Дисертації з теми "Femmes – Dans la littérature – 18e siècle"
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Sieuzac, Laurence. "La vocation de la femme dans la littérature française du dix-huitième siècle." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040053.
Повний текст джерелаThey are Ideas born out of fascination and awe. They are Images, crystallizing archetypes and topoi claimed by the authors. They are Vocations, indeed declinable but socially and culturally determined; They are Disquietude resulting from their awareness of the limitation on their destinies, being fenced in by the anthropology and the mythology generated by the discourse of mesmerized males. They are this Vibrato endowed with a cathartic and propitiatory function in this century which is a feminine golden age. They : plural representing the diversity in their feminine vocations in search of their identities
Bani, Baker Muna. "La femme orientale dans la littérature du XVIIIe siècle : Images et représentations." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30053.
Повний текст джерелаThe image of the oriental woman has for a long time its echo and its distinct place in the French literature. For this reason, we chose this sujet. In our researche,we intend to find answers to numerous questions: How did constitute the image of the woman in the works of the writers? How was it reflected in their spirit? What arouses its image? How the writers represent her(it)? What parameters (do typological, sociological, psychological, ethnic, religious) allow to represent at best the oriental woman? How do we make of the East, place of diverse fantasies, the object of a metaphoric or allegorical discussion of another sociocultural reality, the western world? Why the literary myth of the Oriental is favored in the literary creation of the writers of the Enlightenment? In sum, we suggest studying the treatment of the stereotype of the oriental woman in the literature and his evolution during the XVIIIth century. Is the oriental woman condemned to be only the symbol of the sensualism, and the sensual delight, the inhabitant of a harem where the power of the man subjects her constantly? Such a stereotype reduces the woman to be only a body object of desire. But the literature of the XVIIIth century seems to give an other place to the oriental woman, as we were able to see him in our memory of Master's degree. Thus this reflection deserves to be completed in a more thorough study, during a doctoral thesis
Mattéi-Battesti, Toussainte. "Fonctions et représentations de la femme dans l'utopie narrative française : 1677-1765." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10080.
Повний текст джерелаCherrad, Sonia. "La littérature éducative au miroir des Lumières : étude du discours pédagogique féminin de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle (1756-1801)." Rennes 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN20010.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study is to look at feminine pedagogical literature during the Age of Enlightenment in a new way. Up to now, it has been considered as childish, feminine and pedagogical literature on the whole. Moreover, it has never been the subject of a comprehensive study. Using a corpus of fictitious and reflexive texts by female authors of the second half of the 18th century, well-known or not so well-known and completed by several texts from the same period, we have found that this literature participated fully during the 18th century in questioning education theories and practices. As well, fictional texts offer a reflection about society, politics and economy and establish models for what could be desirable governments. These authors had the ambitious project of offering a new approach to the public about the ways to regenerate society through improved education on one hand and through forms of virtuous governements on the other. Finally, beyond the diversity in forms and the religious, philosophical and political convictions of the authors, we have found that there are converging pedagogical, social and political ideas among these Age of Enlightenment female writers
Carrier, Jean-Luc. "Femmes et féminités d'Orient sous l'oeil des occidentaux du XIVème au XVIIIème siècle : images et représentations." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20094.
Повний текст джерелаDuring five centuries, the occidental travellers progressively built their own oriental feminine world. The duality in consciousness (attraction repulsion) is the basis of a ambigous discourse which is continuously subordinated to the appearances (i. E. What is "given to appear") and the communications game (i. E. What is "given to know"). Women representations are the result of three interactive effects: the first is religious, the second is politic and the third is a nature effect. The muslim woman is the symbiosis: a superior representation of the oriental women. Thus, several ideas are rising from our study: the beauty and hygiene but the lustfulness and the moral weakness of the oriental women. The travel accounts give prominence to the contrast between reclusion and paticular kinds of freedom too. In the east, male decisions impose on the women to stay in the harems and to wear veils. Nevertheless, the system is far from perfection. Adultery, lesbianism, prostitution and the dance are responds to the illusion of dominance raised from the mariage as a sale, the concubinage as slavery and the male pleasure. Finally, we must stress on the violent acts the writers report. Violence from which the women suffer, but violence they initiate too
Khoriaty, Georges Gebran. "L'Image de la condition féminine dans la littérature française à la fin du XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe siècle." Lyon 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO3A004.
Повний текст джерелаHivet, Christine. "Roman féminin et condition féminine de Mary Wollstonecraft à Mary Shelley." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030108.
Повний текст джерелаAt a time when women's fiction was flourishing and when the condition of woman caused increasingly acute problems, mary wollstonecraft chose to express in the novel the same message as in a vindication of the rights of woman. Works which were full of horror and pathos, mary and the wrongs of woman promoted the right to divorce and love for women. Some of ther contemporaries had the courage to follow in her steps and like her to portray a sombre picture of a woman's life. However, not all women were sympathetic towards mary wollstonecraft's views. Hating everything which she stood for, some authors like hannah more created wollstonecraftian anti-heroines who were destined to be punished by poetic justice. On the other hand, they were full of praise for the status quo, even at the expense of the dynamics of their novel. A generation later, mary shelley published frankenstein. Apparently without importance, woman is however not absent from the works of mary wollstonecraft's daughter. Perhaps mary shelley owes her success partly to this indirection. Other novelists, such as fanny burney, maria edgeworth, ann radcliffe or jane austen, managed to have their talent more or less quickly recognised. If they as well adopted the strategy of indirection, their success however was a significant step forward for the female sex
Miech, Stéphanie. "L'éducation des filles chez les romancières au siècle des Lumières." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN21009.
Повний текст джерелаThe ardent reflections of the Age of Enlightenment writers leads them to an awareness of the decline in the moral standards of their contemporary society and thence to an inquiring look at the educational system. They are particularly concerned with the education of girls, the future mothers who would be bringing up and educating the men of the new generation. On the fringe of the debate, women authors are also grappling with a problem they are especially concerned about and they realize that the novel is a tremendously effective means of expressing their criticisms, theories and ideals dashed hopes, unfulfilled dreams and grievances towards men and society whose treatment of women is so unfair. Their reflections on education, on the role and place of women in society, are vigorously supported by such philosophers and theorists as Saint François de Sales, Fénelon, Mme de Maintenon, Mme de Lambert and, later on, by Rousseau and other philosophers who find food for thought during the enriching discussions that take place in the salons the Age of Enlightenment women writers so competently hold. The heroines of their tales, short stories and novels are nurtured on the principles of the classical ideal but, little by little, to these embodiments of Christian virtues tinged with stoicism, they introduce weakness that make them more human. Throughout the century and beyond many will be renowned for their herosim and determination : they are active and energetic, fight successfully against adversity and courageously take their lives in hand. Towards the end of the century, women authors are pondering over the ethics of duty and demand a more humane moral doctrine in society. Marriage is a choice theme that enables them to expose their vision of love and serves as a framework for their criticisms of a society in which young girls are considered as objects and women as second-rate citizens without rights or belongings in adversity. However, the novelists' feminism remains ambiguous and timid. The authors are subjected to the rules of etiquette and public opinion that is imbued with Christian morality and will later be disappointed by the Revolution and its promises to their sex ; they dream of more social equality, calm relationships between man and wife and of respect for themselves. Their feminism, their defence against male misconduct, rely on feminine solidarity which is the distinctive hallmark of the fictional literature of the Age of Enlightenment
Martin, Christophe. "Espaces du féminin dans le roman français du dix-huitième siècle : de Rousseau à Marivaux." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030003.
Повний текст джерелаGargam, Adeline. "Les femmes savantes et cultivées dans la littérature française des Lumières ou la conquête d'une légitimité (1690-1804)." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES1004.
Повний текст джерелаWith above 530 feminine figures listed in the field of literary and scientific culture, erudite women represent in the Age of Enlightenment an important phenomenon with a quantitative scope. Their number is representative of an evident avidity to improve one’s mind. To think, to create and try out, even to assert their intellectuality; this assertion’s being concretised in a privileged way thanks to writing. Their social and numeric importance also finds its reflect in literature, which is often the distorting mirror of this fact of society. Novels, poems, short stories, tales and theatre plays present them sometimes in a flattering way, sometimes ridiculing them. Indeed, this intellectual conquest of women is not carried out without disrupting mentalities, particularly the masculine’s ones, which traduce much as reserve and rejection as enthusiasm and admiration. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze this multiple phenomenon, at a time historical, social and literary, through a corpus of 600 texts embracing philosophical and medical, political and juridical, moral and religious, educational and formalistic, fictional and poetic views. Erudite women have performed a play certainly distinguished at this time, but sometimes in the shade. We have to bring it to light to understand better the 18th century. So this dissertation fits in the time of an action against the amnesia in relation to a multitude unsuspected and beyond suspicion of women who have worked in the progress of learning and the literary and scientific culture’s one. On the one hand it intends to rehabilitate scholarly and knowledgeable women in their social and intellectual existence and their difficulty in living so. On the other side it intends to underline their role in the learning. It wants to show haw these scholarly and knowledgeable women have been able to reach such a status, to grow on the sanctuary of learning, and to see what has been the welcome they received in the Republic of Letters and Sciences. Finally, it has the ambition of studying the perception we had, in the 18th century, in relation to these women who write and invent, in both literary and scientific fields. At this purpose, it examines the different images of these characters conveyed by literature; it tries to define and explain the analogies and differences in representations, this with regard to the literary, historical, social and ideological contexts of the time
Gomez, Sandrine. "L'adultère féminin dans le roman au dix-neuvième siècle." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082135.
Повний текст джерелаNovelists like Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, George Sand, Stendhal. Have got put on light thid epoch by the adoulterous theme. As well, we took the census eight same notions of four romanics of mentioned authors : Le Lys dans la vallée, Madame Bovary, Indiana, Le Rouge et le Noir : the heroin as well as enclosed accepted in specific social class and in the social institution of mariage, the scripture of conjugal life, the provincial universe, the boredom, the religion ; the adoulterous and it's works and the death who's conclude these paper existences. The authors are they tempted with the choice of the adoulterous theme to consider this violation of conjugal faith as an female emancipation form ? But, for which result ?
Maron, Dominique. "Acceptation et critique du rôle des femmes dans la société dans les écrits de Jane Austen (1775-1817)." Lille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL30068.
Повний текст джерелаThe point of this thesis is to study the conception of the English novelist Jane Austen on women's role in society in all her writings. One will try to determine whether she has a conformist, subversive or ambiguous position. Through her way of life, her creeds, and the themes she tackles, as well as the qualities she endows her heroines with, she turns out to be conformist whereas she appears ambiguous because, within the norms imposed by the community, she criticizes those put women aside. Jane Austen deconstructs the feminine and masculine stereotypes installed by the patriarcal society and shows her disagreement regarding the part left for women to play in the social organization she lives in, putting them ahead through narrative strategies that give them the first place and enable them to express themselves. She indicates the particular way they may consider time and the weather, and the profit they can make from the space they live in. By the intermediary of their body and the activities it enables them to practice as well as thanks to animals, plants and objects, she shows her disapproval of the limited place allowed to women and her wish to show them strategies which can help them to survive in an unfavourable society
Kowalska, Aleksandra. "Les représentations de la sexualité féminine dans les romans féminins britanniques d'Aphra Behn aux sœurs Brontë." Lille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL30009.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis, situated at the crossroads of literature, the history of ideas and mentalities, and women's studies, analyses representations of female sexuality – expressed individually and also influenced by social and cultural factors – un women's novels from the end of the seventeenth century (starting with Aphra Behn, considered to be the first professional female writer in England) to the mid-nineteenth century (when the works of the Brontë sisters were published). At that time, the sexual destiny of women (seduction, love, marriage, rape) was the main subject of women's novels, where two keys types of representation can be distinguished : on the one hand, the affirmation of female sexuality (emphasising its signifiance and power in the lives of women and the idea of women gaining self-fulfilment through sexual passion) and, on the other, the repression of female sexuality (the denial of its importance, the presentation of love without sexuality, the moral condemnation of women who dared to express their sexuality freely and the exaltation of the chaste and reserved heroine). Rather than taking a chronological approach, this thesis advances by theme, revealing links between, and common ideas shared by, novelists who are rarely considered to be similar (e. G. Aphra Behn and Charlotte Brontë)
Gendras, Eva. "Les femmes et la culture à travers la littérature française du XVIIème siècle." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUEL193.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to study the role of women in the seventeenth century through French literature and to analyse their involvement in social, political and artistic matters, as well as their reactions, however limited they may have been. The first part deals with their outward appearance or more precisely with the woman's body. Then their legal status and their status as married women or working women are put under scruting. The third part considers the role women played throughout the two french regencies and the fronde. The fourth part examines how they fought to have access to culture, through education and art. The last two parts are more particularly concerned with the literary aspect of the subject, dealing with female writers and the feminist quarrel among the seventeenth writers. Feminism had developed in a society dominated by men, so that it had to be "tolerated" by them. This supremacy eventually led to the confrontation of opposing forces whose clash brought about the disintegration of the culture of the seventeenth century. This was how a more complete social reality could be grasped and the figure of the female being could enverge from it
Rabaté, Colette. "La femme espagnole et le mariage dans les écrits du milieu du XIXe siècle (1833-1863)." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030101.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis studies the image of the marriage and of the woman offered by the literature of the middle of the nineteenth century. In a first time, the analysis of the preparation of the girls for the marriage is linked to the image given by this institution, very debated since the previous century. This study permites to specify the role of the parents and to define the feminine education. The type of the ideal fiancee proposed by the literature helps us to precize the dobble sexual moral established from the middle of the century. The analysis of the impact of the literary movement about the image of the woman and of the marriage shows us the limited influence of romantism and the conformity of the first "realistic" novel. In a second time, the analysis of the marriage and of the role of the woman, displays the genesis of the myth of "the angel of the family", in the middle of the nineteenth century, under the influence of the church and of the ideology of the middle-class. The woman, enclosed in her domestic role as a wife and a mother, gains a social mission and a redemptive role, linked to a sacred vision of the family and the marriage. The leetingness of the feminist desire expresed by a generation of women writers in the fourteenth's, conweys the domination of the traditionalist ideology of the middle-class. In brief, from the second part of the century, the woman is relegated to the private life, and this event constitutes a retreat in relation to the enlightenment
Sabbagh-Soëte, Nadia. "La représentation de la femme orientale dans les récits de voyage au Levant publiés en langue française (1661-1735)." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1666.
Повний текст джерелаRepresenting the oriental woman in the Levant in the books of travel published in French between 1661 and 1735 made the Oriental woman seen under points of view that the later Literature could not have an inkling, in the texts inspired from these travel books. About these oriental women, the travelers knew how to pick up a very huge documentary matter in the Levant. They also gave a direct witness to what they saw : so it’s necessary to study their accounts for themselves, instead of reading them as the matter of literary and fictive books. The way of the travelers minded women also suggests an esthetic reading. Telling about oriental women has an influence on discursive forms and also made the travelers alive to the oriental Poetics. This thesis would like to demonstrate that having observed oriental women gave an impetus to the way of thinking the political and moral Orient as a possible mirror for the Occident
Louichon, Brigitte. "Ces voix qui se sont tues. . : le roman féminin de 1794 à 1830." Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30054.
Повний текст джерелаBetween 1794 and 1830, a number of women became writers with consistent success. We analyse the meaning of this literary phenomenon from a panel of twenty-three novels, written by seven women writers: mmes de genlis, de souza, de krudener, de stael, cottin, gay and de duras. In the first part, we reconstruct their social and literary environment. In so doing, we use a number of documents, most of them unpublished yet. We show that this literature is not some kind of paraliterature but has its full place in the literary field. But women writers fiction is strongly contained and limited to the sentimental novel. The second part is an organised description of this literature. In the third part, we consider the whole of the studied novels as a corpus from which to analyse the meaning given to these texts by the readers of the time. This part offers a study of the techniques of the novels, plots, caracters, space-time outline,perception of history, particulary the revolutionary events and language used in the texts. We,then,try and find out to what extent these texts are 'rousseauist". Finally is an attempt to reveal its relationship with the tale, a genre in vogue in the 18th century. As a conclusion, we try and redefine the stakes attributed by mme de stael to the novel. As for the succes, as quick as it was ephemeral, of these novels, it seems to us due to the historical background. This literature partakes of a quest for meaning, putting forward, at the same time, thematic and stylistic echos of the violence of the times. At last, taking a few examples, we point out how the knowledge of some minor, forgotten works can contribute to feed a "sociocritique des totalites"
Dubar, Monique. "Métamorphoses du personnage féminin sur la scène française, entre 1880 et 1914." Lille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL30012.
Повний текст джерелаThis study, within the time and space limits chosen, deals with the theatre, its history and aesthitics (-its mutations and pursuits), with the audiences, the critics, the actresses (sarah bernhardt and rejane in particular) and also with a great number of works from the point of view of the female character, analyzed as emblematic of the dramatic form in which it is found? Always in the place of honour. The female character is analyzed successively, or, more exactly, simultaneously and concurrently in three parts of equal importance entitled the prisoner, the fugitive and the missing woman. (* 5 chapters each) the prisoner of a coherent system of thought and representation, inherited from soribe and augier (i. E. The 'french play in its most representative version, the drama of - female - adultery. 2 chapters are devoted to phedre and la dame aux camelias, the prestigious models (modernized in their 1900 versions), 1 to froufrou (a specific study of meilhac and halevy's play), 2 to cinderella and francillon, specific and synthetic studies of the contemporary marriageable girl and (badly) married woman on french stage. A fugitive, who tried to fond a way out by throwing herself into the historical or the exotic (toscadora, from the word coined by g. B. Shaw to refer to sardou's productions) or the "mystical" drama (marie-madeleine, a study centred on rostand's samaritan. Augitive too in the naturalist aesthetics (renee, from zola's la curee)
Farkhondeh, Iris. "Représentations des femmes dans la littérature sanskrite du Cachemire (VIIIe-XIIe siècles)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA140.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents an explanatory typology of the female characters who feature in the corpus of four Sanskrit literary works written in Kashmir between the 8th and 12th centuries : Dāmodaragupta’s Kuṭṭanī-mata, Kṣemendra’s Samaya-mātṛkā, Somadeva’s Kathā-sarit-sāgara, and Kalhaṇa’s Rāja-taraṅgiṇī. A large spectrum of female behaviors and status appears here in literary representation. While the behavior of some female characters corresponds to the expectations of the legal texts, that of others can seem surprising and atypical: risk-taking women, sometimes pittoresque, clearly deviate from the norm. Between these two extremes, the female characters are more or less prone to take the initiative and to various degrees to take advantage of whatever space they have to manoeuver in, and to take benefit of whatever decision-making power they might have. While the authors are men who subscribe to the essential core of Brahmanic social norms, their point of view on women is, however, ambiguous. Not only does the treatment of the female characters vary according to the authors, but it varies also within the same work, depending on context. Reading the works of this corpus helps to define what appears as essential concerning marriage and spouse relations in the legal texts. This study also allows for the evaluation of some of the legal texts’ assertions about women. In fact, the comparison of these sources shows how the legal texts integrated certain practices that the authors of these texts had to take into consideration. In the end, one has to ask the question of to what degree the Kashmirian literature of this time described contemporaneous society. The critical view of Tantric practices especially in the satirical works of Kṣemendra, but also in the Rāja-taraṅgiṇī, is indeed proof that contemporary reality has a place in this literature. It is of an immense advantage to study works from a well-defined region and time – something so rare in Indian Studies that it can be easily appreciated. This advantage allows us to emphasize the difference in treatment of female characters among different authors, and among different genres (satires, story collections, chronicles), as well as according to the different audiences, since we know that these differences cannot be explained as being simply regional
Bosquet, Marie-Françoise. "La femme, une utopie ? Ou le discours sur le féminin dans la littérature utopique française des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_16_Bosquet.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаValenti, Josette. "Image de la femme dans la première tétralogie de Shakespeare." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX10116.
Повний текст джерелаNtantinakis, Konstantinos. "Femmes et pouvoir dans le théâtre tragique crétois (1590-1647)." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030020.
Повний текст джерелаThe Cretan Theatre (1590-1647) is the only theatre existing in Crete following the ancient classic theatre and is also the only theatrical sign in the Greek Renaissance. The question "Women and authority" in the tragic plays (Erophile and Delivered Jerusalem of G. Chortatzis, The Abraham's sacrifice of anonymous author, Rodolinos of I. A. TroÔlos) presents a great interest on women's situation in Crete, during that period, facing the multiple sides of authority. Despite the universality of that theatre and its influences from the Italian theatre, women's characters are absolutely Greek and they also bring the echo of a forgotten world, the matriarchal period. The rhetoric of women's characters doesn't only lead the reader into the mere problem of love but also into a sociopolitical problem: the heroines allow the authors to personify ideas that they cherish, in a serious historical reality, under the Venetian occupation and the Turkish threat. The heroines' exhortations against the varied machinery of the power they suffer from reflect the soul of a people without hope under the burden of a tyrannical power
Sorin, Claire. "Le corps dans les journaux de femmes aux Etats-Unis : 1830-1870." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10054.
Повний текст джерелаTilly, Eva. "María de Zayas : une conscience féminine dans l'Espagne du Siècle d'or." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1515.
Повний текст джерелаChérat, Sandrine. "La femme-piège : une initiation herméneutique au féminin." Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2011BOR30070.
Повний текст джерелаIf from the dawn of time, “woman” has been the target of a chauvinist diatribe, it was in the beginning of the 19th century and into the middle of the 20th century that the demonization of the fair sex became the most scathing, almost dreaded object of masculine device. Spread far and wide, this attitude found its legitimacy with the shield of the multiple advances in society taking place in Europe at the time. So it was in this context that that several authors seized this opportunity that broke with reality to render a view of femininity that was fantastic, exceptional and marginal. Woman was represented through phantasm, the target of all sorts of symbolic attacks. Among these, it is the paradox of an object of simultaneous attraction and repulsion that seems to have been created from all directions in order to exorcize the phobic instincts trailing in her wake. Transposed into art, “woman” is transformed into a provocateur who endows her chosen lover with the mysteries and traps of the feminine nature. We concern ourselves most particularly with the themes of the decadent spirit which are the whore-virgin, the woman criminal, and the prostitute. All these are themes that bring up the original Genesis story as an inverse to the effects. Nevertheless, if our authors first invoke their assumptions about “dangerous” femininity they don’t balance their text with a feminine nature emerging in reality and demanding the truth. Instead, it’s a replacement of the “femme-fatale” by the “femme-piège” and her nature for so long hidden against the superstitions generated by the impulsions of masculine sexuality
Malenfant, Marie-Claude. "Argumentaires de l'une et l'autre espèces de femme : le statut de l'"exemplum" dans les discours littéraires sur la femme dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF20017.
Повний текст джерелаAccording to the literary discourses of the second part of the querelle des femmes in france, there are only two types of women : the good and the wicked. The authors who defend the thesis of the superiority of women, just like those who assert their inferiority, present their reasoning and proof according to arguments which conform to the tradition of praise and blame (topoi of etymology, origin,etc. ) often by resorting to the same exempla in order to prove a point or its converse. But according to whether one supports one or the other thesis, the borrowing from and the reverence for the authorial corpus which validates the conclusion (woman is inferior or superior) manifest themselves differently. If it is sufficient to reproduce the "endoxal" discourse to conclude that woman is inferior, the demonstration of the contrary opinion is elaborated in a space of "vide auctorial" (authorial void) : the middle term which permits this conclusion is not attested and, further, such a conclusion cannot be expressed without having carried out a detailed exegesis of those texts which advocate the inferiority of women (such as genesis), while referring to those authorities which validate the modalities of this interpretation and the argumentative forms which permit it to be articulated; if the middle term is not itself "authorized", at least the forms and modalities of its articulation must be so. During a period in which new parameters - or new readings of established parameters - modify little by little astronomical, geographic, medical, judical, political, and religious conceptions, the literary field becomes the breeding ground of significant preoccupations concerning the nature of woman, of her social function, and, through her, of the importance of the couple and of the family all the while questioning the argumentative modalities which allow one to comprehend and to define her essence, that which she represents and implies in the order of human nature and world harmony
Guillemet, Morgane. "De la représentation au mythe : l’ambiguïté féminine dans le roman libertin du XVIIIe siècle." Phd thesis, Rennes 2, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00447426/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last few years university criticism has taken a greater interest in the libertine novel. Yet, looked at from the point of view of woman and feminine, taking into account a large set of works – from French Regency to the first years of the nineteenth century – provides a new vision of both the libertine novel and the feminine question. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to envisage these two poles of understanding of Enlightenment thought and imaginary in their so rich but too little revealed until now mutual interaction. The libertine novel provides indeed its own answer to a question that obsessed the century in which it was born and evolved: the woman. The imageries, myths and fantasies revolving around feminine and femininity are also the origin of the basic feminine ambiguity in these texts. They are actually asserting themselves in both their intentions to liberate and their temptations to normalize. A thorough analysis of mastery and its stakes that are in the heart of relations between the two sexes and therefore the opposition masculine/feminine point out that this ambiguity, always wavering between liberation and subjection, is to interpret as a dynamic likely to construct a fantastical staging of woman and feminine
Coüasnon, Marguerite de. "La femme de lettres face à Rousseau : mises en scène de soi dans la fiction (1791-1825)." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN20023.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study is to look at the missions which two women writers, Isabelle de Charrière and Mrs de Genlis, attach to their authors' statuses. Up to now, the research mainly analyzed the women’s representations in the male mind rather than in women’s ones. Here, the authoress compare with Jean-Jacques Rousseau in order to supplant him. After French Revolution, men’s demands towards women increased. Both Genlis and Charrière depict their heroines against characters nourished with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s doctrines. These characters are also educators, and cannot practice their skills, due to Rousseau’s influence in society. Beyond the diversity of their opinions, and well before the women’s movement, these women of letters represent and legitimize their refusal to correspond to the prototype of the romantic woman promoted by Rousseau. They advocate the mother love of their characters, which confers them superiority as women, and authoresses, on the rest of manhood. They also intend to immortalize their experiences in deployment of pedagogy, including writing as an essential function. These affirmations imply that women writers could present themselves as guides for their time, such as Philosophers and of the 18th century’s writers
Gleyses, Chantal. "L'amour coupable : de l'adultère considéré comme un des beaux-arts par les bourgeoises à l'époque de Maupassant." Bordeaux 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR30023.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis describes the sentimental evolution of middle-class women while focusing on the edges of their love lives. The first three parts analyse what is said about woman and love, about being married and about having sex ; the fourth part deals with the practical requirements of adultery intercourse and the fifth one with the moralists' questioning and the juridical implications of guilty love. Trapped in relentless theories about her so-called natural inferiority woman conjugates the verb to love on the submissive mood. Whether in mariage - sole opportunity of integration into the social body - or in adultery - new attempt at finding out the ideal promised from childhood onwards - woman faces the same difficulties in defining herself as an individual. Feminine adultery, often put forward as a claim, however implicit, against mariage as a state of dependency, can't bring forth any kind of valorization to the married woman. The very idealization of love leads but to disappointment, if not break-up. As a matter of fact, by substituting for a man - the hus- band - another man - the lover - adultery seldom changes the set parts. It seems to be a way of evading the issue more than the beginnings of a true reflection
Lavigne, Valérie. "« Féminiflores » : le motif de la femme-fleur dans l'imaginaire décadent." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-05000838.
Повний текст джерелаThe motif of the flower-woman, widespread in literature and the pictorial arts at the end of the nineteenth century, carries specific meaning in the Decadent movement. Through a broad corpus of novels, short stories and poems, centered on Jane de La Vaudère and Félicien Champsaur, as well as paintings, posters and lithographs by various Art nouveau artists like Edmond Rocher and Georges de Feure, this dissertation accounts for the trope's success between 1880 and 1910, and analyzes its symbolic characteristics. In a context marked by blatant misogyny and horticultural enthusiasm, the link between women and flowers encapsulates the obsessions of an era. The flower-woman is one of the many facets of the femme fatale, a figure of the seductive and duplicitous female, both beautiful and dangerous. The thesis not only sheds light on the fecundity of floral images to express the femme fatale, but also shows that they serve to eroticize and aestheticize it, making it both an object of desire and a work of art. The dissertation is organized in three parts: the rooting of the flower-woman motif in Decadent aesthetics, the blossoming of a floral eroticism, and the flourishing of a 1900 icon. The first part identifies and analyzes the characteristic traits of decadent flower-women, considered as paragons of this aesthetic. The second part studies the erotic scope of the association between woman and flower, detailing how the concrete and symbolic aspects of flowers express sex and sexuality. The third part considers the consecration and codification of the motif of the flower-woman, which became emblematic at the beginning of the twentieth century, marking the triumph of its ornamental character over its fatal character. This thesis shows that the flower-woman motif is crucial in the Decadent movement, of which it crystallizes several dimensions, and that the floral images objectify and debase the female gender
De, Laguerenne Lise. "Métiers de femmes : des occupations féminines dans la Comédie humaine : créations et arts d'agrément." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040128.
Повний текст джерелаAbdulla-Begikhani, Nazand. "La femme kurde dans les littératures européennes principalement française et anglaise du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle." Paris 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA030161.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis turns to the representation of the kurdish woman in the european literature - traveler's account genre - of ninteenth and the beginning of twentieth century. For this purpose, we have favored the two richest literatures of this genre: the french and the english literature. All through the research, this representation is studied, relativised, problematised, and put in text. The work is not considered to be historical or sociological neither purely literary. Nevertheless, some of the texts, present a documentary, historical and sociological - more than literary - interest which justify our approach relatively linked to their representative quality
David, Odette. "L'écriture de soi au féminin : subversion idéologique et formelle dans l'Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant de Madame d'Épinay : thèse." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE2025.
Повний текст джерелаThe Story of Madame de Montbrillant, by Mme d'Épinay, written in the eighteenth century, was not published in its entirety until the twentieth. Within the context of its relation to the Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, it is striking in its ideological and formal subversion, but in the absence of an examination of its literary merits, its classification has remained problematic. This thesis proposes a definitive classification of the work of Mme d'Épinay by distinguishing the truncated editions of the nineteenth century from the integral edition of 1951. In order to classify the Story of Madame de Montbrillant, we found it necessary to examine, in detail, and for the first time, the text in its entirety. The author reconstructs the society of her salon, frequented by the Philosophes des lumières, using fictitious names, in order to respect the conventions of the time, but numerous clues reveal the true identity of these characters and authenticate their actions. Consequently, this feminine writing of the self must necessarily be classified under the genre of eighteenth-century autobiography
Ménissier, Patricia. "Les amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance (1749-1778)." Nancy 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN21021.
Повний текст джерелаThis work attempts to reconstitute the network of Voltaire's ladies friends after Madame de Chatelet's death. By studying his relations in European courts, the Parisian Salons and the Swiss society, one begins to see the spheres of influences that he favors and how he uses them to act in his behalf. Hence, the correspondence with those women is seen as a picture on the said milieus, as a space where those friendships are elaborated and as a strategic object where a rhetoric of friendship is applied. The letters and writings of those women show that their friendship reflects the admiration due to the writer as well as their reticences resulting from their sensitivity or their belonging to a particular milieu. If his ladies friends are expected to become the writer heralds of his ideas and his tastes, their literary and philosophical convictions as well as their writings show the independence with which they fulfill their mission
Roussel, Claude. "La Belle Hélène de Constantinople : chanson de geste du XIVe siècle." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040014.
Повний текст джерелаA chanson de geste probably composed towards the middle of the XIVth century by an author well acquainted with Flanders and the Artois and in whose language many features characteristic of Picardy can be found, "La Belle Hélène de Constantinople" as we have it consists of three complete manuscripts and a short fragment. The present work is the first complete critical edition of this long epic poem of 15. 538 alexandrines. The accompanying literary study aims and situating the text among the numerous medieval writings making use of the same story, of folk origin, from the XIIIth to the XVth century. It is composed of two parts: the first is devoted to the nuclear tale, characterized by the association of three fundamental motifs (incestuous father, persecuted young woman falsely accused of having given birth to a monster, mutilation of hands) and to its medieval adaptations. The second part analyses the choices imposed by the "epic" treatment of the subject: central place of religion, massive insertion of war episodes, use of the formal devices of the epic (laisses of alexandrines, appeals to the public, formular style, etc. )
Ayache, Lydie. "L'image de la femme dans le roman anglais, 1836-1876." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040278.
Повний текст джерелаThe novel, a literary genre which was created in England in the 18th century, developed immensely and became very popular in the 19th century. The great authors were no longer the privilege of the elite, but were read by an increasing number of readers in such a constant way that they were used to improve the morals of the population. A new literary ideal was invented, and it inspired a series of remarkable novels. My work deals with this new feminine ideal, and follows its evolution in the 19th century literary production, through the novels of William M. Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Charlotte, Emily, Anne Brontë and George Eliot. My aim is to show that, thanks to the Victorian ideal, these great authors found new literary devices which revealed a deeper and more authentic image of woman
Rodrígues, Suárez Lisa. "La représentation des femmes dans l’œuvre romanesque et théâtrale d’Octave Mirbeau." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040024.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is to study the link between the feminine figure in Octave Mirbeau’s novels and plays and the whole meaning of his work (in particular its political aiming). The key question to be answered is : Is the feminine figure a mimetic representation of the objective reality of late nineteenth century women or does it have a deeper meaning ? The analysis is divided into three parts, and evolves from the most objective to the most symbolic. The first part, entitled « The woman, between realism and caricature » is aimed to analyse the degree of realism that can be found in the construction of feminine figures. In the second part, entitled « A mystification process ? », a further aim is to bring understanging to the influences (scientific, literal and philosofical) that had an impact upon most of the writers in the end of the nineteenth century and Mirbeau in particular, even though his work always remains very personal. The third part, « A symbolic construction placing the woman at the core of Mirbeau’s political fights » goes beyond the questions studied before and analyses how Mirbeau managed to create a new kind of feminity. The objective of this third part is to show that the woman embodies an ambivalente value in Mirbeau’s work, and is at the same time a symbol of the corrupted society and a symbol of freedom and resistance to this same corruption. In recent years, the world has changed a lot and the conclusion of the study is focused on the contemporary aspects of Mirbeau’s world, as well as on the postmodern dimension of his universe
Thomas, Virginie. "Les représentations de la femme dans les transpositions des légendes arthuriennes au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle." Grenoble 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE39045.
Повний текст джерелаIn the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, an arthurian revival took place in british litterature and painting. Many preraphaelite painters, but also several famous writers (like Scott, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Arnold, Morris, Swinburne, Hardy, Eliot, just to name a few of them) were deeply inspired by the world of Camelot and, more particulary, by the women who live at Arthur's court. Our diachronic study aims at underlining the evolution of the reprentation of those women : they progressively came into the limelight during the romantic period before disappearing once more during the modernist period to give way to the grail theme, the symbol of the existentialist quest led by the artists of the time. The victorian period was the most flourishing for the representation of woman. Nevertheless, it should not be dealt with separately from the historical context of those transpositions, that is to say the victorian society which was characterized by its dualist vision of feminity : the angel in the house confronted the fallen woman. The representation of woman became a screen for or against desire. The arthurian legends were used to warn against the destructive potential of feminine sensuality ; or, on the opposite, they offered room for the possible satisfaction of the male sexual drives of the author or of the reader/spectator through an artistic sublimation. As a consequence, behind the face of the arthurian woman, the sexual and artistic fantasies of the victorian writers and preraphaelite painters - stifled by the social standards of their time - can be discerned
Robert-Chapé, Lucienne. "De George Sand à Noëlle Châtelet : l'émergence d'une écriture féminine à travers la relation mère-fille." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT3023.
Повний текст джерелаThis work concentrates on a diachronic presentation, through autobiographies and novels written by women of letters, of the evolution of the way in which the relationships between mother and daughter are depicted and of their essential importance in the works. This evolution follows the accession of women to a level of social recognition which has mainly been attained during the 20th century; after having been a novelistic model for Sand and Colette, the mother figure becomes a social emblem under the pen of Leduc and above all of Beauvoir who theorizes her place and exploitation which are amplified in her novels and autobiographical narratives. The mother then becomes an allegorical figure embodying death according to Duras and Yourcenar, before providing Cardinal and Sarraute with the opportunity of a liberation through speech. The following women writers, in an opposite process, turn the mother at the end of her life into a role model, in whom they can recognize themselves to the extent that they submit themselves entirely to her will, in Châtelet’s works. After having freed themselves from the mother figure and having written against her, women writers now write for her; the emergence of a feminine literature followed up a liberation from the mother, but the process has been reversed
Gheeraert-Graffeuille, Claire. "La cuisine et le forum : images et paroles de femmes pendant la Révolution anglaise (1640-1660)." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030124.
Повний текст джерелаBellali, Rachid. "L'image de la femme dans les romans d'Elisabeth Gaskell." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040118.
Повний текст джерелаElizabeth Gaskell has always been described as a sweet, gentle utterly conventional Victorian woman. In fact, many are those who today still think of her chiefly as the charming author of amusing Cranford. Early criticism of Mrs. Gaskell for example caused her great harm. Till recently, her work was comfortably divided between two views, the one is the Gaskell of the social 'industrial' novels, Mary Barton and North and South, the other, the Gaskell of the pastoral scenes including nearly all the rest of her writings. This work tries to support the idea that hers is a vision that primarily concerns herself with the individual experience and that of women particularly. Hers is also a commitment not only for the simple and philanthropic recording of the difficulties in urban Manchester or her proper recollections of idyllic life in Knutsford with her aunt Lumb, but also for the challenging of those existing structures which impose to women a life of relative creatures. Elizabeth Gaskell, among a group of other women novelists, expresses the urgent need for the Victorian woman to take her full part of responsibility in the rapidly changing Victorian society
Chaffin-Lévêque, Laurence. "De l’usage de la littérature de jeunesse dans l’éducation des filles au XIXe siècle." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1019.
Повний текст джерелаBased on a vast body of works published between the Second Empire and the turn of the XXth century, this dissertation aims at showing that children’s literature and more particularly the works specifically designed for girls played a major role in the latter’s upbringing. This research relies on three types of novels : the « doll novel » which features young girls bringing up theirs dolls under their mothers’ close watch, the « household novel » in which the young heroines resume their mothers’ role in managing the household, and the « marriage novel » which relates the various stages maidens go through to find a husband. The study leads us to concentrate on the female writers who wrote books meant for a readership of girls, among whom Zénaïde Fleuriot is one of the emblematic figures. This thesis comes to the conclusive statement that these women writers contributed to the confinement of their fellow women within the restricted area of the household. Even before the concept existed, they helped construct the feminine gender through the promotion of many stereotypes
Jidouard, Sylvie. "Les modalités de la mort féminine chez Balzac." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040164.
Повний текст джерелаLove and death are fighting over the fate of many balzacian heroines first, our study intends to consider the "topoi" which change feminine death into axial scenes. After considering the origins ant the youth works, we try to analyze the renewal of traditional themes when they change death into a real aesthetic poem, into a view of sublimation and angelism, in this world limited by social restraints. The essence of balzacian feminism is tragedy; it incarnes in a morbid atmosphere where the choice of fate comes through the destruction of appearances and annihilation of personality. After evocating the great characters in the "Comédie humaine" and the "Contes drôlatiques", the last part of the essay stresses on the importance of inserted tales where freedom, desire and death give rise to passionate comments. The circle of "devisants", Balzac's voices, by their narrating power and pertinent judgements, is manifesting great originality
Oudry-Henrioud, Béatrice. "Le personnage féminin de Knut Hamsun : son évolution." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA040058.
Повний текст джерелаWe can notice three stages in the evolution of the female character in Knut Hamsuns'work. In the first novels, the author projects himself widely, the "hamsunian" hero being no less than Hamsun himself. At that stage the female character is totally dependent on men, living according to them. Besides, she must then remain unapproachable in order to play a better part as a muse and as an outlet for the poet in search of the absolute. A change can be noticed in Rêveurs and especially in Benoni and Rosa : there, the female character stands on the hero's side. This evolution can be connected with the feminist movement of the time. From then on women play a more important part and even more so when they become mothers. It is of course in L’Eveil de la glèbe that this newly-acquired balance is more obviously displayed. Finally, in the third stage women have become independent and do not rely on men as they used to. They are now the main characters. Above all things, they are mothers and men find themselves left out because of the new "couple" represented by the mother and the child. Throughout this evolution one aspect remains : the female character is the reflection of a myth
Haidar, Imad. "La femme et la société dans les romans de Crebillon fils." Montpellier 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON30017.
Повний текст джерелаCrebillon depicts-or builds-a s0ciety which renounces traditional values. He proposes a new art of love which guarantees a life free of all negative aspects. He advocates ephemeral pleasures as having an ethical and social value. Thus, he gives the concept of woman and love a new expression. Love, according to him, is no longer a commitment, it is a simple game of seduction which occurs with level- headed women who do not offer any resistance in the name of virtue. This love, which is only the relinquishment to the natural vigors of desire, permits the development of relationships in which men and women are equal. This natural law must counterbalance the established social laws according to wich there can not exist an equitable relationship between the two sexes. Crebillon, respectfultowards women, places ther wishes on the same level as those of men. He incites them to free themselves from the hypocritical mask of virtue, and to stop hiding or denying ther desires. By this, he invites them to reject the prejudices which impinge on sentimental relationships and the statute of women in particular
Bejaoui, Faten. "Balzac et la condition féminine, ruse, perfidie, coquetterie et la psychologie de l'autre." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120081.
Повний текст джерелаCorneille, Michel. "Les femmes dans les farces de Gil Vicente : des types ou des personnages ?" Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20053.
Повний текст джерелаWe first wanted to precise the conditions of women and theatre before Gil Vicente, particulary at the end of the middle age. Through the twelve farces he wrote, appears a view of portuguese life during D. Manuel's reign, when Portugal sailed around the world. Men left for " India " and women lead the society. Progressively they got more and more importance in a type of theatre that, originally, used to situate them in front of men like David in front of Goliath. In the farces before Gil Vicente, they were frequently presented with a very light basic personnalty. He gave them progressively more humanity and, finally, several of them, like Constança or Inés, are very close to characters of the future classical comedy : Shakespeare, Molière and Goldoni
Ommundsen, Pessoa Ludmila. "Impérialisme et image de la femme en Afrique du Sud, 1870-1900 : l'Empire britannique à travers le prisme féminin : récits de voyage en Afrique du Sud à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle." Lille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL30004.
Повний текст джерелаHosseini, Mighan Seyedeh Fatemeh. "L’Image de la femme dans les récits des voyageurs français en Perse au XIXᵉ siècle (1786-1925)". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAL004.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis, entitled aims to study the representations of the world of women in Persia under the Qajars as they can be conceived through the accounts of twenty French-speaking travelers. The aim of this project is to explore the complex process that is at work in the construction of these representations of Persian women. Travelers of the nineteenth century are imbued with the writings of their predecessors who mainly contributed to the creation of a particular imagination of Persia. Moreover, their point of view is above all Western, marked by their socio-cultural origin, education, and religion. The feminine myths rooted in the French collective imagination also play a role in the vision of the Persian woman, just as the Persian literary and pictorial works reflect an image that also influences these representations. In the first place, we will focus on the images and stereotypes that contribute to the construction of Western topos in the representations of Persia. We will then study the representations of Persian women through the descriptions of travelers and also through the iconographic elements they bequeathed to us. We also conduct a thematic study which begins with the women’s outer appearance and which expands up to an analysis of their manners and customs and thus gets to the heart of the mystery of the harems. The analysis of travelers’ observations conveys, in a reflexive manner, their own perception of the place of women in the French society. Moreover, to understand the origin of these representations, we will seek to characterize the nineteenth century French collective imagination of women in general, and of Eastern women in particlar. To do so, we will adhere to Gilbert Durand's concept of «bassin sémantique» as well as the analysis of major ‘Eastern’ figures in French literature. Finally, considering the encounter between the traveler and the Persian woman as an expression of the confrontation of the two cultures, we will conclude our study by shedding light on the female figure in the Persian culture
Kavvada, Styliani. ""Fonction et discours des personnages féminins dans le théâtre politique sérieux de Voltaire"." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025SORUL014.
Повний текст джерелаThe 18th century tragedy in France welcomes the discussion about the conditions of legitimacy of the political power. By evoking empathy, “ελέω και φόβω”, in the audience, it treats major political questions and marks the birth of the political theater of the Enlightenment. Political discourse of the play's characters promotes questioning on the nature and legitimacy of the political power, the practice of power as well as the notion and limits of sovereignty and it allows the playwright to convey political messages through the staging of different and contradictory conceptions of sovereignty. Voltaire's theater is the political theater par excellence of the 18th century and Voltaire's tragedy is the very model of philosophical tragedy in the Age of the Enlightenment. “Dramatic fiction and political issues go together,” writes Stéphanie Géhanne Gavoty (1) regarding Voltaire's tragedy Les Guèbres.Voltaire is also recognized as the first playwright of the 18th century whose plays were performed at the Théâtre Français for more than sixty years and whose theatrical production counts approximately fifty theatrical plays, including twenty-seven tragedies of a great diversity of themes. If Voltaire's theater is hardly performed anymore, it is primarily to his theater that Voltaire owed his reputation at his time, argues Pierre Frantz (2). The study of the political discourse of the heroines in Voltaire's tragedies offers, therefore, an interesting perspective on the evolution of the discourse on women, in the Age of the Enlightenment, inspired by the new social values of the time. The new female role models or counter-models that appear on the French stage and the new dramatic production practices that Voltaire applies in his plays reflect the taste of the new audience and, at the same, time contribute to the evolution of the artistic taste of the 18th century audience.The discourse of the tragic heroine effectively expresses the conflict between natural morality and social morality, which has, in our opinion, a greater effect on the spectator. To analyze the question of female heroism, we will study the relationship between passion and action in Voltaire's tragedies and we will study the female characters in relation to the male characters of the plays. The discourse analysis of the female characters will allow us to see how it influences the organization of the play, as well as in which cases it is a meta discourse about the play itself. The discourse analysis of the other characters in the play concerning the female characters offers a useful insight into the dramaturgical function of the latter. Although Voltaire is recognized as a supporter of classicism, he seeks to innovate classical dramaturgy in his tragedies, in many respects, as we will show in our thesis.(1) Stephanie Géhanne Gavoty, « Politique de Voltaire : autour des Guèbres », Cahiers Voltaire, 22, 2014, p.49.(2) Pierre Frantz, « Le Moment Voltaire ». Données, recettes & répertoire : La scène en ligne (1680-1793), PubPub, 2020