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1
Lovell, Thomas W. J., Anita C. Sirotic, Franco M. Impellizzeri, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Factors Affecting Perception of Effort (Session Rating of Perceived Exertion) During Rugby League Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.1.62.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for monitoring training intensity in rugby league.Methods:Thirty-two professional rugby league players participated in this study. Training-load (TL) data were collected during an entire season and assessed via microtechnology (heart-rate [HR] monitors, global positioning systems [GPS], and accelerometers) and sRPE. Within-individual correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between sRPE and various other measures of training intensity and load. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to determine a predictive equation to estimate sRPE during rugby league training.Results:There were significant within-individual correlations between sRPE and various other internal and external measures of intensity and load. The stepwise multiple-regression analysis also revealed that 62.4% of the adjusted variance in sRPE-TL could be explained by TL measures of distance, impacts, body load, and training impulse (y = 37.21 + 0.93 distance − 0.39 impacts + 0.18 body load + 0.03 training impulse). Furthermore, 35.2% of the adjusted variance in sRPE could be explained by exercise-intensity measures of percentage of peak HR (%HRpeak), impacts/min, m/min, and body load/min (y = −0.01 + 0.37%HRpeak + 0.10 impacts/min + 0.17 m/min + 0.09 body load/min).Conclusion:A combination of internal and external TL factors predicts sRPE in rugby league training better than any individual measures alone. These findings provide new evidence to support the use of sRPE as a global measure of exercise intensity in rugby league training.
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Guitart, Marc, Martí Casals, David Casamichana, Jordi Cortés, Francesc Xavier Valle, Alan McCall, Francesc Cos, and Gil Rodas. "Use of GPS to measure external load and estimate the incidence of muscle injuries in men’s football: A novel descriptive study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): e0263494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Measurement of external load in players provides objective information to optimise the weekly balance between training and recovery to improve performance and prevent injuries. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of sports-related muscle injuries of the lower limb in relation to external load, measured by global positioning system (GPS), in football players. A descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 71 professional male football players (30 professionals and 41 youth players) from an elite football club competing in the Spanish and European League in the 2017–2018 season. As external load variables, we measured High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD), High Speed Running (HSR), Player Load (PL), and Total Distance (TD) through GPS. Injury rate (IR) was calculated both in relation to such GPS load metrics and to load exposure time. We considered categories (youth and professional), playing positions (centre back, full back, midfielder, and forward), and training day with respect to match-day (-4MD, -3MD, -2MD, -1MD, MD, +1MD, +2MD). The GPS load metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD showed very similar patterns across categories and positions, but varied according to training session or MD. The highest loads were observed on MD and three days prior to the match (-3MD). Similarly, the overall IR, both calculated per load exposure time and per GPS load metrics, was highest on MD and -3MD. Again, no differences were observed between youth and professional players. Midfielders demonstrated the highest IR in all metrics, followed by the forwards. In conclusion, this study suggests that external load and incidence of muscle injuries are directly proportional. Therefore, the measurement of more external load variables other than load exposure time, such as the GPS metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD may help to describe the pattern and magnitude of injuries. Future studies based on ours may help to further improve the understanding of the incidence of muscle injuries on the basis of external loads measurements in different football teams.
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Clemente, Filipe Manuel, Alireza Rabbani, Daniele Conte, Daniel Castillo, José Afonso, Cain Craig Truman Clark, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Training/Match External Load Ratios in Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to describe the training/match ratios of different external load measures during a full professional soccer season while analyzing the variations between different types of weeks (three, four and five training sessions/week) and (ii) to investigate the relationship between weekly accumulated training loads and the match demands of the same week. Twenty-seven professional soccer players (24.9 ± 3.5 years old) were monitored daily using a 10-Hz global positioning system with a 100-Hz accelerometer. Total distance (TD), running distance (RD), high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance (SD), player load (PL), number of high accelerations (ACC), and number of high decelerations (DEC) were recorded during training sessions and matches. An individual training/match ratio (TMr) was calculated for each external load measure. Weeks with five training sessions (5dW) presented meaningfully greater TMr than weeks with four (4dW) or three (3dW) training sessions. Additionally, TDratio (TDr) was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (mean differences dif: 1.23 arbitray units A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.80 A.U.); HSRr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.68 A.U.); and SDr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.77 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.). Correlations between the weekly training loads and the match demands of the same week were small for PL (r = 0.250 [0.13;0.36]), ACC (r = 0.292 [0.17;0.40]) and DEC (r = 0.236 [0.11;0.35]). This study reveals that ratios of above 1 were observed for specific measures (e.g., HSR, SD). It was also observed that training sessions are not adjusted according to weekly variations in match demands.
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Malone, James J., Arne Jaspers, Werner Helsen, Brenda Merks, Wouter G. P. Frencken, and Michel S. Brink. "Seasonal Training Load and Wellness Monitoring in a Professional Soccer Goalkeeper." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0472.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this investigation was to (1) quantify the training load practices of a professional soccer goalkeeper and (2) investigate the relationship between the training load observed and the subsequent self-reported wellness response. One male goalkeeper playing for a team in the top league of the Netherlands participated in this case study. Training load data were collected across a full season using a global positioning system device and session-RPE (rating of perceived exertion). Data were assessed in relation to the number of days to a match (MD− and MD+). In addition, self-reported wellness response was assessed using a questionnaire. Duration, total distance, average speed, PlayerLoad™, and load (derived from session-RPE) were highest on MD. The lowest values for duration, total distance, and PlayerLoad™ were observed on MD−1 and MD+1. Total wellness scores were highest on MD and MD−3 and were lowest on MD+1 and MD−4. Small to moderate correlations between training load measures (duration, total distance covered, high deceleration efforts, and load) and the self-reported wellness response scores were found. This exploratory case study provides novel data about the physical load undertaken by a goalkeeper during 1 competitive season. The data suggest that there are small to moderate relationships between training load indicators and self-reported wellness response. This weak relation indicates that the association is not meaningful. This may be due to the lack of position-specific training load parameters that practitioners can currently measure in the applied context.
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Maupin, Danny, Ben Schram, Elisa F. D. Canetti, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, and Robin M. Orr. "Profiling the Typical Training Load of a Law Enforcement Recruit Class." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 13457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Law enforcement academies, designed to prepare recruits for their prospective career, represent periods of high physical and mental stress, potentially contributing to recruits’ injuries. Managing stress via monitoring training loads may mitigate injuries while ensuring adequate preparation. However, it is vital to first understand an academy’s typical training load. The aim of this study was to profile the typical training load of law enforcement recruits over the course of 22 weeks. Data were prospectively collected using global positioning system (GPS) units placed on recruits during a portion of the academy training, while a desktop analysis was retrospectively applied to six other classes. A Bland–Altman plot was conducted to assess the agreement between the two methods. A linear mixed model was conducted to analyse the difference in distances covered per week, while other variables were presented graphically. Adequate agreement between the desktop analysis and GPS units was observed. Significant differences (p-value < 0.01) in distance covered (9.64 to 11.65 km) exist between weeks during early academy stages, which coincide with increases (~6 h) in physical training. Significant decreases in distances were experienced during the last five weeks of academy training. Most acute:chronic workload ratios stayed between the proposed 0.8 to 1.3 optimal range. Results from this study indicate that large increases in training occur early in the academy, potentially influencing injuries. Utilizing a desktop analysis is a pragmatic and reliable approach for instructors to measure load.
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Bunn, Jennifer A., Bradley J. Myers, and Mary K. Reagor. "An Evaluation of Training Load Measures for Drills in Women’s Collegiate Lacrosse." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: To statistically evaluate the internal and external load metrics in different types of lacrosse drills. Methods: A total of 25 Division I collegiate female lacrosse players wore a heart rate monitor and a global positioning system during preseason training sessions. Seven measures determined training load, 2 internal measures and 5 external measures, across 5 different types of drills: stickwork, small-sided games, individual skills, conditioning, and team drills. Principal component analysis was used to determine which internal and external load variables were most associated with each drill type. Results: Stickwork extracted 2 principal components, explaining 45% and 17% of the variance. Small-sided games extracted 1 principal component, explaining 51% of the variance. Individual skills extracted 2 components, explaining 39% and 22% of the variance. Conditioning extracted 2 components, explaining 44% and 24% of the variance. Team drills extracted 2 components, explaining 52% and 18% of the variance. Conclusions: In 4 out of 5 training modes, the inclusion of both internal and external training-load measures was necessary to accurately decipher training load. For most drills, the first component is related to measures of external load, and the second component described the balance between internal and external load measures. Small-sided games extracted only external measures including the following: accelerations, total distance, and average speed. These results show that a combination of internal and external load measures is required to determine training load during certain training modes. This information can help coaches make decisions about desired training load for practice sessions.
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Castillo, Daniel, and Javier Raya-González. "Internal load in elite young soccer players during a whole season according to playing positions." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aims of this study were 1) to compare the internal load, measured as session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), between training sessions and official matches among playing positions in young elite soccer players and 2) to analyze the s-RPE association between training and official match-play. Nineteen young elite soccer players who competed in the Spanish First Division Under-19 Championship participated in this study. Internal load was registered during 120 training sessions and during 30 official matches. Only the players who participated in all the weekly sessions and played at least 70 min were included in the further analysis. No significant differences (P > 0.05, ES = -0.57/0.62) among playing positions were found in the s-RPE registered by soccer players in training sessions, official matches nor in the total sessions. On the other side, higher s-RPE was observed during trainings in comparison to matches in each playing position (P < 0.001, ES = 5.51-30.77). However, no association was observed between training s-RPE and match s-RPE for the whole of the players (P = 0.60, r = 0.04), nor for each specific playing positions (P = 0.29-0.89, r = -0.11/0.16). These findings could be useful for coaches in order to plan the distribution of the weekly training load. Nonetheless, it is also suggested that internal load monitoring cannot be confidently used, in isolation, as a tool to detect differences in the match-play demands, attending to playing positions, in young soccer players. Thus, the use of both internal (i.e., s-RPE) and external (i.e., global positioning system measures) load is suggested to manage the training and match load and to prescribe the training sessions appropriately.
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Versic, Sime, Toni Modric, Borko Katanic, Mario Jelicic, and Damir Sekulic. "Analysis of the Association between Internal and External Training Load Indicators in Elite Soccer; Multiple Regression Study." Sports 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10090135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to identify the external training load (ETL) variables that are most influential on the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) during elite soccer training. The participants (n = 29) were adult male soccer players from a single team that competed in Croatia’s highest national soccer competition in the 2021/2022 season. Data were collected using the 10 Hz Global Positioning System from 66 training sessions, and a total of 1061 training observations were undertaken. The univariate and multivariate relationships among the predictors (ETL variables) and the criterion (sRPE) were assessed using forward stepwise multiple regressions and Pearson’s correlations, respectively. ETL variables explained 63% of the variance in the sRPE (Multiple R = 0.79; p < 0.01), and the model was successfully cross-validated. The significant partial regressors were total distance (β = 0.66), metres per minute (β = −0.47), high-intensity accelerations (β = 0.22) and decelerations (β = 0.18), and sprint distance (β = 0.14). All ETL variables were significantly correlated with the sRPE (all p < 0.01), with the highest correlations found for total distance covered (r = 0.70) and high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (r = 0.62 and 0.65, respectively). Such results show that (i) the total distance and acceleration rates during the training sessions are the most important predictors of the sRPE, and (ii) a combination of different ETL variables predicts the sRPE better than any individual parameter alone. This study shows that both the volume and intensity of training are related to players’ internal responses. The findings ultimately provide further evidence to support the use of sRPE as a global measure of training load in soccer players.
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Teixeira, José E., Pedro Forte, Ricardo Ferraz, Miguel Leal, Joana Ribeiro, António J. Silva, Tiago M. Barbosa, and António M. Monteiro. "Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083906.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player’s starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
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Figueiredo, Pedro, George P. Nassis, and João Brito. "Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 847–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0455.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.
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Clubb, Jo, Chris Towlson, and Steve Barrett. "Measurement properties of external training load variables during standardised games in soccer: Implications for training and monitoring strategies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0262274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to assess the measurement properties of external training load measures across three formats of standardised training games. Eighty-eight players from two English professional soccer clubs participated in the study spanning three consecutive seasons. External training load data was collected from three types of standardised game format drills (11v11, 10v10, 7v7+6) using Global Positioning Systems. For each external training load metric in each game format, the following measurement properties were calculated; coefficient of variation (CV%) to determine between- and within-subject reliability, intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) to determine test-retest reliability, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to determine sensitivity. Total distance (TD) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) demonstrated good sensitivity (TD SNR = 1.6–4.6; PL SNR = 1.2–4.3) on a group level. However, a wide variety of within-subject reliability was demonstrated for these variables (TD CV% = 1.7–36.3%; PL CV% = 4.3–39.5%) and corresponding intensity measures calculated per minute. The percentage contribution of individual planes to PL showed the lowest between-subject CV% (CV% = 2–7%), although sensitivity varied across formats (SNR = 0.3–1.4). High speed running demonstrated poor reliability across all three formats of SSG (CV% = 51–103%, ICC = 0.03–0.53). Given the measurement properties of external training load measures observed in this study, specifically the within-subject variation, reliability across trials of standardised training games should be calculated on an individual level. This will allow practitioners to detect worthwhile changes across trials of standardised game format drills. Such information is important for the appropriate implementation of training and monitoring strategies in soccer.
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Murray, Nick B., Tim J. Gabbett, and Andrew D. Townshend. "Relationship Between Preseason Training Load and In-Season Availability in Elite Australian Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 6 (July 2017): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives:To investigate the relationship between the proportion of preseason training sessions completed and load and injury during the ensuing Australian Football League season.Design:Single-cohort, observational study.Methods:Forty-six elite male Australian football players from 1 club participated. Players were divided into 3 equal groups based on the amount of preseason training completed (high [HTL], >85% sessions completed; medium [MTL], 50–85% sessions completed; and low [LTL], <50% sessions completed). Global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to record training and game loads, with all injuries recorded and classified by club medical staff. Differences between groups were analyzed using a 2-way (group × training/competition phase) repeated-measures ANOVA, along with magnitude-based inferences. Injury incidence was expressed as injuries per 1000 h.Results:The HTL and MTL groups completed a greater proportion of in-season training sessions (81.1% and 74.2%) and matches (76.7% and 76.1%) than the LTL (56.9% and 52.7%) group. Total distance and player load were significantly greater during the first half of the in-season period for the HTL (P = .03, ES = 0.88) and MTL (P = .02, ES = 0.93) groups than the LTL group. The relative risk of injury for the LTL group (26.8/1000 h) was 1.9 times greater than that for the HTL group (14.2/1000 h) (χ2 = 3.48, df = 2, P = .17).Conclusions:Completing a greater proportion of preseason training resulted in higher training loads and greater participation in training and competition during the competitive phase of the season.
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Abbott, Will, Gary Brickley, and Nicholas J. Smeeton. "An individual approach to monitoring locomotive training load in English Premier League academy soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 3 (April 13, 2018): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118771181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To account for the individual intensity of locomotion tasks, individualised speed thresholds have been proposed as an alternative to global speed thresholds. Methodologies to determine individual speed thresholds have typically been laboratory based, time consuming and expensive, rendering them inappropriate for applied practitioners working with large squads. The current investigation utilised easy-to-administer field tests to individualise speed thresholds. The aim was to investigate differences between high-speed locomotion measured using global and individual speed thresholds. Nineteen, male, professional soccer players completed maximum sprint and maximum aerobic speed protocols and were divided into groups dependent upon maximum aerobic speed performance (high, medium and low). Locomotion data were collected using portable Global Positioning System units and analysed using global and individual analysis methods to determine distances travelled performing high-speed running, very high-speed running and sprinting. In low athletes, the individual analysis method produced significantly higher percentages of high-speed running, very high-speed running and sprinting compared to global (mean differences 7.8%, 6.1% and 1.7%, respectively, all p < 0.001). In medium athletes, no significant differences were found between analysis methods for high-speed running and very high-speed running. In high athletes, the individual analysis method produced significantly lower high-speed running and very high-speed running percentages compared to global (mean differences 11.0% and 6.8%, p < 0.001). Results concluded that global thresholds produced high-speed locomotion percentages significantly higher or lower than individual thresholds for 47% of athletes. The current investigation recommends the use of field tests to individualise speed thresholds, allowing applied practitioners to accurately quantify individual athlete intensity.
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Luteberget, Live Steinnes, and Matthias Gilgien. "Validation methods for global and local positioning-based athlete monitoring systems in team sports: a scoping review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (August 2020): e000794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background/ObjectiveGlobal navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and local positioning systems (LPS) are to date common tools to measure external training load in athletes. The aim of this scoping review was to map out and critically appraise the methods used to validate different GNSS and LPS used in team sports.MethodA total of 48 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The reference systems applied in the validations, and the parameters investigated were extracted from the studies.ResultsThe results show a substantial range of reference systems used to validate GNSS and LPS and a substantial number of investigated parameters. The majority of the validation studies have employed relatively simple field-based research designs, with use of measure tape/known distance as reference measure for distance. Timing gates and radar guns were frequently used as reference system for average and peak speed. Fewer studies have used reference system that allow for validation of instantaneous dynamic position, such as infrared camera-based motion capture systems.ConclusionsBecause most validation studies use simple and cost-effective reference systems which do not allow to quantify the exact path athletes travel and hence misjudge the true path length and speed, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of validation studies, especially when comparing results between studies. Studies validating instantaneous dynamic position-based measures is warranted, since they may have a wider application and enable comparisons both between studies and over time.
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Haddad, Monoem, Johnny Padulo, and Karim Chamari. "The Usefulness of Session Rating of Perceived Exertion for Monitoring Training Load Despite Several Influences on Perceived Exertion." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 5 (September 2014): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite various contributing factors, session rating of perceived exertion has the potential to affect a large proportion of the global sporting and clinical communities since it is an inexpensive and simple tool that is highly practical and accurately measures an athlete’s outcome of training or competition. Its simplicity can help optimize performance and reduce negative outcomes of hard training in elite athletes.
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Kjølhede, Tue, Susanne Siemonsen, Damian Wenzel, Jan-Patrick Stellmann, Steffen Ringgaard, Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen, Egon Stenager, et al. "Can resistance training impact MRI outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24, no. 10 (July 28, 2017): 1356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517722645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by accelerated brain atrophy, which relates to disease progression. Previous research shows that progressive resistance training (PRT) can counteract brain atrophy in other populations. Objective: To evaluate the effects of PRT by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical measures of disease progression in people with MS. Methods: This study was a 24-week randomised controlled cross-over trial, including a Training ( n = 18, 24 weeks of PRT followed by self-guided physical activity) and Waitlist group ( n = 17, 24 weeks of habitual lifestyle followed by PRT). Assessments included disability measures and MRI (lesion load, global brain volume, percentage brain volume change (PBVC) and cortical thickness). Results: While the MS Functional Composite score improved, Expanded Disability Status Scale, lesion load and global brain volumes did not differ between groups. PBVC tended to differ between groups and higher absolute cortical thickness values were observed in 19 of 74 investigated cortical regions after PRT. Observed changes were confirmed and reproduced when comparing relative cortical thickness changes between groups for four areas: anterior cingulate gyrus, temporal pole, orbital sulcus and inferior temporal sulcus. Conclusion: PRT seem to induce an increase in cortical thickness, indicating that PRT have a neuroprotective or even neuroregenerative effect in relapsing-remitting MS.
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Scott, Brendan R., Robert G. Lockie, Timothy J. Knight, Andrew C. Clark, and Xanne A. K. Janse de Jonge. "A Comparison of Methods to Quantify the In-Season Training Load of Professional Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose:To compare various measures of training load (TL) derived from physiological (heart rate [HR]), perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and physical (global positioning system [GPS] and accelerometer) data during in-season field-based training for professional soccer.Methods:Fifteen professional male soccer players (age 24.9 ± 5.4 y, body mass 77.6 ± 7.5 kg, height 181.1 ± 6.9 cm) were assessed in-season across 97 individual training sessions. Measures of external TL (total distance [TD], the volume of low-speed activity [LSA; <14.4 km/h], high-speed running [HSR; >14.4 km/h], very high-speed running [VHSR; >19.8 km/h], and player load), HR and session-RPE (sRPE) scores were recorded. Internal TL scores (HR-based and sRPE-based) were calculated, and their relationships with measures of external TL were quantified using Pearson product–moment correlations.Results:Physical measures of TD, LSA volume, and player load provided large, significant (r = .71−.84; P < .01) correlations with the HR-based and sRPE-based methods. Volume of HSR and VHSR provided moderate to large, significant (r = .40−.67; P < .01) correlations with measures of internal TL.Conclusions:While the volume of HSR and VHSR provided significant relationships with internal TL, physical-performance measures of TD, LSA volume, and player load appear to be more acceptable indicators of external TL, due to the greater magnitude of their correlations with measures of internal TL.
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Younesi, Saeid, Alireza Rabbani, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Rui Silva, Hugo Sarmento, and António José Figueiredo. "Dose-Response Relationships between Training Load Measures and Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084321.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this cohort study was two-fold: (i) to analyze within-group changes of final velocity in a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), final velocity in a Vameval test (Vvameval), 20-m sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ); (ii) to explore the relationships between VIFT and Vvameval outcomes and their changes with internal and external loads. Twenty-two professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%, 3.1 ± 1.5 years in the club) participated in this study. External and internal loads were obtained using global positioning system, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (sRPE) after each training session. Players were assessed in CMJ, 20-m sprint, Vameval and 30-15 intermittent fitness test, before and after the observed period. Very large relationships were observed between VIFT and Vameval for pre- (r = 0.76), post (r = 0.80) and pooled-data (r = 0.81). Vvameval showed less sensitivity (−22.4%, [−45.0 to 9.4]), ES −0.45 [−1.05 to 0.16]) than VIFT. ∆VIFT had unclear associations with all sRPE, but had moderate correlations with objective internal and external measures, while, ∆Vvameval varied between large and very large relationships with all sRPE, but had unclear associations with all other selected training loads. Objective internal and external loads may be used to track aerobic power related changes from VIFT.
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Matos, Sérgio, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Rui Silva, and José María Cancela Carral. "Variations of Workload Indices Prior to Injuries: A Study in Trail Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to compare the variations of weekly workload indices of internal and external load measures across the three weeks prior to injury occurrences in trail runners. Twenty-five trail runners (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years old; body mass: 67.24 ± 5.97 kg; height: 172.12 ± 5.12 cm) were monitored daily for 52 weeks using global positioning systems (GPSs) to determine the total distance covered. Additionally, a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was applied to determine session-RPE (sRPE: RPE multiplied by training time). The accumulated load (AL), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) indices were calculated weekly for each runner. During the period of analysis, the injury occurrences were recorded. The differences were observed in AL and ACWR for sRPE and training time were significantly greater during the injury week when compared to the previous weeks. Similar evidence was found in TM and TS indices for sRPE, training time, and total distance. Furthermore, no meaningful differences were observed in AL and ACWR for total distance in the weeks prior to injury occurrence. Nevertheless, significant between-subjects variability was found, and this should be carefully considered. For that reason, an individualized analysis of the workload dynamics is recommended, avoiding greater spikes in load by aiming to keep a progressive increment of load without consequences for injury risk.
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Dionne, Jean-François, Claude Lajoie, Philippe Gendron, Eduardo Freiberger, and François Trudeau. "Physiological and Psychological Adaptations of Trained Cyclists to Spring Cycling Camps." Journal of Human Kinetics 64, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The purpose of our study was to assess physiological adaptations and measure mood outcomes following a cycling training camp in competitive athletes. Fourteen competitive athletes (8 males, 6 females) performed 2 incremental tests to exhaustion before and after a training camp. Volume and intensity (load) of the training regimen were recorded. Submaximal and maximal metabolic data were analysed, as well as economy variables (gross mechanical efficiency and cycling economy). Skeletal muscle adaptations were assessed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). For both genders (n = 14), peak power output, peak power output-W/kg ratio and peak power output-B[La] were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the cycling training camp (p < 0.05). Significant increases occurred for gross mechanical efficiency measured at the lactate threshold (+4.9%) and at the same precamp lactate threshold power output (+2.9%). At the lactate threshold and Post Camp Lactate Threshold Power, cycling economy increased by 5.2 and 2.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). These power measurements were significantly correlated with individual fluctuations in deoxyhaemoglobin in the vastus lateralis for male cyclists only. Profile of Mood State questionnaire results showed that subcategories “Tension-Anxiety”, “Confusion”, “Fatigue” and “Total Global Score” significantly decreased after the training camp. Cycling training camps were associated with positive adaptations (increased cycling economy, gross mechanical efficiency and power output) as well as some mental benefits. This indicates that despite some significant physiological adaptations participants probably did not overreach during their CTC.
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Rico-González, Markel, Asier Los Arcos, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Filipe M. Clemente, and José Pino-Ortega. "A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow the measurement of training load (TL) and collective behavior in team sports so that match performance can be optimized. Despite the frequent use of radio-frequency (RF) technology (i.e., global positioning navigation systems (GNSS/global positioning systems (GPS)) and, local position systems (LPS)) and MEMS in sports research, there is no protocol that must be followed, nor are there any set guidelines for evaluating the quality of the data collection process in studies. Thus, this study aims to suggest a survey based on previously used protocols to evaluate the quality of data recorded by RF technology and MEMS in team sports. A quality check sheet was proposed considering 13 general criteria items. Four additional items for GNSS/GPS, eight additional items for LPS, and five items for MEMS were suggested. This information for evaluating the quality of the data collection process should be reported in the methods sections of future studies.
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Modric, Toni, Mario Jelicic, and Damir Sekulic. "Relative Training Load and Match Outcome: Are Professional Soccer Players Actually Undertrained during the In-Season?" Sports 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9100139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous studies examined training/match ratios (TMr) to determine the training load relative to the match load, but the influence of the relative training load (RTL) on success in soccer is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible influence of RTL on final match outcome in soccer (win, draw, and loss). Running performances (RP) of soccer players (n = 21) in the Croatian highest national soccer competition were analyzed during the season 2020–2021. Data were measured by the global positioning system in 14 official matches and 67 training sessions. RTL was assessed by TMr, which were calculated as the ratio of RP during training and match in the same week, evaluating the following measures: TDr (total distance ratio), LIDr (low-intensity distance ratio), RDr (running distance ratio), HIDr (high-intensity distance ratio), ACCr (total accelerations ratio), DECr (total decelerations ratio), HI-ACCr (high-intensity accelerations ratio), HI-DECr (high-intensity decelerations ratio). All TMr were examined separately for each training session within in-season microcycles (categorized as days before the match day, i.e., MD minus). Spearman correlations were used to identify association between match outcome and TMr. The results indicated negative associations between match outcome and TDr, LIDr, ACCr and DECr on MD-1 and MD-2). In contrast, positive associations were evidenced between match outcome, and HIDr on MD-3 and TDr, LIDr, ACCr and DECr on MD-5 (p < 0.05; all moderate correlations). These findings demonstrate that final match outcome in soccer was associated with greater RTL of (i) high-intensity running three days before the match, (ii) total and low-intensity running, accelerations and decelerations five days before the match, and (iii) lower RTL of total and low-intensity running, accelerations and decelerations one and two days before the match.
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Jaspers, Arne, Tim Op De Beéck, Michel S. Brink, Wouter G. P. Frencken, Filip Staes, Jesse J. Davis, and Werner F. Helsen. "Relationships Between the External and Internal Training Load in Professional Soccer: What Can We Learn From Machine Learning?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: Machine learning may contribute to understanding the relationship between the external load and internal load in professional soccer. Therefore, the relationship between external load indicators (ELIs) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was examined using machine learning techniques on a group and individual level. Methods: Training data were collected from 38 professional soccer players over 2 seasons. The external load was measured using global positioning system technology and accelerometry. The internal load was obtained using the RPE. Predictive models were constructed using 2 machine learning techniques, artificial neural networks and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) models, and 1 naive baseline method. The predictions were based on a large set of ELIs. Using each technique, 1 group model involving all players and 1 individual model for each player were constructed. These models’ performance on predicting the reported RPE values for future training sessions was compared with the naive baseline’s performance. Results: Both the artificial neural network and LASSO models outperformed the baseline. In addition, the LASSO model made more accurate predictions for the RPE than did the artificial neural network model. Furthermore, decelerations were identified as important ELIs. Regardless of the applied machine learning technique, the group models resulted in equivalent or better predictions for the reported RPE values than the individual models. Conclusions: Machine learning techniques may have added value in predicting RPE for future sessions to optimize training design and evaluation. These techniques may also be used in conjunction with expert knowledge to select key ELIs for load monitoring.
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Draper, Garrison, Matthew Wright, Paul Chesterton, and Greg Atkinson. "The tracking of internal and external training loads with next-day player-reported fatigue at different times of the season in elite soccer players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 16, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954121988960.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim was to assess factor structure of player-reported fatigue and quantify within-subjects association between changes in training load measures and next day player-reported fatigue at different time points of an elite football season. Using longitudinal research design, twenty-four professional footballers, mean (SD) age of 25.7 (3.4) years, were monitored during their competitive season, including pre-season. Player-reported fatigue data and session ratings of perceived exertion (session-RPE) were collected via a mobile application. Player’s Heart rate (HR) and global positioning system (GPS) data were collected daily for each player in field sessions. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated three components with Eigenvalues above 1.0; “soreness”, “mood, and “hydration”. Within-player correlations between training load values and next day player-reported fatigue values were trivial to moderate (r ≈ −0.42 to −0.04). In-season we observed large correlations between Total Distance (TD) and PlayerLoad with Soreness (r = −0.55, 95% CI: −0.62 to −0.46; r = −.054, 95% CI: −0.62 to −0.46), but during pre-season, correlations were small (r = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.28 to −0.01; r = −0.13, 95% CI: −0.26 to 0.01). The HR TRIMP, TD and session-RPE measures each showed trivial to moderate correlations (r ≈ −0.41 to −0.08) with next day “mood”. Our in-house player-reported fatigue questionnaire was sensitive to the multi-dimensional nature of fatigue, identifying physiological (soreness), psychological (mood and stress) and nutritional (hydration and nutrition) components. We found the in-season correlations with training load to be greater than previously reported in the literature, specifically with next day player-reported “soreness”. Nevertheless, the correlations between the items of our scale and pre-season training load were small.
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Santos-García, Daniel Juárez, David Recuenco Serrano, José Carlos Ponce-Bordón, and Hadi Nobari. "Monitoring Heart Rate Variability and Its Association with High-Intensity Running, Psychometric Status, and Training Load in Elite Female Soccer Players during Match Weeks." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214815.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to maximize adaptations to reach high performance, sports coaches must regularly monitor the healing process following competitions or important training sessions and maintain psychometric status. As a result, the objective of this study was to track heart rate variability (HRV) in elite Spanish female soccer players during match weeks and examine its connection to high-intensity running, psychometric status, and training load. Changes in the nocturnal HRV measured along the square root of differences between adjacent RR intervals of 4 h (rMSSD 4 h) during the first phase of slow wave sleep (rMSSD 5 min), resting heart rate (RHR 4 h and RHR 5 min) were recorded with Firstbeat Bodyguard 2 (Firstbeat Technologies, Jyvaskyla, Finland). Training and match loads were recorded with rating perceived exertion and high-intensity running data by using a global positioning system (GPS) device (SPI-Pro X, GPSports). Ultimately, the psychometric test was recorded by a 5-item questionnaire, and all data were analyzed across three weeks of a competitive season. The day of the match found the lowest HRV, while the day following the match found a substantial (p < 0.01) rise in rMSSD 4 h and rMSSD 5 min. Similarly, these variables showed significant differences two days after the match. Similarly, these variables showed significant differences two days after the match. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the RHR 4 h and RHR 5 min (p < 0.01) and rMSSD 4 h and rMSSD 5 min (p < 0.05) and variables after two days with a higher training load. The results gathered from the psychometric tests, and the various HR markers showed significant associations. As a result, HRV, RHR, and psychometric assessments are probably sensitive to changes in load within a microcycle, providing a straightforward and non-invasive technique to assess changes in the recovery/fatigue status of top-level female soccer players.
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Díaz-García, Jesús, Juan José Pulido, José Carlos Ponce-Bordón, Carlos Cano-Prado, Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo, and Tomás García-Calvo. "Coach Encouragement During Soccer Practices Can Influence Players’ Mental and Physical Loads." Journal of Human Kinetics 79, no. 1 (July 10, 2021): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study analyzed the influence of the coaches’ encouragement on the mental and physical load in soccer practices. The participants were 36 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40; SD = 2.25) belonging to two male teams and one female team. Following the same practices’ design and order, two training sessions of each team were completed. In one session, coaches maintained a passive verbal attitude, whereas in the other session, coaches intervened with an active attitude through continuous general encouragement. The mental load and fatigue were measured using self-reported questionnaires (Likert scales), and internal and external physical loads were quantified using the rating of perceived exertion and the Global Position System. A t-test for related samples and magnitude based on an inference spreadsheet was performed. The results demonstrated that mental and internal physical loads increased when coaches participated with active verbal encouragement. Especially, increases in performance satisfaction, mental effort, and RPE values, and decreases in unsafety values were detected due to encouragement interventions. Nevertheless, the external physical load did not show a clear trend. Based on these findings, coaches can use this information to manipulate their verbal encouragement during practices according to their physical and mental objectives with specific soccer strategies
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Uthoff, Aaron, Aníbal Bustos, Gustavo Metral, John Cronin, Joseph Dolcetti, and Michael C. Rumpf. "Does Warming Up With Wearable Resistance Influence Internal and External Training Load in National Level Soccer Players?" Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 14, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19417381211055696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Adding wearable resistance (WR) to training results in superior performance compared with unloaded conditions. However, it is unclear if adding WR during warm-up influences training load (TL) in the subsequent session. The aim of this research was to track TL in soccer players during the transition from late preseason to early in-season and examine whether adding WR to the lower leg during a warm-up influenced TL measures during warm-ups and on-field training sessions after WR was removed. Hypothesis: The addition of WR worn on the lower legs during an on-field warm-up would lead to decreases in relatively high-intensity external TL metrics, such as distance covered >6.11 m∙s−1 and acceleration and deceleration >/<3 m∙s−2 and increases in internal TL during the warm-up, yet would have little effect on the subsequent training session when WR was removed. Study Design: Matched-pair randomized design. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 28 soccer players were allocated to either a WR training (WRT = 14) or unloaded (control [CON] = 14) group. Both groups performed the same warm-up and on-field training for 8 weeks, with the WRT group wearing 200 g to 600 g loads on their lower leg during the warm-up. External TL was measured via global positioning system data and internal TL was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE × time per session). Results: No statistically significant between-group differences ( P ≥ 0.05) were identified for any TL measurement during either warm-ups or training sessions. Lower leg WR resulted in trivial to moderate effects for all external TL metrics (−16.9% to 2.40%; d = −0.61 to 0.14) and sRPE (−0.33%; d = −0.03) during the warm-up and trivial to small effects on all external TL metrics (−8.95% to −0.36%; d = −0.45 to −0.30) and sRPE (3.39%; d = 0.33) during training sessions. Conclusion: Warming up with lower leg WR negatively affects neither the quality and quantity of the warm-up nor the subsequent training session once WR is removed. Clinical Relevance: Using WR on the lower leg during on-field warm-ups may be a means to “microdose” strength training while not unduly increasing TL. However, further research is needed to determine the influence of WR on strength qualities.
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Fernandes, Renato, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Filipe Manuel Clemente, João Paulo Brito, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Hadi Nobari, Victor Machado Reis, and Rafael Oliveira. "In-Season Microcycle Quantification of Professional Women Soccer Players—External, Internal and Wellness Measures." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although data currently exists pertaining to the intensity in the women’s football match, the knowledge about training is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify external (locomotor activity) and internal (psychophysiological) intensities, as well as the wellness profile of the typical microcycle from professional female soccer players during the 2019/20 in-season. Ten players (24.6 ± 2.3 years) from an elite Portuguese women soccer team participated in this study. All variables were collected in 87 training session and 15 matches for analysis from the 2019–2020 in-season. Global positioning variables such total distance, high-speed running, acceleration, deceleration and player load were recorded as intensity while Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) and session-RPE were recorded as internal measures. The Hooper Index (HI) was collected as a wellness parameter. The results showed that internal and external intensity measures were greater in matches compared to trainings during the week (match day minus [MD-], MD-5, MD-4, MD-2), p < 0.05 with very large effect size (ES). In the same line, higher internal and external intensity values were found in the beginning of the week while the lowest values were found in MD-2 (p < 0.05, with very large ES). Regarding wellness, there was no significant differences in the HI parameters between the training days and match days (p > 0.05). This study confirmed the highest intensity values during MD and the lowest on the training session before the MD (MD-2). Moreover, higher training intensities were found in the beginning of the training week sessions which were then reduced when the MD came close. Wellness parameters showed no variation when compared to intensity measures. This study confirmed the hypothesis regarding internal and external intensity but not regarding wellness.
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Malone, Shane, Kieran Collins, Allistair McRobert, and Dominic Doran. "Quantifying the Training and Match-Play External and Internal Load of Elite Gaelic Football Players." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football players across a two-season period using global positioning system technology (GPS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Total weekly workload variables were collected across GPS, RPE, and sRPE across thirty-six elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 177 ± 8 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) from one elite squad during a two-season observational period. External training load variables included: Total distance (m), High speed running (m; ≥ 17.1 km·h−1), Sprint distance (m; 22 km·h−1), Accelerations (n), Average metabolic power (W·kg−1), High-power distance (m; ≥ 25 W·kg−1). Internal load variables included: sRPE and RPE. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to understand the differences in loading patterns across phases, position, and week types when significant main effects were observed a Tukey’s post hoc test was applied and standardized effect sizes were calculated to understand the practical meaning of these differences. When total weekly loading across phases was considered total load was significantly greater in club 1 and provincial 1 with these phases showing the highest loading for players when compared to all other phases (p ≤ 0.001; ES: 2.95–7.22; very large). Furthermore, in-season 1 was greater for total loading when compared to in-season 2 and both championship phases (p ≤ 0.05; ES: 0.47–0.54; small). Total distance in training was greater during preseason 1 when compared to all other phases of the season (p ≤ 0.001; ES: 2.95–7.22; very large). During the in-season period, training based total distance was higher during provincial 1 when compared to other phases with similar trends across all measures (p ≤ 0.005). Finally, a positional profile for load measures was observed, with weekly context (match or non-match) having an impact on the internal and external loading players experienced across phases. The current data provide useful information for practitioners on the training periodization currently present within the elite Gaelic football training process. Specifically, the data provide positional profiles of loading across weekly and segmented phased of an elite Gaelic football season. These data can increase understanding as to the periods of increased and decreased loading across different phases of an elite Gaelic football season, while providing a framework for future analysis concerning Gaelic football periodization.
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Hughes, Kate E., Patrick G. Hughes, Thomas Cahir, Jennifer Plitt, Vivienne Ng, Edward Bedrick, and Rami A. Ahmed. "Advanced closed-loop communication training: the blindfolded resuscitation." BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 6, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2019-000498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Closed-loop communication (CLC) improves task efficiency and decreases medical errors; however, limited literature on strategies to improve real-time use exist. The primary objective was whether blindfolding a resuscitation leader was effective to improve crisis resource management (CRM) skills, as measured by increased frequency of CLC. Secondary objectives included whether blindfolding affected overall CRM performance or perceived task load. Participants included emergency medicine (EM) or EM/paediatric dual resident physicians. Participants completed presurveys, were block randomised into intervention (blindfolded) or control groups, lead both adult and paediatric resuscitations and completed postsurveys before debriefing. Video recordings of the simulations were reviewed by simulation fellowship-trained EM physicians and rated using the Ottawa CRM Global Rating Scale (GRS). Frequency of CLC was assessed by one rater via video review. Summary statistics were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Data were analysed using R program for analysis of variance and regression analysis. There were no significant differences between intervention and control groups in any Ottawa CRM GRS category. Postgraduate year (PGY) significantly impacts all Ottawa GRS categories. Frequency of CLC use significantly increased in the blindfolded group (31.7, 95% CI 29.34 to 34.1) vs the non-blindfolded group (24.6, 95% CI 21.5 to 27.7). Participant’s self-rated perceived NASA Task Load Index scores demonstrated no difference between intervention and control groups via a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Blindfolding the resuscitation leader significantly increases frequency of CLC. The blindfold code training exercise is an advanced technique that may increase the use of CLC.
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Clemente, Filipe Manuel, Rui Silva, Yung-Sheng Chen, Rodrigo Aquino, Gibson Moreira Praça, Julen Castellano, Hadi Nobari, Bruno Mendes, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Accelerometry-Workload Indices Concerning Different Levels of Participation during Congested Fixture Periods in Professional Soccer: A Pilot Study Conducted over a Full Season." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to analyze the variations of acute load (AL), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) of accelerometry-based GPS measures in players who started in three matches (S3M), two matches (S2M), and one match (S1M) during congested weeks. Nineteen elite professional male players from a Portuguese team (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years) were monitored daily using global positioning systems (GPSs) over a full season (45 weeks). Accelerometry-derived measures of high metabolic load distance (HMLD), high accelerations (HA), and high decelerations (HD) were collected during each training session and match. Seven congested weeks were classified throughout the season, and the participation of each player in matches played during these weeks was codified. The workload indices of AL (classified as ACWR, TM, and TS) were calculated weekly for each player. The AL of HMLD was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 42%; p = 0.002; d = 0.977) and for S3M than S1M (difference = 44%; p = 0.001; d = 1.231). Similarly, the AL of HA was significantly greater for S2M than S1M (difference = 25%; p = 0.023; d = 0.735). The TM of HD was significantly greater for S2M than S3M (difference = 25%; p = 0.002; d = 0.774). Accelerometry-based measures were dependent on congested fixtures. S2M had the greatest TS values, while S3M had the greatest TM.
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Rabbani, Alireza, Mehdi Kargarfard, Carlo Castagna, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and Craig Twist. "Associations Between Selected Training-Stress Measures and Fitness Changes in Male Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 8 (September 1, 2019): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between accumulated global positioning system–accelerometer-based and heart rate–based training metrics and changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity during an in-season phase in professional soccer players. Methods: Eleven male professional players (mean [SD] age 27.2 [4.5] y) performed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) before and after a 5-wk in-season training phase, and the final velocity (VIFT) was considered their high-intensity intermittent-running capacity. During all sessions, Edwards training impulse (Edwards TRIMP), Banister TRIMP, Z5 TRIMP, training duration, total distance covered, new body load (NBL), high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 14.4 km·h−1), and very-high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 19.8 km·h−1) were recorded. Results: The players’ VIFT showed a most likely moderate improvement (+4.3%, 90% confidence limits 3.1–5.5%, effect size 0.70, [0.51–0.89]). Accumulated NBL, Banister TRIMP, and Edwards TRIMP showed large associations (r = .51–.54) with changes in VIFT. A very large relationship was also observed between accumulated Z5 TRIMP (r = .72) with changes in VIFT. Large to nearly perfect within-individual relationships were observed between NBL and some of the other training metrics (ie, Edwards TRIMP, Banister TRIMP, training duration, and total distance) in 10 out of 11 players. Conclusions: Heart rate–based training metrics can be used to monitor high-intensity intermittent-running-capacity changes in professional soccer players. The dose–response relationship is also largely detected using accelerometer-based metrics (ie, NBL) to track changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity of professional soccer players.
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Rodríguez-Marroyo, Jose A., and Carlos Antoñan. "Validity of the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion for Monitoring Exercise Demands in Youth Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 3 (April 2015): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent and construct validity of the Borg (0–10) and children’s OMNI scales for quantifying the exercise intensity and training load (TL) in youth soccer players.Methods:Twelve children (mean ± SD age 11.4 ± 0.5 y, height 154.3 ± 6.5 cm, body mass 39.5 ± 5.4 kg) took part in this study. Exercise intensity and TL were calculated on the basis of the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and heart rate (HR; Edwards method) during 20 technical-tactical training sessions. Players’ sRPEs were obtained from the Borg and OMNI scales.Results:Low correlations between HR-based TL and sRPE TL based on the Borg (r = .17, P = .335) and OMNI (r = .34, P = .007) scales were obtained. Significant (P < .001) relationships in sRPE (r = .76) and TL (r = .79) between RPE scales were found.Conclusion:The current data do not support the relationship between the sRPE and HR methods for quantifying TL in youth soccer players. However, the sRPE method could be considered a better indicator of global internal TL, since sRPE is a measure of both physical and psychological stress. In addition, the authors demonstrated the construct validity for the OMNI scale to control exercise demands.
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Coppalle, Sullivan, Guillaume Ravé, Jason Moran, Iyed Salhi, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Sghaeir Zouita, Urs Granacher, and Hassane Zouhal. "Internal and External Training Load in Under-19 versus Professional Soccer Players during the In-Season Period." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p = 0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p = 0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.
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Coppalle, Sullivan, Guillaume Ravé, Jason Moran, Iyed Salhi, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Sghaeir Zouita, Urs Granacher, and Hassane Zouhal. "Internal and External Training Load in Under-19 versus Professional Soccer Players during the In-Season Period." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p =0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p =0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.
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Davis IV, John J., and Allison H. Gruber. "Quantifying exposure to running for meaningful insights into running-related injuries." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5, no. 1 (October 2019): e000613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000613.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The very term ‘running-related overuse injury’ implies the importance of ‘use’, or exposure, to running. Risk factors for running-related injury can be better understood when exposure to running is quantified using either external or internal training loads. The advent of objective methods for quantifying exposure to running, such as global positioning system watches, smartphones, commercial activity monitors and research-grade wearable sensors, make it possible for researchers, coaches and clinicians to track exposure to running with unprecedented detail. This viewpoint discusses practical issues surrounding the use and analysis of data from such devices, including how wearable devices can be used to assess both internal and external training loads. We advocate for an integrative approach where data from multiple sources are used in combination to directly measure exposure to running in diverse settings.
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Lovell, Ric, Sam Halley, Jason Siegler, Tony Wignell, Aaron J. Coutts, and Tim Massard. "Use of Numerically Blinded Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Soccer: Assessing Concurrent and Construct Validity." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 1430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0740.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: To examine the concurrent and construct validity of numerically blinded ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs). Methods: A total of 30 elite male youth soccer players (age 16.7 [0.5] y) were monitored during training and matches over a 17-wk in-season period. The players’ external loads were determined via raw 10-Hz global positioning system. Heart rate (HR) was collected continuously and expressed as Bannister and Edwards training impulses, and minutes >80% of the players predetermined the maximum HR by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. RPE was collected confidentially 10 to 15 min after training/matches using 2 methods: (1) a traditional verbal response to the 0 to 100 category-ratio “centiMax” scale (RPE) and (2) numerically blinded RPE centiMax scale (RPEblind) with the response selected manually via a 5 × 7-in tablet “slider.” The RPE and RPEblind were divided by 10 and multiplied by the duration to derive the sessional RPE. Linear mixed models compared ratings, and within-subject repeated-measures correlations assessed the sessional RPE versus HR and external load associations. Results: There were no differences between the RPE and RPEblind (0.19; 95% confidence intervals, −0.59 to 0.20 au, P = .326) or their session values (13.5; 95% confidence intervals, −17.0 to 44.0 au, P = .386), and the ratings were nearly perfectly correlated (r = .96). The associations between the sessional RPE versus HR and external load metrics were large to very large (r = .65–.81), with no differences between the RPE methods (P ≥ .50). The RPEblind also reduced verbal anchor clustering and integer bias by 11% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions: RPEblind demonstrated concurrent and construct validity versus the traditional method, and may be used in situations where practitioners have concerns regarding the authenticity of athlete ratings.
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Bell, Leo R., Tim J. Gabbett, Gregory M. Davis, Matthew P. Wallen, and Brendan J. O’Brien. "Stubborn Exercise Responders–Where to Next?" Sports 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10060095.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is a wide variance in the magnitude of physiological adaptations after resistance or endurance training. The incidence of “non” or “poor” responders to training has been reported to represent as high as 40% of the project’s sample. However, the incidence of poor responders to training can be ameliorated with manipulation of either the training frequency, intensity, type and duration. Additionally, global non-response to cardio-respiratory fitness training is eliminated when evaluating several health measures beyond just the target variables as at least one or more measure improves. More research is required to determine if altering resistance training variables results in a more favourable response in individuals with an initial poor response to resistance training. Moreover, we recommend abandoning the term “poor” responders, as ultimately the magnitude of change in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training is similar in “poor” and “high” responders if the training frequency is subsequently increased. Therefore, we propose “stubborn” responders as a more appropriate term. Future research should focus on developing viable physiological and lifestyle screening tests that identify likely stubborn responders to conventional exercise training guidelines before the individual engages with training. Exerkines, DNA damage, metabolomic responses in blood, saliva and breath, gene sequence, gene expression and epigenetics are candidate biomarkers that warrant investigation into their relationship with trainability. Crucially, viable biomarker screening tests should show good construct validity to distinguish between different exercise loads, and possess excellent sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore “red flag” tests of likely poor responders to training should be practical to assess in clinical settings and be affordable and non-invasive. Early identification of stubborn responders would enable optimization of training programs from the onset of training to maintain exercise motivation and optimize the impact on training adaptations and health.
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Barreto, Gabriel, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Tiemi Saito, Rafael Klosterhoff, Pedro Perim, Eimear Dolan, Rosa Maria R. Pereira, Patrícia Campos-Ferraz, Fernanda R. Lima, and Bryan Saunders. "Reduced Endurance Capacity and Suboptimal Energy Availability in Top-Level Female Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0513.
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Purpose: Women’s professional cycling has grown in popularity, and this increase is also apparent in Brazil, which has increased its female cycling calendar in recent years. The aim of this observational study was to (1) determine training and competition loads of a top-level Brazilian female cycling team, (2) evaluate nutrition and clinical health, and (3) measure whether exercise capacity changed throughout the season. Methods: Training and competition data were collected over the season using global positioning system monitors, while laboratory-based physiological and performance measures (incremental cycling test, 30-s Wingate, 4-km time trial) and clinical and nutritional analyses were performed at time points throughout the season. Results: Total distance covered over the year was 11,124 (2895) km (7382–14,698 km). Endurance capacity was reduced over the season (P = .005) but not anaerobic power (all P > .05). Nutrition and stress markers remained largely unchanged throughout the season, although there were some individual fluctuations in some measures, and testosterone concentration was low for some. Median estimated energy availability ranged between 32.3 and 56.8 kcal·kgLBM−1·d−1 during training and 26.4 and 53.8 kcal·kgLBM−1·d−1 during competition. Percentage of training spent in optimal estimated energy availability was generally low, with 3 athletes spending <35% within the optimal intake. Conclusions: Substantial training and competition loads of the monitored professional Brazilian female cyclists may have reduced exercise capacity toward the end of the season, indicative of a grueling yearlong schedule. Several athletes may have had suboptimal energy availability during the season, potentially affecting testosterone concentration. These data demonstrate the difficulties in maintaining optimal nutrition, health, and performance throughout a season in professional female cycling and highlight the need for quality sport-science support for this type of top-level athlete.
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Jones, Adam, Chris Brogden, Richard Page, Ben Langley, and Matt Greig. "The Influence of Soccer Playing Surface on the Loading Response to Ankle (P)Rehabilitation Exercises." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context: Contemporary synthetic playing surfaces have been associated with an increased risk of ankle injury in the various types of football. Triaxial accelerometers facilitate in vivo assessment of planar mechanical loading on the player. Objective: To quantify the influence of playing surface on the PlayerLoad elicited during footwork and plyometric drills focused on the mechanism of ankle injury. Design: Repeated-measures, field-based design. Setting: Regulation soccer pitches. Participants: A total of 15 amateur soccer players (22.1 [2.4] y), injury free with ≥6 years competitive experience. Interventions: Each player completed a test battery comprising 3 footwork drills (anterior, lateral, and diagonal) and 4 plyometric drills (anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, and diagonal hop) on natural turf (NT), third-generation artificial turf (3G), and AstroTurf. Global positioning system sensors were located at C7 and the mid-tibia of each leg to measure triaxial acceleration (100 Hz). Main Outcome Measures: PlayerLoad in each axial plane was calculated for each drill on each surface and at each global positioning system location. Results: Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for sensor location in all drills, with PlayerLoad higher at mid-tibia than at C7 in all movement planes. AstroTurf elicited significantly higher PlayerLoad in the mediolateral and anteroposterior planes, with typically no difference between NT and 3G. In isolated inversion and eversion hopping trials, the 3G surface also elicited lower PlayerLoad than NT. Conclusions: PlayerLoad magnitude was sensitive to unit placement, advocating measurement with greater anatomical relevance when using microelectromechanical systems technology to monitor training or rehabilitation load. AstroTurf elicited higher PlayerLoad across all planes and drills and should be avoided for rehabilitative purposes, whereas 3G elicited a similar mechanical response to NT.
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Herman, L., C. Foster, MA Maher, RP Mikat, and JP Porcari. "Validity and reliability of the session RPE method for monitoring exercise training intensity." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 18, no. 1 (February 3, 2006): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2006/v18i1a247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. The Session Rating of Perceived Extertion (RPE) is a method of measuring exercise intensity that may be useful for the quantitative assessment of exercise training programmes. However, there are inadequate data regarding the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method. This study was designed to evaluate both the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method in comparison to objective measures (%HRpeak, %HRreserve and %VO2peak) of exercise intensity. Methods. Fourteen healthy volunteers (7 male, 7 female) performed 6 randomly ordered 30-minute constant-load exercise bouts at 3 different intensities, with each intensity being repeated. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout each exercise bout and normalised to maximal values obtained during a preliminary maximal exercise test. Thirty minutes following the conclusion of each exercise bout, the subject rated the global intensity of the bout using a modification of the Category Ratio (CR) (0 - 10) RPE scale. This rating was compared to the mean value of objectively measured exercise intensity across the duration of the bout. Results. There were significant non-linear relationships between Session RPE and %VO2peak (R2 = 0.76), %HRpeak (R2 = 0.74) and %HRreserve (R2 = 0.71). There were no significant differences between test and retest values of %VO2peak, %HRpeak, %HRreserve and Session RPE during the easy (47 v. 47%, 65 v. 66%, 47 v. 48% and 2.0 v. 1.9), moderate (69 v. 70%, 83 v. 84%, 74 v. 75%, and 4.2 v. 4.3) and hard (81 v. 81%, 94 v. 94%, 91 v. 91% and 7.3 v. 7.4) exercise bouts. Correlations between repeated bouts for %VO2peak (r = 0.98), %HRpeak (r = 0.98), %HRreserve (r = 0.98) and Session RPE (r = 0.88) were significant and strong. Conclusions. The results support the validity and reliability of the Session RPE method of monitoring exercise intensity, although as might be predicted for a subjective method the Session RPE was less precise than the objective measures of exercise training intensity. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (1) 2006: pp. 14-17
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Op De Beéck, Tim, Arne Jaspers, Michel S. Brink, Wouter G. P. Frencken, Filip Staes, Jesse J. Davis, and Werner F. Helsen. "Predicting Future Perceived Wellness in Professional Soccer: The Role of Preceding Load and Wellness." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 8 (September 1, 2019): 1074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0864.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: The influence of preceding load and future perceived wellness of professional soccer players is unexamined. This paper simultaneously evaluates the external load (EL) and internal load (IL) for different time frames in combination with presession wellness to predict future perceived wellness using machine learning techniques. Methods: Training and match data were collected from a professional soccer team. The EL was measured using global positioning system technology and accelerometry. The IL was obtained using the rating of perceived exertion multiplied by duration. Predictive models were constructed using gradient-boosted regression trees (GBRT) and one naive baseline method. The individual predictions of future wellness items (ie, fatigue, sleep quality, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood) were based on a set of EL and IL indicators in combination with presession wellness. The EL and IL were computed for acute and cumulative time frames. The GBRT model’s performance on predicting the reported future wellness was compared with the naive baseline’s performance by means of absolute prediction error and effect size. Results: The GBRT model outperformed the baseline for the wellness items such as fatigue, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood. In addition, only the combination of EL, IL, and presession perceived wellness resulted in nontrivial effects for predicting future wellness. Including the cumulative load did not improve the predictive performances. Conclusions: The findings may indicate the importance of including both acute load and presession perceived wellness in a broad monitoring approach in professional soccer.
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Yang, Juan, Xingwang Bao, and Zhangang Yang. "Load Identification for the More Electric Aircraft Distribution System Based on Intelligent Algorithm." Aerospace 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9070350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate identification of electrical load working status can provide information support to the remote electrical distribution system (EDS) of more electric aircraft (MEA), which could use it to realize redundant switching and protection. This paper presents a method to automatically identify the load status on the remote power distribution unit (RPDU) of MEA by using an intelligent algorithm. The experimental platform is built in an aircraft Electrical Power System (EPS) distribution large-scale test cabin. Four pieces of typical aviation equipment are installed in the test cabin and powered from RPDU. Voltage and current values under 15 working combinations on the RPDU are measured to extract the steady-state V-I trajectory. In total, 750 group samples were collected in the feature parameter database. A generalized regression neural network (GRNN) identification model was established, and the smoothing factor was calculated by using a conventional cross-validation method to train and reach an optimal value. However, the identification results are not ideal. In order to improve the accuracy, the parameter of GRNN was optimized by genetic algorithms. The proposed model shows great performance as accuracy of all 15 classifications reached 100%. The proposed model has advantages of flexible network structure, high fault tolerance, and robustness. It can realize global approximation optimization, avoid local optimization, effectively improve GRNN fitting accuracy, improve model generalization ability, and reduce model training calculation.
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Côrte, Ana Carolina Ramos e., Franklin Camargo-Junior, Thiago Chalhub, Josué Morisson de Moraes Filho, Ruan Santos, Fabio Feitosa, Raul Freire, et al. "COVID-19 AND ITS EFFECT ON OLYMPIC SPORT: THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SOCIAL ISOLATION AND THE HARM IT CAUSES, IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE IT." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 5 (October 2020): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220202605237107.
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ABSTRACT In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, known as COVID-19, to be a pandemic. The sporting world, too, is suffering from the global effects of this disease, with the postponement or cancellation of competitions, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. As a proposal for containing the disease, social isolation was declared. Despite the importance of this measure, it was harmful for Olympic athletes, as they had to stay away from their training site and trainers, as well as their interdisciplinary teams. It is therefore important to study this harm caused, in order to minimize it. In general, it is believed that regular physical activity is associated with improved immune system functioning. The lack of training can therefore have significant consequences for the performance and health of the Olympic athlete. From the athlete's point of view, the impaired immune system, due to the reduced frequency of physical exercise, leaves them more vulnerable to contracting or developing infections or other diseases. The risk of harm due to the decreased performance of preventive works is also evident in this population. The reductions in training load and intensity can cause changes in the athlete's body composition and affect various aspects of cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as reducing strength levels and muscle potency. In relation to the athlete's mental health, two aspects are particularly challenging: isolation and uncertainty. Based on the possible harm caused by social isolation, the need is seen for a specific and joint work, in an attempt to minimize it. This work addresses the following topics: (I) context: transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, isolation and post-pandemic consequences; (II) harm and proposals: nutritional, physiological, biomechanical and psychological. Level of evidence II; Review Article.
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Facer-Childs, E. R., S. P. Drummond, and S. W. Rajaratnam. "0204 The Impact of Sleep on Well-Being and Diurnal Performance in Elite Australian Football League Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction The ultimate goal in the sports world is achieving optimal health and continuous high-level performance through an adequate balance of training load and recovery e.g. rehab, nutrition, well being and sleep. Athletes often encounter situations that negatively impact their ability to sleep well, disrupt their biological rhythms and increase mental stress e.g. late competition times, travel and high training load. Therefore, there is a need to increase our understanding of how individual variability could be impacting recovery and performance in elite sports. Methods This study examined the relationships between individual sleep and circadian patterns, well-being and performance variables in Australian Football League (AFL) athletes. Actigraphy combined with daily sleep diaries were used to gather objective sleep data over a period of 14 days. Performance tests were conducted in the morning (between 07:00 - 08:00am) and afternoon (between 14:00 - 15:00) on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14. Performance measures included a strength test (force plate jump), a skilled based accuracy test (goal kicking) and a reaction time test (psychomotor vigilance task). Results Preliminary results show that sleep and circadian parameters differed significantly between individuals and were correlated with measures of well-being and diurnal performance. Conclusion The Australian Football League (AFL) is one of the largest growing sports industries in Australia and New Zealand with annual revenues reaching a billion dollars. These findings add to the growing literature showing how sleep impacts performance in elite athletes and highlights the need to take sleep and time of day into account. This is of critical importance to the global sports industry, who are constantly seeking marginal gains. Support n/a
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McNamara, Dean J., Tim J. Gabbett, Geraldine Naughton, Patrick Farhart, and Paul Chapman. "Training and Competition Workloads and Fatigue Responses of Elite Junior Cricket Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 5 (September 2013): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.5.517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose:This study investigated key fatigue and workload variables of cricket fast bowlers and nonfast bowlers during a 7-wk physical-preparation period and 10-d intensified competition period.Methods:Twenty-six elite junior cricketers (mean ± SD age 17.7 ± 1.1 y) were classified as fast bowlers (n = 9) or nonfast bowlers (n = 17). Individual workloads were measured via global positioning system technology, and neuromuscular function (countermovement jump [relative power and flight time]), endocrine (salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations), and perceptual well-being (soreness, mood, stress, sleep quality, and fatigue) markers were recorded.Results:Fast bowlers performed greater competition total distance (median [interquartile range] 7049 [3962] m vs 5062 [3694] m), including greater distances at low and high speeds, and more accelerations (40 [32] vs 19 [21]) and had a higher player load (912 [481] arbitrary units vs 697 [424] arbitrary units) than nonfast bowlers. Cortisol concentrations were higher in the physical-preparation (mean ± 90% confidence intervals, % likelihood; d = –0.88 ± 0.39, 100%) and competition phases (d = –0.39 ± 0.30, 85%), and testosterone concentrations, lower (d = 0.56 ± 0.29, 98%), in the competition phase in fast bowlers. Perceptual well-being was poorer in nonfast bowlers during competition only (d = 0.36 ± 0.22, 88%). Differences in neuromuscular function between groups were unclear during physical preparation and competition.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate differences in the physical demands of cricket fast bowlers and nonfast bowlers and suggest that these external workloads differentially affect the neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue responses of these players.
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Fischer-Sonderegger, Karin, Wolfgang Taube, Martin Rumo, and Markus Tschopp. "How far from the gold standard? Comparing the accuracy of a Local Position Measurement (LPM) system and a 15 Hz GPS to a laser for measuring acceleration and running speed during team sports." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): e0250549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250549.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study compared the validity and inter- and intra-unit reliability of local (LPM) and global (GPS) position measurement systems for measuring acceleration during team sports. Methods Devices were attached to a remote-controlled car and validated against a laser. Mean percentage biases (MPBs) of maximal acceleration (amax) and maximal running speed (vmax) were used to measure validity. Mean between-device and mean within-device standard deviations of the percentage biases (bd-SDs and wd-SDs) of amax and vmax were used to measure inter- and intra-unit reliability, respectively. Results Both systems tended to underestimate amax similarly (GPS: –61.8 to 3.5%; LPM: –53.9 to 9.6%). The MPBs of amax were lower in trials with unidirectional linear movements (GPS: –18.8 to 3.5%; LPM: −11.2 to 9.6%) than in trials with changes of direction (CODs; GPS: –61.8 to −21.1%; LPM: −53.9 to –35.3%). The MPBs of vmax (GPS: –3.3 to –1.0%; LPM: –12.4 to 1.5%) were lower than those of amax. The bd-SDs and the wd-SDs of amax were similar for both systems (bd-SDs: GPS: 2.8 to 12.0%; LPM 3.7 to 15.3%; wd-SDs: GPS: 3.7 to 28.4%; LPM: 5.3 to 27.2%), whereas GPS showed better bd-SDs of vmax than LPM. Conclusion The accuracy depended strongly on the type of action measured, with CODs displaying particularly poor validity, indicating a challenge for quantifying training loads in team sports.
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Giménez, Jesus Vicente, Julen Castellano, Patrycja Lipinska, Mariusz Zasada, and Miguel-Ángel Gómez. "Comparison of the Physical Demands of Friendly Matches and Different Types On-Field Integrated Training Sessions in Professional Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among physical demands of two friendly matches (FMs) and three task training sessions (TS1,2,3) combining in a different way: a Small-Sided Game (SSG), Mini-Goals (MG), a ball Circuit Training (CT) and a Large-Sided Game (LSG): SSG+MG+LSG (TS1), SSG+CT+LSG (TS2) and MG+CT+LSG (TS3). The TS and match demands in running intensities were monitored in fourteen professional soccer players (age = 23.2 ± 2.7 years, height = 178 ± 6 cm, body mass = 73.2 ± 6.9 kg, mean and SD, respectively) using 10-Hz global positioning system devices, and players’ perception of exertion was recorded after each session or match using a visual analogue scale. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction coupled with magnitude-based inferences were used. A principal component (PC) analysis was conducted on all variables to account for covariance. Three PCs were retained, explaining 76% of the variance: Component 1 explained 46.9% with the associated variables: Total Distance (TD) and distance covered in ranges of speed from >2.2 to <5 m/s, Player Load and Work Rest Ratio; component 2 explained 19.7% and was composed of TD at > 5 m/s and maximal running speed (MRS); and component 3 explained 9.5% and was represented by TD < 2.2 m/s, decelerations and accelerations. The ANOVA results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among TS vs. FM in TD3, TD4, TD5, and TD > 5, TD, deceleration rate, acceleration rate, maximal running speed, exertion index, work rest ratio, and self-reported exertion. Therefore, the training routines did not replicate the main set of high intensity efforts experienced in competitive conditions. Additionally, PC analysis could be applied in order to select the most representative training and competitive conditions.
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Álvarez, Matías L., Sofia Waissbluth, Claudia González, Carla Napolitano, Mariela Torrente, Paul H. Délano, Ricardo Alarcón, Francisca Férnandez, and Roger Bitrán. "How the COVID-19 pandemic affects specialty training: An analysis of a nationwide survey among otolaryngology residents in Chile." Medwave 21, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): e8097-e8097. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2021.01.8097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, has become a global pandemic. Given that the highest viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found in the airway, otolaryngologists are at high risk of infection. As a result, multiple recommendations have emerged regarding protective measures for surgical teams, including suspending non-urgent procedures and surgeries. Objectives To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otolaryngology residency training programs nationwide. Methods A cross-sectional survey-based study was completed in April 2020. The participants were recruited through an online survey, sent by email to all Chilean otolaryngology residents. Demographics, clinical activities, on-call shifts, COVID-19 infection status, exposure to COVID-19 patients, deployment to other specialties, diagnostic/therapeutic procedures, and surgeries performed were analyzed. Self-reported surgical data logs from previous years were used to compare results. Results Forty-seven residents completed the survey (84% response rate); 64% of residents refer seeing patients ten days or less during April 2020. Commonly performed procedures such as flexible nasolaryngoscopy, rigid nasal endoscopy, and peritonsillar abscess drainage were not performed by over 40% of the residents in that month. Only 38% participated in surgeries, with an average of 0.6 surgeries as a first surgeon, a dramatic decrease in surgical exposure when comparing the data logs from previous years. Most residents refer the following measures taken by their residency program to improve residency training: bibliographic videoconferences (87%), online clinical case seminars (60%), weekly journal clubs (38%), among others. Conclusions Clinical and surgical opportunities decreased dramatically during April 2020. Adjustments to the regular academic curricula should be considered to decrease the negative impact of this pandemic on residency training.
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Scott, Tannath J., Heidi R. Thornton, Macfarlane T. U. Scott, Ben J. Dascombe, and Grant M. Duthie. "Differences Between Relative and Absolute Speed and Metabolic Thresholds in Rugby League." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: To compare relative and absolute speed and metabolic thresholds for quantifying match output in elite rugby league. Methods: Twenty-six professional players competing in the National Rugby League were monitored with global positioning systems (GPS) across a rugby-league season. Absolute speed (moderate-intensity running [MIRTh > 3.6 m/s] and high-intensity running [HIRTh > 5.2 m/s]) and metabolic (>20 W/kg) thresholds were compared with individualized ventilatory (first [VT1IFT] and second [VT2IFT]) thresholds estimated from the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT), as well as the metabolic threshold associated with VT2IFT (HPmetVT2), to examine difference in match-play demands. Results: VT2IFT mean values represent 146%, 138%, 167%, and 144% increases in the HIR dose across adjustables, edge forwards, middle forwards, and outside backs, respectively. Distance covered above VT2IFT was almost certainly greater (ES range = 0.79–1.03) than absolute thresholds across all positions. Trivial to small differences were observed between VT1IFT and MIRTh, while small to moderate differences were reported between HPmetVT2 and HPmetTh. Conclusions: These results reveal that the speed at which players begin to run at higher intensities depends on individual capacities and attributes. As such, using absolute HIR speed thresholds underestimates the physical HIR load. Moreover, absolute MIR and high metabolic thresholds may over- or underestimate the work undertaken above these thresholds depending on the respective fitness of the individual. Therefore, using relative thresholds enables better prescription and monitoring of external training loads based on measured individual physical capacities.