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Статті в журналах з теми "Flax shive"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Marshall, Wayne E., Lynda H. Wartelle, and Danny E. Akin. "Flax shive as a source of activated carbon for metals remediation." BioResources 2, no. 1 (2007): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.1.82-90.

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Анотація:

Flax shive constitutes about 70% of the flax stem and has limited use. Because shive is a lignocellulosic by-product, it can potentially be pyrolyzed and activated to produce an activated carbon. The objective of this study was to create an activated carbon from flax shive by chemical activation in order to achieve significant binding of selected divalent cations (cadmium, calcium, copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc). Shive carbons activated by exposure to phosphoric acid and com-pressed air showed greater binding of cadmium, copper, nickel or zinc than a sulfuric acid-activated flax shive carbon

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2

Lugovoi, Yu., K. Chalov, A. Stepacheva, Yu. Kosivtsov, and E. Sulman. "Investigation of flax shive thermal destruction kinetic process." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 12 (December 11, 2017): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1101163.

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The use of waste biomass for energy purposes is currently of great interest to scientific and industrial groups around the world. Flax shive is a waste of flax processing industry, which can be used for energy purposes. The most interesting are the processes of thermal processing, making maximum use of the energy potential of the processed biomass wastes. Such methods of thermal processing include various types of pyrolysis. The paper presents the results of a kinetic study of the pyrolysis process of flax bonfire in the temperature range up to 600 °C using the experimentally obtained data

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3

Каретникова (Karetnikova), Наталья (Natal'ja) Викторовна (Viktorovna), Лариса (Larisa) Валерьевна (Valer'evna) Чендылова (Chendylova), and Роберт (Robert) Зусьевич (Zus'evich) Пен (Pen). "DELIGNIFICATION OF FLAX SHIVE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018012757.

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Delignification of the flax shive (wastes of oakum and heat insulation production) was studied. Chemical composition of the work material (mass parts in percents from the bone-dry material): cellulose 30,7, lignin 33,1, pentosans 28,0, extractable by organic solvent 4,3, extractable by hot water 5,4, ash 1,7. The flax shive was delignificated in laboratory condition by means of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sulfate cooking solution. The conditions of peracetic pulping: initial mass part of the «icy» acetic acid in cooking solution 0,65, perhydrol 0,35, the catalyst concentration (sodiu

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4

Hu, Wei, Mingyao Zhang, Minh-Tan Ton-That, and Tri-dung Ngo. "A comparison of flax shive and extracted flax shive reinforced PP composites." Fibers and Polymers 15, no. 8 (2014): 1722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1722-6.

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5

Kazachenko, Aleksandr S., Valery E. Tarabanko, Angelina V. Miroshnikova, et al. "Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Flax Shive over Ru/C Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010042.

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Flax shive is the main waste (up to 70 wt %) in the production of flax fiber. It represents the lignified parts of the flax stem mainly in the form of small straws. Complex processing of such wastes is a significant problem due to the heterogeneity of the chemical structure of lignin. This article presents the results of reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of flax shive in ethanol and isopropanol at elevated temperatures (225–250 °C) in the presence of a bifunctional catalyst (Ru/C) and molecular hydrogen. This provides solvolytic depolymerization of lignin and hemicelluloses presented in

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6

Tabet, Fouzi, Oleg Milovanov, Dmitry Klimov, et al. "Study of Flax Shive Pellet Combustion in Cyclone-Bed Furnace with Bubbling Fluidised Bed." Sustainability 17, no. 1 (2024): 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010057.

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Flax shive is a by-product of flax processing enterprises. It can be used as fuel in municipal and industrial energy enterprises along with other types of agricultural waste (straw, sunflower husk, rice husk, etc.). The use of agricultural waste as fuel is very important for the sustainable development of municipal and industrial energy in small towns and villages, as it allows for the recycling of waste, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the creation of new jobs in the production of pellets from waste. Flax shive has a low bulk density in its initial state. To achieve a significant

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7

Sohn, Miryeong, Franklin E. Barton, Wiley H. Morrison, and Douglas D. Archibald. "Application of Partial Least-Squares Regression to Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic Determination of Shive Content in Flax." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 5 (2003): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321666588.

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Shive, the nonfiberous core portion of the stem, in flax fiber after retting is related to fiber quality. The objective of this study is to develop a standard calibration model for determining shive content in retted flax by using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Calibration samples were prepared by manually mixing pure, ground shive and pure, ground fiber from flax retted by three different methods (water, dew, and enzyme retting) to provide a wide range of shive content from 0 to 100%. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to generate a calibration model, and spectral data w

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8

Hu, Wei, Minh-Tan Ton-That, Johanne Denault, and Christian Belanger. "Characterization of polypropylene composites reinforced with flax fibers treated by mechanical and alkali methods." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 18, no. 1-2 (2011): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm.2011.011.

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AbstractFlax is a type of natural fiber widely used as reinforcing materials for polymer composites. The commercially available flax fibers in Canada consist of a significant amount of shive and other impurities, which could act as stress concentration regions to negatively affect the mechanical property of composites. In this study, the shive was manually removed from the commercial flax fibers by screening and combing to obtain different shive contents from 0 to 30 wt%. By contrast, the obtained flax fibers were further treated with alkaline solution. The fibers obtained from mechanical and

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9

Korchagina, A. A., E. K. Gladysheva, V. V. Budaeva, and E. A. Skiba. "Chemical composition of fiber and shive in bast-fiber crops and the products of their alkaline delignification." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 13, no. 4 (2023): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-4-621-630.

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The present article examines the chemical composition of fiber and shive from fiber flax and hemp obtained in Russia under industrial conditions, as well as that of the products of their alkaline delignification. Alkaline delignification was carried out at atmospheric pressure with a 4% sodium hydroxide solution; the chemical composition was determined via wet analysis. The chemical composition of hemp shive from Russian producers was studied for the first time. In the studied objects, the mass fraction of cellulose was found to range from 42.3 to 66.1%, and after alkaline delignification, the

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10

Puchkov, E. M., A. V. Galkin, and I. V. Ushchapovsky. "The technology of producing sorbents from linseed flax shive." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, no. 5 (2019): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.5.517-525.

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Анотація:

Flax processing waste, flax shive is of great importance for producing sorbents from non-wooden materials in Russia. There are more than 700 thousand hectares of linseed flax crops in the country. Linseed flax shive had been burned everywhere until recently as there was no technology of its processing. The waste disposal problem in the linseed flax cultivation regions could be solved by introducing new flax waste recycling and linen producing technologies developed by scientists of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops. In 2015-2018 some studies were carried out in research laborato

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11

Марченко (Marchenko), Роман (Roman) Александрович (Aleksandrovich), Лариса (Larisa) Валерьевна (Valer'yevna) Чендылова (Chendylova), Наталья (Natal'ya) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Каретникова (Karetnikova), Роберт (Robert) Зусьевич (Zus'yevich) Пен (Pen), and Юрий (Yuriy) Давыдович (Davydovich) Алашкевич (Alashkevich). "PROPERTIES OF THE REFINER MECHANICAL PULP FROM FLAX SHIVE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043927.

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Flax shive is a large-tonnag by-product at the conversion linen in textile industry. The pulp from shive can be used as raw material for making to the paper-board production. The existing methods of delignification, because of difficulty of the technologi-cal cycle and of the ecological problems, reduce to minimum those economic advantages, which assume the low cost of the raw material. By that is conditioned interest to produce pulp without using of the chemicals. Paper-make characteristics of the mixtures of waste-paper and rafiner mechanical pulp (RMP) from flax shive, hard wood, whea

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12

Бадретдинова, И. В., and В. В. Касаткин. "PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE ECO-PACKAGE FOR FOOD STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION FROM FLAX SHIVE BY VACUUM CASTING." Bulletin of Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, no. 2(74) (June 30, 2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48012/1817-5457_2023_2_56-64.

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Анотація:

Необходимость снижения процента пластика в упаковке ведет к поиску альтернативных природных, экологически чистых материалов, как животного, так и растительного происхождения. Таким материалом может служить костра льна. Костра – это отход льняного производства, подлежащий утилизации. По химическому составу костра содержит до 77 % целлюлозы, которая при дополнительной обработке может служить материалом для производства упаковки и посуды. Целью исследования является обоснование основных параметров и режимов технологического процесса производства экологичной биоразлагаемой упаковки для транспортир

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13

Tarabanko, Valery E., Konstantin L. Kaygorodov, Aleksandr S. Kazachenko, et al. "Mass Transfer in the Processes of Native Lignin Oxidation into Vanillin via Oxygen." Catalysts 13, no. 12 (2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13121490.

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The influence of mass transfer intensity on the kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of flax shives with oxygen in alkaline media to aromatic aldehydes and pulp was studied. The process was carried out in two autoclaves, with moderate stirring (stirrer engine of 8 W) and intense stirring (stirrer engine of 200 W). The oxidation of flax shives into vanillin, syringaldehyde, and pulp was shown to proceed as a completely diffusion-controlled process under the studied conditions, both moderate and intense stirring. Depending on the process conditions, it can be limited by stages of oxygen transfer

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14

Feng, Hao, Jian Li, and Lijuan Wang. "Preparation of biodegradable flax shive cellulose-based superabsorbent polymer under microwave irradiation." BioResources 5, no. 3 (2010): 1484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.3.1484-1495.

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Superabsorbent polymer was prepared by graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto the chain of cellulose from flax shive by using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker under microwave irradiation. SEM photographs were also studied for more information about the shive, cellulose from shive, and the superabsorbent polymer. The structure of the graft copolymer was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biodegradability in soil was measured at 32 and 40 oC. The polymer was porous, and thermal stability of

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15

KYMÄLÄINEN, H. R., and A. PASILA. "Equilibrium moisture content of flax/linseed and fibre hemp straw fractions." Agricultural and Food Science 9, no. 4 (2000): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5667.

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This preliminary study of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of bast fibre plants (Linum usitatissimum L. and Cannabis sativa L.) examines three fractions, fibre, fine shive and coarse shive. The plants were harvested at two times, the first in autumn and the second in spring. The autumn harvest yielded unretted, green material, while the frost-retted material harvested in spring may be classified as overretted. Interesting differences in EMC were found in the dampest air between the two harvest times irrespective of plant species: green fractions were faster to mould at the beginning and

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16

Al-Mohamadawi, Ali, Karim Benhabib, Rose-Marie Dheilly, and Adeline Goullieux. "Influence of lignocellulosic aggregate coating with paraffin wax on flax shive and cement-shive composite properties." Construction and Building Materials 102 (January 2016): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.190.

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17

Lednev, A. V., and A. V. Lozhkin. "The influence of oil pollution and carriers of biological product on the agrophysical indicators of sod-podzolic soils." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, no. 1 (2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.1.43-51.

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The article presents the results of the influence of various aerating agents, carriers of new generation oil-oxidizing biological product on the agrophysical parameters of sod-podzolic soil highly contaminated with oil (up to 10%), and on the rate of oil decomposition in it. The studies were carried out in a microfield experiment in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic. It was established that during the growing season of 2019 all studied carriers of the biological product had positive effect on these indicators, however, the parameters of the changes were determined by their types. Thus, the

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18

КАЛІНСЬКИЙ, ЄВГЕН, та ОЛЕКСАНДР ВОРОНКО. "СТАНДАРТИЗАЦІЯ ЛЛЯНОЇ СИРОВИНИ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ДОСВІДУ США ТА УКРАЇНИ". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 335, № 3(1) (2024): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2024-335-3-12.

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The main problem in the primary processing of bast fiber raw materials is Ukraine's significant lag in the field of standardization compared to the USA, which negatively affects production efficiency, product quality, and competitiveness in the global market. The article aims to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of flax raw material quality assessment systems in Ukraine and the USA, identify the key reasons for Ukraine's lag, and develop practical solutions to address these issues. The research found that while Ukraine still relies on outdated standards for flax fiber quality evalua

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19

Feng, Hao, Jian Li, and Lijuan Wang. "The removal of Reactive Red 228 dye from aqueous solutions by chitosan-modified flax shive." BioResources 7, no. 1 (2011): 624–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.1.624-639.

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Flax shive (FS) is a byproduct from flax fiber separation. The use of absorbent prepared from chitosan-modified flax shive (CFS) has been studied for removal of reactive red dye (RR228) from aqueous solutions. CFS was characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A batch adsorption study was conducted under various contact time, initial concentration, solution pH, and adsorbent dosage. It was found that the BET and Langmuir surface area of CFS were 1.772 m

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20

Jacobs, Anna, Magnus Palm, Guido Zacchi, and Olof Dahlman. "Isolation and characterization of water-soluble hemicelluloses from flax shive." Carbohydrate Research 338, no. 18 (2003): 1869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00308-2.

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21

Dubois, V., A. Leblanc, O. Carpentier, G. Alhaik, and E. Wirquin. "Performances of flax shive-based lightweight composites with rapid hardening." Construction and Building Materials 165 (March 2018): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.239.

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22

Khazma, Mahmoud, Adeline Goullieux, Rose-Marie Dheilly, and Michèle Quéneudec. "Coating of a lignocellulosic aggregate with pectin/polyethylenimin mixtures: Effects on flax shive and cement-shive composite properties." Cement and Concrete Composites 34, no. 2 (2012): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.07.008.

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23

Parsons, Robert V., Kari A. L. Parsons, and John L. Sorensen. "Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol." Industrial Crops and Products 34, no. 1 (2011): 1245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.009.

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24

Cox, M., A. A. Pichugin, E. I. El-Shafey, and Q. Appleton. "Sorption of precious metals onto chemically prepared carbon from flax shive." Hydrometallurgy 78, no. 1-2 (2005): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.12.006.

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25

Ehresmann, Michael, Ali Amiri, and Chad Ulven. "The effect of different variables on in-plane radial permeability of natural fiber mats." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 19 (2016): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416646458.

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There has been a vast growth in manufacturing of fiber reinforced plastics by means of liquid composite molding such as resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding processes. In these processes, compression of the porous media and pressure of the injected resin result in in-mold forces that need to be determined. Limited information exists regarding the processing parameters and extent of reinforcing potential natural fibers have in polymer matrices. Current study investigates the effect of different variables such as fiber volume fraction, shive content, fiber size, wax

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26

Луговой, Юрий Владимирович, Кирилл Вячеславович Чалов, Юрий Юрьевич Косивцов, and Михаил Геннадьевич Сульман. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS OF FAST AND SLOW PYROLYSIS OF FLAX SHIVE." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 1(47) (April 5, 2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2022.1.13.

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В статье представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований пиролиза костры льна, проведенного в различных температурных режимах. Изучено влияние способа организации процесса пиролиза на выход, состав и свойства газообразных, жидких и твердых продуктов. Подробно изучен состав газообразных и жидких продуктов пиролиза и выполнен их сравнительный анализ. Приведено подробное сравнение таких свойств твердых углеродных остатков пиролиза костры льна как зольность, элементный состав, распределение пор по размерам и площадь удельной поверхности. The article presents the results of experimental stud

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27

W. S. Anthony. "DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINES TO SEPARATE FIBER AND SHIVE FROM SEED FLAX STRAW." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21, no. 6 (2005): 1057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20022.

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28

Smeder, Bo. "Chemical determination of shive content in flax using the acetyl bromide method." Industrial Crops and Products 24, no. 2 (2006): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.03.002.

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29

Дымникова (Dymnikova), Наталья (Natal'ya) Сергеевна (Sergeevna), Екатерина (Ekaterina) Вячеславовна (Vyacheslavovna) Ерохина (Erokhina), and Андрей (Аndrej) Павлович (Pavlovich) Морыганов (Moryganov). "STUDY OF EFFICIENCY OF ENDOWING ANTIMICROBIC PROPERTIES TO ELEMENTARIZED LINEN FIBERS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018023318.

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Анотація:

The authors have carried out the comparison of antimicrobic activity of flax fibers obtained by different methods and doped with preparations of silver or quarternary ammonium salts. The elementarized flax fibers obtained by the method of recurring cyclic deforming loads, differ essentially from the known analogs (cottonized fibers) because of the almost full absence of mechanical impurities. An important feature of elementarized flax fiber is the developed capillary-porous surface, which is confirmed by its high sorption capacity. The average mass length linear density, content of fibers of t

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30

Prusov, A. N., S. M. Prusova, M. V. Radugin, and A. V. Bazanov. "Flax shive as a source of activated carbon for adsorption of methylene blue." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 29, no. 9 (2021): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2021.1881063.

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31

Aleeva, C. V., O. V. Lepilova, and S. A. Koksharov. "Laws of Cresol-Vapor Sorption on Highly Porous Materials of Biomodified Flax Shive." Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 58, no. 1 (2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070205122010026.

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32

Aleeva, C. V., O. V. Lepilova, and S. A. Koksharov. "Laws of Cresol-Vapor Sorption on Highly Porous Materials of Biomodified Flax Shive." Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 58, no. 1 (2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070205122010026.

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33

Parsons, Robert V., Stefan Cenkowski, John L. Sorensen, Trust Beta, and Susan D. Arntfield. "Hemicellulose polysaccharide recovery from flax shive using alkaline solutions with sodium ethoxide pretreatment." Industrial Crops and Products 44 (January 2013): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.11.023.

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34

Akin, Danny E. "Linen Most Useful: Perspectives on Structure, Chemistry, and Enzymes for Retting Flax." ISRN Biotechnology 2013 (December 30, 2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/186534.

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Анотація:

The components of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems are described and illustrated, with reference to the anatomy and chemical makeup and to applications in processing and products. Bast fiber, which is a major economic product of flax along with linseed and linseed oil, is described with particular reference to its application in textiles, composites, and specialty papers. A short history of retting methods, which is the separation of bast fiber from nonfiber components, is presented with emphasis on water retting, field retting (dew retting), and experimental methods. Past research on enzyme r

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Khazma, Mahmoud, Adeline Goullieux, Rose-Marie Dheilly, Aline Rougier, and Michèle Quéneudec. "Optimization of flax shive-cementitious composites: Impact of different aggregate treatments using linseed oil." Industrial Crops and Products 61 (November 2014): 442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.041.

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36

Sohn, Miryeong, Franklin E. Barton, W. Herbert Morrison, and Danny E. Akin. "Prediction of Shive Content in Pilot Plant Processed Flax by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 12, no. 4 (2004): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.432.

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Луговой, Ю. В., К. В. Чалов, А. В. Быков, Ю. Ю. Косивцов, and М. Г. Сульман. "MODIFIED ALUMINOSILICATE CATALYSTS FOR THE CRACKING OF VOLATILE PRODUCTS OF THE FAST PYROLYSIS OF PLANT BIOMASS WASTES." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 2(52) (July 5, 2023): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2023.2.3.

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В работе представлены результаты исследования модифицированных кобальтосодержащих алюмосиликатных катализаторов в процессе крекинга летучих продуктов быстрого пиролиза костры льна. Выполнено исследование влияния синтезированных катализаторов на конверсию, состав газообразных и жидких продуктов. Представлены результаты исследования процессов коксообразования на катализаторах, а также изучена возможность регенерации отработанных каталитических систем. The paper presents the results of a study of modified cobalt-containing aluminosilicate catalysts in the process of cracking volatile products of

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38

Khazma, Mahmoud, Adeline Goullieux, Rose Marie Dheilly, Boubker Laidoudi, and Michèle Queneudec. "Impact of aggregate coating with a PEC elastomer on properties of lightweight flax shive concrete." Industrial Crops and Products 33, no. 1 (2011): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.08.005.

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39

Cox, M., E I EI-Shafey, A A Pichugin, and Q. Appleton. "Preparation and characterisation of a carbon adsorbent from flax shive by dehydration with sulfuric acid." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 74, no. 11 (1999): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199911)74:11<1019::aid-jctb152>3.0.co;2-n.

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40

Cox, M., E?I El-Shafey, A?A Pichugin, and Q. Appleton. "Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solution on a carbonaceous sorbent prepared from flax shive." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 75, no. 6 (2000): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4660(200006)75:6<427::aid-jctb244>3.0.co;2-n.

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41

Klasson, K. Thomas, Lynda H. Wartelle, Isabel M. Lima, Wayne E. Marshall, and Danny E. Akin. "Activated carbons from flax shive and cotton gin waste as environmental adsorbents for the chlorinated hydrocarbon trichloroethylene." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 21 (2009): 5045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.068.

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42

Islomov, S., R. Marupov, R. G. Zhbankov, P. Kh Bobodzhanov, L. V. Zabelin, and G. N. Marchenko. "Investigation of the structural properties of nitrates based on cellulose from flax shive by the method of spin markers." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 45, no. 4 (1986): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00663597.

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43

Koksharov, S. A., O. V. Lepilova, and S. V. Aleeva. "Differentiated Evaluation of the Sorption Activity of Biomodified Flax Shive Polymers in Relation to Phenol Vapor and meta-Cresol." Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 59, no. 3 (2023): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070205123700387.

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44

Wang, Lijuan, and Jian Li. "Adsorption of C.I. Reactive Red 228 dye from aqueous solution by modified cellulose from flax shive: Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics." Industrial Crops and Products 42 (March 2013): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.031.

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45

El-Shafey, E. I. "Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on a carbon sorbent chemically prepared from flax shive via the reaction with sulphuric acid." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 107 (May 2003): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20030330.

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46

Prusov, A. N., S. M. Prusova, M. V. Radugin, and A. V. Bazanov. "Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from flax shive by NH₄NO₃ and NH₄Cl activation." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 30, no. 1 (2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2021.1989413.

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47

Czemplik, Magdalena, Urszula Korzun-Chłopicka, Michał Szatkowski, Magdalena Działo, Jan Szopa, and Anna Kulma. "Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Flax Shives and Their Effect on Human Fibroblasts." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3526392.

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The goal of this study was to evaluate the most effective technique for extraction of phenolics present in flax shives and to assess their effect on human fibroblasts. Flax shives are by-products of fibre separation, but they were found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds and thus might have application potential. It was found that the optimal procedure for extraction of phenolics was hydrolysis enhanced by the ultrasound with NaOH for 24 h at 65°C and subsequent extraction with ethyl acetate. The influence of the flax shives extract on fibroblast growth and viability was assessed using

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48

Brachelet, Franck, Mounir Asli, Emmanuel Antczak, Flore Brue, Didier Defer, and Alain Lucas. "Hygrothermal behaviour of flax shives used as insulation material in an attic of a traditional house." MATEC Web of Conferences 307 (2020): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701017.

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Western Europe area is one of the world regions where traditionally flax is grown. Whether in France or Belgium, flax is mainly used for the production of fabrics. When separating the different components of the plant, small woody elements called shives which represented about 50% of the production, are recovered. This work aims to study the behavior of flax shives used as insulation material in an attic of a French Flanders traditional house. Main scientific issues related to the study of heat and mass transfer is to determine the evolution of the thermal characteristics of the material and i

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49

Makarov, Igor S., Lyudmila K. Golova, Alexander G. Smyslov, Markel I. Vinogradov, Ekaterina E. Palchikova, and Sergei A. Legkov. "Flax Noils as a Source of Cellulose for the Production of Lyocell Fibers." Fibers 10, no. 5 (2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10050045.

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The production of long flax fiber for the subsequent production of textile yarn is accompanied by the formation of a significant amount of waste—noils, which is a mechanical mixture of long and short flax fibers and shives. Comparative studies of the structure and chemical composition of the fibrous fraction of noils and shives were carried out using IR spectroscopy. The solubility of shives and flax noils in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was studied, a comparative analysis of the rheological behavior of solutions of flax and wood cellulose was carried out and the optimal temperature–conce

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50

Verstraete, Sofie, Bart Buffel, Dharmjeet Madhav, Stijn Debruyne, and Frederik Desplentere. "Short Flax Fibres and Shives as Reinforcements in Bio Composites: A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties." Polymers 15, no. 10 (2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102239.

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The complete flax stem, which contains shives and technical fibres, has the potential to reduce the cost, energy consumption and environmental impacts of the composite production process if used directly as reinforcement in a polymer matrix. Earlier studies have utilised flax stem as reinforcement in non-bio-based and non-biodegradable matrices not completely exploiting the bio-sourced and biodegradable nature of flax. We investigated the potential of using flax stem as reinforcement in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to produce a lightweight, fully bio-based composite with improved mechanical

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