Статті в журналах: "Friction modulation"

1

Gueorguiev, David, Eric Vezzoli, André Mouraux, Betty Lemaire-Semail, and Jean-Louis Thonnard. "The tactile perception of transient changes in friction." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 137 (December 2017): 20170641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0641.

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When we touch an object or explore a texture, frictional strains are induced by the tactile interactions with the surface of the object. Little is known about how these interactions are perceived, although it becomes crucial for the nascent industry of interactive displays with haptic feedback (e.g. smartphones and tablets) where tactile feedback based on friction modulation is particularly relevant. To investigate the human perception of frictional strains, we mounted a high-fidelity friction modulating ultrasonic device on a robotic platform performing controlled rubbing of the fingertip and asked participants to detect induced decreases of friction during a forced-choice task. The ability to perceive the changes in friction was found to follow Weber's Law of just noticeable differences, as it consistently depended on the ratio between the reduction in tangential force and the pre-stimulation tangential force. The Weber fraction was 0.11 in all conditions demonstrating a very high sensitivity to transient changes in friction. Humid fingers experienced less friction reduction than drier ones for the same intensity of ultrasonic vibration but the Weber fraction for detecting changes in friction was not influenced by the humidity of the skin.

2

Karuppiah, K. S. Kanaga, Yibo Zhou, L. Keith Woo, and Sriram Sundararajan. "Nanoscale Friction Switches: Friction Modulation of Monomolecular Assemblies Using External Electric Fields." Langmuir 25, no. 20 (October 20, 2009): 12114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la901221g.

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3

Yeung, Chi Shing, Yang Yang, Hanheng Du, Jianjian Wang, and Ping Guo. "Friction reduction performance of microstructured surfaces generated by nonresonant modulation cutting." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 12 (August 27, 2018): 4120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218796033.

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Microstructured surfaces can reduce friction force between two contact pairs in relative motion under hydrodynamic contact. In this study, we evaluate the friction reduction performance of microdimpled surfaces with different cross-sectional profiles generated by nonresonant modulation cutting. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was conducted to simulate the friction reduction effect between surfaces with lubricants. An elliptical modulation texturing method is introduced based on a two-dimensional nonresonant vibration tool, which could generate adjustable high-frequency elliptical tool trajectories. Different dimpled surfaces were generated using three types of tool trajectories. Their influence on the friction reduction and load-carrying capacity were experimentally studied and evaluated by comparing the simulation and experimental results.

4

Khamis, Heba, Hafiz Malik Naqash Afzal, Jennifer Sanchez, Richard Vickery, Michaël Wiertlewski, Stephen J. Redmond, and Ingvars Birznieks. "Friction sensing mechanisms for perception and motor control: passive touch without sliding may not provide perceivable frictional information." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00504.2020.

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This study contributes to understanding how frictional information is obtained and used by the brain. When the skin is contacting surfaces of identical topography but varying frictional properties, the deformation pattern is different; however, available sensory cues did not get translated into perception of frictional properties unless a sufficiently large lateral movement was present. These neurophysiological findings may inform how to design and operate haptic devices relying on friction modulation principles.

5

Agarwal, Sandeep. "Structural Morphing using Piezoelectric Modulation of Joint Friction." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 18, no. 4 (December 13, 2006): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x06066529.

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6

Liu, Xiaofei, Yao Li, and Wanlin Guo. "Friction Modulation via Photoexcitation in Two-Dimensional Materials." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 2910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20285.

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7

Wiertlewski, Michael, and J. Edward Colgate. "Power Optimization of Ultrasonic Friction-Modulation Tactile Interfaces." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2014.2362518.

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8

Choi, Jae Hyeok, Su Kyeong Kwan, Hui Eun Ko, Jeong Hyun Park, Dong Keun Kim, Hai Woong Park, and Arnaud Caron. "Effect of Normal Contact Vibration on Nano-Scale Friction." Lubricants 7, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7110099.

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In this work, we investigate the effect of contact vibration on the friction of sliding single asperity contacts of different adhesion strength over a wide range of load and vibration amplitude. We convert the amplitude of vibration to its equivalent modulation force and tip-oscillation velocity. We observe a logarithmic relationship between friction and the ratio of the modulation force to the normal force and between friction and the ratio of sliding velocity to the tip-oscillation velocity. We discuss these logarithmic dependencies based on an induced corrugation of the tip-sample interaction potential.

9

Li, Qiang, In Ho Cho, Rana Biswas, and Jaeyoun Kim. "Nanoscale Modulation of Friction and Triboelectrification via Surface Nanotexturing." Nano Letters 19, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04038.

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10

van Spengen, W. M., G. H. C. J. Wijts, V. Turq, and J. W. M. Frenken. "Microscale Friction Reduction by Normal Force Modulation in MEMS." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 24, no. 15-16 (January 2010): 2669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016942410x508226.

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11

Li, Qunyang, Yalin Dong, Ashlie Martini, and Robert W. Carpick. "Atomic Friction Modulation on the Reconstructed Au(111) Surface." Tribology Letters 43, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9824-4.

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12

Zhang, Wei, Andrew M. Gordon, Tara L. McIsaac, and Marco Santello. "Within-trial modulation of multi-digit forces to friction." Experimental Brain Research 211, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2628-9.

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13

Zhang, Tingjia, Lei Dong, Jie Wu, and Dejun Li. "Modulation Effect of Hardness on the Friction Coefficient and Its Mechanism Analysis of ZrB2/Mo Multilayers Synthesized by Magnetron Sputtering." Crystals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010069.

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ZrB2/Mo multilayers were prepared by the magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) and Al2O3 (001) substrates. The friction behavior and wear mechanism of the multilayers were tested at variable modulation ratios (tZrB2:tMo) of 1:1 to 8:1 at different temperatures. Under the influence of an effective modulation ratio and temperature, the friction coefficient and hardness of ZrB2/Mo multilayers showed an almost opposite change rule, that is, the higher the hardness, the lower the friction coefficient. The hardness and elastic modulus reached the maximum value (26.1 GPa and 241.99 GPa) at tZrB2:tMo = 5:1 and the corresponding friction coefficient was 0.86. Meanwhile, the hardness and average friction coefficient at 500 °C were, respectively, 8.9 GPa and 1.23. First-principles calculations of the interface model of ZrB2 (001)/Mo (110) showed that the ionic bonds and covalent bonds at the interface can effectively improve the viscosity of the multilayer and the stability of the interface, and thus increase the hardness. This also indicated that the variation of the friction coefficient was mainly determined by the stability of the interface in the ZrB2/Mo multilayers.

14

Nath, Jyayasi, and S. Chatterjee. "Nonlinear control of stick-slip oscillations by normal force modulation." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 8 (July 25, 2016): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316661046.

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The present paper investigates the efficacy of controlling friction induced vibration by normal load modulation. Friction-induced self-excited vibration, attributed to the low-velocity drooping characteristics of friction (Stribeck effect), is modelled by a mass-on-belt model where the normal force of the mass is being modulated based on the acceleration feedback followed by a second order filtering. Polynomial model is employed to study the friction phenomenon between the mass and the belt. The pole crossover design (to ensure faster transient and greater relative stability) is implemented to optimize the filter parameters with an independent choice of the belt velocity and control gain. These sets of optimized parameter values are then used to construct local stability boundaries in the plane of control parameters. Numerical simulations in a MATLAB SIMULINK model and bifurcation diagrams obtained in AUTO (while using belt velocity as the bifurcation parameter) indicate that a significantly small-amplitude limit cycle resulting from a supercritical Hopf bifurcation stabilizes the extreme low velocity region at higher values of the control gain. With the increase of the control gain the subcritical nature of Hopf bifurcation changes to a supercritical one. The efficacy of this optimization (based on numerical results) in the delicate low velocity region is also enclosed.

15

Cochard, A., L. Bureau, and T. Baumberger. "Stabilization of Frictional Sliding by Normal Load Modulation." Journal of Applied Mechanics 70, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1546241.

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This paper presents the stability analysis of a system sliding at low velocities (<100 μm⋅s−1) under a periodically modulated normal load, preserving interfacial contact. Experiments clearly evidence that normal vibrations generally stabilize the system against stick-slip oscillations, at least for a modulation frequency much larger than the stick-slip one. The mechanical model of L. Bureau, T. Baumberger, and C. Caroli validated on the steady-state response of the system, is used to map its stability diagram. The model takes explicitly into account the finite shear stiffness of the load-bearing asperities, in addition to a classical state and rate-dependent friction force. The numerical results are in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental data obtained from a multicontact frictional system between glassy polymer materials. Simulations at larger amplitude of modulation (typically 20 percent of the mean normal load) suggest that the nonlinear coupling between normal and sliding motion could have a destabilizing effect in restricted regions of the parameter space.

16

KAMAL, MOHAMAD HIDAYAD BIN AHMAD, NORAIHAN AFIQAH RAWI, ANATI AHMAD ALI, and SHARIDAN AHMAD SHAFIE. "THE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH THERMAL RADIATION AT A GENERAL STAGNATION POINT IN NANOFLUID UNDER MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT." Science Proceedings Series 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v1i2.634.

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The fundamental research near a boundary layer nanofluid flow at a stagnation point region with thermal radiation effect is conducted under microgravity environment. The mathematical formulation is modified from physical law to represent the physical characteristic of the flow and the system of the equation are solved numerically using Keller box method. The flow is analyzed in terms of physical quantities of principal interest such as skin friction and Nusset number. Parameters consider in this flow such as curvature ratio, amplitude of modulation, frequency of oscillation, nanoparticles volume friction and thermal radiation is analyzed numerically and presented graphically. From the analysis, g-jitter effect will produce a fluctuating result to the skin frictions and Nusset number indicate the singularity solution in the flow. The existing of nanoparticles and thermal radiation is found to increase the rate of heat transfer of the flow.

17

van Spengen, W. Merlijn, Viviane Turq, and Joost W. M. Frenken. "The description of friction of silicon MEMS with surface roughness: virtues and limitations of a stochastic Prandtl–Tomlinson model and the simulation of vibration-induced friction reduction." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 1 (December 22, 2010): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.1.20.

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We have replaced the periodic Prandtl–Tomlinson model with an atomic-scale friction model with a random roughness term describing the surface roughness of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices with sliding surfaces. This new model is shown to exhibit the same features as previously reported experimental MEMS friction loop data. The correlation function of the surface roughness is shown to play a critical role in the modelling. It is experimentally obtained by probing the sidewall surfaces of a MEMS device flipped upright in on-chip hinges with an AFM (atomic force microscope). The addition of a modulation term to the model allows us to also simulate the effect of vibration-induced friction reduction (normal-force modulation), as a function of both vibration amplitude and frequency. The results obtained agree very well with measurement data reported previously.

18

Ahmad Kamal, Mohamad Hidayad, Anati Ali, and Sharidan Shafie. "g-Jitter Free Convection Flow of Nanofluid in The Three-Dimensional Stagnation Point Region." MATEMATIKA 35, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v35.n2.1116.

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The three dimensional free convection boundary layer flow near a stagnation point region is embedded in viscous nanofluid with the effect of g-jitter is studied in this paper. Copper (Cu) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) types of water base nanofluid are cho- sen with the constant Prandtl number, Pr=6.2. Based on Tiwari-Das nanofluid model, the boundary layer equation used is converted into a non-dimensional form by adopting non- dimensional variables and is solved numerically by engaging an implicit finite-difference scheme known as Keller-box method. Behaviors of fluid flow such as skin friction and Nusset number are studied by the controlled parameters including oscillation frequency, amplitude of gravity modulation and nanoparticles volume fraction. The reduced skin friction and Nusset number are presented graphically and discussed for different values of principal curvatures ratio at the nodal point. The numerical results shows that, in- crement occurs in the values of Nusset number with the presence of solid nanoparticles together with the values of the skin friction. It is worth mentioning that for the plane stagnation point there is an absence of reduced skin friction along the y-direction where as for axisymmetric stagnation point, the reduced skin friction for both directions are the same. As nanoparticles volume fraction increased, the skin friction increased as well as the Nusset number. The results, indicated that skin frictions of copper are found higher than aluminium oxide.

19

VORONOVICH, VIACHESLAV V., VICTOR I. SHRIRA, and GARETH THOMAS. "Can bottom friction suppress ‘freak wave’ formation?" Journal of Fluid Mechanics 604 (May 14, 2008): 263–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008001171.

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The paper examines the effect of the bottom stress on the weakly nonlinear evolution of a narrow-band wave field, as a potential mechanism of suppression of ‘freak’ wave formation in water of moderate depth. Relying upon established experimental studies the bottom stress is modelled by the quadratic drag law with an amplitude/bottom roughness-dependent drag coefficient. The asymptotic analysis yields Davey–Stewartson-type equations with an added nonlinear complex friction term in the envelope equation. The friction leads to a power-law decay of the spatially uniform wave amplitude. It also affects the modulational (Benjamin–Feir) instability, e.g. alters the growth rates of sideband perturbations and the boundaries of the linearized stability domains in the modulation wavevector space. Moreover, the instability occurs only if the amplitude of the background wave exceeds a certain threshold. Since the friction is nonlinear and increases with wave amplitude, its effect on the formation of nonlinear patterns is more dramatic. Numerical experiments show that even when the friction is small compared to the nonlinear term, it hampers formation of the Akhmediev/Ma-type breathers (believed to be weakly nonlinear ‘prototypes’ of freak waves) at the nonlinear stage of instability. The specific predictions for a particular location depend on the bottom roughness ks in addition to the water depth and wave field characteristics.

20

Liu, Yilun, Luming Shen, and Quanshui Zheng. "ATOMIC-SCALE FRICTION MODULATION BY ACTUATING SUBSTRATE SUB-NANOMETER VIBRATION." International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering 11, no. 1 (2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjmultcompeng.2012003170.

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21

Gershenzon, Naum I., Gust Bambakidis, and Thomas E. Skinner. "Sine–Gordon modulation solutions: Application to macroscopic non-lubricant friction." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 333 (October 2016): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2016.01.004.

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22

Moscoso, Wilfredo, Efe Olgun, W. Dale Compton, and Srinivasan Chandrasekar. "Effect of Low-Frequency Modulation on Lubrication of Chip-Tool Interface in Machining." Journal of Tribology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1829720.

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A study has been made of the effect of an externally imposed, low-frequency modulation ⩽100Hz on the action of a fluid in machining. It is shown that in conventional machining, fluid action in terms of lubrication is essentially confined to the edges of the chip-tool contact along the tool rake face, with little or no change in the friction condition over much of this face. However, the effectiveness of the lubricating action is significantly enhanced when a controlled low-frequency modulation of sufficient amplitude, such as to break the chip-tool contact, is imposed in the direction of cutting. Measurements show that the friction coefficient between tool and chip is reduced by a factor of up to three in the presence of such a modulation. The extent of the secondary deformation zone in the chip material close to the rake face is also significantly reduced. Direct observations of the tool rake face show that when the modulation is applied, the fluid penetrates into much of the intimate contact region between chip and tool.

23

Wei, Wen Hui, Lai Gan, Meng Fei Hu, and Jian Wang. "A Modified Pall-Typed Friction Damper for Vibration Control in Series Compensation Platform Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.633.

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Based on the characteristics of series compensation platform structure, a method of installing modified Pall-typed friction dampers for seismic passive control was proposed. Compared with the conventional , the modified Pall-typed friction damper has the same effect on energy dissipation, and it is superior in imposing pretension at both ends and saving friction materials. The equations of relation between brace displacement and internal force of the modified Pall-typed friction damper were derived. Besides, the time-history analysis method for seismic responses of series compensation platform structures with modified Pall-typed friction dampers was established, and a sine amplitude-modulation wave train was applied to analyzing the dynamic responses of these structures. The results show that, the displacement of the series compensation platform structures with modified Pall-typed friction dampers decrease to some extent. The seismic control is effective.

24

Kudryavtsev, V. N. "The coupling of wind and internal waves: modulation and friction mechanisms." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 278 (November 10, 1994): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094003605.

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The interaction between internal waves (IW) and wind waves (WW) is studied. Three types of interaction are considered: spontaneous IW generation by a random field of WWs, and two feedback mechanisms - modulation and friction.The latter mechanism has not been studied before. Its influence on the IW-WW coupling is of primary importance. The modulation and friction mechanisms result in exponential attenuation of the IWs. Attenuation of IWs propagating against wind is the strongest. The IW attenuation has a dimensionless decrement of order 10-3, whereas for storm winds it attains the value of 10-2. Joint action of the spontaneous generation of IWs and their attenuation due to feedback mechanisms permits a stationary ‘wind-IW’ spectrum to exist. For strong winds the ‘wind-IW’ energy is of order 105 erg cm-2. The effect of IWs on currents in the ocean's upper layer is considered. Momentum and energy lost by IWs due to their interaction with WWs generates inertial oscillations. Under the attenuation of intensive IWs, the amplitude of inertial oscillations may be compared with the background Ekman current.

25

Petzold, Christiane, Marcus Koch, and Roland Bennewitz. "Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO x /Si/Au system." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (June 5, 2018): 1647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.157.

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Friction force microscopy was performed with oxidized or gold-coated silicon tips sliding on Au(111) or oxidized Si(100) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. We measured very low friction forces compared to adhesion forces and found a modulation of lateral forces reflecting the atomic structure of the surfaces. Holding the force-microscopy tip stationary for some time did not lead to an increase in static friction, i.e., no contact ageing was observed for these pairs of tip and surface. Passivating layers from tip or surface were removed in order to allow for contact ageing through the development of chemical bonds in the static contact. After removal of the passivating layers, tribochemical reactions resulted in strong friction forces and tip wear. Friction, wear, and the re-passivation by oxides are discussed based on results for the temporal development of friction forces, on images of the scanned area after friction force microscopy experiments, and on electron microscopy of the tips.

26

Sengupta, Sanjib, and Reshmi Deb. "Gravitation modulation impact on MHD free convection flow of micropolar fluid." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v17i2.41742.

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In this paper, a theoretical study is carried out on unsteady three dimensional, laminar, free convective flow of micropolar fluid with Hall effect, Joule heating and heat sink under gravitation modulation. A uniform transverse magnetic field is applied normal to the plate along the fluid region. The magnetic Reynolds number is considered to be small due to incomparability of applied and induced magnetic field, as such the influence of induced magnetic field can be neglected. The multi parameter perturbation technique is used to solve the governed dimensionless equations. The fluid velocity profile, temperature profile and the concentration profiles are discussed with the aid of graphs and tables. The coefficient of skin friction and couple stresses are numerically computed in addition to Nusselt number and Sherwood number. The result reveals that the linear velocity increases due to escalation in gravitation modulation parameter values but for intensification in values of gravitation modulation parameter, a reverse effect is observed for the rotational velocity. A comparative analysis shows that the skin friction coefficient is less in micropolar fluid than the corresponding Newtonian fluids.

27

Zheng, Wenwei, David de Sancho, and Robert B. Best. "Modulation of Folding Internal Friction by Local and Global Barrier Heights." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7, no. 6 (March 7, 2016): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00329.

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28

Li, Qiang, In Ho Cho, Rana Biswas, and Jaeyoun Kim. "Correction to Nanoscale Modulation of Friction and Triboelectrification via Surface Nanotexturing." Nano Letters 19, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01342.

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29

Glinsek, Sebastjan, Mohamed Aymen Mahjoub, Matthieu Rupin, Tony Schenk, Nicolas Godard, Stéphanie Girod, Jean‐Baptiste Chemin, et al. "Fully Transparent Friction‐Modulation Haptic Device Based on Piezoelectric Thin Film." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 36 (July 2, 2020): 2003539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202003539.

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30

Bilaloglu, Seda, Ying Lu, Daniel Geller, John Ross Rizzo, Viswanath Aluru, Esther P. Gardner, and Preeti Raghavan. "Effect of blocking tactile information from the fingertips on adaptation and execution of grip forces to friction at the grasping surface." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2015.

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Adaptation of fingertip forces to friction at the grasping surface is necessary to prevent use of inadequate or excessive grip forces. In the current study we investigated the effect of blocking tactile information from the fingertips noninvasively on the adaptation and efficiency of grip forces to surface friction during precision grasp. Ten neurologically intact subjects grasped and lifted an instrumented grip device with 18 different frictional surfaces under three conditions: with bare hands or with a thin layer of plastic (Tegaderm) or an additional layer of foam affixed to the fingertips. The coefficient of friction at the finger-object interface of each surface was obtained for each subject with bare hands and Tegaderm by measuring the slip ratio (grip force/load force) at the moment of slip. We found that the foam layer reduced sensibility for two-point discrimination and pressure sensitivity at the fingertips, but Tegaderm did not. However, Tegaderm reduced static, but not dynamic, tactile discrimination. Adaptation of fingertip grip forces to surface friction measured by the rate of change of peak grip force, and grip force efficiency measured by the grip-load force ratio at lift, showed a proportional relationship with bare hands but were impaired with Tegaderm and foam. Activation of muscles engaged in precision grip also varied with the frictional surface with bare hands but not with Tegaderm and foam. The results suggest that sensitivity for static tactile discrimination is necessary for feedforward and feedback control of grip forces and for adaptive modulation of muscle activity during precision grasp.

31

Laudadio, Rachel E., Emil J. Millet, Ben Fabry, Steven S. An, James P. Butler, and Jeffrey J. Fredberg. "Rat airway smooth muscle cell during actin modulation: rheology and glassy dynamics." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 289, no. 6 (December 2005): C1388—C1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2005.

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Although changes of cytoskeleton (CSK) stiffness and friction can be induced by diverse interventions, all mechanical changes reported to date can be scaled onto master relationships that appear to be universal. To assess the limits of the applicability of those master relationships, we focused in the present study on actin and used a panel of actin-manipulating drugs that is much wider than any used previously. We focused on the cultured rat airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell as a model system. Cells were treated with agents that directly modulate the polymerization (jasplakinolide, cytochalasin D, and latrunculin A), branching (genistein), and cross linking (phallacidin and phalloidin oleate) of the actin lattice. Contractile (serotonin, 5-HT) and relaxing (dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, DBcAMP) agonists and a myosin inhibitor (ML-7) were also tested for comparison, because these agents may change the structure of actin indirectly. Using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, we measured elastic and frictional moduli before and after treatment with each agent. Stiffness increased with frequency as a weak power law, and changes of friction paralleled those of stiffness until they approached a Newtonian viscous limit. Despite large differences in the mechanism of action among the interventions, all data collapsed onto master curves that depended on a single parameter. In the context of soft glassy systems, that parameter would correspond to an effective temperature of the cytoskeletal matrix and reflect the effects of molecular crowding and associated molecular trapping. These master relationships demonstrate that when the mechanical properties of the cell change, they are constrained to do so along a special trajectory. Because mechanical characteristics of the cell shadow underlying molecular events, these results imply special constraints on the protein-protein interactions that dominate CSK mechanical properties.

32

Negrov, Dmitriy A. "Improvement of Pressing Technology of Products from Polytetrafluoroethylene." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 14, no. 5 (August 2001): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-0333.

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The development of new methods for obtaining materials with predetermined operational properties that ensure the durability and the wear resistance of friction units is an urgent problem in modern material science. The article considers the effect of ultrasonic pressing modes with simultaneously superimposed low-frequency amplitude modulation on the mechanical and tribotechnical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene. The comparison of the obtained research results of the new technology is carried out with the traditional pressing technology. The results of studies indicated that the technology of ultrasonic pressing with the simultaneous application of low-frequency amplitude modulation makes it possible to increase the mechanical properties of PTFE: the tensile strength by 15 %, elongation by 13 %, the elastic modulus by 8 %, the hardness by 12 %, while the intensity of the mass wear rate is reduced by 40 %, and the coefficient of friction by 27 %

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Ayyildiz, Mehmet, Michele Scaraggi, Omer Sirin, Cagatay Basdogan, and Bo N. J. Persson. "Contact mechanics between the human finger and a touchscreen under electroadhesion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 50 (November 27, 2018): 12668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811750115.

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The understanding and control of human skin contact against technological substrates is the key aspect behind the design of several electromechanical devices. Among these, surface haptic displays that modulate the friction between the human finger and touch surface are emerging as user interfaces. One such modulation can be achieved by applying an alternating voltage to the conducting layer of a capacitive touchscreen to control electroadhesion between its surface and the finger pad. However, the nature of the contact interactions between the fingertip and the touchscreen under electroadhesion and the effects of confined material properties, such as layering and inelastic deformation of the stratum corneum, on the friction force are not completely understood yet. Here, we use a mean field theory based on multiscale contact mechanics to investigate the effect of electroadhesion on sliding friction and the dependency of the finger–touchscreen interaction on the applied voltage and other physical parameters. We present experimental results on how the friction between a finger and a touchscreen depends on the electrostatic attraction between them. The proposed model is successfully validated against full-scale (but computationally demanding) contact mechanics simulations and the experimental data. Our study shows that electroadhesion causes an increase in the real contact area at the microscopic level, leading to an increase in the electrovibrating tangential frictional force. We find that it should be possible to further augment the friction force, and thus the human tactile sensing, by using a thinner insulating film on the touchscreen than used in current devices.

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Yan, Hongjuan, Qinye Tian, Fengbin Liu, Lina Si, Zhaoliang Dou, and Shuting Zhang. "Microstructure and Properties of TiSiN/AlN with Different Modulation Periods." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 20, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6340159.

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TiSiN/AlN nanomultilayers with different thicknesses of AlN layer were deposited on 304 stainless steel by magnetron sputtering system. X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation tester, atomic force microscopy, and friction wear tester were used to characterize microstructure and properties of TiSiN/AlN nanomultilayers. The results show that TiSiN/AlN nanomultilayers are face-centered cubic structures and exhibit a strong preferred orientation on (200) plane. The diffraction peaks of TiSIN/AlN nanomultilayer shift to a small angle. When the thickness of the AlN layer is 2 nm, the peak is highest, and the shift degree is biggest. The alternating tension and compression stress fields are formed along the growth direction of TiSiN/AlN nanomultilayers and increase the strength of the namomultilayers. When the thickness of the AlN layer is 2 nm, the maximum hardness and Young’s modulus of TiSiN/AlN nanomultilayers are, respectively, 32.8 GPa and 472 GPa, and the smallest roughness is 33.4 nm. But the friction coefficient is smallest when the thickness of the AlN layer is 1.5 nm.

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Georgas, Nickitas. "Large Seasonal Modulation of Tides due to Ice Cover Friction in a Midlatitude Estuary*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 352–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-063.1.

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Abstract Seasonal episodes of significant tidal damping (reductions of tidal amplitudes as much as 50%) and tidal modulation were observed in the Hudson River estuary in the course of three consecutive winters from multiple tide gages. Through comparisons with United States Coast Guard ice reports, it was hypothesized that these events correspond with an increase in ice concentration and the development of a seasonal ice field within the upper 170 km of the tidal Hudson north of Peekskill, New York. Using stationary (tidal harmonic) and nonstationary (wavelet) analyses as well as numerical modeling, it is shown that under-ice friction is the primary cause of the observed modulations in tidal circulation (water levels and currents) throughout the 240-km-long estuary. Upstream of the ice field edge at Peekskill, depth-averaged tidal currents are greatly reduced under the ice cover through first-order damping, and vertical current profiles under the ice become parabolic. Tidal ranges increase near the edge of the ice field, and, south of that, on Manhattan’s western shores, currents increase because of tidal wave reflection. These amplified currents create stronger vertical mixing leading to a less stratified estuary and decreasing salt front intrusion. At the other end, near Troy, tidal flows become smaller relative to the river’s streamflow, leading to increased ebb predominance and ebb-directed flows down to the port of Albany. Also, the increased friction leads to a higher sea level setup there. During such episodes, astronomical tide–based and operational forecast model predictions that neglected ice are severely compromised.

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Fang, Liang, Da-Meng Liu, Jun Shi, Hua Pang, Jian-Bin Luo, and Shi-Zhu Wen. "Electrical friction modulation on MoS2 using electron beam radiation without electrostatic interactions." Nanotechnology 31, no. 7 (November 20, 2019): 075703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab50d9.

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Vezzoli, Eric, Wael Ben Messaoud, Michel Amberg, Frederic Giraud, Betty Lemaire-Semail, and Marie-Ange Bueno. "Physical and Perceptual Independence of Ultrasonic Vibration and Electrovibration for Friction Modulation." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2015.2430353.

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Yamanaka, Kazushi, and Eisuke Tomita. "Lateral Force Modulation Atomic Force Microscope for Selective Imaging of Friction Forces." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1995): 2879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.34.2879.

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39

Marin, J. L., M. Huerta, and J. Muñz. "Modulation of Molecular Friction in Actomyosin Complex by an External Electric Field." Journal of Theoretical Biology 167, no. 2 (March 1994): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1994.1061.

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40

Rykov, Sergey Alekseevich, Irina Kudryavtseva, and Sergey Vladimirovich Rykov. "VIBRATION MODULATION CAUSES AT ROTATION FREQUENCY IN ROTARY MACHINES." Akustika 32 (March 1, 2019): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika201932151.

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The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the modulation of vibrations of rotary machines have been presented at rotation frequency. It has been shown that at the rotation frequency, the possible causes of the origin of the “side” spectral discrete components are the presence of a clearance and friction in bearing units. On the basis of the data obtained in the mathematical model, the diagnostic methods of the quality of functioning the bearing unit of rotary mechanisms are proposed.

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Agostini, Lionel, and Michael Leschziner. "The connection between the spectrum of turbulent scales and the skin-friction statistics in channel flow at." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 871 (May 17, 2019): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.297.

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Data from a direct numerical simulation for channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of 1000 are analysed to derive statistical properties that offer insight into the mechanisms by which large-scale structures in the log-law region affect the small-scale turbulence field close to the wall and the statistical skin-friction properties. The data comprise full-volume velocity fields at 150 time levels separated by 50 wall-scaled viscous time units. The scales are separated into wavelength bands by means of the ‘empirical mode decomposition’, of which the two lowest modes are considered to represent the small scales and three upper modes to represent the large scales. Joint and conditional probability density functions are then derived for various scale-specific statistics, with particular emphasis placed on the streamwise and shear stresses conditional on the large-scale fluctuations of the skin friction, generally referred to as ‘footprinting’. Statistics for the small-scale stresses, conditional on the footprints, allow the amplification and attenuation of the small-scale skin friction, generally referred to as ‘modulation’, to be quantified in dependence on the footprints. The analysis leads to the conclusion that modulation does not reflect a direct interaction between small scales and large scales, but arises from variations in shear-induced production that arise from corresponding changes in the conditional velocity profile. This causal relationship also explains the wall-normal change in sign in the correlation between large scales and small scales at a wall-scaled wall distance of approximately 100. The effects of different scales on the skin friction are investigated by means of two identities that describe the relationship between the shear-stress components and the skin friction, one identity based on integral momentum and the other on energy production/dissipation. The two identities yield significant differences in the balance of scale-specific contributions, and the origins of these differences are discussed.

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Bergmann Tiest, Wouter M., and Astrid M. L. Kappers. "The influence of visual and haptic material information on early grasping force." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181563.

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In this paper, we assess the importance of visual and haptic information about materials for scaling the grasping force when picking up an object. We asked 12 participants to pick up and lift objects with six different textures, either blindfolded or with visual information present. We measured the grip force and estimated the load force from the object’s weight and vertical acceleration. The coefficient of friction of the materials was measured separately. Already at an early phase in the grasp (before lift-off), the grip force correlated highly with the textures’ static coefficient of friction. However, no strong influence on the presence of visual information was found. We conclude that the main mechanism for modulation of grip force in the early phase of grasping is the real-time sensation of the texture’s friction.

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DONG, L., G. Q. LIU, Y. D. SUN, M. Y. LIU, and D. J. LI. "EFFECT OF DEPOSITION PARAMETERS ON STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TiB2/Si3N4 NANO MULTILAYERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 01n02 (January 20, 2010): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921006396x.

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TiB 2/ Si 3 N 4 nano multilayers have been synthesized under different deposition parameters related to substrate by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). XRD, Nano indenter, profiler, and multi-functional tester for material surface properties were used to characterize the microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayers. The results indicated a well-defined composition modulation and layer structure of the multilayers. To the multilayers with constant modulation ratio of 15.4:1 and modulation period of 11.8 nm, the multilayer deposited on Al 2 O 3(111) substrate with 38 nm-thick Ti buffer layer at deposition temperature of 225°C revealed the highest hardness (37.4 GPa) and elastic modulus. This hardest multilayer also showed the improved residual stress, friction coefficient, and fracture resistance.

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Dublanchet, P. "Seismicity modulation in a 3-D rate-and-state interacting fault population model." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1804–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac023.

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SUMMARY Seismicity rate is sometimes observed to correlate with periodic stress oscillations, such as seasonal changes in hydrological loads, or solid-earth and oceanic tidal stresses. However, seismicity modulation is far from being systematic, often weak and the mechanical control is not yet fully understood. Here, a 3-D interacting fault population loaded by a periodic stress has been studied. For that a new earthquake simulator coupling rate-and-state friction and 3-D quasi-dynamic elasticity has been developed, and used to explore the mechanical conditions leading to seismicity modulation. It is first shown that seismicity modulation is maximized when the amplitude of periodic loading stress approaches aσ, a being the viscous parameter of the rate-and-state friction and σ the normal stress in the earthquake source region. The mode of modulation is frequency dependent: short loading periods lead to a stress control (seismicity rate follows the Coulomb stress) while longer periods lead to stressing rate control (seismicity rate tracks Coulomb stressing rate variations). An analytical expression for the critical period Tc separating the two regimes is derived from Dieterich’s theory, showing a dependence of the transition on Coulomb stress amplitude. Finally, the average seismicity rate either scales exponentially with Coulomb stress (stress control), or linearly with Coulomb stressing rate (stressing rate control), as suggested by Dieterich’s theory. These features indicate that for the range of parameters explored, stress redistribution within the fault population is a second order effect in the seismicity modulation, which is primarily controlled by the properties of remote loading. This paper therefore confirms with numerical simulations the Coulomb stress and stressing rate control of seismicity rate, and the limited importance of stress redistribution in controlling earthquake production anticipated by previous theoretical studies.

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Wang, Zesong, Canxin Tian, Alexander Tolstogouzov, Feng Liang, Changwei Zou, Songquan Li, Sergey I. Gusev, et al. "Microstructure and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry of Hard/Lubricant Mo-Ti-Al-N Multilayered Coatings Prepared by Multi-Arc Ion Plating at Low Substrate Rotation." Coatings 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020101.

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To develop the hard and self-lubricating coatings applied for the industrial dry-cutting and die-casting machining tool fields, a series of MoTiAlN/MoN/Mo multilayered coatings were deposited on Si substrates under low substrate rotation by cathodic multi-arc ion plating. XRD, SEM, TEM, RBS, nanoindentation, and tribology tester were used to monitor the phase structure, morphology, component, nanohardness, and friction coefficient of the coatings. It was found that the coatings deposited at various substrate rotations comprised paramount cubic B1 structure TiAlN and Mo2N phases. The micrographs confirmed that the mean modulation period and total physical thickness of multilayered TiAlN/Mo2N coatings with a sharp interface fabricated at 2 revolutions per minute (rpm) were 26 nm and 1.15 μm. The mean nanohardness and friction coefficient were ca. 30 GPa and 0.4, respectively. RBS results along with the SIMNRA code allowed to estimate the total atomic concentrations and the physical thickness of individual sublayer as well as the modulation period of multilayered coatings, which demonstrated an efficiency of this approach for characterization of nano-multilayered structures.

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Zhang, Ping, Puyou Ying, Changhong Lin, Tao Yang, Jianbo Wu, Min Huang, Tianle Wang, Yihang Fang, and Vladimir Levchenko. "Effect of Modulation Periods on the Mechanical and Tribological Performance of MoS2–TiL/MoS2–TiH Multilayer Coatings." Coatings 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101230.

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MoS2–Ti coating is a widely used solid lubricant owing to its low friction coefficient. The mechanical and tribological performance of the coating can be further improved via introducing a multilayer structure, which is closely related to the modulation period and significantly affects the properties of the coating. Herein, the effect of two different modulation periods on the mechanical and tribological performance of the MoS2–TiL/MoS2–TiH multilayer coatings (where L and H represent low and high-powered sputtering of the titanium target) was studied. The performance of the coatings was found to depend on modulation periods of single layer thickness and thickness ratio, respectively. When the thickness ratio of MoS2–TiL layer to MoS2–TiH layer was fixed with different number of layers, the adverse effects of the interface outweighed the beneficial effect; thus, the mechanical and tribological performance of the multilayer coatings were improved with an increase in the single layer thickness. When the effect of the multilayer interfaces on the studied coatings was similar with the same number of layers, the MoS2–TiH layer had more impact on the hardness of the MoS2–TiL/MoS2–TiH multilayer coatings, whereas the MoS2–TiL layer substantially affected the adhesion properties, friction behavior and wear resistance. This study can provide a way to regulate coatings with different performance requirements via building different multilayer microstructures.

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Randow, Celso Von, Francisco Miranda, and Leonardo Deanne Abreu Sá. "LOW FREQUENCY MODULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER IN AMAZONIA." Ciência e Natura 38 (July 20, 2016): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20313.

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We investigate possible effects of modulation of the surface layer over Amazonian forest by motions that occur at time scales longer than the usual turbulent time scales (referred to as “low-frequency motions”). We present empirical evidence of their occurrence, possible influences on the turbulence structure in the surface layer and its effects on deviations of Monin-Obukhov Similarity theory predictions. To parameterize these effects, we estimate an ‘outer layer’ ‘fluctuating’ friction velocity (v*) as proposed by McNaughton (2006) to represent the additional energy transported down from the variable motions of the outer layer to the surface layer and study how frequently they could be significantly affecting the structure of surface layer. Based on analyses of scale variability of variances and covariances and relations with the parameterized v*, we propose that the relation between v* and u* could be used as an indicator of the strength of low frequency modulations in the region. We found that the ratio v*/u* is above 2 for roughly 50% of the unstable runs analyzed and it is likely that in these cases the surface layer is different from the textbook descriptions.

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Yamanaka, Kazushi. "Ultrasonic Force Microscopy." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 10 (October 1996): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400031626.

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As an imaging method of elastic properties and subsurface features on the microscopic scale, the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) provides spatial resolution comparable or superior to that of optical microscopes. Nondestructive evaluation methods of defects and elastic properties on the microscopic scale were developed by using the SAM, and they have been widely applied to various fields in science and technology. One major problem in acoustic microscopy is resolution. The best resolution of SAM with water as the coupling fluid has been 240 nm at a frequency of 4.4 GHz. At a more conventional frequency of 1 GHz, the resolution is about 1 μm. Therefore the resolution of SAM is not always sufficient for examining nanoscale defects and advanced micro/nanodevices.For materials characterization on the nanometer scale, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed and extended in order to observe elastic properties in force-modulation mode. In the force-modulation mode, the sample is vibrated, and the resultant cantilever-deflection vibration is measured and used to produce elasticity images of objects. The lateral force-modulation AFM can evaluate the friction force or the shear elasticity in real time. However in the force-modulation mode, it is difficult to analyze stiff objects such as metals and ceramics.When the sample is vertically vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies much higher than the cantilever resonance frequency, the tip cannot vibrate due to the inertia of the cantilever. However by modulating the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibration, deflection vibration of the cantilever at the modulation frequency is excited due to the rectifier effect of the nonlinear force curves. Based on the tip-sample indentation during ultrasonic vibration, we developed ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) for contact elasticity and subsurface imaging of rigid objects using a soft cantilever with a stiffness of the order of 0.1 N/m.

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I Putu Mahendra Putra, Made Hendra Satria Nugraha, and Ni Wayan Tianing. "Combined Deep Transverse Friction and Muscle Energy Technique on Mechanical Neck Pain: Article Review." Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51559/ptji.v1i1.5.

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Introduction: Since mechanical neck pain has become a common problem, physiotherapists’ role in reducing symptoms caused by mechanical neck pain varies such as muscle energy technique and deep transverse friction. Based on the references, mechanical neck pain defined as a condition non-radicular or local pain which increased pain intensity during movement. The study aims to understand whether deep transverse friction and muscle energy technique are effective to reduce pain the mechanical neck pain.Method: The study used the secondary data through article review which focuses on the journals and articles related to the muscle energy technique and deep transverse friction in the mechanical neck pain. Results: The application and method of muscle energy technique are aimed at normalizing the structure of dysfunctional tissue, such as the shortening of muscles, which indirectly gives a direct effect on the joint. It is suggested as a method to improve the mobility of the joint. Besides, to reduce pain through pain modulation, deep transverse friction was applicable to provide it at the level of the supra-spinal to release endorphins, enkephaline, and cortisol. Conclusion: Either muscle energy technique or deep transverse friction are shown a good effect to reduce pain, neck disability, and increase ROM of the cervical joint in patients with mechanical neck pain. Besides, deep transverse friction has also reducing spasm/tightness at the cervical joint level in patients with mechanical neck pain.

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André, T., P. Lefèvre, and J.-L. Thonnard. "Fingertip Moisture Is Optimally Modulated During Object Manipulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (January 2010): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00901.2009.

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Coordination between the normal force exerted by fingers on a held object and the tangential constraints at the fingertips helps to successfully manipulate objects. It is well established that the minimal grip force required to prevent an object from slipping strongly depends on the frictional properties at the finger–object interface. Moreover, interindividual variation in the modulation of grip force suggests that the moisture level of the skin could influence grip force strategy. In the present study we asked subjects to perform a horizontal point-to-point task holding an object with a precision grip. The object was equipped with a moisture sensor. We found large inter- and intraindividual moisture level variations. There was a strong correlation between grip force exerted and moisture level at the fingertips. Indeed, the grip force was minimal when the fingertip moisture was optimal with respect to friction. Furthermore, fingertip moisture tended toward this optimal level at which grip force is minimal. In conclusion, we showed a modulation of the grip force with moisture level and hypothesized novel mechanisms of moisture regulation that tend to stabilize the moisture level toward the value that minimizes grip force.

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