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Готові списки джерел за темами / Gas oxidations

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Gas oxidations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 вересня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

Korbutowicz, R., and A. Zakrzewski. "Preliminary comparison of three processes of AlN oxidation: dry, wet and mixed ones." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0010.

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AbstractThree methods of AlN layers oxidation: dry, wet and mixed (wet with oxygen) were compared. Some physical parameters of oxidized thin films of aluminum nitride (AlN) layers grown on silicon Si(1 1 1) were investigated by means Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE). Three series of the thermal oxidations processes were carried out at 1012 °C in pure nitrogen as carrying gas and various gas ambients: (a) dry oxidation with oxygen, (b) wet oxidation with water steam and (c) mixed atmosphere with various process times. All the research methods have shown that along with the rising of the oxidation time, AlN layer across the aluminum oxide nitride transforms to aluminum oxide. The mixed oxidation was a faster method than the dry or wet ones.

2

Akram, Adeeba, Simon J. Freakley, Christian Reece, Marco Piccinini, Greg Shaw, Jennifer K. Edwards, Frédérique Desmedt, et al. "Gas phase stabiliser-free production of hydrogen peroxide using supported gold–palladium catalysts." Chemical Science 7, no. 9 (2016): 5833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc01332e.

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Gas phase hydrogen peroxide is postulated to be a key intermediate in many gas phase oxidations. Using Au–Pd catalysts we show it is possible to synthesise H₂O₂ in the gas phase from H₂ and O₂.

3

Yoon, Tae-Ung, Sol Ahn, Ah-Reum Kim, Justin M. Notestein, Omar K. Farha, and Youn-Sang Bae. "Cyclohexene epoxidation with H2O2 in the vapor and liquid phases over a vanadium-based metal–organic framework." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 14 (2020): 4580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00833h.

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4

Pârvulescu, V., V. I. Pârvulescu, G. Popescu, A. Julbe, C. Guizard, and L. Cot. "Gas-solid oxidations with RuO2TiO2 and RuO2SiO2 membranes." Catalysis Today 25, no. 3-4 (August 1995): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00120-5.

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5

Balakotaiah, Vemuri, and David H. West. "Thermal effects and bifurcations in gas phase catalytic partial oxidations." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 5 (August 2014): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2014.05.002.

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6

Brönstrup, Mark, Detlef Schröder, and Helmut Schwarz. "Oxidative dealkylation of aromatic amines by "bare" FeO+ in the gas phase." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1999): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-065.

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The gas-phase oxidations of aniline, N-methylaniline, and N,N-dimethylaniline by FeO+ cation are examined by using mass spectrometric techniques. Although bare FeO+ is capable of hydroxylating aromatic CH bonds, the fate of the oxidation of arylamines is determined by docking of the FeO+ unit at nitrogen. The major reactions of the metastable aniline/FeO+ complex are losses of molecular hydrogen, ammonia, and water, all involving at least one N-H proton. N-alkylation results in a complete shift of the course of the reaction. The unimolecular processes observed can be regarded as initial steps of an oxidative dealkylation of the amines mediated by FeO+. More detailed mechanistic insight is obtained by examining the CH(D) bond activation of N-methyl-N-([D3]-methyl)aniline by bare and ligated FeO+ species. The gas-phase reactions of FeO+ with methylanilines show some similarities to the enzymatic dealkylation of amines by cytochrome P-450. The kinetic isotope effects observed experimentally suggest an electron transfer mechanism for the gas-phase reaction.Key words: mass spectrometry, gas-phase chemistry, iron, dealkylation, N,N-dimethylaniline.

7

Lawless, K. R., J. V. Cathcart, and E. A. Kenik. "In situ oxidation of Ni3Al Alloys." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100104777.

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Ni3Al is subject to dynamic embrittlement when tested in an oxidizing environment; whereas pre-oxidation under stress does not embrittle the alloy. In situ HVEM oxidation studies of several ordered intermetallic (LI2 structure) Ni3Al alloys with small additions of boron and hafnium are reported. AEM studies of the oxidized specimens were also made to fully characterize the microstructure. Specimens were annealed and then electropolished to penetration just prior to insertion in the hot stage of the HVEM. Oxidations were carried out at an oxygen pressure of 13-60 mPa at 750°C. Gas pressure and composition were monitored with a residual gas analyzer. Specimens raised to the operating temperature in the base vacuum (∼0.2 mPa) showed no indication of oxide in the diffraction pattern and were almost entirely free of dislocations.Many of the features of different stages of the oxidation process are shown in Fig. 1. After two minutes exposure to oxygen, a thin, fine-grained, oriented, polycrystalline region of primarily γ-Al2O3 developed at the thinnest regions of the foil (Region A in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).

8

Papurello, Rocío L., Ana P. Cabello, María A. Ulla, Claudia A. Neyertz, and Juan M. Zamaro. "Microreactor with copper oxide nanostructured films for catalytic gas phase oxidations." Surface and Coatings Technology 328 (November 2017): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.066.

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9

Yoo, Jin S., Paul S. Lin, and Shari D. Elfline. "Gas-phase oxygen oxidations of alkylaromatics over CVD Fe/Mo/borosilicate molecular sieve. V. Para-selective oxidations of methylaromatics." Applied Catalysis A: General 124, no. 1 (March 1995): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(94)00255-x.

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10

Tuchida, K., Kessaraporn Wathanyu, and S. Surinphong. "Thermal Oxidation Behavior of TiAlCrSiN and AlCrTiN Films on HastelloyX." Advanced Materials Research 486 (March 2012): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.486.400.

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In this paper, the thermal oxidation behavior of TiAlCrSiN and AlCrTiN films coated on hastelloyX substrate, typically used for fuel nozzle in gas turbine engine application, have been studied. The thermal oxidation behavior at 950, 1050 and 1150 °C in controlled atmosphere were investigated. The surface appearance, microstructure, chemical composition and adhesion of films were investigated. The thermal oxidations were observed in all testing conditions showing oxide films at the surface with thicker oxide film at higher temperature. However, spalling of oxide scales was found in both coated and uncoated specimens at 1150°C suggesting the maximum working temperature of < 1150 °C for turbine engine applications. The critical loads corresponding to the full delamination of the thermal oxidation coated specimens were found to be higher than the non-thermal oxidation specimens. The effect of thermal oxidation on damage patterns during scratch tests, i.e. less chipping and cracking for thermal oxidation specimen, were also observed.

Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

Malibo, Petrus Molaoa. "Development of heterostructured tin oxide nanocatalysts for the synthesis of bio-based maleic acid." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8438.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Maleic acid (MA) is a key intermediate for the synthesis of polyester resins, surface coatings, lubricant additives, plasticizers, copolymers, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. The current industrial production of MA is an energy-intensive gas-phase oxidation process of n-butane. The dwindling fossil resources and environmental issues have brought about a worldwide paradigm shift from fossil feedstocks to biomass resources for the sustainable production of fuel and chemicals. Furfural (FFR) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are excellent biomass-derived platform chemicals, which present an alternative route for the production of renewable bio-based MA. There has been considerable success achieved in the oxidation of furfural and HMF to maleic acid and maleic anhydride with different catalysts in recent years.

2

Luciani, Silvia <1981&gt. "Structural changes and dynamic behaviour of vanadium oxide-based catalysts for gas-phase selective oxidations." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1724/.

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Selective oxidation is one of the simplest functionalization methods and essentially all monomers used in manufacturing artificial fibers and plastics are obtained by catalytic oxidation processes. Formally, oxidation is considered as an increase in the oxidation number of the carbon atoms, then reactions such as dehydrogenation, ammoxidation, cyclization or chlorination are all oxidation reactions. In this field, most of processes for the synthesis of important chemicals used vanadium oxide-based catalysts. These catalytic systems are used either in the form of multicomponent mixed oxides and oxysalts, e.g., in the oxidation of n-butane (V/P/O) and of benzene (supported V/Mo/O) to maleic anhydride, or in the form of supported metal oxide, e.g., in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride by o-xylene oxidation, of sulphuric acid by oxidation of SO2, in the reduction of NOx with ammonia and in the ammoxidation of alkyl aromatics. In addition, supported vanadia catalysts have also been investigated for the oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins , oxidation of pentane to maleic anhydride and the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde or methyl formate [1]. During my PhD I focused my work on two gas phase selective oxidation reactions. The work was done at the Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials (University of Bologna) in collaboration with Polynt SpA. Polynt is a leader company in the development, production and marketing of catalysts for gas-phase oxidation. In particular, I studied the catalytic system for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride (fluid bed technology) and for o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride. Both reactions are catalyzed by systems based on vanadium, but catalysts are completely different. Part A is dedicated to the study of V/P/O catalyst for n-butane selective oxidation, while in the Part B the results of an investigation on TiO2-supported V2O5, catalyst for o-xylene oxidation are showed. In Part A, a general introduction about the importance of maleic anhydride, its uses, the industrial processes and the catalytic system are reported. The reaction is the only industrial direct oxidation of paraffins to a chemical intermediate. It is produced by n-butane oxidation either using fixed bed and fluid bed technology; in both cases the catalyst is the vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPP). Notwithstanding the good performances, the yield value didn’t exceed 60% and the system is continuously studied to improve activity and selectivity. The main open problem is the understanding of the real active phase working under reaction conditions. Several articles deal with the role of different crystalline and/or amorphous vanadium/phosphorous (VPO) compounds. In all cases, bulk VPP is assumed to constitute the core of the active phase, while two different hypotheses have been formulated concerning the catalytic surface. In one case the development of surface amorphous layers that play a direct role in the reaction is described, in the second case specific planes of crystalline VPP are assumed to contribute to the reaction pattern, and the redox process occurs reversibly between VPP and VOPO4. Both hypotheses are supported also by in-situ characterization techniques, but the experiments were performed with different catalysts and probably under slightly different working conditions. Due to complexity of the system, these differences could be the cause of the contradictions present in literature. Supposing that a key role could be played by P/V ratio, I prepared, characterized and tested two samples with different P/V ratio. Transformation occurring on catalytic surfaces under different conditions of temperature and gas-phase composition were studied by means of in-situ Raman spectroscopy, trying to investigate the changes that VPP undergoes during reaction. The goal is to understand which kind of compound constituting the catalyst surface is the most active and selective for butane oxidation reaction, and also which features the catalyst should possess to ensure the development of this surface (e.g. catalyst composition). On the basis of results from this study, it could be possible to project a new catalyst more active and selective with respect to the present ones. In fact, the second topic investigated is the possibility to reproduce the surface active layer of VPP onto a support. In general, supportation is a way to improve mechanical features of the catalysts and to overcome problems such as possible development of local hot spot temperatures, which could cause a decrease of selectivity at high conversion, and high costs of catalyst. In literature it is possible to find different works dealing with the development of supported catalysts, but in general intrinsic characteristics of VPP are worsened due to the chemical interaction between active phase and support. Moreover all these works deal with the supportation of VPP; on the contrary, my work is an attempt to build-up a V/P/O active layer on the surface of a zirconia support by thermal treatment of a precursor obtained by impregnation of a V5+ salt and of H3PO4. In-situ Raman analysis during the thermal treatment, as well as reactivity tests are used to investigate the parameters that may influence the generation of the active phase. Part B is devoted to the study of o-xylene oxidation of phthalic anhydride; industrially, the reaction is carried out in gas-phase using as catalysts a supported system formed by V2O5 on TiO2. The V/Ti/O system is quite complex; different vanadium species could be present on the titania surface, as a function of the vanadium content and of the titania surface area: (i) V species which is chemically bound to the support via oxo bridges (isolated V in octahedral or tetrahedral coordination, depending on the hydration degree), (ii) a polymeric species spread over titania, and (iii) bulk vanadium oxide, either amorphous or crystalline. The different species could have different catalytic properties therefore changing the relative amount of V species can be a way to optimize the catalytic performances of the system. For this reason, samples containing increasing amount of vanadium were prepared and tested in the oxidation of o-xylene, with the aim of find a correlations between V/Ti/O catalytic activity and the amount of the different vanadium species. The second part deals with the role of a gas-phase promoter. Catalytic surface can change under working conditions; the high temperatures and a different gas-phase composition could have an effect also on the formation of different V species. Furthermore, in the industrial practice, the vanadium oxide-based catalysts need the addition of gas-phase promoters in the feed stream, that although do not have a direct role in the reaction stoichiometry, when present leads to considerable improvement of catalytic performance. Starting point of my investigation is the possibility that steam, a component always present in oxidation reactions environment, could cause changes in the nature of catalytic surface under reaction conditions. For this reason, the dynamic phenomena occurring at the surface of a 7wt% V2O5 on TiO2 catalyst in the presence of steam is investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy. Moreover a correlation between the amount of the different vanadium species and catalytic performances have been searched. Finally, the role of dopants has been studied. The industrial V/Ti/O system contains several dopants; the nature and the relative amount of promoters may vary depending on catalyst supplier and on the technology employed for the process, either a single-bed or a multi-layer catalytic fixed-bed. Promoters have a quite remarkable effect on both activity and selectivity to phthalic anhydride. Their role is crucial, and the proper control of the relative amount of each component is fundamental for the process performance. Furthermore, it can not be excluded that the same promoter may play different role depending on reaction conditions (T, composition of gas phase..). The reaction network of phthalic anhydride formation is very complex and includes several parallel and consecutive reactions; for this reason a proper understanding of the role of each dopant cannot be separated from the analysis of the reaction scheme. One of the most important promoters at industrial level, which is always present in the catalytic formulations is Cs. It is known that Cs plays an important role on selectivity to phthalic anhydride, but the reasons of this phenomenon are not really clear. Therefore the effect of Cs on the reaction scheme has been investigated at two different temperature with the aim of evidencing in which step of the reaction network this promoter plays its role.

3

Guidetti, Stefania <1982&gt. "Catalytic liquid- and gas-phase oxidations for the synthesis of intermediates and specialty chemicals: some examples of industrial relevance." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2673/.

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Nowadays, it is clear that the target of creating a sustainable future for the next generations requires to re-think the industrial application of chemistry. It is also evident that more sustainable chemical processes may be economically convenient, in comparison with the conventional ones, because fewer by-products means lower costs for raw materials, for separation and for disposal treatments; but also it implies an increase of productivity and, as a consequence, smaller reactors can be used. In addition, an indirect gain could derive from the better public image of the company, marketing sustainable products or processes. In this context, oxidation reactions play a major role, being the tool for the production of huge quantities of chemical intermediates and specialties. Potentially, the impact of these productions on the environment could have been much worse than it is, if a continuous efforts hadn’t been spent to improve the technologies employed. Substantial technological innovations have driven the development of new catalytic systems, the improvement of reactions and process technologies, contributing to move the chemical industry in the direction of a more sustainable and ecological approach. The roadmap for the application of these concepts includes new synthetic strategies, alternative reactants, catalysts heterogenisation and innovative reactor configurations and process design. Actually, in order to implement all these ideas into real projects, the development of more efficient reactions is one primary target. Yield, selectivity and space-time yield are the right metrics for evaluating the reaction efficiency. In the case of catalytic selective oxidation, the control of selectivity has always been the principal issue, because the formation of total oxidation products (carbon oxides) is thermodynamically more favoured than the formation of the desired, partially oxidized compound. As a matter of fact, only in few oxidation reactions a total, or close to total, conversion is achieved, and usually the selectivity is limited by the formation of by-products or co-products, that often implies unfavourable process economics; moreover, sometimes the cost of the oxidant further penalizes the process. During my PhD work, I have investigated four reactions that are emblematic of the new approaches used in the chemical industry. In the Part A of my thesis, a new process aimed at a more sustainable production of menadione (vitamin K3) is described. The “greener” approach includes the use of hydrogen peroxide in place of chromate (from a stoichiometric oxidation to a catalytic oxidation), also avoiding the production of dangerous waste. Moreover, I have studied the possibility of using an heterogeneous catalytic system, able to efficiently activate hydrogen peroxide. Indeed, the overall process would be carried out in two different steps: the first is the methylation of 1-naphthol with methanol to yield 2-methyl-1-naphthol, the second one is the oxidation of the latter compound to menadione. The catalyst for this latter step, the reaction object of my investigation, consists of Nb2O5-SiO2 prepared with the sol-gel technique. The catalytic tests were first carried out under conditions that simulate the in-situ generation of hydrogen peroxide, that means using a low concentration of the oxidant. Then, experiments were carried out using higher hydrogen peroxide concentration. The study of the reaction mechanism was fundamental to get indications about the best operative conditions, and improve the selectivity to menadione. In the Part B, I explored the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with hydrogen peroxide. The industrial process for phenol is the oxidation of cumene with oxygen, that also co-produces acetone. This can be considered a case of how economics could drive the sustainability issue; in fact, the new process allowing to obtain directly phenol, besides avoiding the co-production of acetone (a burden for phenol, because the market requirements for the two products are quite different), might be economically convenient with respect to the conventional process, if a high selectivity to phenol were obtained. Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) is the catalyst chosen for this reaction. Comparing the reactivity results obtained with some TS-1 samples having different chemical-physical properties, and analyzing in detail the effect of the more important reaction parameters, we could formulate some hypothesis concerning the reaction network and mechanism. Part C of my thesis deals with the hydroxylation of phenol to hydroquinone and catechol. This reaction is already industrially applied but, for economical reason, an improvement of the selectivity to the para di-hydroxilated compound and a decrease of the selectivity to the ortho isomer would be desirable. Also in this case, the catalyst used was the TS-1. The aim of my research was to find out a method to control the selectivity ratio between the two isomers, and finally to make the industrial process more flexible, in order to adapt the process performance in function of fluctuations of the market requirements. The reaction was carried out in both a batch stirred reactor and in a re-circulating fixed-bed reactor. In the first system, the effect of various reaction parameters on catalytic behaviour was investigated: type of solvent or co-solvent, and particle size. With the second reactor type, I investigated the possibility to use a continuous system, and the catalyst shaped in extrudates (instead of powder), in order to avoid the catalyst filtration step. Finally, part D deals with the study of a new process for the valorisation of glycerol, by means of transformation into valuable chemicals. This molecule is nowadays produced in big amount, being a co-product in biodiesel synthesis; therefore, it is considered a raw material from renewable resources (a bio-platform molecule). Initially, we tested the oxidation of glycerol in the liquid-phase, with hydrogen peroxide and TS-1. However, results achieved were not satisfactory. Then we investigated the gas-phase transformation of glycerol into acrylic acid, with the intermediate formation of acrolein; the latter can be obtained by dehydration of glycerol, and then can be oxidized into acrylic acid. Actually, the oxidation step from acrolein to acrylic acid is already optimized at an industrial level; therefore, we decided to investigate in depth the first step of the process. I studied the reactivity of heterogeneous acid catalysts based on sulphated zirconia. Tests were carried out both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, in order to investigate the effect of oxygen on the catalyst deactivation rate (one main problem usually met in glycerol dehydration). Finally, I studied the reactivity of bifunctional systems, made of Keggin-type polyoxometalates, either alone or supported over sulphated zirconia, in this way combining the acid functionality (necessary for the dehydrative step) with the redox one (necessary for the oxidative step). In conclusion, during my PhD work I investigated reactions that apply the “green chemistry” rules and strategies; in particular, I studied new greener approaches for the synthesis of chemicals (Part A and Part B), the optimisation of reaction parameters to make the oxidation process more flexible (Part C), and the use of a bioplatform molecule for the synthesis of a chemical intermediate (Part D).

4

Smith, David Andrew. "Oxidation of alkenes in the gas phase." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341095.

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5

Vernon, Patrick D. F. "Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reactions of methane." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308602.

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6

Fathi, Marcus. "Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthetis gas." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1831.

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7

Olsen, Susanne Kelly. "Catalytic membrane reactors for synthesis gas production from natural gas via partial oxidation." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/626.

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Natural gas obtained during the extraction of liquid hydrocarbons is often undesired due to the lack of infrastructure to transport the natural gas to an onshore location. As a result the natural gas is often flared causing economic waste and environmental concern. It would therefore be desirable to either convert the natural gas into some other substance which can be transported easily, or transport the natural gas in a liquid state. In that way, new field development will be more financially viable through the use of the extensive infrastructure and technology already in place in the offshore industry for transporting liquid hydrocarbons. It is considered that one feasible way of utilising offshore produced natural gas, is to convert it into synthetic gas (syngas) which can in turn be used to produce gases and fluids such as methanol, ammonia or a synthetic crude oil that can be readily pumped through the same pipelines as the produced oil. For the production of synthetic gas, membrane technology presents an attractive advantage improving conversion efficiency by operating as catalyst support, which then also increases the catalyst dispersion, resulting in optimal catalyst load and complete consumption of oxygen and methane in the partial oxidation. In the present investigation, an enhanced catalyst-dispersed ceramic membrane for low-cost synthesis gas production suitable for gas-to-liquids has been prepared, characterised and tested in a self-designed membrane reactor. The effect of temperature and feed flow rates has been studied and a kinetic model has been developed. In the novel membrane reactor, an active porous layer is located on both sides facing the oxygen and methane containing gas, adjacent is a second active porous layer and is supported by layers with increasing pore radii. Here the active porous layer on the bore side enhances the reaction between permeated oxygen and fuel species. In this study, it has also been demonstrated that the oxygen is activated prior to contacting the methane inside the membrane. This often results in 100% oxygen conversion, CO selectivity higher than 96% and syngas ratio (1-1/2 C O) of 2.2 to 1.8. Another advantage of the developed membrane system is that it can be used in high temperatures (> 1273.15K) and high pressure (80bars) processes with no variation on the flow rates, due to the mechanical strength of the ceramic support used.

8

Krothapalli, Deep. "Gas-liquid Mass Transfer in Oxygen Delignification Systems." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KrothapalliD2004.pdf.

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9

Kahnt, Ariane. "Semivolatile compounds from atmospheric monoterpene oxidation." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-93492.

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This PhD thesis aims to improve the knowledge on the processes and chemical species in the gas- and particle-phases that are involved in the production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from monoterpene oxidation in the atmosphere. A denuder/filter technique that enabled the simultaneous sampling of gaseous and particulate compounds was applied in the present study. The sampling technique was comprehensively characterised and optimised using twelve atmospherically relevant carbonyl compounds. The present study improved the denuder coating procedure and the sampling performance. An additional coating with the derivatisation reagent, 2,4‑dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), reduced the break-through potential (e.g., from 98% to 0.9% for methyl vinyl ketone) and the fraction of carbonyl compounds on the filter material (e.g., from 8.7% to 0% for acetone). Calibration experiments against an aerosol chamber were performed to reduce the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the calibration points in the denuder measurements. The RSDs were reduced by half for acetone, acetaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, glyoxal, benzaldehyde and campholenic aldehyde using a XAD‑4/DNPH denuder, and the quantification error was also reduced. This sampling technique was then applied to a series of α- and β-pinene ozonolysis experiments. The present study examined the influence of an OH radical scavenger (CO), and hence the HO2/RO2 ratio, on the SOA formation, product distribution and partitioning behaviour of selected oxidation products in conjunction with different seed particle acidities. It was shown that SOA yields increased by about 8% in α-pinene ozonolysis when CO and acidic seed particles co-existed, whereas only a marginal difference was observed (increase of 2%) for β-pinene compared to neutral seed particles. From the denuder/filter sample analysis, it was possible to tentatively identify a new compound from the α-pinene ozonolysis, i.e., terpenylic aldehyde. Gas- and particle-phase yields were estimated for the first time for this compound (i.e., 1% and 0.4%, respectively). The atmospheric relevance of terpenylic aldehyde was demonstrated based on ambient filter measurements and a possible formation pathway was suggested. Furthermore, the present study provided an additional explanation for enhanced SOA formation when acidic seed particles are used in monoterpene ozonolysis. It was demonstrated that the isomerisation of monoterpene oxides on acidic seed particles leads to the formation of highly reactive SOA precursors, whose subsequent reaction with ozone contributes significantly to SOA formation.

10

Hoorn, Johannes Adriaan Aris. "Aspects of mass transfer in gas-liquid oxidation reactions." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2005. http://doc.utwente.nl/50858.

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Книги з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

Miller, Ryszard. Waste gases oxidation. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2000.

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Miller, Ryszard. Waste gases oxidation. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2000.

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3

Harries, John R. Pore gas composition in waste rock dumps undergoing pyritic oxidation. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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4

Haas, L. A. Use of oxygen-enriched gas for the oxidation of acid and fluxed taconite pellets. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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5

Haas, L. A. Use of oxygen-enriched gas for the oxidation of acid and fluxed taconite pellets. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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6

Haas, L. A. Use of oxygen-enriched gas for the oxidation of acid and fluxed taconite pellets. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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7

Haas, L. A. Use of oxygen-enriched gas for the oxidation of acid and fluxed taconite pellets. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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8

Haas, L. A. Use of oxygen-enriched gas for the oxidation of acid and fluxed taconite pellets. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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9

Fromm, Eckehard. Kinetics of metal-gas interactions at low temperatures: Hydriding, oxidation, poisoning. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998.

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10

Elberling, Bo. Subsurface oxygen consumption: Environmental controls & impacts. [Copenhagen]: Kongelige Danske geografiske selskab, 2005.

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Частини книг з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

Bradford, Samuel A. "Oxidation: Metal—Gas Reactions." In Corrosion Control, 289–312. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8845-6_14.

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2

Yokoyama, Yujiro, Tomoyuji Mizukoshi, Itsuo Ishigami, and Tateo Usui. "Numerical Analysis and Control of Gas Carburizing under Changes in Gas Compositions." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 589–94. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.589.

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3

Heicklen, Julian. "Gas Phase Oxidation of Perhalocarbons." In Advances in Photochemistry, 57–148. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470133378.ch2.

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4

Cavani, Fabrizio, Alessandro Chieregato, Jose M. López Nieto, and Jean-Marc M. Millet. "Gas-Phase Oxidation of Alkanes." In Alkane Functionalization, 159–88. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119379256.ch9.

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5

Boeckx, Pascal, and Oswald Van Cleemput. "Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soils." In Trace Gas Emissions and Plants, 197–213. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3571-1_9.

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6

Mingxing, Wang, Li Jing, and Xiong Xiaozhen. "CH4 Emission and Oxidation in Rice Paddies." In Trace Gas Emissions and Plants, 181–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3571-1_8.

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7

Hjorth, J., N. R. Jensen, H. Skov, F. Capellani, and G. Restelli. "Gas-Phase Reactions of Interest in Night-time Tropospheric Chemistry." In Chemical Processes in Atmospheric Oxidation, 113–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59216-4_8.

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8

Anghel, C., Gunnar Hultquist, Qian Dong, J. Rundgren, Isao Saeki, and Magnus Limbäck. "Gas-Tight Oxides - Reality or Just a Hope." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 93–102. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.93.

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9

Szakàlos, P. "An Overview of Metal Dusting in Synthesis Gas Environments." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 571–80. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.571.

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10

Hynes, Anthony J., and Paul H. Wine. "Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Oxidation of Gaseous Sulfur Compounds." In Gas-Phase Combustion Chemistry, 343–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1310-9_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

Miyachika, Kouitsu, and Norimasa Maeta. "Effects of Side-Face Carburizing, Face Width, Tempering and Intergranular Oxidation on Bending Fatigue Strength of Case-Carburized Gear." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86492.

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The hardness measurements of hardened layer, the observation of intergranular oxidation with the SEM and the bending fatigue test for gas and vacuum case-carburized spur gears were carried out, and then profiles of hardened layer, case depth, amount of intergranular oxidation and S-N curves were obtained. Effects of the case depth, the side-face carburizing, the face width, the tempering and the intergranular oxidations on the bending fatigue strength were determined.

2

Reichmann, Felix, Moritz-Julian Koch, and Norbert Kockmann. "Investigation of Bubble Breakup in Laminar, Transient, and Turbulent Regime Behind Micronozzles." In ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2017-5540.

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Gas-liquid flow in microchannels has drawn much attention in the last years in research fields of analytics and applications such as oxidations or hydrogenations. High interfacial area leads to increased mass transfer and intensified reactions. Since surface forces are increasingly important on small scale, bubble coalescence is detrimental and leads to Taylor bubble flow in microchannels. To overcome this limitation, we have investigated the gas-liquid flow through nozzles and particularly the bubble breakup behind the nozzle. Two different regimes of bubble breakup were identified, laminar and turbulent with different mechanisms. Although turbulent breakup is not common in microchannels, its mechanisms were studied for the first time and can give new insight for two-phase flow mechanisms.

3

MILLS, P. L., M. P. HAROLD, and J. J. LEROU. "INDUSTRIAL HETEROGENEOUS GAS-PHASE OXIDATION PROCESSES." In Proceedings of the NIOK (Netherlands Institute for Catalysis Research) Course on Catalytic Oxidation. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814503884_0013.

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4

Raj, S. "Coal Oxidation." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-238.

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Coals contain considerable amounts of oxygen in their structures ranging from 30% in brown coal to about 1.5% in anthracites. The distribution of coal oxygen in various functionalities changes drastically with increasing rank. The hetero-atom functionalities in coal and coal products are of importance in the processing of coal. The process of coal conversion relevant to the steam and gas turbine applications are pyrolysis, oxidation and combustion processes. Initial stages of pyrolysis and oxidation (combustion) are the thermal decomposition of the solid coal matrix to free radicals. Oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and mineral containing free radicals play an important role during combustion thermodynamically. The differences between the coal functionalities in the solid coal matrix contribute to oxidation reactions of first and second order. The first and second order reactions affect the corrosion and deposition rates of the machine components differently. In this paper functionality differences of various coals with respect to their oxidation characteristics will be discussed.

5

Droege, M. W., L. M. Hair, W. J. Pitz, and C. K. Westbrook. "Partial Oxidation Reactions of Methane and Oxygen." In SPE Gas Technology Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19081-ms.

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6

Somanatha Panicker, Sujith, and Dheepa Srinivasan. "Oxidation Coatings on Additively Manufactured CoCrMo." In ASME 2017 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2017-4613.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) via the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) route is a new technology for both new make and repair application in gas turbine hot gas path components. This paper presents the development of a new oxidation coating Ceral 10 as a protective coating on the AM CoCrMo alloys. A high Al activity slurry aluminide coating (Ceral 10) was deposited on the DMLS CoCrMo. The coating produced on DMLS CoCrMo was uniform and intact having a thickness of ∼ 80–100 μm. The slurry aluminide coating showed an Inward diffusion with the DMLS CoCrMo substrate having an Al of 38–40 wt% and Si (12–13 wt%) after the diffusion heat treatment. The interface with the substrate was gradual in terms of chemistry with an interdiffusion zone of 15–20 μm. The Ceral10 coating showed limited oxidation up to 1038°C (1000 h) and at 1066°C (after 500 h), coating spallation occurred. The distinct thermally grown oxide between the coating-substrate interface led to the spallation. The effectiveness of the Ceral 10 coating to protect the DMLS CoCrMo alloy at high temperatures is evaluated via detailed microstructural characterization.

7

Korbutowicz, Ryszard, Joanna Prazmowska, Zbigniew Wagrowski, Adam Szyszka, and Marek Tlaczala. "Wet thermal oxidation for GaAs, GaN and Metal/GaN device applications." In 2008 International Conference on Advanced Semiconductor Devices and Microsystems (ASDAM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asdam.2008.4743306.

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8

Knight, Colette C., James C. Carnahan, Kevin Janora, and John F. Ackerman. "Jet Fuel Oxidation and Deposition." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-183.

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The chemistry leading to homogeneous deposit formation when Jet A fuel is heated between 170–300°C was investigated by characterizing both the deposits and changes in the fuel after deposit formation. The maximum amount of deposits that form from static Jet A fuel heated at 200°C with a continuous airflow is ∼5 wt. % indicating the presence of a finite concentration of easily oxidizable species that lead to the deposits. The deposits were characterized using CPMAS NMR, FTIR, elemental analysis, GCIR and chemical derivatization. They are highly aromatic, enriched in oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur relative to the fuel, and contain carboxylic acids and ketone functional groups. The role of nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds is also discussed. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of derivatized heated fuel shows a substantial growth in molecular weight. We find hydrocarbons equivalent to C-70 oxidation compounds in fuel heated in an air environment. In Jet A fuel, whose deposit formation capacity is not exhausted, the latter can continue to react at room temperature to form deposits. This is a concern especially for recirculating applications since it implies that once the fuel has been heated, deposits can precipitate in the holding tanks even when the fuel is cool.

9

Zabarnick, Steven, and Shawn D. Whitacre. "Aspects of Jet Fuel Oxidation." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-219.

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A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)/Parr bomb system with a headspace oxygen sensor is used to measure oxidation and deposition during thermal oxidative stressing of jet fuel. The advantages of the oxygen sensor technique in monitoring fuel oxidation is demonstrated. Simultaneous measurement of deposition using the QCM shows a strong correlation between oxidation and deposition in jet fuels. Studies performed over the temperature range 140 to 180°C show that surface deposition peaks at an intermediate temperature, while bulk deposition increases with temperature, in studies of jet fuel antioxidants, we find that rapid increases in oxidation rate occur upon consumption of the antioxidant. The antioxidant appears to be consumed by reaction with alkylperoxy radicals. In studies of metal deactivator (MDA) additives, we find that MDA is consumed during thermal stressing, and this consumption results in large increases in the oxidation rate of metal containing fuels. Mechanisms of MDA consumption are hypothesized.

10

Manrique Carrera, Arturo, Jeevan Jayasuriya, and Torsten Fransson. "Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Natural Gas in Gas Turbine Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95338.

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The demands of emissions, combustion efficiency over a wider operational range, and fuel flexibility for industrial gas turbine applications are expected to increase in the coming years. Currently, it is common the use of a stabilizing piloting diffusion flame during part load operation, this flame is accountable for an important part of the thermal NOx emissions on partial load, and in some cases also at full load operation. On the other hand Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPO) of natural gas is a technique used in petrochemical industry for the Fischer-Tropsch process and for H2 production, and is based in the production of Syn-Gas rich in H2 and CO. The present work explores the possibility to use the CPO of natural gas in industrial gas turbine applications, it is based in experiments performed between 5 and 13 bar using an arrangement of Rh based catalyst and CH4. The experiments were done at the Catalytic Combustion High Pressure Test Facility, at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden. The gas produced leaves the CPO reactor between 700 and 850 °C and it is rich in H2 and CO. It was found that the most important parameter after reaching the light off temperature in the CPO reactor is the equivalence ratio Φ, which evidences the kinetically controlled regime in the Rh catalyst that depends on O2 availability. The H2/CO ratio is close to the theoretical value of 2 and the selectivity towards H2 and CO are 90% and 95% respectively while the CH4 conversion reached approximately 55%. Pressure on the other hand had a small negative influence in the tested pressure range and it is more relevant at richer fuel conditions (high equivalence ratios). The CPO process had shown that it is relatively easy to control the operation temperature of the catalyst. This temperature is kept below the maximum allowed by reducing the O2 availability. The high temperature Syn-Gas gas produced through CPO process could be burnt in the downstream of the catalysts steadily at flame temperatures below the thermal-NOx threshold. The CPO reactor could provide the flame stabilization function at a wide range of operational conditions, and replace the diffusion piloting flame. This approach could cope with NOx and CO emissions in a wider operational range and offers the possibility of using different fuels as the reaction controlling factor is O2 availability. Furthermore, an initial design of a possible combustion strategy downstream of the CPO reactor is also presented.

Звіти організацій з теми "Gas oxidations":

1

JoAnn S. Lighty, Geoffrey Silcox, Andrew Fry, Joseph Helble, and Balaji Krishnakumar. Fundamentals of Mercury Oxidation in Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896137.

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2

JoAnn Lighty, Geoffrey Silcox, Constance Senior, Joseph Helble, and Balaji Krishnakumar. Fundamentals of Mercury Oxidation in Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/951264.

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3

JoAnn S. Lighty, Geoffrey Silcox, Andrew Fry, Constance Senior, Joseph Helble, and Balaji Krishnakumar. Fundamentals of Mercury Oxidation in Flue Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/860439.

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4

JoAnn S. Lighty, Geoffrey Silcox, Andrew Fry, Constance Senior, and Joseph Helble. FUNDAMENTALS OF MERCURY OXIDATION IN FLUE GAS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837644.

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5

Failor, R. A. Kinetics of the gas phase tritium oxidation reaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6090146.

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6

Bertrand, P. A. The Photochemical Oxidation of GaAs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada153689.

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7

Randall S. Gemmen and Jr Edward H. Robey. Effect of Natural Gas Fuel Addition on the Oxidation of Fuel Cell Anode Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15172.

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8

Rosocha, L. A. The ozonizer discharge as a gas-phase advanced oxidation process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/532503.

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9

Edward H. Robey, Jr, and Randall S. Gemmen. A Partial Oxidation Technique for Fuel-Cell Anode Exhaust-Gas Synthesis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1658.

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10

Kwon, K. C. KINETICS OF DIRECT OXIDATION OF H2S IN COAL GAS TO ELEMENTAL SULFUR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792319.

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