions. The present study compares restored heathland vegetation with unmanaged heathland at Kringsjå. The potential for activities is also analysed based on the proximity to the tourist attractions in the region. The Kringsjå area demonstrates different vegetation conditions depending on level of afforestation, Calluna heath maintenance, and gracing. Within a few minutes’ walk, dense Sitka spruce communities with desert-like forest floor may be compared to native forest floors, Calluna dominated heathland, and grazing fields. It turns out that Kringsjå may become a showcase for resuming prescribed burning and grazing for fire-safe rich landscapes, while offering cultural and historical experiences for all age groups. Moreover, tourism may become a source of income required for supporting ongoing restoration initiatives. To start working on a common vision, preferably aligned with existing "Homeland of the Viking Kings" tourism approach, should be one of the first steps along this path.

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Barwick, Jamie, David William Lamb, Robin Dobos, Mitchell Welch, Derek Schneider, and Mark Trotter. "Identifying Sheep Activity from Tri-Axial Acceleration Signals Using a Moving Window Classification Model." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040646.

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Behaviour is a useful indicator of an individual animal’s overall wellbeing. There is widespread agreement that measuring and monitoring individual behaviour autonomously can provide valuable opportunities to trigger and refine on-farm management decisions. Conventionally, this has required visual observation of animals across a set time period. Technological advancements, such as animal-borne accelerometers, are offering 24/7 monitoring capability. Accelerometers have been used in research to quantify animal behaviours for a number of years. Now, technology and software developers, and more recently decision support platform providers, are integrating to offer commercial solutions for the extensive livestock industries. For these systems to function commercially, data must be captured, processed and analysed in sync with data acquisition. Practically, this requires a continuous stream of data or a duty cycled data segment and, from an analytics perspective, the application of moving window algorithms to derive the required classification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of a ‘clean state’ moving window behaviour state classification algorithm applied to 3, 5 and 10 second duration segments of data (including behaviour transitions), to categorise data emanating from collar, leg and ear mounted accelerometers on five Merino ewes. The model was successful at categorising grazing, standing, walking and lying behaviour classes with varying sensitivity, and no significant difference in model accuracy was observed between the three moving window lengths. The accuracy in identifying behaviour classes was highest for the ear-mounted sensor (86%–95%), followed by the collar-mounted sensor (67%–88%) and leg-mounted sensor (48%–94%). Between-sheep variations in classification accuracy confirm the sensor orientation is an important source of variation in all deployment modes. This research suggests a moving window classifier is capable of segregating continuous accelerometer signals into exclusive behaviour classes and may provide an appropriate data processing framework for commercial deployments.

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Chen, Wei. "Research and Application of "Transition and Echo" in Molding Design of Farm Machineries." Advanced Materials Research 739 (August 2013): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.706.

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The perfect moulding must have transition and echo, so "transition and echo" is the aesthetic principle that the moulding design of farm machineries have to observe. In some farm machinery products as an example,illustrates that the proper" transition" of products gives people lively, clever feeling, and has clear, certainly, soft beauty , and that reasonable " echo" of products gives people harmonious and unity feeling, and has friendly, movtion, open aesthetics characteristics.

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