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Статті в журналах з теми "Fire safety modelling"
1
Jiang, Liming, and Asif Usmani. "Towards scenario fires – modelling structural response to fire using an integrated computational tool." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 13 (April 12, 2018): 2056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218765832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern architecture has been challenging the obsolete assumptions of the current fire safety engineering approaches, most of which still rely on the standard fire curve and continue to focus on the fire resistance of isolated single members. It has been observed time and again that buildings designed to the code-required fire performance fail in fires where the fire behaviour is found beyond current understanding. To fill this gap in knowledge and practice and move a step forward towards more rational fire safety engineering approaches, an integrated modelling tool is proposed in this article which is devoted to the implementation of realistic and advanced fire models that can be used routinely in analyses accounting for heat transfer and thermo-mechanical behaviour. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the tool utility in simulating a tall building subjected to vertically travelling fire and a low-rise building subjected to a localised fire.
2
Hansen, Rickard. "Pre-incident planning of fires in underground hard rock mines: old and new risks." Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10.47389/36, no. 36.4 (October 2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/36.4.68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fires in underground mines may pose a challenge to fire and rescue personnel where the complex environment and multiple influences of a fire are poorly considered during pre-incident planning. A better knowledge of pre-incident planning in underground mines would improve the safety of personnel. This study on pre-incident planning in underground mines applied data from experiments, inventories and design fire studies. A number of questions were considered related to information sources, fire modelling, capturing complexity and using fire scenarios. When performing fire modelling, empirical models could be used to complement other modelling tools. The study found that for modelling of spatially extensive mine sections, the use of ventilation network-based mine fire simulations could be a better option. Using an analytical toolbox, an iterative testing of plans and an ongoing planning process, the pre-planning challenges for a mine can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to examine existing pre-incident planning and propose information sources, tools and specific actions for future plans.
3
Hasofer, A. M., and D. O. Odigie. "Stochastic modelling for occupant safety in a building fire." Fire Safety Journal 36, no. 3 (April 2001): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00052-7.
Повний текст джерела
4
Nugroho, Paulus Setyo, Yusuf Latief, and Wahyu Wibowo. "Structural Equation Modelling For Improving Fire Safety Reliability through Enhancing Fire Safety Management on High-Rise Building." International Journal of Technology 13, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i4.5517.
Повний текст джерела
5
Millington, James D. A., Oliver Perkins, and Cathy Smith. "Human Fire Use and Management: A Global Database of Anthropogenic Fire Impacts for Modelling." Fire 5, no. 4 (June 23, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human use and management of fire in landscapes have a long history and vary globally in purpose and impact. Existing local research on how people use and manage fire is fragmented across multiple disciplines and is diverse in methods of data collection and analysis. If progress is to be made on systematic understanding of human fire use and management globally, so that it might be better represented in dynamic global vegetation models, for example, we need improved synthesis of existing local research and literature. The database of anthropogenic fire impacts (DAFI) presented here is a response to this challenge. We use a conceptual framework that accounts for categorical differences in the land system and socio-economic context of human fire to structure a meta-study for developing the database. From the data collated, we find that our defined anthropogenic fire regimes have distinct quantitative signatures and identify seven main modes of fire use that account for 93% of fire instance records. We describe the underlying rationales of these seven modes of fire use, map their spatial distribution and summarise their quantitative characteristics, providing a new understanding that could become the basis of improved representation of anthropogenic fire in global process-based models. Our analysis highlights the generally small size of human fires (60% of DAFI records for mean size of deliberately started fires are <21 ha) and the need for continuing improvements in methods for observing small fires via remote sensing. Future efforts to model anthropogenic fire should avoid assuming that drivers are uniform globally and will be assisted by aligning remotely sensed data with field-based data and process understanding of human fire use and management.
6
Wei, Lan, Chao Yang Zhao, and Wei Feng Yuan. "Modelling of the Human Behavior in Evacuation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emergency evacuation is an important issue in fire safety. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model in which the human behaviour termed ‘flow with the stream’ is considered is proposed to simulate the procedure of emergency evacuation. Based on the CA model, the influence of the number of guiders to the evacuation from a large compartment is analyzed through numerical test. The result shows that the proposed CA model is a promising tool that may be used in fire safety design.
7
Maragkos, Georgios, and Tarek Beji. "Review of Convective Heat Transfer Modelling in CFD Simulations of Fire-Driven Flows." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 5240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Progress in fire safety science strongly relies on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate a wide range of scenarios, involving complex geometries, multiple length/time scales and multi-physics (e.g., turbulence, combustion, heat transfer, soot generation, solid pyrolysis, flame spread and liquid evaporation), that could not be studied easily with analytical solutions and zone models. It has been recently well recognised in the fire community that there is need for better modelling of the physics in the near-wall region of boundary layer combustion. Within this context, heat transfer modelling is an important aspect since the fuel gasification rate for solid pyrolysis and liquid evaporation is determined by a heat feedback mechanism that depends on both convection and radiation. The paper focuses on convection and reviews the most commonly used approaches for modelling convective heat transfer with CFD using Large Eddy Simulations (LES) in the context of fire-driven flows. The considered test cases include pool fires and turbulent wall fires. The main assumptions, advantages and disadvantages of each modelling approach are outlined. Finally, a selection of numerical results from the application of the different approaches in pool fire and flame spread cases, is presented in order to demonstrate the impact that convective heat transfer modelling can have in such scenarios.
8
Thomas, C. M., J. J. Sharples, and J. P. Evans. "Modelling the dynamic behaviour of junction fires with a coupled atmosphere–fire model." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 4 (2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dynamic fire behaviour involves rapid changes in fire behaviour without significant changes in ambient conditions, and can compromise firefighter and community safety. Dynamic fire behaviour cannot be captured using spatial implementations of empirical fire-spread models predicated on the assumption of an equilibrium, or quasi-steady, rate of spread. In this study, a coupled atmosphere–fire model is used to model the dynamic propagation of junction fires, i.e. when two firelines merge at an oblique angle. This involves very rapid initial rates of spread, even with no ambient wind. The simulations are in good qualitative agreement with a previous experimental study, and indicate that pyro-convective interaction between the fire and the atmosphere is the key mechanism driving the dynamic fire propagation. An examination of the vertical vorticity in the simulations, and its relationship to the fireline geometry, gives insight into this mechanism. Junction fires have been modelled previously using curvature-dependent rates of spread. In this study, however, although fireline geometry clearly influences rate of spread, no relationship is found between local fireline curvature and the simulated instantaneous local rate of spread. It is possible that such a relationship may be found at larger scales.
9
Platt, David G. "Fire resistance of barriers in modelling fire spread." Fire Safety Journal 22, no. 4 (January 1994): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(94)90042-6.
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10
Cox, G., R. Chitty, and S. Kumar. "Fire modelling and the King's cross fire investigation." Fire Safety Journal 15, no. 1 (January 1989): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(89)90050-7.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Fire safety modelling"
1
Lewis, M. J. "Field modelling of flame spread for enclosure fires." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264350.
Повний текст джерела
2
Macey, P. "Probabilistic risk assessment modelling for passenger aircraft fire safety." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis describes the development
of a computer simulation model
for the
investigation
of airliner
fire
accident safety.
The
aim of the work
has been to create a computer-based analysis tool that generates
representative aircraft accident scenarios and then simulates their outcome
in terms of
passenger injuries
and
fatalities. The details
of the accident scenarios are
formulated
to closely match the type of events that are
known to have
occurred
in
aircraft
accidents over the last 40
years.
This information has been obtained
by
compiling a
database
and undertaking
detailed
analysis of approximately
200
airliner
fire
accidents. In
addition to utilising
historical data, the modelling work
has incorporated
many of the key findings
obtained
from
experimental research undertaken
by the
world's air safety community.
An
unusual
feature of the simulation process is that all critical aspects of the accident
scenario have been analysed and catered for in the formative
stages of the programme
development. This has
enabled complex effects, such as cabin crash
disruption,
impact trauma injuries, fire
spread, smoke
incapacitation
and passenger evacuation to
be
simulated
in
a
balanced and
integrated manner.
The
study
is intended to further the general appreciation and understanding of the
complex events that lead to fatalities in
aircraft
fire
accidents.
This is
achieved
by
analysing all contributory
factors that are
likely to arise
in
real
fire
accident scenarios
and undertaking quantitative risk assessment through the use of novel simulation
methods. Future development
of the research could potentially enable the undertaking
of a systematic exploration and appraisal of the effectiveness of
both
current and
future
aircraft
fire
safety policies.
3
Graham, Tony Lee. "Modelling of ignition and fire in vented enclosures." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1998. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/22774/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fire development in a vented enclosure can proceed in an explosive and disastrous manner called flashover. This thesis examines when, why and how flashover occurs and gives the answers in terms of a few determining dimensionless parameters. The mechanism of flashover considered in this thesis is an enhancement of the burning rate because of thermal radiation from a layer of hot smoke, produced in the course of the fire, to the fire bed. A model, which is proposed for the problem, describes the development fro~ the moment of ignition incorporating the traditional two-zone approach. During early fIre development the density and temperature of the lower zone are reasonably assumed to be close to their initial value. Flashover itself is assumed to occur early in the fIre development, within the fuel controlled combustion regime. The model is analysed using the techniques of classical thermal explosion theory. Explicit criteria are found analytically and graphically to determine if the fIre will achieve flashover or not. The temperature-time characteristics of the fIre development are obtained explicitly for the fIrst time. It is shown that the thermal inertia of the compartment walls can have a significant effect upon the development. The effect of geometrically scaling the compartment is considered. Nondimensional analysis makes such study effective and leads to a square root relationship for the temperature/time characteristics of the fire development. The correlation between the model, four prevIOUS models and small scale experiments is examined. Under reasonable assumptions all models are shown to be described by the same mathematical problem. This means that the criterion for flashover and the development characteristics can be used for any of the modified models observed. Results are illustrated for an experimental fire box used in many experiments.
4
Li, Fang. "Modelling of premixed laminar flame propagating in channels." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21904/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dynamics of the intrinsically unstable premixed flames propagating in channels is studied by means of numerical modelling in this work. Critical conditions of extinction and the influence of the thermal-diffusive effect on the dynamics of flame propagating in planar channels with cold sidewalls under gravity is investigated. For the horizontally propagating flames, the appearance of inversion influences the effect of thermal-diffusion on the asymmetry of flame fronts. For upwards propagating flames, the convex shape of the flame imposed by the mode of ignition combined with buoyancy can suppress the thermal-diffusive effects; in contrast, the buoyancy alone cannot damp the thermal diffusive effects even for quite large Froud numbers in regard to the appearance of inversion. The variation of Lewis number has no essential effect on the planar flame shape formation when flame propagates downward. Lowering Lewis number can significantly decrease the critical conditions of extinction. However, if Lewis number is smaller than some limit, its further effect on the critical extinction conditions is unsignificant. In the two-step consecutive reaction, the effects of the ratio of Damkohler numbers, heat release rates, activation energy and Lewis number on the separation and fragmentation of flames are considered. The inversion is more pronounced in combustion with separated flame fronts than for single-step reactions. However, the inversion is obvious only when the two flame fronts are close enough to each other. Thus, the details of combusiiition chemistry may have a strong effect on the stability of the flame front. The thermal diffusive effect of the first flame is, in certain way, dominant and has influence on the second flame. The presence of the first reaction suppresses the thermal-diffusive effect of the second reaction in regard to the appearance of inversion. The propagation of flames at a variety of Reynolds number ranging from 70 to 1000 are explored. For longer channels or a flat initial flame front, the inversion of the flame is apparent for Reynolds number higher than 200. For large &, the computational grids should be very fine because of the small thickness of preheat zone. The Generalized Curvilinear Coordinate Gridding method is introduced and an elliptic grid generator based on the variational approach is employed to construct the solution-adaptive grids. However, we found out that the global structure of the algorithm required by the adaptive grid approach might be not as efficient as simplified non-adaptive grids for prospective use of massively parallel computers.
5
Bal, Nicolas. "Uncertainty and complexity in pyrolysis modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6511.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of numerical tools in fire safety engineering became usual nowadays and this tendency is expected to increase with the evolution of performance based design. Despite the constant development of fire modelling tools, the current state of the art is still not capable of predicting accurately solid ignition, flame spread or fire growth rate from first principles. The condensed phase, which plays an important role in these phenomena, has been a large research area since few decades, resulting in an improvement of its global understanding and in the development of numerical pyrolysis models including a large number of physical and chemical mechanisms. This growth of complexity in the models has been justified by the implicit assumption that models with a higher number of mechanisms should be more accurate. However, as direct consequence, the number of parameters required to perform a simulation increased significantly. The problem is when the uncertainty in the input parameters accumulates in the model output beyond a certain level. The global error induced by the parameters uncertainty balances the improvements obtained with the incorporation of new mechanisms, leading to the existence of an optimum of model complexity. While one of the first modelling tasks is to select the appropriate model to represent a physical phenomenon, this step is often subjective, and detailed justifications of the inclusion or exclusion of the different mechanisms are infrequent. The issue of how determining the most beneficial level of model complexity is becoming a major concern and this work presents a methodology to estimate the affordable level of complexity for polymer pyrolysis modelling prior ignition. The study is performed using PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA) which is a reference material in fire dynamics due to the large number of studies available on its pyrolysis behaviour. The methodology employed is based on a combination of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. In the first chapter, the minimum level of complexity required to explain the delay times to ignition of black PMMA samples at high heat flux levels is obtained by exploring one by one the effect on the condensed phase of several mechanisms. It is found that the experimental results cannot be explained without considering the in-depth radiation absorption mechanism. In the second chapter, a large literature review of the variability associated with the main parameters encountered in pyrolysis models is performed in order to establish the current level of confidence associated with the predictions using simple uncertainty analyses. In the third chapter, a detailed analysis of the governing parameters (parametric sensitivity) is performed on the model obtained in chapter 1 to predict the delay time to ignition. Using the ranges obtained in chapter 2 for the input parameters, a detailed uncertainty analysis is performed revealing a large spread of the numerical predictions outside the experimental uncertainty. While several parameters, including the attenuation coefficient (from the in-depth radiation absorption mechanism), present large sensitivity, only a few are responsible for the large spread observed. The parameter uncertainty is shown as the limiting step in the prediction of solid ignition. In the fourth chapter, a new methodology is developed in order to investigate the predominant mechanisms for the prediction of the transient pyrolysis behaviour of clear PMMA (no ignition). This approach, which corresponds to a mechanism sensitivity, consists of applying step-by-step assumptions to the most complex model used in the literature to model non-charring polymer pyrolysis behaviour. This study reveals the relatively high importance of the heat transfer mechanisms, including the process of in-depth radiation. In the fifth chapter, an investigation of the uncertainty related to the calibration of pyrolysis models by inverse modelling is performed using several levels of model complexity. Inverse modelling couples the experimental data to the model equations and this dependency is often ignored. Varying the model complexity, this study reveals the presence of compensation effects between the different mechanisms. The phenomenon grows in importance with model complexity leading to unrealistic values for the calibrated parameters. From the performed sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, the mechanism of in-depth absorption appeared critical for some applications. In the sixth chapter, an experimental investigation on specific conditions impacting the sensitivity of this mechanism shows its large dependency on the heat source emission wavelength when comparing the two heat sources of the most used pyrolysis test apparatuses in fire safety engineering. More fundamental investigations presented in the seventh chapter enabled to quantify this dependency that needs to be considered for modelling or experimental analyses. The impact of the heat source on the radiation absorption (depth and magnitude) is shown to be predictable thanks to the detailed measurements of the attenuation coefficient of PMMA and the emissive power of the heat sources. The global uncertainty associated with the input parameters, extracted either from independent studies or by inverse modelling, appears as a limiting step in the improvement of pyrolysis modelling when a high level of complexity is implemented. A combination of numerical (sensitivity and uncertainty) analyses and experimental studies is required before increasing the level of complexity of a pyrolysis model.
6
Foster, Kathryn J. "Design modelling to minimise the risk for offshore platforms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Safety cases must be produced by offshore operators to assess the risks posed to the personnel by potential accidents. On an offshore platform two of the major hazards are fires and explosions resulting from an accidental hydrocarbon release. The overpressures generated during an explosion can threaten the integrity of the platform structure. It is therefore important to be able to estimate the overpressures generated, should an explosion occur, and to predict the frequency of such an event. A methodology has been developed to predict the frequency of explosions of different magnitudes occurring in a module on an offshore platform. This methodology combines established risk assessment techniques, such as event tree analysis and fault tree analysis, with fluid flow modelling. Assumptions have been made in the methodology to simplify the calculation procedure. These assumptions relate to the conditions under which the leak occurs, the build up of gas in air concentration and the probability calculations. Frequency predictions are required to be as accurate as possible to enable the acceptability of the risk to be determined and reduced to a level which is as low as reasonably practicable. Hence each of the assumptions within the methodology has been addressed, to determine a more complete prediction tool. Once an accurate frequency for the explosion occurring has been determined, the risk to personnel must be minimised to an acceptable yet practical level. On existing designs it is impractical to alter the layout of the platform. However the nature of the safety systems may be changed. These safety features include isolation, blowdown, mitigation and detection systems. An optimisation study presents three schemes to identify the optimum configuration of the safety systems, in terms of the overpressures generated, as a means of reducing the risk to the platform.
7
Liang, Hong. "GeniSTELA : a generalised engineering methodology for thermal analysis of structural members in natural fires." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2607.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ability to predict the temperatures in protected steel structures is of vital importance for the progress of fire safety engineering. Existing methods are limited in several respects, typically being computationally restricted and limited to examination of the performance of specific components. This thesis investigates a generalised CFDbased methodology for thermal analysis of structural members in fire, developed to overcome these limitations. A novel methodology has been developed, known as GeniSTELA (Generalised Solid ThErmal Analysis), which computes a “steel temperature field” parameter in each computational cell. The approach is based on a simplified 1D model for heat transfer, together with appropriate corrections for 2D and 3D effects, to provide a quasi- 3D solution with a reasonable computational cost. GeniSTELA has been implemented as a submodel within the SOFIE RANS CFD code. The basic operation of the model has been verified and results compared to the empirical methods in EC3, indicating a satisfactory performance. The role of the surface temperature prediction has been examined and demonstrated to be important for certain cases, justifying its inclusion in the generalised method. Validation of the model is undertaken with respect to standard testing in fire resistance furnaces, examining the fire ratings of different practical protection systems, and the BRE large compartment fire tests, which looked at protected steel indicatives in full-scale post-flashover fires; in both cases, a satisfactory agreement is achieved. Model sensitivities are reported which reveal the expected strong dependencies on certain properties of thermal protection materials.
8
Koo, Sung-Han. "Forecasting fire development with sensor-linked simulation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In fire, any information about the actual condition within the building could be essential for quick and safe response of both fire–fighters and occupants. In most cases, however, the emergency responders will rarely be aware of the actual conditions within a building and they will have to make critical decisions based on limited information. Recent buildings are equipped with numbers of sensors which may potentially contain useful information about the fire; however, most buildings do not have capability of exploiting these sensors to provide any useful information beyond the initial stage of warning about the possible existence of a fire. A sensor–linked modelling tool for live prediction of uncontrolled compartment fires, K– CRISP, has therefore been developed. The modelling strategy is an extension of the Monte– Carlo fire model, CRISP, linking simulations to sensor inputs which controls evolution of the parametric space in which new scenarios are generated, thereby representing real–time “learning” about the fire. CRISP itself is based on a zone model representation of the fire, with linked capabilities for egress modelling and failure prediction for structural members, thus providing a major advantage over more detailed approaches in terms of flexibility and practicality, though with the conventional limitations of zone models. Large numbers of scenarios are required, but computational demands are mitigated to some extent by various procedures to limit the parameters which need to be varied. HPC (high performance computing) resources are exploited in “urgent computing” mode. K–CRISP was demonstrated in conjunction with measurements obtained from two sets of full–scale fire experiments. In one case, model execution was performed live. The thesis further investigates the predictive capability of the model by running it in pseudo real–time. The approach adopted for steering is shown to be effective in directing the evolution of the fire parameters, thereby driving the fire predictions towards the measurements. Moreover, the availability of probabilistic information in the output assists in providing potential end users with an indication of the likelihood of various hazard scenarios. The best forecasts are those for the immediate future, or for relatively simple fires, with progressively less confidence at longer lead times and in more complex scenarios. Given the uncertainties in real fire development the benefits of more detailed model representations may be marginal and the system developed thus far is considered to be an appropriate engineering approach to the problem, providing information of potential benefit in emergency response. Thus, the sensor–linked model proved to be capable of forecasting the fire development super–real– time and it was also able to predict critical events such as flashover and structural collapse. Finally, the prediction results are assessed and the limitations of the model were further discussed. This enabled careful assessment of how the model should be applied, what sensors are required, and how reliable the model can be, etc.
9
Reszka, Pedro. "In-depth temperature profiles in pyrolyzing wood." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The move towards performance-based design of the fire resistance of structures requires more accurate design methods. An important variable in the fire performance of timber structures is the in-depth temperature distribution, as wood is weakened by an increase of temperature, caused by exposure to high heat fluxes. A proper prediction of temperature profiles in wood structural elements has become an essential part of timber structural design. Current design methods use empirically determined equations for the temperature distribution but these assume constant charring rates, do not account for changes in the heating conditions, and were obtained under poorly defined boundary conditions in fire resistance furnaces. As part of this research project, a series of experimental in-depth temperature measurements were done in wood samples exposed to various intensities of radiant heat fluxes, with clearly defined boundary conditions that allow a proper input for pyrolysis models. The imposed heat fluxes range from 10 kW/cm 2, which generates an almost inert behaviour, to 60 kW/cm 2, where spontaneous flaming is almost immediately observed. Mass loss measurements for all the imposed heat fluxes were also performed. The second part of this project dealt with the modelling of the pyrolysis process, with an emphasis placed on temperature prediction. The main objective was to identify the simplest model that can accurately predict temperature distributions in wood elements exposed to fires. For this, an analysis of the different terms which have been included by several models in the energy equation has been done, by quantifying its magnitude. Five models with different degrees of simplification have been developed. Comparison with the experimental data has shown that a simple and accurate model of temperature profiles must include the rise in the solid sensible heat, the heat transferred by conduction, the heat of moisture evaporation, the heat of pyrolysis reaction and the effect of char oxidation.
10
Gasparotto, Thomas. "Modélisation de l’évacuation des personnes en situation d’incendie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0128/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail, mené conjointement entre CNPP et le Laboratoire d’Énergétique et de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée, est consacré à la mise en place d’un modèle d’évacuation de personnes, dans l’optique d’une application en Ingénierie de Sécurité Incendie. Le modèle de cheminement de personnes développé dans ce manuscrit est un modèle physique reposant sur une équation de conservation de la densité de personnes. Il est basé sur des hypothèses simples et réalistes résultant de l’observation de mouvements de foule, et utilise une vision macroscopique des personnes caractérisées par une densité moyenne. Ce modèle est mis en œuvre sur des cas de vérification et de comparaison issus de la littérature. Des expériences d’évacuation sont réalisées à échelle réelle afin de récolter des données quantitatives sur le mouvement des personnes et de valider de façon pertinente le modèle de cheminement de personnes. En outre, une stratégie est proposée afin d’intégrer dans la modélisation les contraintes thermiques et optiques liées au feu ainsi que leur impact sur le processus d’évacuation. Enfin, des simulations d’évacuation intégrant les effets du feu sont effectuées sur une configuration à grande échelleThis work was conducted as a collaboration between CNPP and the laboratory LEMTA. It was devoted to the implementation of an emergency egress model offering prospects for use in Fire Safety Engineering. The pedestrian movement model described in this manuscript is a physical model relying on a people density balance equation. This model is based on three fundamental assumptions resulting from pedestrian phenomena commonly observed, especially in crowds. Its mathematical formulation assumes that people are regarded as a mean density in a macroscopic way. The pedestrian model was tested on verification and comparison cases extracted from literature. Evacuation drills were also performed at real scale without fire constraints to collect some quantitative data like egress times or flows, and to validate the people motion model. Furthermore, a mathematical strategy is propounded in order to integrate thermal and optical stresses into the evacuation model and to take into consideration their incidence on evacuation processes. Finally, egress simulations are achieved on a large-scale configuration considering different scenarios involving fires
Книги з теми "Fire safety modelling"
1
R, Chitty, and Fire Research Station, eds. Mathematical fire modelling and its applications to fire safety design. Borehamwood: Fire Research Station, Building Research Establishment, 1992.
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2
Delgado Martín, Jordi, Andrea Muñoz-Ibáñez, and Ismael Himar Falcón-Suárez. 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics: A Coruña, Spain 13 -17 June 2022: Book of Abstracts. 2022nd ed. Servizo de Publicacións da UDC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.000005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
[Abstract] The 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics (6IWRP) was held A Coruña, Spain, between 13th and 17th of June, 2022. This meeting follows the track of the five successful encounters held in Golden (USA, 2011), Southampton (UK, 2013), Perth (Australia, 2015), Trondheim (Norway, 2017) and Hong Kong (China, 2019). The aim of the workshop was to bring together experiences allowing to illustrate, discuss and exchange recent advances in the wide realm of rock physics, including theoretical developments, in situ and laboratory scale experiments as well as digital analysis. While rock physics is at the core of the oil & gas industry applications, it is also essential to enable the energy transition challenge (e.g. CO2 and H2 storage, geothermal), ensure a safe and adequate use of natural resources and develop efficient waste management strategies. The topics of 6IWRP covered a broad spectrum of rock physics-related research activities, including: • Experimental rock physics. New techniques, approaches and applications; Characterization of the static and dynamic properties of rocks and fluids; Multiphysics measurements (NMR, electrical resistivity…); Deep/crustal scale rock physics. • Modelling and multiscale applications: from the lab to the field. Numerical analysis and model development; Data science applications; Upscaling; Microseismicity and earthquakes; Subsurface stresses and tectonic deformations. • Coupled phenomena and rock properties: exploring interactions. Anisotropy; Flow and fractures; Temperature effects; Rock-fluid interaction; Fluid and pressure effects on geophysical signatures. • The energy transition challenge. Applications to energy storage (hydrogen storage in porous media), geothermal resources, energy production (gas hydrates), geological utilization and storage of CO2, nuclear waste disposal. • Rock physics templates: advances and applications. Quantitative assessment; Applications to reser voir characterization (role of seismic wave anisotropy and fracture networks). • Advanced rock physics tools. Machine learning; application of imaging (X-ray CT, X-ray μCT, FIB-SEM…) to obtain rock proper ties. This book compiles more than 50 abstracts, summarizing the works presented in the 6IWRP by rock physicists from all over the world, belonging to both academia and industry. This book means an updated overview of the rock physics research worldwide.
Частини книг з теми "Fire safety modelling"
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Elsagan, Nour, and Yoon Ko. "A Parametric Study of Numerical Modelling of Water Mist Systems in Protection of Wood Frame Buildings." In Wood & Fire Safety, 166–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_25.
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Fileppo, Enrico, Luca Marmo, Maria Luisa Debernardi, Katia Demetri, and Raffaele Pertusio. "Fire prevention in underground works: software modelling applications." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 726–31. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_118.
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Pinto, Edna Moura, and Mariana Lima Oliveira Montenegro. "Emergency Exits: Analysis and Reflection Based on a Modelling and Standardization Study." In Advances in Fire Safety Engineering, 107–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36240-9_8.
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Schmaltz, Hartmut, and Jörg Rattke. "Fire PSA including fire spreading — Extensive Modelling of all Dependencies of PSA-Components." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 1988–93. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_319.
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Molkens, Tom, and Barbara Rossi. "Modelling Real Fire by FDS and 2-Zone Model for Structural Post-Fire Assessment." In Advances in Fire Safety Engineering, 48–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36240-9_4.
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Fiorentini, Luca, Vinicio Rossini, Gaetano Coppola, and Andrea Ferrari. "Fire Risk Analysis and Modelling of the Relevant Scenarios: towards a Performance Based Fire Engineering and Protection Approach." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 732–37. London: Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_119.
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Parekh, Akshita, Urvashi Karnani Gaur, and Vipul Garg. "Analytical Modelling of Distributed File Systems (GlusterFS and CephFS)." In Reliability, Safety and Hazard Assessment for Risk-Based Technologies, 213–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9008-1_18.
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Hozjan, Tomaz, Kamila Kempna, and Jan Smolka. "Simulation and Modelling in Fire Safety." In Safety and Security Issues in Technical Infrastructures, 232–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3059-7.ch009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Actual and future concerns in fire safety in buildings and infrastructure are challenging. Modern technologies provide rapid development in area of fire safety, especially in education, training, and fire-engineering. Modelling as a tool in fire-engineering provides possibility to design specific fire scenarios and investigate fire spread, smoke movement or evacuation of occupants from buildings. Development of emerging technologies and software provides higher possibility to apply these models with interactions of augmented and virtual reality. Augmented reality and virtual reality expand effectivity of training and preparedness of first (fire wardens) and second (firefighters) responders. Limitations such as financial demands, scale and scenarios of practical training of first and second responders are much lower than in virtual reality. These technologies provide great opportunities in preparedness to crisis in a safety way with significantly limited budget. Some of these systems are already developed and applied in safety and security area e.g. XVR (firefighting, medical service).
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"Hazards, risk and safety (fire, blast, seismicity)." In Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, 785–832. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10546-8.
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"Hazards, risk and safety (fire, blast, seismicity)." In Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, 773. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10546-92.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fire safety modelling"
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Ramsdale, Susan, and R. Nigel Mawhinney. "Fire Consequence Modelling For The Safety First Project." In Passenger Ship Safety. RINA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.pass.2003.19.
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"What are the safety implications of dynamic fire behaviours?" In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2017.h10.lahaye.
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Petelin, Stojan, Marko Perkovic, Peter Vidmar, and Katja Petelin. "Ship’s Engine Room Fire Modelling." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40176.
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When traffic accidents occur, transport systems can result in irreparable negative impacts on people as well as the environment. In maritime transport unexpected fire in the ship’s engine room represents a grave risk. Because such accidents are very often difficult to prevent, modelling of fire propagation bears a vital significance for setting up preventive measures and safety systems, whose task is the suppression of fire danger. The paper describes the CFAST computer model (Building and Fire Research Laboratory - National Institute of Standards and Technology), whose purpose is to solve the problem of fire propagation in a complex multi-compartment environment. In our example it was used in a concrete ship’s engine room, with a fire starting in the ship’s main propulsion engine. The application includes all elements that can be damaged in case of fire at different ventilation conditions of the ship’s engine room. By means of simulation, the analysis and presentation of physical parameters working upon exposed engine components was made.
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N.A., Tonello, and Berthet-Rambaud P. "Numerical Modelling For Practical Safety Evaluation of Fast Oxy-Hydrogen Combustion Energy Release System." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_07-07.
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Stujberová, Magdalena, and Rudolf Ároch. "Study of Column Buckling Lengths of Braced and Unbraced Frames in Fire Situations." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1176.
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<p>The problem of fire resistance of steel structures is still a very actual topic, because there is a need to suitably evaluate the fire resistance and safety of structures exposed to fire hazard. Rules given in the parts of structural Eurocodes devoted to fire design do not cover all relevant design issues. In the case of the buckling resistance of steel columns exposed to fire the Eurocode gives rules only for braced frames in which each storey comprises a separate fire compartment, where it is possible to reduce the buckling length to 0.5L (intermediate storey) or 0.7L (top storey) thanks to the fact, that the hot column is „fixed“ to the cold ones in the storeys above and under. For the case of unbraced frames there are no special rules, the columns should be verified with the procedures as for normal temperature design. Several authors dedicated their efforts to the problem of modelling the real behaviour of entire frame buildings in fire situation. The aim of this paper is to show the behaviour of braced and unbraced frame structure by simple analysis with a FEM programme and to compare the results with some other procedures from the literature.</p>
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Kupciuniene, Kristina, and Robertas Alzbutas. "Updated Probabilistic Analysis of External Events Data and Safety of the Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main purpose of performed work is the probabilistic analysis of extreme external events, which have a potential influence on safety of the present nuclear power plant (NPP) in Lithuania. This analysis can also be related to the future NPP in Lithuania at the same site. At first, the methodology was established for screening out hazardous events, which impact on the present Ignalina NPP safety is not significant. For risk estimation, the following external events were considered in detail: forest fire, external flood, airplane crash, extreme wind. In order to estimate probabilities of hazards occurrence the statistical data related to various external events were collected, mathematical models were constructed and probabilities of these events occurrence were determined. Statistical, meteorological and other updated data from the Republic of Lithuania has been used to estimate probability of the most important hazardous events. Due to many factors affecting the inaccuracy of any result it is not enough to calculate only the estimate of the probability of the event. There is a need also to evaluate errors or variations of result made by such estimation. For such purpose uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was performed for a probability estimate, i.e. frequency of the event. This analysis determines the parameters that have the greatest influence on the probabilistic model results. The modelling of external events occurrence and its impact on the NPP is significant in order to evaluate the safety of NPP and to prevent failure of the systems important to the safety.
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Ghosh, Amit. "Developing Performance-Based Classification Rules/Regulatory Guidelines to Improve Effectiveness of Incident Management and Outcome of Disasters." In ASME/USCG 2017 4th Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2017-0407.
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What was common between the capsizing of the cruise liner Costa Concordia, engine fire on the Carnival Triumph and the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon rig? In all cases, the people impacted did not believe or find that the authorities, whether public or private, were capable of meeting their immediate needs. Consequently, such biases led to collective behavior or ‘herding’ with devastating outcomes. Holding true to its mission of marine safety, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) finds itself in roles of maritime incident management and provider of training for examination of foreign ships carrying U.S. passengers. Also, following land-based costal events such as Hurricane Harvey, the USCG is called upon to perform rescue operations in which risk assessment through effective communication between stakeholders becomes extremely important. Accordingly, this paper proposes a performance-based approach to occupant safety, occupant circulation, and hazard communication so that both classification rules can be developed and guidelines can be proposed for inclusion in the USCG Incident Management Handbook. Advances in the analysis and modelling of the movement of people, especially in building fires, have established the decision-making processes that individuals or groups undergo before reacting to an imminent danger. When a large number of people have a high commitment either to activity or to inactivity, it becomes important that an equilibrium solution is adopted and the resources are allocated accordingly. The author proposes evaluating incident management as a dynamic system. Like any dynamic system, incident management for any disaster, evolves with time in terms of scale, needed inputs and desired outputs. Engineers today have the capability to influence the outputs by establishing protocols for sharing of information and resources among the stakeholders. The author presented a paper on a similar topic at ASME’s Dynamic Systems and Controls Conference (DSCC 2015)3. Paper published with permission.
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Coren, Federico, and Philipp S. Stelzer Philipp S. Stelzer. "Crashworthiness of C-SMC: a Structural Battery Case for Automotive Application." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The drive towards electrification has brought a new series of challenges in the automotive world. The need of supporting and protecting the battery modules requires the fulfillment of contrasting objectives. Those are to provide sufficient robustness and stiffness at a low weight while at the same time keeping the costs low. One class of material that promises to meet such requirements is C-SMC (carbon fibre sheet moulding compound). These consists of chips of prepreg fibers that are randomly laid onto a plane and initially compacted into mats. These mats can be cut to side to match the geometry needed. Stiff, light and with the possibility to be formed through pressing, if used in an industrial (automated) environment, it can be a viable alternative to steel and aluminum solutions. With C-SMC the battery case could be designed to incorporate multiple functions such as the thermal management and crash protection with integration into the structure. The simulation of the whole battery system enhanced the design process with the prediction of the mechanical behavior under normal operating conditions and in crash events. Material tests were performed to assess the dynamic response of the material implemented. Advanced non-linear material models and damage evolution methods based on experimental data were used. The collaboration with our industrial partners and the expertise in the process simulation ensured the feasibility of the design as well as its production optimization. The positive outcome of the simulations exposed the full potential of adopting the C-SMC material as a choice for structural parts in EV, resulting in a lightweight although mechanically sound battery casing. Innovative value of the work C-SMC material use in the automotive world has been limited to rather simple and non-structural applications due to the lack of knowledge of advanced mechanical response. Thanks to the expertise and data gathered using laboratory tests (static and dynamic crash tests), as well as the experience coming from industrial partners, an innovative modelling strategy was devised. Modelling, simulation and production of the whole battery case took place. This work resulted in the creation of one of the biggest structural C-SMC component of its kind. After manufacturing, the whole battery case was tested for fire safety as well as crash protection.
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PONZIANI, FABIO ALAIMO, ALBERTO TINABURRI, and VALTER RICCI. "WATER CURTAINS FOR FIRE PROTECTION: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND CFD MODELLING." In SAFE 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe170091.
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Lepeshkin, Alexander, Nikolai Bychkov, Peter Vaganov, Yuri Nozhnitsky, and Boris Baluev. "The Blade Releasing Method for Test of Engine Casing Containment." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63749.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When designing aviation gas turbine engines, check for fan casing penetrability is envisaged by normative documents. Modern calculated methods of forecasting casing containment capabilities use a set of a priori limitations, and these methods can not give a reliable assessment of this event. Experimental checkup of casing containment capability of aero engines is one of the most important tasks with respect to ensuring flight safety. When the engine blade is released in the aircraft, serious damages of the frame may occur, as well as engine mount release, fire, e.t.c., which cause catastrophic effects. To decrease expenses for the engine operational development and to solve the mentioned problems it is purposeful to carry out stage-by-stage tests of the engine components on a spin rig. One of these problems, namely, localization of blade rupture inside the engine casing, is solved by carrying out fan casing containment test on the spin rig. The blade releasing method is proposed for casing containment test on the spin rig. It’s necessary to make calculations to determine conditions of the controlled blade-off under effect from centrifugal loads at a specified speed. The developed blade releasing method at tests has the following stages: 1. The computational modelling performed to determine the parameters of the cropped section of the blade: the dimensions of the edges and central part of the blade for achieving of the minimal safety factor. 2. Cutting of the blade. 3. Balancing of a rotor with the undercut blade. 4. The casing with the working wheel is set on the spin rig. 5. Testing: 5.1. The specified speed of rotation of a rotor achieved. 5.2. The central part of the undercut blade section heated up. The safety factor of the blade decreases when the temperature rises. The central part of the undercut blade section extended at the rise of the temperature and centrifugal force transferred to the edges of the blade. The blade edges broke. Then centrifugal force transferred to the central part of the blade and the blade released on the specified speed. 5.3. The analysis of the test results. The results of calculations of the rotor blade release conditions using finite element analysis and fan casing containment test are presented in this paper.