Готові списки джерел за темами / Geographical frame of reference

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Geographical frame of reference"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

Török, Zsolt Győző. "North in the head: spatial reference frame and map orientation." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-6-2020.

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Abstract. Effective map use in the field is based on orientation in two spaces: in a physical or geographical space and in a representational, graphic space. When using a map the wayfinding process includes the identification of the user’s geographical position in the field (starting point), the identification of the target and planning the route’s connecting the two points. However, the initial direction of the user is very rarely the orientation of the map, so the problem of navigation with maps is the translation of the representational space into the user’s actual situation. In other words, the projected or actual movement path during navigation must be transformed from one reference frame to the other. Spatial reference frame is a key issue in cartography and geovisualization. The transformation of the human subjects’ body-centred, egocentric reference system into an object-centred, allocentric reference system is a complex task. Maps are cognitive tools, traditionally representing large configurational spaces in visual, graphic form (Török 2019). They offer computational advantage over internal, human memory representation, organized into smaller spatial units. Apart from personal experience, learning from maps is a common practice (Meilinger et al. 2015). Supported by ubiquitous map services, prior to visiting unfamiliar places people consult maps to familiarize themselves, and this spatial learning results in memory structures with map-oriented reference frames. In modern societies the massive use of cartographic visualization in spatial thinking underlines the importance of modern cognitive cartographic research, resulting in new insights and consequences well beyond topographic map use (Zentai et al. 2006). Learning from maps influence the structure of the cognitive map. Increasing map use in modern information societies has strong effects on all spatial aspects of the human mind. Recent geo-visualizations, most importantly mobile navigational applications display maps with dynamic, head-up orientation and support the user by turn-by-turn voice navigation. Unfortunately, this practice does not support survey knowledge acquisition, cognitive map building and spatial memory training. The negative effect is decreasing navigational, or more generally spatial, ability of users of GPS navigational services. While the change of reference frame demands higher memory load for the human brain, the cost is compensated by the maintenance and development of human cognitive abilities.The North-is-up reference frame on cartographic maps is actually a rather modern cultural convention. However, we can trace its origin back to the astronomical-geometrical worldview of ancient Greek cosmology. The priority of north was adopted by Hellenic geography and became a classic tradition after the rediscovery of the 2nd c. work, a manual on making a map of the world by Ptolemy. He described the construction of the map in a geometric reference frame, in a north-oriented geographical coordinate system. Map making based on this new concept of geometric space had substantial influence on human spatial thinking from the Renaissance period on. Modern cartography is an Enlightenment project, and from the 19th century maps became common objects in European societies. In the 20th century cartographers and generations of map users were trained in geography with north-oriented maps, atlases – even globes were displayed with north on top. The representational history of cities in European cartography a case where cognitive cartographic issues strongly influenced cartographic practice and the importance of different reference frames is demonstrative. The modern city view as a new genre appears in the late 15th century and cities views were already popular at the time the Nuremberg Chronicle was printed with numerous illustrations (1493). However, how it is perhaps best exemplified by Sebastian Münster’s German Cosmography (from 1544) while maps were oriented north or south, the cities were given in perspective. In the Chronicle Buda, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, is represented from the east, while Münster included another woodcut, a view of the city from the south. After the long period of the Turkish occupation new representations of the former Hungarian capital were constructed by military engineers in connection with the siege of Buda (1686), representing the campaign’s target from military point of view. The cities Buda and Pest, stretching along the Danube, even in the 19th century they were represented with the river as a horizontal axis in landscape format views and maps. The significant change of the orientation of the city maps is the late 19th century, more specifically the period when topographic maps of the third military survey of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy became available. From this time on the historic material demonstrates that maps of Budapest (from 1872) are almost exclusively north-oriented. As a result of this process, generations learned geography from north oriented maps and school atlases.After our virtual reality experiments exploring spatial learning and navigation (Török et al. 2018), in the present field experiment we tested the interaction of local and global reference frames, the sense of geographical North in a sample of young adults. We created an ecologically valid experimental setting by selecting a special location at ELTE university campus in Budapest. In an enclosed vista space, positioned near the river Danube and heading an easterly direction, our participants were asked first to point to North. With good visibility of the river, a major, structural landmark in the configuration of the city we were interested how the misleading direction of the Danube influenced their directional sense. While the general course of the river is north-south, at the site of the experiment the river course changes to northwest-southeast, with a deviation of 30–40° from true north. We expected that the direction of the only visible global landmark, and, of course all the local landmarks, would result in similar pointing errors. In the first test series they were asked to point/draw toward salient urban landmarks in the city, that is in environmental space. In the second test series they pointed towards important cities in a large, geographical space. Finally, they once again indicated the direction of true North in the same geographic space.Our results are consistent with previous research (Frankenstein et al. 2012) that the participants had a clear sense of geographical North learned from maps, moreover, contradicting our expectations, the misleading course of the Danube and local geometry had little effect on the overall high accuracy of pointing to North. However, a few result deviated from the average and suggested high individual differences, presumably due to different spatial thinking strategies of participants. Test subjects living longer in Budapest had a much better sense of North, supporting the importance of learned components in this directional knowledge. Our experiment in the physical world resulted in supporting evidence that North is present in human cognitive map as the cardinal direction for orientation. The implications of the results of our experiment should be considered relevant when designing new maps and user interfaces. Another important result, our experiment suggest that local and global reference frames are not separate systems, but structured hierarchically and integrated in spatial orientation tasks. Although egocentric view may support direct scene recognition and object identification cartographers should construct navigational maps with geographic reference frame as well, especially in the case of extensive and complex environmental/geographical spaces, because these are still learned first from north oriented maps. The long tradition of paper maps, the history of cartography has a lasting effect of human understanding of the physical and virtual worlds.

Papadopoulos, Nestoras, Melissinos Paraskevas, Ioannis Katsafados, Georgios Nikolaidis, and Euagelos Anagnostou. "Deformation detection through the realization of reference frames." Journal of Applied Geodesy 14, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2019-0056.

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AbstractHellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS) has established and measured various networks in Greece which constitute the geodetic infrastructure of the country. One of them is the triangulation network consisting of about 26.000 pillars all over Greece. Classical geodetic measurements that held by the Hellenic Military Geographic Service (HMGS) through the years have been used after adjustment for the state reference frame which materializes the current Hellenic Geodetic Reference System of 1987 (HGRS87). The aforementioned Reference System (RS) is a static one and is in use since 1990. Through the years especially in the era of satellite navigation systems many Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks have been established. The latest such network materialized by HMGS is ongoing and covers until now more than the 2/3 of the country. It is referenced by International GNSS Service (IGS) permanent stations and consists a local densification IGS08 Reference Frame. Firstly, this gives the opportunity to calculate transformation parameters between the two systems and a statistical analysis of the residuals leads to intermediate conclusions. After that and in conjunction with existing past transformations, tectonic deformations and their directions are concluded. Moreover past GPS observations on the same pillars in compare to the newer ones give also a sense of tectonic displacements. Greece is one of the most tectonically active countries in Europe and the adoption of a modern kinematic or semi-kinematic geodetic datum is a necessity as it should incorporate a deformation model like 3d velocities on the reference frame realization. The detection of geodynamic changes is a continuous need and should be taken into consideration at each epoch.

Câmara, Gilberto, and Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro. "Geocomputation techniques for spatial analysis: are they relevant to health data?" Cadernos de Saúde Pública 17, no. 5 (October 2001): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2001000500002.

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Geocomputation is an emerging field of research that advocates the use of computationally intensive techniques such as neural networks, heuristic search, and cellular automata for spatial data analysis. Since increasing amounts of health-related data are collected within a geographical frame of reference, geocomputational methods show increasing potential for health data analysis. This paper presents a brief survey of the geocomputational field, including some typical applications and references for further reading.

Schaller, Mark, and A. M. N. D. Abeysinghe. "Geographical Frame of Reference and Dangerous Intergroup Attitudes: A Double-Minority Study in Sri Lanka." Political Psychology 27, no. 4 (August 2006): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00521.x.

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Filić, Mia, Renato Filjar, and Marko Ševrović. "Expression of GNSS Positioning Error in Terms of Distance." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i3.2304.

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This manuscript analyzes two methods for Global Navigation Satellite System positioning error determination for positioning performance assessment by calculation of the distance between the observed and the true positions: one using the Cartesian 3D rectangular coordinate system, and the other using the spherical coordinate system, the Cartesian reference frame distance method, and haversine formula for distance calculation. The study shows unresolved issues in the utilization of position estimates in geographical reference frame for GNSS positioning performance assessment. Those lead to a recommendation for GNSS positioning performance assessment based on original WGS84-based GNSS position estimates taken from recently introduced data access from GNSS software-defined radio (SDR) receivers.

Kosek, W., and B. Kołaczek. "Realization of the Primary Terrestrial Reference Frame." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 127 (1991): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100063636.

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AbstractThe PTRF is based on 43 sites with 64 SSC collocation points with the optimum geographic distribution, which were selected from all stations of the ITRF89 according to the criterion of the minimum value of the errors of 7 parameters of transformation. The ITRF89 was computed by the IERS Terrestrial Frame Section in Institut Geographique National - IGN and contains 192 VLBI and SLR stations (points) with 119 collocation ones. The PTRF has been compared with the ITRF89. The errors of the 7 parameters of transformation between the PTRF and 18 individual SSC as well as the mean square errors of station coordinates are of the same order as those for the ITRF89. The transformation parameters between the ITRF89 and the PTRF are negligible and their errors are of the order of 3 mm.

Syed, Mazheruddin H., Efren Guillo-Sansano, Steven M. Blair, Andreas Avras, and Graeme M. Burt. "Synchronous reference frame interface for geographically distributed real-time simulations." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 14, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 5428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0441.

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Jiang, Lili. "Research on Geographical Positioning of Ancient Map." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-151-2019.

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Abstract. The ancient map has a large span of history, diverse types and rich content. Therefore, comprehensive analysis and summarization of ancient maps and geographical location in different categories are conducive to obtaining more ideal geographical correction results. How to classify the ancient map classification suitable for geographical correction, and then carry out targeted geographic coordinate correction is the primary research content of this research. The geographic reference and geographic reference of the map are the main factors determining the geographical location of the map. Therefore, the division of the ancient map according to the presence or absence of georeferencing is a prerequisite for solving the difficulty of correcting the ancient map.The geographic parameters of ancient maps mainly include map projection, geographic reference, map accuracy, scale and so on. In the study of ancient map geolocation, the first thing to be solved is the determination of ancient map projection and geo-reference. For maps with different mathematical foundations (projection and geo-reference), different positioning methods are used for geo-correction. Only by determining the mathematical basis, projection and geographic reference of the ancient maps that need to be located, can the corresponding projection conversion method or geographic correction method be used for map positioning. However, the mathematical basis of ancient maps is not clearly marked on the map, and even if it is marked, it is often not very accurate. Therefore, it is necessary to study the acquisition methods of mathematical parameters of ancient maps.For different ancient canal maps, different methods are needed to determine the basis of their geolocation:(1) Latitude and longitudeThe latitude and longitude survey of the ancient canal map is based on the modern Western measurement method, through projection conversion, and the latitude and longitude map on the map. The latitude and longitude measurement map has a clear geographic reference and projection.(2) Similar to modern latitude and longitudeThis type of map does not indicate the age of production, cartographers and geo-references, or incorrectly label cartographers, geo-references or geographic benchmarks, but according to the presence or absence of latitude and longitude and latitude and longitude, the map's performance techniques, drawing characteristics, related content, etc. In addition to the reference frame of the latitude and longitude network, some maps also have geo-references for the grid, which can be used to determine whether such maps are modern latitude and longitude georeferences. There is a gap between the accuracy of such maps and the measured maps.(3) Grid in the squareGrid in the square is an important traditional Chinese method for mapping maps. It uses a grid coordinate system of square squares. It is an auxiliary line for drawing maps on an ancient scale. The length of each square is the number of real points. Quite a scale of today's maps. The map drawn by the method of “counting in the painting” is more accurate than the predecessors and is reliable. According to this method, the map has been used for more than 500 years (from the drawing time of the trace map). According to records, this method began with the principle of "drawing six bodies" proposed by China's Jin Dynasty. The "six bodies" are the "scores", which is the current scale; the second is the "preview", which is used to determine the mutual orientation of the landforms and features; and the third is the "daoli" to determine the road between the two places. The distance is four; the fourth is "high"; the fifth is "Fang", that is, the fluctuation of the slope of the ground; the sixth is "straight", that is, the conversion of the height of the field and the distance on the map. This is a milestone in the history of maps in China. Because such maps are greatly improved in accuracy, the role in multidisciplinary fields is worth paying attention to. Moreover, such maps are often compiled with reference to a certain map, such as Huayi map, trace map, map of Yu, map of the Emperor, map of the emperor's work, and the preparation of the records of the history of the party, all based on the previous one. of. Therefore, when correcting, you can classify them into one category and consider them together.(4) Landscape imageryThe image of the ancient canal of the landscape image painting adopts the expression of “the law of the landscape”, that is, all kinds of ground elements on both sides of the river are drawn toward the center line of the river. This type of map, because of the "reality" is very strong, the mountains and rivers are realistic and rich in color, so it has always been the mainstream painting method of the ancient rivers before the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are many types of maps, large quantities, rich map content, and extremely high historical value, but their compilation is very different from modern maps. First, the coordinate directions in ancient maps are “upper south and north”, and also “ "Upper north and lower south", mainly "upper south and north", which is different from the directional principle of the modern map "up north and south"; secondly, the use of visually intuitive painting to express features, and the use of less map symbols There is a certain proportional relationship between the positional relationship between the features, but it is quite different from the modern maps with strict mathematical foundations.

Lijun, Song, Zhao Wanliang, Cheng Yuxiang, and Chen Xiaozhen. "Based on Grid Reference Frame for SINS/CNS Integrated Navigation System in the Polar Regions." Complexity 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2164053.

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As the inertial navigation system cannot meet the precision requirements of global navigation in the special geographical environment of the Polar Regions, this paper presents Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS)/Celestial Navigation System (CNS) integrated navigation system of airborne based on Grid Reference Frame (GRF) and the simulation is carried out. The result of simulation shows that the SINS/CNS integrated navigation system is superior to the single subsystem in precision and performance, which not only effectively inhibits the error caused by gyro drift but also corrects the navigation parameters of system without delay. Comparing the simulation in the middle and low latitudes and in the Polar Regions, the precision of SINS/CNS integrated navigation system is the same in the middle and low latitudes and in the Polar Regions.

Li, M., H. P. Chen, B. Qiu, W. J. Xie, and Y. H. Chen. "RESEARCH ON ACCURACY EVALUATION METHOD BASED ON THE RESULT OF IMAGE CORRECTION AT 10000-SCENES CLASS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 7, 2020): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-595-2020.

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Abstract. In the project of National Fundamental Geographic Information Database Updating, the high-qualified orthorectification to a bulk of remote sensing images are the foundations that guarantee the reliable geographic information for national economic construction and social developments. Therefore, quality control for orthorectification, as a crucial step during remote sensing, is of great significance. Basically, the image orthorectification have been achieved by automatic matching of millions of frame-referenced images. In this paper, a make-to-measure method is devised with improvement in the way of sampling and plane precision evaluation. The improved method is verified through nine 1:1million scenes across the nation. Stratified sampling is deployed according to the topographical features and locations geo-information is collected referring to the digital orthorectification model (DOM) results of geographical conditions Monitoring in 2017. The results show that the root mean square errors (RMSEs) calculated by improved methods described in this paper are highly consistent with the RMSEs that are calculated by automatic image matching, which means the improved method can adequately evaluate the nationwide accuracy of image correction and enable to provide reference and instruction for the large-scale, 10000-scenes class quality assurance of the image correction.

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Дисертації з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

Njoroge, Mary Wambui. "Is Nubia Plate Rigid? A Geodetic Study of the Relative Motion of Different Cratonic Areas within Africa." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6003.

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The Nubia plate is normally considered to be a rigid plate and as such used in the realization of terrestrial reference frame. Gondwana breakup plate reconstruction, the Cameroon volcanic line, seismicity, and the morphology of the Okavango rift zone (ORZ) suggest the presence of internal deformation within the Nubia plate. To test this hypothesis, six different reference frames were developed from the velocity field of three individual regions (West, Central and South), and of different combinations of them (West+Central, South+Central, and Nubia as a whole). The residual velocities with respect to these references frame help us understand the presence of the relative motion between the different regions thus the stability of the plate. To realize the reference frames, all the publicly available global positioning system (GPS) data within the “stable” Nubia plate was processed. Given the small relative velocity, it is important to eliminate eventual biases in the analysis and to have good estimates of uncertainty of the observed velocities. For this reason, velocities were analyzed, and rate uncertainties computed using the Allan variance of rate (AVR) technique, accounting for colored noise. Although geological and geophysical studies indicate the possibility of internal deformation within Nubia, the results of this study shows that the current GPS network is not capable to identify intraplate deformation and within uncertainties Nubia is a single plate. As final note, both the color of the noise and the amplitude of the annual signal of each time series as function of latitude and climatic region were analyzed. The study shows that the noise is approximately flicker for all the good stations independently of the location. On the contrary, the amplitude of the annual signal is strongly dependent on the climate of the regions.

Domby, Frida. "Elevers omvärldskunskap i årskurs 6 : En kvantitativ studie med fokus på namngeografi, samt läge- och storleksrelationer i Europa och världen." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53392.

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Denna studie har undersökt elevers kunskaper angående namngeografi samt läge- och storleksrelationer kopplat till Sverige, Norden, Europa samt världen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om elevernas kunskaper påverkas av deras resvana, ursprung, kön eller annan vistelse utomlands. Studien utgår ifrån Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori och Piagets kognitiva konstruktivism. Undersökningen är genomförd med en kvantitativ metod och respondenterna har bestått av 52 elever i tre olika klasser i årskurs 6. Respondenterna har fyllt i en enkät där de har fått besvara frågor angående deras resvana, vart de är födda, hur många plaster de har bott på samt om de har släkt utomlands. Respondenterna har även besvarat tolv frågeställningar kopplat till namngeografi samt läge- och storleksrelationer där respondenterna uppmanades att ringa in rätt svar bland fyra svarsalternativ. Avslutningsvis ombads respondenterna att konstruera en världskarta på ett blankt papper och markera ut världsdelarna samt Sverige. Resultatet av studien visar att de elever som är beresta har presterat bättre än de elever som inte har rest utanför Sverige. Studien visar även att de elever som har släkt utomlands har presterat bättre än de elever som inte har släkt utomlands. I sin helhet har flickorna presterat bättre än pojkarna och de elever som tillhör en annan könstillhörighet. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att eleverna tar till sig namngeografi utanför skolan och att resande och släkt utomlands kan bidra till sådana kunskaper.
The aim of this study is to examine students' knowledge regarding name geography, location and size relationships linked to Sweden, the Nordic countries, Europe and the world. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether students' knowledge is affected by their travel habits, origin, gender or other residence abroad. This study is based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Piaget's cognitive constructivism. The survey was conducted using a quantitative method and the respondents consisted of 52 students in three different classes in 6th grade. The respondents filled in a questionnaire where they were asked questions about their travel habits, where they were born, how many places they have lived in and if they have relatives abroad. The respondents also answered twelve questions related to name geography, location, and size relationships where the respondents were asked to circle the correct answer among four alternatives. Finally, the respondents were asked to construct a map of the world and mark the continents and Sweden on a blank piece of paper. The results of the study show that the students who have traveled have performed better than the students who have not traveled outside Sweden. The study also shows that students who have relatives abroad have performed better than students who have not relatives abroad. Overall, the girls have performed better than the boys and the students who belong to another gender. The results of the survey show that students absorb name geography outside of school and while traveling. Relatives abroad can also contribute to such knowledge.

Krüger, Hannah Marie. "The reference frame of inhibition of return." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202099.

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Against a plethora of visual input, visual attention filters and selects relevant information and disengages from irrelevant items. One possible mechanism to enable disengagement is reflected in inhibition of return (IOR), the finding that previously visited locations are responded to slower than locations that have not been investigated before. In line with the proposal that IOR reflects a mechanism to facilitate visual search, evidence suggests that IOR is coded in space-based (“spatiotopic”) coordinates, despite the largely retina-based (“retinotopic”) coding scheme of the visual system. For IOR to efficiently facilitate visual search it should be coded solely in spatiotopic coordinates, but recent investigations show retinotopic IOR effects alongside spatiotopic IOR. The putative function of IOR has also been challenged by the observation that the eyes return to previously visited locations more frequently than would be predicted based on chance. The presented program of research examines the factors that influence whether, and how, IOR is implemented in a way that would facilitate visual search. Firstly, it was examined whether it is an efferent signal about an upcoming eye movement or a more general prediction-based mechanism that maintains IOR in spatiotopic coordinates across eye movements. IOR was observed in both retinotopic and spatiotopic coordinates across eye movements, but was observed in a weakened form and only in location-based coordinates when objects, instead of the eyes, were moved. These results suggest that efferent signals about upcoming eye movements contribute to updating and maintaining IOR tags in useful locations when the eyes move. Secondly, the relative strength and robustness of retinotopic and spatiotopic IOR were examined; the relative frequency of cue-target pairings in retinotopic and spatiotopic references frames had no significant effect on the presence of retinotopic IOR, whereas practice with the experimental task strengthened spatiotopic IOR III and eliminated retinotopic IOR. Thirdly, spatiotopic IOR was observed to be more robust than retinotopic IOR for both saccadic and manual responses. Fourthly, for responses to targets appearing in the brief interval before the eye movement (< 150ms), IOR was observed in the future retinotopic location of the target, suggesting that IOR was remapped predictively. Finally, it was demonstrated that IOR is reduced for intermediate locations along pre-planned sequences of saccades. Taken together the findings of the presented series of research suggest that IOR is updated into spatiotopic coordinates across eye movements. Spatiotopic IOR involves the efferent signal of the eye movement and is updated predictively before the saccade, extending the notion that predictive remapping updates attentional pointers to updating of inhibitory effects. Retinotopic IOR was consistently weaker than spatiotopic IOR across all experiments, and was eliminated with practice, consistent with retinotopic IOR being an undesirable, but avoidable, consequence of inhibiting locations while moving the eyes. Finally, the reduction of IOR for intermediate locations along preplanned saccade sequences is consistent with the idea that the degree to which a location was attended can determine how inhibited that location subsequently becomes. It also could explain why refixations are commonly observed in free visual search, which would typically contain many such pre-planned sequences. Taken together, the findings are additional evidence that IOR reflects a mechanism that facilitates visual search under the conditions in which search normally occurs, that is, across overt eye movements and sequences of eye movements.

Lewis, Jason. "Reference Frame Regulation for a Biplanar Bicycle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35112.

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The biplanar bicycle is an experimental vehicle configuration that has been the focus of recent autonomous vehicle research at Virginia Tech. Although the vehicle can be advantageous due to its zero-radius turning and ability to traverse discontinuous terrain, one key disadvantage of the configuration is that it lacks a stable reference frame from which observations of the surroundings can be based. A solution to this problem is presented here in the form of actuators designed to actively control the oscillations of a reference frame. The orientation of a camera attached to a mast extended above the vehicle is specifically considered. Autonomous operation of the vehicle could utilize image processing to navigate, but the camera must maintain a fixed orientation for the data to be valid. The work presented examines not only the regulation of the reference frame, but also the effects of such regulation on the velocity response of the vehicle. Practical considerations such as sensors, actuators, cost, and complexity are addressed. Although this work is centered around the biplanar bicycle, similar approaches can be extended to orientation of an arbitrary body in space.
Master of Science

Husain, Tausif. "Rotating Reference Frame Control of Switched Reluctance Machines." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1375286539.

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Watson, Matthew E. "Reference frame selection and representation in dialogue and monologue." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25291.

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This thesis is an investigation into the use and representation of reference frames. A reference frame is an axial co-ordinate system that is represented by the setting of at least four parameters: origin, orientation, direction and scale (Logan & Sadler, 1996). The reference frame parses space into different regions around an object (reference object) so that the location of other objects (figure objects) can be described in relation to the reference object. There are at least three different types of reference frame recognised in the literature (e.g. Levinson, 2003; Logan & Sadler, 1996; Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976): the absolute reference frame, based upon directional features of the environment (e.g. gravity), the intrinsic reference frame, based upon the intrinsic direction of the reference object, and the relative reference frame, based upon the intrinsic sides of a viewer. This thesis is split into three separate sections each investigating how it is that reference frames are employed to allow us to describe the location of objects. The first section investigates the use of reference frames in dialogue. There has been little work investigating how interlocutors communicate object location to each other. Research investigating the use of non-spatial language in dialogue has shown that interlocutors come to speak in a similar fashion to one another (e.g. Branigan, Pickering & Cleland, 2000; Garrod & Anderson, 1987). Pickering and Garrod (2004) have argued that this is evidence that interlocutors align representations during dialogue. The first section investigates whether or not interlocutors align reference frames. If a speaker uses an intrinsic reference frame is an addressee more likely to then use an intrinsic reference frame? The results show that interlocutors do align reference frames and this is interpreted in terms of the interactive alignment model of dialogue (Pickering & Garrod, 2004). The second part of the thesis uses a dialogue paradigm, and the fact that interlocutors are more likely to use the same reference frame as just used by a partner than an alternative, to investigate different taxonomies of reference frames. The experiments investigate the different predictions made by Levinson’s (1996, 2003) taxonomy of reference frames and the Traditional taxonomy of reference frames (Miller & Johnson-Laird, 1976). The results support the Traditional taxonomy of reference frames over Levinson’s taxonomy, but future research is suggested to help separate the contribution of different aspects of reference frames to the alignment effect in dialogue. The final part of the thesis is an investigation into how the distance parameter is set. These experiments show that a functional interaction between the figure and the reference object leads to the distance parameter being set as shorter than if the two objects are not interacting.

Cox, Morris Brenton. "Teaching believers a theological frame of reference for decision making." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Bryant, Will, Timothy J. Bartkoski, John P. Meriac, and C. Allen Gorman. "User Reactions to Frame-of-Reference Scales. An Experimental Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2616.

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Raters have been shown to react differently to performance evaluation formats. However, reactions to a new and promising format, frame-of-reference scales (FORS), remains untested. This experiment found that FORS users reacted more positively compared to standard scale users overall, and results were attributable to perceived accuracy and fairness.

O'Rourke, Colm J. "Decentralized power systems : reference-frame theory and stability region generation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127082.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-91).
Electricity provides the foundation for many of today's technological advances. The desire for energy security, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and a diversification of resources are all motivations for changes in how electricity is generated and transmitted. Recent alternatives to traditional centralized power-plants include technologies that are decentralized and intermittent, such as solar photovoltaic and wind power. This trend poses considerable challenges in the hardware making up these systems, the software that control and monitor power networks and their mathematical modelling. This thesis presents a set of contributions that address some of the aforementioned challenges. Firstly, we examine the fundamental theories used in modelling and controlling power systems. We expand previous work on reference-frame theory, by providing an alternative interpretation and derivation of the commonly used Park and Clarke transformations. We present a geometric interpretation that has applications in power quality. Secondly, we introduce a framework for producing regions of stability for power systems using conditional generative adversarial neural networks. This provides transmission and distribution operators with an accurate set of control options even as the system changes significantly.
by Colm J. O'Rourke.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Stella, Federico. "Learning a Local Reference Frame for Point Clouds using Spherical CNNs." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20197/.

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Uno dei problemi più importanti della 3D Computer Vision è il cosiddetto surface matching, che consiste nel trovare corrispondenze tra oggetti tridimensionali. Attualmente il problema viene affrontato calcolando delle feature locali e compatte, chiamate descrittori, che devono essere riconosciute e messe in corrispondenza al mutare della posa dell'oggetto nello spazio, e devono quindi essere invarianti rispetto all'orientazione. Il metodo più usato per ottenere questa proprietà consiste nell'utilizzare dei Local Reference Frame (LRF): sistemi di coordinate locali che forniscono un'orientazione canonica alle porzioni di oggetti 3D che vengono usate per calcolare i descrittori. In letteratura esistono diversi modi per calcolare gli LRF, ma fanno tutti uso di algoritmi progettati manualmente. Vi è anche una recente proposta che utilizza reti neurali, tuttavia queste vengono addestrate mediante feature specificamente progettate per lo scopo, il che non permette di sfruttare pienamente i benefici delle moderne strategie di end-to-end learning. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è utilizzare un approccio data-driven per far imparare a una rete neurale il calcolo di un Local Reference Frame a partire da point cloud grezze, producendo quindi il primo esempio di end-to-end learning applicato alla stima di LRF. Per farlo, sfruttiamo una recente innovazione chiamata Spherical Convolutional Neural Networks, le quali generano e processano segnali nello spazio SO(3) e sono quindi naturalmente adatte a rappresentare e stimare orientazioni e LRF. Confrontiamo le prestazioni ottenute con quelle di metodi esistenti su benchmark standard, ottenendo risultati promettenti.

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Книги з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

McMaster, R. D. Thackeray’s Cultural Frame of Reference. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12025-3.

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Krijtenburg, Margriet. Schuman's Europe: His frame of reference. Leiden]: Leiden University Press, 2012.

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Beegle, Kathleen. Frame-of-reference bias in subjective welfare regressions. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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Lafortune, Louise. Professional competencies for accompanying change: A frame of reference. Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2009.

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Micklitz, Hans-W. European private law after the Common Frame of Reference. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010.

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McMaster, R. D. Thackeray's cultural frame of reference: Allusion in the Newcomes. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991.

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McMaster, Rowland. Thackeray's cultural frame of reference: Allusion in The Newcomes. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.

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Lafortune, Louise. Professional competencies for accompanying change: A frame of reference. Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2009.

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Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. 3rd ed. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, 1998.

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Storme, M. E., Vincent Sagaert, and Evelyne Terryn. The Draft Common Frame of Reference: National and comparative perspectives. Cambridge, U. K: Intersentia, 2012.

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Частини книг з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

Weik, Martin H. "geographical reference system." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 679. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_7942.

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Denker, Florian. "Frame of reference." In The Crucial Role of Domain Knowledge in Evaluating Early-Stage New Product Ideas, 9–24. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-19784-1_2.

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Emblemsvåg, Jan. "Frame of Reference." In Reengineering Capitalism, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19689-3_1.

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Wehberg, Götz G. "Frame of reference." In Digital Supply Chains, 26–34. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036678-7.

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Pilger, Rex H. "Paleomagnetic Reference Frame." In Geokinematics, 179–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07439-8_9.

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Weik, Martin H. "worldwide geographical reference system." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1933. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_21234.

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Kirchhoff, Susanne. "Metaphern-, Frame- und Diskursanalysen." In Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften, 1–16. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20712-0_14-1.

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Arnemann, J. "Open-reading frame (ORF)." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1784–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3551.

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Wen-jing, Jin, and Wang Qiang-guo. "Reference frame of LLR." In Variations in Earth Rotation, 193–96. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm059p0193.

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Dupuy, François. "The Frame of Reference." In The Customer's Victory, 105–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509696_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

Zhang, Hengcai, Jing Zhang, and Wenqian Chen. "Semantic expressions of geographical ontology in the city reference frame model." In Sixth International Conference on Advanced Optical Materials and Devices, edited by Lin Liu, Xia Li, Kai Liu, Xinchang Zhang, and Aijun Chen. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.812544.

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Brittell, Megen. "Seeking a Reference Frame for Cartographic Sonification." In The 24th International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2018.020.

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Sonification of geospatial data must situate data values in two (or three) dimensional space. The need to position data values in space distinguishes geospatial data from other multi-dimensional data sets. While cartographers have extensive experience preparing geospatial data for visual display, the use of sonification is less common. Beyond availability of tools or visual bias, an incomplete understanding of the implications of parameter mappings that cross conceptual data categories limits the application of sonification to geospatial data. To catalyze the use of audio in cartography, this paper explores existing examples of parameter mapping sonification through the framework of the geographic data cube. More widespread adoption of auditory displays would diversify map design techniques, enhance accessibility of geospatial data, and may also provide new perspective for application to non-geospatial data sets.

Simmons, Andrew, and Rajesh Vasa. "Spatio-Temporal Reference Frames as Geographic Objects." In SIGSPATIAL'17: 25th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3139958.3139983.

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Miller, Mary L., and Cameron Shankland. "Utilizing Low Level Videography and GIS to Rethink Traditional Phase I Environmental Site Assessments." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10428.

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The method used for traditional “Phase I” Environmental Site Assessments (ESA’s) has required staff to physically walk the rights-of-way (ROW). In order to compete the ESA in a more timely and cost-effective manner than traditional techniques allowed, URS Corporation (URS) contracted LinearVision (LV) to fly the utility ROW and collect low-level, airborne, geo-referenced videography, complemented with geo-referenced still-imagery to enable URS to complete the Phase I ESA data analysis in their office. The data provided enabled URS’s analysts the ability to access all ROW points of interest in their Geographic Information System (GIS), and “fly” the line with oblique and downward perspectives from their computer screen. The digital video could be sped up or slowed down allowing URS the ability to review each frame for careful, detailed analysis, and identify potential recognized environmental conditions (RECs) and encroachment upon the ROW. The high-resolution still-imagery provided URS the ability to zoom into the potential REC for a closer inspection of site features, vegetation, and surrounding land use. URS created a database of potential RECs and areas of interest along with a simple user interface as a deliverable to the client, which allows the user to link directly to specific video frames and high-resolution photographs for their own review and analysis. The cost of the airborne data capture and processing was substantially less than a traditional Phase I ESA. Furthermore, the video and high-resolution images provided for a more comprehensive analysis tool, which can be reviewed by multiple analysts and catalogued for future reference by third parties. An additional benefit is that the high-resolution photographs can be imported into AutoCAD or other software for development of maps and figures. Overall, the net result of low-level GIS integrated videography is enhanced quality of data and a 50% reduction in total cost for the ROW project as compared to traditional Phase I ESA methodology.

Kyung-Hee Lee, Tae-Jung Kim, Bo-Seok Seo, and Jae-Won Suh. "Fast reference frame selection algorithm for H.264/AVC based on reference frame map." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2010.5418890.

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Satyan, Ramdas, Sunday Nyamweno, Burak Solak, and Fabrice Labeau. "Error resilience using reference frame modification." In 2008 IEEE 10th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2008.4665073.

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Garcia-Miro, Cristina. "The X/Ka Celestial Reference Frame." In 12th European VLBI Network Symposium and Users Meeting. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.230.0033.

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Johnston, Kenneth J., David Boboltz, Alan Fey, Ralph Gaume, and Norbert Zacharias. "Astrophysics of reference frame tie objects." In Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.460935.

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Kuybeda, Oleg, and Meir Barzohar. "Multiple-reference-frame registration for superresolution." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Bjorn Andresen, Gabor F. Fulop, and Marija Strojnik. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.452232.

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Belussi, A., B. Catania, and E. Bertino. "A reference framework for integrating multiple representations of geographical maps." In the eleventh ACM international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/956676.956681.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Geographical frame of reference":

Johnston, Kenneth J., David Boboltz, Alan L. Fey, Ralph A. Gaume, and Norbert Zacharias. Astrophysics of Reference Frame Tie Objects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432357.

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Hu, G., M. Jia, and J. Dawson. Report on the Asia Pacific Reference Frame (APREF) Project. Geoscience Australia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2019.017.

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Dunn, Nicholas C. Directed Energy Beam Jitter Mitigation Using the Line-of-Sight Reference Frame. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada554679.

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Thomas, Lisa C., Christopher D. Wickens, and James Merlo. Immersion and Battlefield Visualization: Frame of Reference Effects on Navigation Tasks and Cognitive Tunneling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436774.

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McCune, Elizabeth. Who Am I? Well, It Depends: How Frame-of-Reference Imposes Context In Non-Contextualized Personality Inventories. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.725.

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Hunthausen, John. Predictors of Task and Contextual Performance: Frame-of-Reference Effects and Applicant Reaction Effects on Selection System Validity. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3257.

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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.

Appleyard, Bruce, Jonathan Stanton, and Chris Allen. Toward a Guide for Smart Mobility Corridors: Frameworks and Tools for Measuring, Understanding, and Realizing Transportation Land Use Coordination. Mineta Transportation Institue, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1805.

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The coordination of transportation and land use (also known as “smart growth”) has been a long-standing goal for planning and engineering professionals, but to this day it remains an elusive concept to realize. Leaving us with this central question -- how can we best achieve transportation and land use coordination at the corridor level? In response, this report provides a review of literature and practice related to sustainability, livability, and equity (SLE) with a focus on corridor-level planning. Using Caltrans’ Corridor Planning Process Guide and Smart Mobility Framework as guideposts, this report also reviews various principles, performance measures, and place typology frameworks, along with current mapping and planning support tools (PSTs). The aim being to serve as a guidebook that agency staff can use for reference, synergizing planning insights from various data sources that had not previously been brought together in a practical frame. With this knowledge and understanding, a key section provides a discussion of tools and metrics and how they can be used in corridor planning. For illustration purposes, this report uses the Smart Mobility Calculator (https://smartmobilitycalculator. netlify.app/), a novel online tool designed to make key data easily available for all stakeholders to make better decisions. For more information on this tool, see https://transweb.sjsu.edu/research/1899-Smart-Growth-Equity-Framework-Tool. The Smart Mobility Calculator is unique in that it incorporates statewide datasets on urban quality and livability which are then communicated through a straightforward visualization planners can readily use. Core sections of this report cover the framework and concepts upon which the Smart Mobility Calculator is built and provides examples of its functionality and implementation capabilities. The Calculator is designed to complement policies to help a variety of agencies (MPOs, DOTs, and local land use authorities) achieve coordination and balance between transportation and land use at the corridor level.