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Thien, Huynh Luong Huynh Luong Thien. "Filtres passe-bande à FDNC et à FDNR /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=418.
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Oliveira, Rodrigo Gomes. "Fertilizantes organominerais no crescimento e valor nutritivo de Urochloa brizantha, em diferentes umidades do solo." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1532.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Incluir a Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) como ag?ncia financiadora.Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-12-20T20:56:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) rodrigo_gomes_oliveira.pdf: 944492 bytes, checksum: 3b83af9fb0686a20d237cd521e8852eb (MD5)
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A pecu?ria exerce uma grande import?ncia nas exporta??es brasileiras. ? uma atividade econ?mica desenvolvida em ?reas rurais que consiste na cria??o de gado, caracterizada pela depend?ncia no uso de pastagens devido ao menor custo de produ??o. Com isso ? necess?rio uma grande ?rea de pastagens bem estruturada e com folhas e perfilhos de boa qualidade para suprir as exig?ncias do rebanho, tendo com isso uma boa lucratividade. Atualmente, uma das esp?cies forrageira que se encontra amplamente difundida no pa?s, ? a Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Tal ocorr?ncia ? devida essa gram?nea, ter boa adapta??o a solos menos f?rteis, de textura arenosa e tolerar altas satura??es de alum?nio. Por?m, nas ?reas utilizadas para cultivo destas pastagens muitas se encontram com algum grau de degrada??o devido ? falta de manuten??o, em especial a falta de aduba??o e irriga??o. Propor tecnologias que auxiliem no desempenho dessas pastagens e proporcionem sua recupera??o torne-se essencial. Entre alternativas para diminuir a severidade desses problemas, o uso da irriga??o nos per?odos de veranicos pode ser uma t?cnica a ser usada, por?m existem regi?es no pa?s que a ?gua ? escassa e com isso essa t?cnica ? inv?lida. Outra op??o ? o uso de fertilizantes, por?m ? uma atividade de alto custo, com isso produtores procuram fertilizantes cada vez mais eficazes. O uso de fertilizantes organominerais vem se destacando, devido conter uma parte org?nica na sua formula??o e esta por sua vez, faz com que a libera??o dos nutrientes seja de forma mais lenta, promovendo menores perdas, al?m de auxiliar na reten??o de ?gua no solo.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
Livestock farming is of great importance in brazilian exports. It is an economic activity developed in rural areas that consists of the cattle raising, characterized by the dependence on the use of pastures due to the lower cost of production. This requires a large, well-structured pasture area with good quality leaves and tillers to meet the requirements of the herd, thus making a good profitability. Currently, one of the forage species that is widely distributed in the country, is Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Such occurrence is due to this grass, to have good adaptation to less fertile soils, of sandy texture and to tolerate high saturations of aluminum. However, in the areas used for cultivation of these pastures many are found to have some degree of degradation due to lack of maintenance, especially the lack of fertilization and irrigation. Proposing technologies that aid in the performance of these pastures and make their recovery become essential. Among alternatives to reduce the severity of these problems, the use of irrigation in summer periods may be a technique to be used, however there are regions in the country that water is scarce and thus this technique is invalid. Another option is the use of fertilizers, but it is a high-cost activity, with producers seeking more and more effective fertilizers. The use of organomineral fertilizers has been highlighted, due to the fact that it contains an organic part in its formulation and this, in turn, causes the release of nutrients to be slower, promoting lower losses, besides helping to retain water in the soil.
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Lin, Heng Cho. "Kalman filtering of FDOA /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390104.
Повний текст джерела
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Xinzhu, Jin. "Channel Estimation Techniques of SC-FDMA." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1262.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract
This master thesis investigates several di®erent channel estimation techniques in an SC-
FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) system with parameters set
according to the standards of 3GPP LTE (3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term
Evolution). 3GPP LTE is the name given to a project within the 3GPP to improve the
mobile phone standard to cope with future requirements. In this thesis, we ¯rst introduce
the SC-FDMA system, which is a transmission technique that utilizes single carrier mod-
ulation, then ¯ve types of estimators are investigated. Essential to all channel estimatiors
is the use of pilot symbols. In the last part we compare the performance of the channel
estimation techniques with each other in di®erent environments by analysing their symbol
error rates. All simulations are done in a Matlab environment.
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Hamdy, Walid M. "Crosstalk in direct detection optical FDMA networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13464.
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Stover, Rachyl-anne. "Description of the dietary breadth and overlap of the translocated Shark Bay rufous hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) and banded hare-wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) using scat DNA." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2025. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conservation translocations are increasingly used worldwide to prevent extinctions and support ecological restoration projects. These translocations involve a lot of uncertainty, particularly when species are introduced to ecosystems where they have not previously coexisted. Many historical translocations in Australia and globally have failed due to insufficient baseline data and inadequate post-translocation monitoring. Contemporary translocations can aim to improve translocation outcomes by increasing baseline data collection and developing robust post-release monitoring for translocated species. The development of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques has facilitated the collection of information from environments with minimal disturbance to species. The advancement of such passive monitoring techniques has allowed for increased ability to monitor and study cryptic and rare species.
The Shark Bay rufous hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus bernieri) and the banded hare-wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) were introduced to Dirk Hartog Island (DHI) from founder populations on the Bernier and Dorre islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia, as part of the Dirk Hartog Island National Park Ecological Restoration Program. Once found across large areas of south-west and central Australia, the populations on the Bernier and Dorre islands are the last natural populations of the two species due to habitat loss and predation post-European colonisation. As the rufous hare-wallaby and banded hare-wallaby have not been previously recorded on DHI, there was uncertainty regarding their successful establishment on the island and their potential interactions with each other and other species involved in the restoration program.
The diets of rufous hare-wallabies and banded hare-wallabies were investigated through the DNA metabarcoding of scat samples from three islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia. This researched aimed to assess dietary overlap and the potential for resource competition between the two hare-wallaby species. Additionally, the difference in diet between the founder populations to their post-translocation diets on DHI were analysed as an indication of dietary flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes. The diets of both species of hare-wallaby were found to be broad, containing taxa from multiple plant families including invasive weeds. On DHI there was a high degree of overlap in the diets of the two species, indicating a risk of resource competition. The diets of the translocated populations differed significantly from the founder populations, which demonstrated flexible foraging behaviour and signified that rufous hare-wallabies and banded hare-wallabies are excellent candidates for future translocation projects on other islands and within mainland reserves.
This thesis is the first study to define and compare the diets of the Shark Bay rufous hare-wallaby and the banded hare-wallaby using scat DNA. The understanding of diet is fundamental to ecology and an essential consideration in restoration projects involving new species interactions. The findings from this research can benefit the fulfilment of translocation success criteria related to species establishment and health targets for the new populations. By demonstrating the dietary breadth and flexibility of Shark Bay’s hare-wallabies, this thesis exemplifies the utility of scat DNA in supporting the conservation of translocated fauna.
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Haiou, Zheng, and Zhang Naitong. "ANALYSIS OF HYBRID FDMA/CDMA SYSTEMS IN RICIAN FADING." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaIn this paper, a hybrid frequency division multiple access/code division multiple access (FDMA/CDMA) system in a Rician fading channel is described and analysis. The performance of the hybrid system is compared with a wideband CDMA system, which occupies the same total bandwidth. The results show that for DPSK modulation with a RIKE receiver, a hybrid system can have a greater capacity with a strong direct path component or a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Otherwise, a wideband system remains optimal.
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Oliveira, Francisco João Melim Machado de. "Precoding and equalization schemes for SC-FDMA heterogeneous networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14544.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesMobile traffic in cellular networks is increasing exponentially. Small-cells are considered as a key solution to meet these requirements. Under the same spectrum the small-cells and the associated macro-cell (forming the so called heterogeneous systems) must cooperate so that one system can adapt to the other. If no cooperation is considered then the small-cells will generate harmful interference at the macro-cell. Interference alignment (IA) is a precoding technique that is able to achieve the maximum degrees of freedom of the interference channel, and can efficiently deal with inter-systems interference. Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is a promising solution technique for high data rate uplink communications in future cellular systems. Conventional linear equalizers are not efficient to remove the residual inter-carrier interference of the SC-FDMA systems. For this reason, there has been significant interest in the design of nonlinear frequency domain equalizers in general and decision feedback equalizers in particular, with the iterative block decision feedback equalizer (IB-DFE) being the most promising nonlinear equalizer. In this dissertation we propose and evaluate joint interference alignment precoding at the small cell user terminals with iterative non-linear frequency domain equalizer at the receivers (macro base station and central unit) for SC-FDMA based heterogeneous networks. The small-cell precoders are designed by enforcing that all generated interference at the macro-cell is aligned in an orthogonal subspace to the macro-cell received signal subspace. This enforces that no performance degradation is observed at the macro cell. Then, we design an iterative nonlinear frequency domain equalizer at the macro-cell receiver that is able to recover the macro-cell spatial streams, in the presence of both small-cell and inter-carrier interferences. The results show that the proposed transmitter and receiver structures are robust to the inter-system interferences and at the same time are able to efficient separate the macro and small cells spatial streams.
O trafego móvel nas redes celulares tem aumentado exponencialmente. As pico- células são consideradas como a solução chave para cumprir estes requisitos. Dentro do mesmo espectro, as pico-células e as macro-células (formando os chamados sistemas heterogéneos) precisam de colaborar de modo a que um sistema possa adaptar-se ao outro. Se não for considerada a cooperação, então as pico-células irão gerar interferência prejudicial na macro-célula. Interference alignment (IA) é uma técnica de précodificação que é capaz de atingir o grau máximo de liberdade do canal de interferência, e consegue lidar eficazmente com interferência entre sistemas. Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) é uma solução técnica promissora para transmissão de dados em uplink, para sistemas celulares futuros. Equalizadores lineares convencionais não são eficientes a remover a interferência residual entre portadoras dos sistemas SC-FDMA. Por este motivo, tem havido interesse significativo no desenho de equalizadores não lineares no domínio da frequência em geral e em equalizadores baseados em decisão por feedback em particular, tendo o iterative block decision feedback equalizer (IB-DFE) como o equalizador não linear mais promissor. Nesta dissertação propomos e avaliamos précodificação de alinhamento de interferência nos terminais das pico-células em conjunto com equalizadores não lineares no domínio da frequência nos recetores (estação base da macro-célula e unidade central de processamento) para redes heterogéneas baseadas em SC-FDMA. Os précodificadores das pico-células são desenhados de maneira a obrigar a que toda a interferência gerada na macro-célula esteja alinhada num subespaço ortogonal em relação ao subespaço do sinal recebido na macro- célula. Isto obriga a que não seja observada degradação de desempenho na macro-célula. Em seguida, desenhamos um equalizador não linear no domínio da frequência no recetor da macro-célula capaz de recuperar os fluxos de dados da macro-célula, na presença de interferência tanto entre portadoras como das pico-células. Os resultados mostram que as estruturas de transmissão e receção propostas são robustas contra a interferência entre sistemas e ao mesmo tempo capaz de separar eficientemente os dados da macro e das pico células.
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Ruder, Michael [Verfasser]. "User Pairing for Mobile Communication Systems with OSC and SC-FDMA Transmission : Benutzerpaarung für Mobilkommunikationssysteme mit OSC und SC-FDMA Übertragung / Michael Ruder." Aachen : Shaker, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1066197067/34.
Повний текст джерела
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Stemick, Martin. "Contributions to Resource Allocation Schemes in Multiuser OFDM-FDMA-Systems /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2009. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3415355&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
Повний текст джерела
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Majeed, Haris, Rahim Umar, and Arslan Ali Basit. "Smart Antenna - MIMO, OFDM and Single Carrier FDMA for LTE." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the evolution in the telecommunication generations, more and more research is going on in the field of wireless communications. The purpose of these researches has always been to provide good network coverage across the region with higher data rates, accuracy and better performance. Control on coverage and performance has always been in focus and is achieved using better and better antennas. Research has brought us with a sophisticated approach on the control of the properties of the antennas – introduction to Smart Antennas. Smart antennas can be used to support any radio based telecommunication system in any band, with the same level of performance. Several techniques are used to get good performance out of the antennas’ system. One impressive way is the usage of multiple antennas techniques. The approach is to transmit and receive 2 or more unique data on a single radio channel. To increase the diversity gain with the use of multiple input multiple output (MIMO), OFDM is a good technology used at the physical layer. It provides robustness to frequency selective fading, high spectral efficiency and low computational complexity. So MIMO-OFDM generates a good basis for 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 4G telecommunication technologies as well as other wireless communications systems. With MIMO-OFDM as basis, different standards like WiMAX (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) have been implemented now. The use of OFDM has some limitations when it is considered for uplink like high peak to average power ratio (PAPR), for which a new technique of using Single Carrier is considered for uplink. Single Carrier FDMA has same advantages as of OFDM with low PAPR. In this thesis, we investigate the smart antennas with its application as LTE with the study of MIMO-OFDM and Single Carrier FDMA Systems. Performance of MIMO OFDM and SC-FDMA is evaluated by using simulations on MATLAB.
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Hänninen, T. (Tuomo). "Detection algorithms and FPGA implementations for SC-FDMA uplink receivers." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The demand in mobile broadband communications is increasing dramatically. It is expected that 1000 times more mobile-network capacity will be needed within 10 years. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration and spatial multiplexing are among the essential techniques for reaching the targets. This creates motivation for study of advanced receivers for combating inter-antenna interference (IAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). While various receiver structures have been extensively considered for MIMO receivers, the emphasis has been on those operating in downlink orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDM) systems, wherein ISI is not a problem. Advanced receiver structures for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink systems were studied and analysed. Various receivers were compared via MATLAB simulations, with the objective being to gain solid understanding of how they perform in different channel environments. An efficient combination of IAI and ISI equalisation for SC-FDMA receivers is proposed. The proposed receiver architecture is shown to be a considerable improvement over the conventional linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver. Several MIMO detector algorithms and their performance–complexity characteristics are presented. The K-best algorithm with a list size of 8 is shown to be the best option for practical MIMO detector implementation of this receiver in the 4x4 MIMO 64-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario. The second objective involved examining the implementation aspects of the 8-best receiver to achieve good understanding of the complexity of various implementation architectures. It emerged that avoiding the sorting operation in the 8-best list sphere detector (LSD) tree-search algorithm implementation is not recommendable in the 4x4 MIMO 64-QAM scenario. Several field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations were carried out, with a range of high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. It is shown that HLS tools have improved significantly and are especially favourable for prototyping of large designs. Additionally, the importance of FPGA technology selection is addressed. Smaller silicon technology should be exploited if base-station baseband processing power consumption is to be minimised. The potential performance or complexity-related gain with the latest FPGAs should be taken into account in comparison of the performance–complexity characteristics of the algorithms. Differences of a few tens of per cent in estimated complexity or performance between two algorithms are often below the threshold of what can be gained or lost in the practical implementation processTiivistelmä Tiheään asuttujen kaupunkien uudet langattomat palvelut tarvitsevat tietoliikenneverkkoja, jotka mahdollistavat suuremman tiedonsiirtonopeuden ja kapasiteetin kuin sen, jonka nykyiset mobiiliverkot voivat tarjota. On arveltu, että mobiiliverkkojen kapasiteetin tarve tuhatkertaistuu seuraavan kymmenen vuoden aikana. Tuhatkertainen kapasiteetti on arvioitu saavutettavan kasvattamalla kolmea eri osa-aluetta kymmenkertaiseksi: taajuusspektrin määrä, spektrin käytön tehokkuus sekä tukiasematiheys. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy spektrin käytön tehokkuuden kasvattamiseen. Moniantennitoteutus (multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO) on siinä välttämätön. MIMO-tekniikkaa hyödyntävien solukkojärjestelmien tukiasemavastaanottimissa tarvitaan melko monimutkainen kanavakorjain sekä ilmaisin, joiden algoritmien optimointi ja toteutus ymmärretään vielä sangen puutteellisesti. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätavoitteena on tutkia edistyksellisiä vastaanotinrakenteita, joilla saavutetaan LTE-A-standardin tavoitetiedonsiirtonopeus kohtuullisella kompleksisuudella. Työssä keskitytään ns. nousevaan siirtosuuntaan (uplink) eli päätelaitteesta tukiasemaan tapahtuvaan tiedonsiirtoon, jossa käytetään yhden kantoaallon taajuusjakomonikäyttötekniikkaa (single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access, SC-FDMA) ortognaalisen taajuusjakomonikäytön (orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA) sijaan. Eri vastaanotinrakenteita ja näiden ilmaisinalgoritmeja vertaillaan tietokonesimuloinnein MATLAB-ympäristössä. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan kaksiosaista vastaanotinrakennetta, jossa antennien välinen keskinäishäiriö (inter antenna interference, IAI) ja symbolien välinen keskinäisvaikutus (intersymbol interference, ISI) poistetaan kahdessa eri vaiheessa. Tietokoneimulaatiot osoittavat ko. rakenteen parantavan suorituskykyä huomattavasti perinteiseen lineaariseen keskineliövirheen minimoivaan (linear minimum mean square error, LMMSE) vastaanottimeen verrattuna. Nk. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin listan koolla kahdeksan todetaan tarjoavan 4x4 MIMO 64-tasoisen kvadratuuriamplitudimodulaation (quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM) ympäristössä parhaan kompromissin suorituskyvyn ja kompleksisuuden suhteen. Käytännön toteutettavuuden kannalta keskitytään ohjelmoitavaan digitaalipiiritoteutukseen (field-programmable gate array, FGPA) ja ns. korkean tason synteesi (high-level synthesis, HLS) -työkalujen käyttöön vastaanottimen suunnittelussa. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin arkkitehtuurivertailut osoittavat, että sinänsä vaativaa lajittelualgoritmia ei aina kannata yrittää välttää kirjallisuudessa aikaisemmin ehdotetulla ratkaisulla. Useita eri HLS työkaluja käytetään FPGA toteutuksissa ja todetaan että työkalut ovat kehittyneet huomattavasti viimeisen kahdeksan vuoden aikana. Lisäksi todetaan, että 16 nm viivanleveyden piireillä voidaan saavuttaa noin 15 % suurempi ilmaisunopeus ja 60 % pienempi tehonkulutus verrattuna 28 nm viivanleveyttä käyttäviin piireihin. Erityisesti potentiaali tehonkulutuksen minimoiseksi kannattaa hyödyntää, mikäli signaalinkäsittely näyttelee merkittävää roolia vastaanottimen kokonaistehonkulutuksessa. Kokonaisuutena todetaan, että toteutukseen liittyvät valinnat sekä vaikutus lopputulokseen, tulisi ottaa huomioon jo algoritmien valinnassa. Pieni ero kahden eri algoritmin suorituskyvyn välillä häviää helposti toteutusvaiheen ratkaisujen vaikutusten alle
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Cunha, Pedro Miguel Rodrigues. "Implementing the SC-FDMA transmission technique using the GNURadio platform." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaFCT/MEC - (PTDC/EEA- TEL/120666/2010), MANY2COMWIN (EXPL/EEI-TEL/0969/2013) and ADIN (PTDC/EEI-TEL/2990/2012)
14
Ciocco, Timothy Michael. "A comparison study of CDMA versus TDMA/FDMA LEO satellite systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1996.Thesis advisor(s): Paul H. Moose, R. Clark Robertson. "March 1996." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Ichikawa, Naoki, Masaaki Katayama, Hiraku Okada, Takaya Yamazato, and Akira Ogawa. "Comparison of CDMA and FDMA/TDMA in non-GEO Satellite Systems." IEEE, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7750.
Повний текст джерела
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Shaikh, Abdul Samad, and Khatri Chandan Kumar. "Performance Evaluation of LTE Physical Layer Using SC-FDMA & OFDMA." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since past few decades different types of cellular networks were launched and went successful on the radio links such as WiMAX, that became very popular because of its high data rate (70Mbps) and support for providing wireless internet services over 50km distance. The UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology in the evolution of 3G cellular services. LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally. We have very limited resources in cellular technologies and it is important to utilize them with high efficiency. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are major part of LTE. OFDMA was well utilized for achieving high spectral efficiency in communication system. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system that is a project of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The Multiple Access Scheme in Advanced Mobile radio system has to meet the challenging requirements for example high throughput, good robustness, efficient Bit Error Rate (BER), high spectral efficiency, low delays, low computational complexity, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), low error probability etc. Error probability is playing vital role in channel estimation and there are many ways to do channel estimation, like Wiener Channel Estimation, Bayesian Demodulation etc. In our thesis, we investigate the performance of SC-FDMA and OFDMA of LTE physical layer by considering different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error probability by simulating the model of SC-FDMA & OFDMA. We use Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduce frequency selective (multipath) fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. A set of conclusions is derived from our results describing the effect of higher order modulation schemes on BER and error probability for both OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The power spectral densities of both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) are calculated and result shows that the OFDMA has high power spectral density. The considered modulation schemes also have a significant impact on the PAPR of both OFDMA and SC-FDMA such that the higher order modulations increase PAPR in SC-FDMA and decrease PAPR in OFDMA. However, the overall value of PAPR is minimum in SC-FDMA for all modulation schemes. The PSD calculation results also support the remarks given on PAPR.Author 01: Abdul Samad Shaikh, Phone # 0046-760915236 Author 02 : Khatri Chandan Kumar, Phone # 0046-762649745
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Ruchet, Bernard. "Réalisation expérimentale d'une détection cohérente pour un système optique CDMA/FDMA." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0025/MQ31791.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Harrington, Michael J. "New York City’s first responders: enhancing collaboration between NYPD and FDNY." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedIn a post-9/11 world, cooperation among first-responders in New York City is absolutely essential for maintaining public safety. Although more than a decade has passed since 9/11, inter-agency communication between the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) is still far from perfect. This paper examines the inter-agency cooperation changes made since 9/11, not only between the NYPD and the FDNY, but all agencies in state of New York charged with public safety. I also consider which approaches have worked to foster inter-agency cooperation, including the use of fusion centers, central agencies charged with coordinating emergency responses (such as the New York City Office of Emergency Management), and structured protocols like the Citywide Incident Management System that clearly delineate the roll of each agency at the scene of an emergency. Finally, I examine potential approaches that have not been implemented but could prove fruitful, and I make recommendations on what approaches should be taken in order to foster greater inter-agency cooperation.
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Ou, Po-Hsiang. "Climate change v Eurozone crisis : social and economic views of risk in inter-expert risk communication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3619fc5-fd2a-483b-92b5-94aa90ce13d1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This DPhil thesis discusses how two divergent risk conceptions, a 'social view' and an 'economic view' of risk, are constructed through inter-expert risk communication. Different and sometimes contradictory concepts of risk are mobilised in regulatory practice, but the origins of these divergent risk conceptions are not extensively studied. This thesis seeks to unpack this divergence. Empirically, I analyse risk communication among experts in the European Union (EU) during the creation of two risk regulation standards. The two case studies, one related to the development of the two-degree target of EU climate policies (the climate case) and the other about the negotiation of the excessive deficit criteria of the Maastricht Treaty (the euro case), can shed light on the relations between risk conceptions and inter-expert risk communication. I argue that through risk communication, an initial 'view' of risk can be entrenched and developed into a paradigmatic 'risk conception'. My analysis uses historical and sociological institutionalism, by focusing on path dependence of risk communication and social construction risk conceptions among EU experts. Through the two case studies, I identify four analytical dimensions of inter-expert risk communication: networks (the institutional setting and relationships between different experts), cultures (the mentalities of experts in relation to discussing risks), dynamics (the actual processes of transmitting and receiving risk messages) and strategies (the rationales supporting the decisions of risk regulation standards). My thematic analysis reveals four key distinct 'features' of social/economic views of risk: expertise (the types of knowledge mobilised), normality (characterising risk as either 'special' or 'routine'), probability (considering risk as either uncertain or calculable) and impact (seeing risk as either negative or positive). I argue that these four features can help explain the construction of risk conceptions, and more broadly, provide an analytical framework for studying how views of risk evolve and interact over time.
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Wylie-Green, Marilynn P., and Erik Perrins. "A Novel Multi-H CPM-SC-FDMA Transmission Scheme for Aeronautical Telemetry." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaIn this paper, we propose multi-h CPM-SC-FDMA, a novel transmission scheme which combines many of the key characteristics of continuous phase modulation (CPM) with single carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) to produce a power efficient, robust modulation which is suitable for high-rate multiple-access aeronautical telemetry applications. The basis of our approach is found in the observation that the discrete-time samples from a CPM waveform constitute a constant envelope time domain sequence which can be pre-coded and subsequently mapped to a set of orthogonal subcarriers for an FDMA-style transmission. The resulting waveform exhibits power efficiency and easily supports multiple access.
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Karaca, Zeynal. "Essays on pharmaceuticals and health care expenditures." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1915.
Повний текст джерела
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Rocha, Fernanda Cipriano. "Níveis de uréia, períodos de amonização e aeração sobre a composição química e digestibilidade “in vitro” da matéria seca da silagem de capim-elefante cv. Napier." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2001. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11139.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Departamento de Zootecnia, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, objetivando determinar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes níveis de uréia (0, 2, 4 e 6%), em combinação com diferentes períodos de amonização (30 e 60 dias) e aeração (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias) sobre a composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da silagem de capim-elefante (Penisetum purpureum, Schum) – cv. Napier colhido em avançado estado de maturidade. A amonização com uréia elevou (P<0,01) o pH da silagem de capim- elefante em função dos níveis aplicados. Observou-se efeito da interação períodos de amonização x períodos de aeração para fibra em detergente neutro (P<0,01), fibra em detergente ácido (P<0,05) e celulose (P<0,05). Para lignina e hemicelulose, verificou-se efeito (P<0,01) da interação níveis de uréia x períodos de amonização x períodos de aeração. A proteína burta e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram influenciados (P<0,01) apenas pelos níveis crescentes de uréia. Os conteúdos de NIDA foram influenciados pela interação níveis de uréia e períodos de amonização (P<0,05). O desenvolvimento de fungos foi verificado nos níveis 0 e 2% de uréia; portanto, não foram eficientes na conservação da silagem de capim-elefante. Os níveis de 4 e 6 % de uréia mostraram-se promissores para a amonização de silagens de capim-elefante, colhido em avançado estádio de maturidade, uma vez que promoveram efeitos benéficos no conteúdo de proteína bruta, NIDA e DIVMS, além de inibirem o crescimento de fungos nessas silagens.
The research was developed in the Department of Zootecnia, of the Federal University of Viçosa, with the objective of determining the effects of the application of different urea levels (0, 2, 4 and 6%), in combination with different amonization periods (30 and 60 days) and aeration (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) on elephant-grass (Penisetum purpureum, Schum) - cv. Napier silage, picked in advanced state of maturity, chemical composition and “in vitro” digestibility. The amonization with urea elevated (P <0,01) the pH of the elephant-grass silage in function of the applied levels. Effect of the interaction amonization periods x aeration periods was observed for neutral detergent fiber (P <0,01), acid detergent fiber (P <0,05) and cellulose (P <0,05). With lignin and hemicelulose, effect (P <0,01) of the interaction urea levels x amonização periods x aeration periods was verified. Dry matter crude protein, and “in vitro” digestibility were influenced (P <0,01) only by the growing levels of urea. The contents of ADF-N were influenced by the interaction urea levels and amonization periods (P <0,05). The development of fungus was verified in the levels 0 and 2% of urea; therefore, they were not efficient in the conservation of the elephant-grass silage. The levels of 4 and 6% of urea were shown to be promising for the amonization of elephant-grass silages, picked at advanced stadium of maturity, once they promoted beneficial effects in the content of crude protein, ADF-N and IVDMD, besides they inhibit the growth of fungus in those silages.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria
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Karlsson, Alexander. "Feasibility Study for Single Platform Airborne FDOA and TDOA Estimation With Unknown Source." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is a well studied topic and used in many different applications. Although it is usually based on time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) of coherent signals, it is sometimes possible to also use frequency-difference-of-arrival (FDOA). By combining TDOA and FDOA a more reliable estimate of the DOA can be obtained. This can be useful in military applications such as reconnaissance and surveillance where the objective is to locate unknown transmitters. It is however not always possible to obtain accurate TDOA and FDOA estimates. In this study the conditions for this are examined for the airborne case when the receivers are on the same aerial vehicle. A method for simulating and estimating TDOAs and FDOAs is also presented. The results are based on simulations with three different signal types and conditions are found for which accurate TDOA and FDOA estimation can be achieved. These conditions are obtained from the Cramér-Rao bounds for TDOA and FDOA. It is shown that FDOA can in some cases yield a higher accuracy in the DOA estimate than what is possible with TDOA.Riktning av ankomst (förkortat DOA) är ett väl studerat ämne och används i många olika sammanhang. Även om det ofta är baserat på tidsskillnader i ankomst (förkortat TDOA) hos koherenta vågor, är det ibland möjligt att även använda frekvensskillnader i ankomst (förkortat FDOA). Genom att kombinera TDOA och FDOA kan ett mer pålitligt estimat av DOA fås. Detta kan vara användbart i militära sammanhang så som spaning och övervakning då målet är att lokalisera okända sändare. Det är dock inte alltid möjligt att uppnå noggranna TDOA och FDOA estimat. I denna studie undersöks villkoren för detta för fallet då mottagarna är på samma luftburna farkost. En metod för att simulera och estimera TDOA och FDOA visas också. Resultaten baseras på simuleringar med tre olika signaltyper och villkor för vilka noggranna TDOA och FDOA estimat kan uppnås tas fram. Dessa villkor är tagna från Cramér-Raos sats för TDOA och FDOA. Det visas att FDOA kan i vissa sammanhang ge en högre noggrannhet i DOA estimatet än vad som är möjligt med TDOA.
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Sun, Han. "Stereochemistry of Challenging Natural Products Studied by NMR-based Methods." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-FD1A-F.
Повний текст джерела
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Walker, Aled. "Topics in analytic and combinatorial number theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d48a697-fd7a-4aca-bebe-4806322bdbbd.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis we consider three different issues of analytic number theory. Firstly, we investigate how residues modulo q may be expressed as products of small primes. In Chapter 1, we work in the regime in which these primes are less than q, and present some partial results towards an open conjecture of Erdös. In Chapter 2, we consider the kinder regime in which these primes are at most qC , for some constant C that is greater than 1. Here we reach an explicit version of Linnik's Theorem on the least prime in an arithmetic progression, saving that we replace 'prime' with 'product of exactly three primes'. The results of this chapter are joint with Prof. Olivier Ramaré. The next two chapters concern equidistribution modulo 1, specifically the notion that an infinite set of integers is metric poissonian. This strong notion was introduced by Rudnick and Sarnak around twenty years ago, but more recently it has been linked with concepts from additive combinatorics. In Chapter 3 we study the primes in this context, and prove that the primes do not enjoy the metric poissonian property, a theorem which, in passing, improves upon a certain result of Bourgain. In Chapter 4 we continue the investigation further, adapting arguments of Schmidt to demonstrate that certain random sets of integers, which are nearly as dense as the primes, are metric poissonian after all. The major work of this thesis concerns the study of diophantine inequalities. The use of techniques from Fourier analysis to count the number of solutions to such systems, in primes or in other arithmetic sets of interest, is well developed. Our innovation, following suggestions of Wooley and others, is to utilise the additive-combinatorial notion of Gowers norms. In Chapter 5 we adapt methods of Green and Tao to show that, even in an extremely general framework, Gowers norms control the number of solutions weighted by arbitrary bounded functions. We use this result to demonstrate cancellation of the Möbius function over certain irrational patterns.
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Heller, Gillis L. "Hepatic and renal impairment trials : FDA guidance and industry practice /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38030548.
Повний текст джерела
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Singh, Inder Raj S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Factors influencing the time for FDA review of medical devices." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 98).
Companies must receive marketing authorization by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can begin commercial distribution of a new type of medical device in the United States. The premarket approval application (PMA) is the process by which this occurs. Companies submit a PMA after they have completed laboratory test, animal studies and human clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device for a specific condition, or therapeutic indication. Despite legislation in the early part of this decade to reduce the timeframe for FDA review of PMAs, these timeframes continue to vary dramatically and unpredictably from months to many years. The focus of this thesis is to examine factors which influence this timeframe. Hypotheses about factors that impact PMA review timeframes were developed by analyzing the review process and through interviews with industry representatives and FDA officials. The following factors were evaluated: year of submission to FDA, size of firm seeking approval, presence of prior approved PMAs by firm seeking approval, product category, first-of-a-kind device, number of amendments, expedited review status, advisory panel review, unanimous advisory panel vote, and confirmation of primary efficacy endpoints in pivotal clinical trials. The year of submission was considered a control variable. The other factors fall into one of three categories: applicant characteristics, device characteristics, and process characteristics. Analysis was limited to PMAs received by FDA from 2000 through 2005. Two levels of analysis were conducted.
(cont.) First, the directional impact of each factor on PMA review time was evaluated. Second, regression analysis was used to develop predictive models for PMA review time, in days, and to test which factors have meaningful associations when controlling for other factors. Factors that have highly statistically significant associations with longer review timeframes include: a larger number of amendments, and designation as an orthopedic device. Designation as an orthopedic device has a particularly dramatic impact on PMA review time. Orthopedic devices have a mean PMA review time of 647 days, 240 days longer (66% more) than the average for all other categories combined. Even after controlling for process, device, and applicant factors, the impact of an orthopedic designation remains large, increasing the review time by 175 days (p<0.01). In a univariate regression model, each additional amendment is associated with 20.2 additional days (p<0.0001) of review time. After controlling for other factors, each additional amendment is associated with 17.5 additional days (p<0.0001) of review time. Although the number of amendments cannot be known - or predicted - in advance of PMA submission, its significance (R-squared of 0.25 in a univariate regression model) in predicting PMA review timeframes reinforces the notion that quality - primarily of the dossier, in terms of its organization, clarity and completeness, but also of the adequacy of the underlying data to substantiate safety and effectiveness - is critically important to the achieving a shorter PMA review time. Only one factor has an association that in the opposite direction to that hypothesized. PMAs with an expedited review status have mildly longer PMA review times, by 37 days, than those that were not expedited.
(cont.) This result can be explained in part by the larger number of amendments on these PMAs (corr=0.32). When controlling for the number of amendments and other important factors, an expedited review designation has a significant impact on PMA review timeframes in the opposite, but hypothesized direction - it shortens PMA review times by 146 days (p<0.01).
by Inder Raj Singh.
S.M.
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Koert, Andrew J. (Andrew James). "Factors influencing FDA clearance time for medical device 510(k)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-174).
Since the FDA Modernization Act of 1997, recent legislation has sought to establish performance goals and consistency in the regulatory review and clearance of new medical devices. Despite these goals, regulatory review times have varied dramatically for devices seeking clearance through the 510(k) pathway; devices that are by definition "substantially equivalent" to other devices previously cleared by the FDA and currently on the market. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the factors that impact the ability for a company to obtain a 510(k) clearance in a predictable timeframe and assess the most important factors that influence time to clearance. The Medical Device industry is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector that presents complex challenges to regulatory oversight. The 510(k) program and larger device regulatory process has endured the test of time and is well structured to address these challenges. This research focuses on the 7,481 510(k) "substantially equivalent" clearances during the period from October 1, 2007 through June 30, 2010 (FY08 - Q3FY10) in order to analyze the variables that impact clearance times. By testing various hypotheses about the most important factors I aim to provide the device community with the data and suggestions for improving confidence around a particular 510(k) submission's likely approval time. I performed subset analyses on the dataset, segmenting clearances by the type of 510(k) (traditional, abbreviated, and special), clinical category, fiscal year of clearance, use of 3rd party review, submission volume, and product diversity according to clinical category. The results show a distinct increase in clearance time from FY08 to FY10 and suggest that recent scrutiny of the FDA premarket review process may be affecting the efficiency of the Agency FDA review process for medical devices. Further, the 3rd party review program is under-utilized with only 14%, on average, of eligible devices gaining clearance through this process. Through a discussion of two specific critiques of the 510(k) process, namely a recent Government Accountability Office study and an article by the Public Citizen (a public advocacy group), the potential implications of regulatory reform is explored from both a policy and industry perspective.
by Andrew J Koert.
S.M.
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Yameogo, Yvon Sosthène. "Etudes de nouvelles techniques d'estimation et d'égalisation de canal adaptées au systéme SC-FDMA." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le SC-FDMA " Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Acces ", est une technique d'accès multiple à répartition fréquentielle, permettant d'allouer efficacement aux différents mobiles, les ressources de communication. Cette technique a suscité un intérêt particulier lors des conventions de normalisation du standard 3GPP LTE " Long Term Evolution ". Le regain de considération pour cette technique, est lié au fait qu'elle engendre des signaux temporels à faible variation d'amplitude caractérisée par un faible PAPR ou " Peak to Average Power Ratio ". Cet avantage majeur, rend possible l'utilisation de l'amplificateur de puissance du système dans sa zone proche du point de compression, maximisant ainsi son rendement sans toutefois risquer l'apparition des distorsions. C'est pourquoi, ce système a été adopté dans la norme 3GPP LTE comme technique d'accès multiple pour la voix montante. Cependant, dans les spécifications du 3GPP LTE un symbole sur sept est systématiquement réservé pour l'estimation de canal sur toutes les porteuses du système engendrant ainsi une réduction importante du débit utile du signal transmis. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des techniques d'estimation et d'égalisation de canal adaptées pour le SC-FDMA afin d'éviter tant que possible cette perte de débit. Nous avons pu analyser, quelques techniques d'égalisation comme celle basée sur des références fantômes, mais également quelques techniques d'estimation de canal comme celle basée sur un " Ajout de Signal "dans la bande passante du signal utile.
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Yameogo, Yvon Sosthène. "Études de nouvelles techniques d'estimation et d'égalisation de canal adaptés au système SC-FDMA." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le SC-FDMA " Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Acces ", est une technique d'accès multiple à répartition fréquentielle, permettant d'allouer efficacement aux différents mobiles, les ressources de communication. Cette technique a suscité un intérêt particulier lors des conventions de normalisation du standard 3GPP LTE " Long Term Evolution ". Le regain de considération pour cette technique, est lié au fait qu'elle engendre des signaux temporels à faible variation d'amplitude caractérisée par un faible PAPR ou " Peak to Average Power Ratio ". Cet avantage majeur, rend possible l'utilisation de l'amplificateur de puissance du système dans sa zone proche du point de compression, maximisant ainsi son rendement sans toutefois risquer l'apparition des distorsions. C'est pourquoi, ce système a été adopté dans la norme 3GPP LTE comme technique d'accès multiple pour la voix montante. Cependant, dans les spécifications du 3GPP LTE un symbole sur sept est systématiquement réservé pour l'estimation de canal sur toutes les porteuses du système engendrant ainsi une réduction importante du débit utile du signal transmis. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des techniques d'estimation et d'égalisation de canal adaptées pour le SC-FDMA afin d'éviter tant que possible cette perte de débit. Nous avons pu analyser, quelques techniques d'égalisation comme celle basée sur des références fantômes, mais également quelques techniques d'estimation de canal comme celle basée sur un " Ajout de Signal "dans la bande passante du signal utileThe SC-FDMA « Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access », is a multipleaccess scheme, allowing efficient communication resources allocation to multiplemobile terminals. This technique aroused particular interest during the 3GPPLTE « Long Term Evolution »standard specifications. The reconsideration of thistechnique is related to the low amplitude variation of the generated temporal signal,which is characterized by a low PAPR « Peak to Average Power Ratio ». Thismajor advantage makes possible a use of power amplifier system in the area nearthe compression point, thus maximizing performance avoiding any distortions. Thus, this system was adopted in the new standard of 3GPP LTE as multipleaccess scheme for uplink communication. However, in the 3GPP LTE specifications, one symbol over seven is systematicallyreserved for channel estimation on all sub-carriers that occurs to the system usefulthroughput decreasing. The objective of this thesis is to propose some estimationand equalization techniques adapted for SC-FDMA system to avoid the loss ofthe useful throughput. We have investigated, some equalization techniques suchas one based on ghosts references, but also some estimation techniques as onebased on « Added Signal » in the useful signal bandwidth
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Go, James, Brian Hreniuc, Kevin Tran, and Janet Cooley. "Consumer Knowledge of Proper Sunscreen Application." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Class of 2014 AbstractSpecific Aims: To determine what the general public understands about sunscreen and to see if specific groups need more targeted marketing and education about sunscreen. Methods: Questionnaires administered to eligible participants that rated the participants’ knowledge of general sun safety, sunscreen application, and FDA labeling on sunscreen products compared to demographic data. Demographic data were collected on age, gender, years resided in Arizona, whether participants has or known anyone with a history of skin cancer and ethnicity. Main Results: Questionnaires were completed by 62 participants. When comparing skin cancer versus no skin cancer using student’s t-test, there was no significant difference (P=0.09). When comparing gender versus total using student’s t-test, there was no significant difference (P=0.62). When comparing ethnicity versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. When comparing age versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. When comparing years residing in Arizona versus total using ANOVA, F < Fcritical indicating there was no difference. Conclusion: Consumer knowledge of general sun safety, sunscreen application, and FDA labeling on sunscreen products appears to have little to no difference between each demographic category.
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Solanki, B. S. "Valorization of biomass derived platform molecule via catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2022. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/6091.
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Potthoff, Katharina. "FDA drug approval an analysis of the effects on stock prices /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01665991002/$FILE/01665991002.pdf.
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Pereira, Daniel Rodrigues. "Equivalência entre dois algoritmos de pontos interiores FDIPA e FDA-NCP." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4075.
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Apresentamos neste trabalho o algoritmo de pontos interiores e direções viáveis denominado FDIPA para resolução de problemas de otimização definido por uma função diferenciável e por restrições de desigualdades. O algoritmo gera uma sequência de pontos interiores a partir de um dado ponto inicial também de interior e converge globalmente com ordem superlinear para um par Karush-Kuhn-Tucker do problema. A cada iteração uma direção de descida da função potencial é calculada inicialmente pela resolução de um sistema nas variáveis dual e primal. Apresentamos também o algoritmo FDA para resolução de problemas de complementaridade definido por uma função diferenciável e não linear. Mostramos a equivalência entre os dois métodos no sentido de gerarem as mesmas direções de descida, viável e de restauração a partir de uma atualização dos multiplicadores de Lagrange do problema de otimização. Realizamos uma comparação entre os métodos em uma coletânea de problemas de complementaridade.
In this work we present the algorithm of internal points and viable directions denominated FDIPA to solve optimization problems defined by a differentiable function and by inequalities restrictions. The algorithm generates a sequence of interior points from a given interior starting point and converges globally with superlinear order to a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker pair of the problem. At each iteration a descent direction of the potential function is calculated initially by the solution of a system in the dual and primal variables. We also present the FDA algorithm to solve complementarity problems defined by a non-linear differentiable function. We show the equivalence between the two methods in the sense that they generate the same descent, feasible and restoring directions from an update to the Lagrange multipliers of the optimization problem. We perform a comparison between the two methods in a collection of complementarity problems.
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Rodrigues, Anderson Barbosa. "Alocação de recursos de rádio para sistemas sc-fdma baseado em relaxamento e programação linear." Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/22138.
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Rodrigues, A. B. Alocação de recursos de rádio para sistemas sc-fdma baseado em relaxamento e programação linear. 2016. 73 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica e da Computação) - Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Sobral, 2016.Submitted by Programa de Pós-Graduação Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (secretaria_ppgeec@sobral.ufc.br) on 2017-03-06T21:14:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_abrodrigues.pdf: 1200876 bytes, checksum: 65bf4b1452b81c2dd6e5c26b0ab5bbc4 (MD5)
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In this work, we study the maximization problem of the sum of the weighted data rates in the wireless system’s uplink that uses SC-FDMA. The SC-FDMA multiple access scheme was adopted in the LTE uplink especially because it eases the power amplifier design in the mobile terminals. However, SC-FDMA presents an important restriction in radio resource allocation that is not present in OFDMA that was adopted in the LTE downlink: the resource adjacency or contiguity. With the resource adjacency constraint, the blocks of frequency resources assigned to each mobile terminal should be adjacent in the frequency domain. From the resource allocation point of view, this new constraint not only makes ineffective all previous resource allocation solutions proposed for OFDMA but also turns the problems even more harder in terms of computational complexity. In this work, we study the total data rate maximization problem in uplink SC-FDMA systems. Firstly, we discuss about the optimal solution of the problem that can be obtained through the use of integer optimization techniques. Motivated by the high computational complexity of this solution, we propose an alternative solution based on integer optimization relaxation and application of linear programming. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme is able to achieve the optimal solution in 55% (at least) of the simulations with a much lower computational complexity. For the cases where the solution obtained by continuous linear programming is not integer, the study proposes an algorithm that obtains an integer solution through rounding techniques. We also present a performance analysis comparing the algorithm developed with algorithms present in the literature.
Neste trabalho, estudamos o problema de maximização do somatório das taxas de dados ponderadas no enlace reverso de um sistema sem fio que emprega Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). O esquema de múltiplo acesso SC-FDMA apresenta uma importante restrição quanto a alocação de recursos que não está presente em sistemas Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) (esquema utilizado no enlace direto de sistemas Long Term Evolution (LTE)): a contiguidade ou adjacência de blocos de recursos na frequência. A restrição de adjacência implica que a alocação dos blocos de recursos a cada terminal móvel deve ser feita de forma contígua na frequência. Na ótica de alocação de recursos em redes móveis, essa nova restrição não só inviabiliza o uso das soluções desenvolvidas para OFDMA encontradas na literatura, mas também torna o problema bem mais desafiador do ponto de vista matemático e computacional. Primeiramente, nós discutimos sobre a solução ótima desse problema que pode ser obtida através de programação inteira. Motivado pela alta complexidade computacional desta solução, propomos o uso de técnicas de relaxamento do problema de otimização inteiro e aplicação de programação linear (contínua). Através de simulações computacionais, demonstramos que o esquema proposto é capaz de encontrar a solução ótima em pelo menos 55% das simulações realizadas com uma complexidade computacional muito menor. Para os casos em que a solução obtida pela programação linear contínua não é inteira, o estudo propõe um algoritmo que obtém uma solução inteira através de técnicas de arredondamento. Apresentamos também uma análise de desempenho comparando o algoritmo desenvolvido com algoritmos presentes na literatura.
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Zhu, Changwen. "Nonlinear Analysis and Digital Pre-Distortion of the SC-FDMA Signals in LTE Uplink System." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) has become a popular alternative to orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) in multi-user communication on LTE uplink systems. This is primarily due to the low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of SC-FDMA compared to that of OFDM. Long-term evolution (LTE) uses SC-FDMA on the uplink to exploit this PAPR advantage to reduce transmit power amplifier (PA) back-off in mobile user terminals. However, the latest generation of communication systems requires high power efficiency and a large quantity of capacity in transmitting mobile data, bringing out some other critical problems: 1) the nonlinearity of Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifiers inevitably affects the power efficiency. Working beyond the saturation point is the main reason for power amplifiers having nonlinear properties; 2) In order to obtain adequate capacity, wide bandwidth is applied to the latest communication systems. Since in previous systems the pre-distorter would focus on memory-less distortion with relatively narrow bandwidth, this change makes memory distortion become a serious issue, degrading the transmission quality in the wireless communication systems.
The intent of this thesis is to present nonlinear analysis of the SC-FDMA Spectrum with the RF power amplifier. Relevant mathematical models were considered and applied to the RF power amplifier in terms of intermodulation products and the third-order intercept point. The equivalent mathematical model is applied for the first time to SC-FDMA signals and with the previous formulation of the PA model, the derivation of the expressions for spectrum regrowth of amplified SC-FDMA signals was first established and finally simulated with Matlab software. The digital pre-distortion (DPD) technology was also applied to SC-FDMA signals for the first time in this thesis. An inverse intermodulation and Autoregressive Moving-Average (IM-ARMA) model was introduced to linearize the PA distortion with memory in the LTE uplink system. The DPD was finally implemented by Matlab R2010b.
Conclusions are drawn that amplified power emission levels can be expressed by the form of third-order intercept point (IP_3). The expressions for spectrum regrowth of amplified SC-FDMA signals have been verified for the first time with the comparison of simulation, measurement and calculation results. The effects of third order intermodulation have a greater impact than higher order components with respect to out-of-band emission power levels. Furthermore, the DPD algorithm reduced the spectrum regrowth of SC-FDMA signals by 12 dB. The proposed pre-distorter can effectively solve the distortion problem caused by the memory effect in RF power amplifier.
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Reiss, Matthew, and Ashli Rasmussen. "Review of FDA Public Hearing Transcript on Behind-the-Counter Availability of Certain Drugs." The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Class of 2009 AbstractOBJECTIVES: To explore the viewpoints of physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals on the creation of a behind- the-counter class of drugs. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of testimony contained in public hearings that were held by the FDA regarding behind-the- counter availability of certain medications. A data collection form was created to classify the testimony into categories according to the list comprised of 14 general issues, 11 logistical issues, and 11 miscellaneous issues. Testifiers were divided into three groups: medical, pharmacy, and health care related. Testimonies were analyzed for issues addressed by each speaker and marked pro, con, or neutral next to the corresponding issue. Frequencies and percentages were derived from the count data and groups were compared using a Yate’s Chi-square test. RESULTS: The medical, pharmacy, and health care related groups had a significantly different number of responses (p<0.001). The responses of the medical testifiers were significantly more opposed to a BTC class than the pharmacy testifiers (p<0.001). The pharmacy testimony was also significantly more in favor of a BTC class compared to the health care related groups testimony (p=0.014). The medical testimony was not significantly different from the health care related testimony (p=0.064). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists supported and physicians opposed the creation of a BTC class of drugs. Other healthcare related professionals had mixed opinions as a group.
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Hui, Liu, Cheng Leelung, and Zhang Qishan. "THE DESIGN OF C/A CODE GLONASS RECEIVER." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaGLONASS is similar to GPS in many aspects such as system configuration, navigation mechanism, signal structure, etc.. There exists the possibility of receiving and processing GLONASS signals with GPS technology. The frequency plan of the GLONASS system is different from that of GPS. This makes the front-end of GLONASS receiver more complicated. The work here manifests our initial effort in GLONASS receiving. A design scheme is proposed of a C/A code GLONASS receiver.
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Witherspoon, Luke. "In Silico Mining of a System Wide Transcriptional Profiling Database for Clinically Relevant Gene Modulation by FDA Approved or FDA Ready Agents; Validation of a Novel Translational Approach." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been recognized that small molecules can affect a substantial proportion of the human transcriptome in ways that are currently unknown and difficult to predict. Working with the Broad Institute, using their Connectivity Map database, we have worked to identify compounds anticipated to modulate two diseases; myotonic dystrophy (DM1) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DM1 stems from an expanded CTG repeat found in the DMPK gene. The down regulation of DMPK mRNA represents a valid therapeutic avenue. DMD is characterized by degeneration of muscle, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. One therapeutic strategy for DMD is to increase the dystrophin homologue utrophin. We have identified a number of compounds capable of decreasing DMPK mRNA and others which increase utrophin mRNA and protein. We hope our success in compound identification not only leads to potential therapeutics for these diseases, but highlights the usefulness of using in silico screens.
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Tozer, Stephanie Michelle. "Implementation of the new FDA quality by design guidance in pharmaceutical production." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103).
Due to the highly regulated environment, it is difficult to implement changes to a pharmaceutical process. Even small change request approvals can require months of effort for pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies. This resource intensive process discourages continuous improvement and often results in outdated and inefficient manufacturing processes. In response to the growing need for improvement, the FDA issued a guidance to industry that provides a framework for acquiring improved process understanding and product quality in the manufacturing industry. The guidance is aimed at encouraging the use of process analytical technology (PAT) to monitor key quality attributes continuously during the process and enable early fault detection. The goal is to transition from the current method of quality through end of process testing to a new method of quality by design (QbD). In 2005 Novartis Pharma formed a unique collaboration with the FDA in an attempt to demonstrate the benefits and concepts of QbD. A cross-functional team was formed with the goal of developing a case study for one Novartis process that will serve as a model for future implementation of PAT and QbD.During a six month internship, I worked with the Global PAT team members to help ensure the successful implementation of the QbD tools outlined in the FDA Guidance. The internship focused only on the drug substance manufacturing process. Specifically, I was responsible for collecting and analyzing process data during the manufacturing campaign, coordinating the commissioning of an on-line NIR probe and PSD analyzer, and identifying and proposing future benefits of PAT applications to Novartis Pharma.
(cont.) I also conducted a throughput analysis after observing manufacturing operations and analyzing the process data collected during the campaign.My thesis provides a background of the QbD/PAT initiative and includes a thorough literature search to benchmark the progress other pharmaceutical companies have made at applying QbD/PAT. I discuss in more detail the Novartis PAT project, and my specific contribution including the results of the NIR and PSD installation and validation, full scale Design of Experiment activities, Multivariate Data Analysis modeling, and process throughput analysis. I conclude with an analysis of barriers to implementation and provide recommendations for future implementation to other processes and plants at Novartis.
by Stephanie Michelle Tozer.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Lemons, Tonya S. "Measuring the impact of FDA soy health claims on consumers' behavioral intentions /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594481891&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерела
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Chiang, Chien-Hung, and 江建宏. "A New Partial Transmit Sequence Algorithm for PAPR Reduction in Multiple SC-FDMA Systemsin Multiple SC-FDMA Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09741081658015272630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
101
Multiple Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (Nx SC-FDMA) system is a promising candidate scheme for LTE-A uplink. It consists of several traditional SC-FDMA streams thus can increase throughput and facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum. However, Nx SC-FDMA has much higher peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than traditional SC-FDMA system. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique is one of the attractive scheme to reduce PAPR. This distortionless technique can get sufficient PAPR reduction in Nx SC-FDMA systems. On the other hand, the conventional PTS scheme has high computational complexity and requires additional information for decoding. In this thesis, the research topic is to design a new PTS algorithm for Nx SC-FDMA systems. The major goals of this algorithm are low complexity, no side information while keeping PAPR mitigating ability and BER performance with Optimum PTS. Hence, the proposed algorithm is guided to three features. First, it utilizes new phase factors and a suitable sample extraction method. Second, it has a suboptimum phase sequence searching algorithm to reduce the number of candidates search. Finally, it can be decoded easily without side information. Comparing to previous works from others, the performance degradation of proposed method is little and the computational complexity is reasonable.
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Yang, Ying-Mu, and 楊穎穆. "Iterative Multiuser Detection for MIMO SC-FDMA Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83712187122714923485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中興大學
通訊工程研究所
101
With the increasing demand of multimedia services in wireless transmission nowadays, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologies are adopted in many standards to enhance the data rate and the link robustness. Among others, in 3GPP LTE (3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution), it has been a common method. And the combination of the SC-FDMA modulation scheme for the uplink transmission scheme, to approach the demand for data transmission rates and error performance. Because of, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) combines the desirable characteristics of OFDMA with the low PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) of single-carrier transmission schemes. In this thesis, we using the Space Frequency block code (SFBC) applied on each transmitted block for the multiuser scenario. At receiver side, in order to reduce the search complexity, we can be used the Layered ORthogonal lattice Detector (LORD) algorithm, and combines the Turbo codes for MIMO SC-FDMA systems. Then utilize the Extrinsic Information from Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) decoder to cancel the Multiple Access Interference (MAI). Simulations for an uplink scenario assess the proposed algorithms in several situations.
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"Crosstalk in direct-detection optical fiber FDMA networks." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/3228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Walid M. Hamdy and Pierre A. Humblet.Caption title.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf [8]).
Research supported by DARPA. F19628-90-C-0002 Research supported by the U.S. Army Research Office. DAAL03-86-K-0171
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Chang, Teng-Yuan, and 張騰元. "Spectrally Precoded SC-FDMA With Anchor-Symbol Insertion." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86351682571397200630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
102
Spectrally precoded single-carrier frequency division multiple access with anchor-symbol insertion (SP-ANC-SC-FDMA) is proposed in this thesis. Fast sidelobe decaying constraints are developed for both interleaved and localized subcarrier allocation schemes. It is shown that when there is no spectral precoding, the proposed ANC-SC-FDMA provide much higher spectral compactness than conventional SC-FDMA without trading off system complexity and PAPR characteristics remarkably. Furthermore, by specifying anchor-symbol value to zero, ANC-SC-FDMA can provide enhanced error performance. After spectral precoding technique is applied, SP-ANC-SC-FDMA can achieve spectral compactness prevalence than ANC-SC-FDMA.
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Hao-ChiangChang and 張皓建. "Hybrid-Domain Detection Algorithm for SC-FDMA Systems." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53568613485544314455.
Повний текст джерела
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Cai, Zong-Han, and 蔡宗翰. "Flexible Resource Allocation for SC-FDMA in LTE." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38243545534684735889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
電子工程學系碩士班
100
The purpose of this thesis is the discussion and comparison of different allocation schemes of resource blocks in a frequency division multiple access system. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has been selected as the downlink access scheme for LTE and WiMax, whereas single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) and OFDMA are chosen as the uplink access schemes for LTE and WiMax, respectively. Resource allocation results will affect the quality of service offered to individual users. Most of the resource allocation methods in literature only apply to the case when the number of resource blocks is an integral multiple of the number of users. In reality, such situations are rare. For example, the probability of the number of resource blocks being a multiple of 64 users is only 1/64. Therefore, we propose dynamic resource block allocation schemes for situations in which the number of resource blocks is not divisible by the number of users. Consequently, the number of resource blocks assigned to individual users is not necessarily equal. The three methods proposed in the thesis are Maximum Fairness Greedy, Compensatory Worst Resource Avoidance, and Compensation Enhanced Greedy. The steps involved in each method are described and illustrated with examples. The time complexity of various methods is analyzed and compared against each other. Simulation results show that the proposed methods are superior to existing methods in fairness, capacity, bit error rate, and flexibility.
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"Hybrid FDMA/CDMA wireless ATM and subband image coding." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5895722.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
by Yeung Chi Kit.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91).
Chapter I --- Hybrid FDMA/CDMA Wireless ATM --- p.1
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.2
Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Organization (PART I) --- p.5
Chapter 2 --- Fundamentals --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Spread Spectrum --- p.6
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA --- p.6
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Frequency Hopping (FH) CDMA --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Time Hopping (TH) CDMA --- p.8
Chapter 2.1.4 --- MC-CDMA (Multicarrier-CDMA) --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) --- p.10
Chapter 3 --- System Model --- p.12
Chapter 4 --- System Capacity --- p.16
Chapter 4.0.1 --- One Homogeneous User Population --- p.16
Chapter 4.0.2 --- Two Homogeneous User Populations --- p.18
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.24
Chapter II --- Subband Image Coding --- p.28
Chapter 6 --- Introduction --- p.29
Chapter 6.1 --- Motivation --- p.29
Chapter 6.2 --- Thesis Organization (PART II) --- p.31
Chapter 7 --- Fundamentals --- p.33
Chapter 7.1 --- Image Fidelity Criteria --- p.33
Chapter 7.1.1 --- Numerical (Quantitative) Measures --- p.34
Chapter 7.1.2 --- Perceptual (Subjective) Measure --- p.34
Chapter 8 --- Wavelet Transform --- p.36
Chapter 8.1 --- Wavelet Theory --- p.37
Chapter 8.2 --- Multiresolution Analysis --- p.39
Chapter 8.3 --- Quality Criteria for Wavelets --- p.42
Chapter 8.4 --- Criteria for filters...................´ب --- p.43
Chapter 8.5 --- Orthogonal Discrete Wavelet Transform --- p.45
Chapter 8.6 --- Biorthogonal Discrete Wavelet Transform --- p.47
Chapter 8.7 --- Wavelet Packets Transform --- p.48
Chapter 8.8 --- Appendix --- p.50
Chapter 8.8.1 --- QMF & CQF --- p.50
Chapter 8.8.2 --- Examples of Orthogonal Filters --- p.53
Chapter 8.8.3 --- Examples of Biorthogonal Filters --- p.53
Chapter 9 --- Transform Coding and Compression --- p.55
Chapter 9.1 --- Transformation Techniques --- p.56
Chapter 9.2 --- Quantization --- p.57
Chapter 9.2.1 --- Scalar Quantization --- p.57
Chapter 9.2.2 --- Llyod-Max Quantization --- p.59
Chapter 9.2.3 --- Vector Quantization --- p.59
Chapter 9.2.4 --- Successive Approximation Entropy-Coded Quantization --- p.60
Chapter 9.3 --- Entropy Coding --- p.61
Chapter 9.3.1 --- Huffman Coding --- p.61
Chapter 9.3.2 --- Arithmetic Coding --- p.62
Chapter 9.3.3 --- Dictionary Based Coding --- p.64
Chapter 9.3.4 --- Run Length Coding --- p.65
Chapter 9.3.5 --- Example --- p.65
Chapter 10 --- Embedded Zerotree Algorithm --- p.69
Chapter 10.1 --- Significance Map Encoding --- p.70
Chapter 10.2 --- Successive Approximation Entropy Coded Quantization --- p.72
Chapter 10.3 --- Example --- p.74
Chapter 10.4 --- Comments on EZW --- p.77
Chapter 11 --- Residue Coding Using Embedded Zerotree Algorithm --- p.79
Chapter 11.1 --- Residue Coding --- p.80
Chapter 11.2 --- Results --- p.81
Chapter 12 --- Conclusion --- p.86
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Yu, Rih-Hsiang, and 余日翔. "A study of Single-Carrier FDMA in LTE uplink." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09358478771127388663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
102
The current standard in 3rd Generation partnership project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) uses orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) for downlink and single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for uplink. SC-FDMA is a modified form of OFDMA, and it is a promising technique for high data rate transmission. In our research, we analyze the LTE uplink in the data modulations, subcarrier mapping schemes, techniques for PAPR reduction and resource allocations. We observe that the PAPR performance in localized SC-FDMA (LFDMA) is slightly better than OFDMA, but much worse than interleaved SC-FDMA (IFDMA), so we design feedback searching selective mapping and symbol-replaced methods that reduce the PAPR of LFDMA signals. The numerical results reveal their performance in reducing PAPR compared with basic SLM. Finally we propose a BER-enhanced greedy method, which assigns the resource blocks more efficiently under certain assumptions. The simulation results show that the proposed method has a great performance improvement in bit error rate (BER).
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Tang, Chih-Yuan, and 湯智淵. "Envy-Free Subchannel Allocation Mechanism in SC-FDMA Environments." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99476688408290074979.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
通訊工程學系
102
Nowadays, thanks to the evolution of mobile communication, number of mobile equipment is increasing and bandwidth is also growing. Communication research want to find how to achieve maximum throughput in the limited bandwidth. But, fairness between users was talk about rarely in studies. It’s an important issue under the trend of increasing mobile communication users. 3GPP LTE uses single-carrier frequency division multiple access（SC-FDMA）architecture for the uplink. Unlike Orthogonal frequency division multiple access（OFDMA）, SC-FDMA add a pre-coder FFT. This method can reduce the peak to average power ratio, and effectively increase the transmission power efficiency. But, there are some restrictions of subchannel allocation in SC-FDMA. How to allocate the subchannels efficiently under the restrictions to maintain the fairness between users, is the kernel target in study. In this thesis, we proposed a subchannel allocation algorithm called ‟ envy-free suchannel allocation’’ which can reduce the envy behavior among users due to unequal allocated subchannel in SC-FDMA environments. The proposed scheme minimizes the total system spectral efficiency difference between each users. And then we proposed how to find the best tradeoff between fairness and total system spectral efficiency. It can improve fairness between users, subject to maintaining some total system spectral efficiency. Simulation results show that, by maintaining at least 80% and 75% total system spectral efficiency of ITU-R Ped.A channel and Veh.A channel, envy-free method can improve the spectral efficiency difference between users 40 times than general maximum total system spectral efficiency method in same SER performance. This envy-free subchannel allocation method significantly reduce the envy behavior among users.