Статті в журналах: "Grain-Oriented electrical steels"

1

Mohd Ali, B. B., and A. J. Moses. "A grain detection system for grain-oriented electrical steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 25, no. 6 (1989): 4421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.45322.

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2

Wiglasz, Vladislav. "Power losses in grain-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112, no. 1-3 (July 1992): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91104-2.

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3

Kefalas, Themistoklis D., Zachos K. Papazacharopoulos, and Antonios Kladas. "Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Iron Losses of Electrical Steels Subjected to Distorted Supply Voltage Waveform Conditions." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.171.

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Iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels, is sensitive to the distortion of the supply voltage waveform of the excitation winding. As a result, magnetic cores of electrical machines and transformers manufactured of grain-oriented electrical steels present significant increase of iron losses when working under distorted supply voltage waveform. In the present paper, an experimental apparatus is developed in order to evaluate the effect of distorted supply voltage waveform on iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels. Also, a theoretical analysis based on the hysteresis design tool of Matlab and the finite element method considering hysteresis is carried out.

4

Kovác̆, F., M. Dz̆ubinský, and Y. Sidor. "Columnar grain growth in non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 269, no. 3 (March 2004): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(03)00628-0.

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5

Bürger, R., H. Kleine, S. Mager, and J. Wieting. "New possibilities for semifinished grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112, no. 1-3 (July 1992): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91155-m.

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6

Arita, Y., and Yoshiyuki Ushigami. "Effect of Aluminum and Titanium Content on Grain Growth, Texture and Magnetic Properties in 3%Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4428.

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The effect of annealing temperature on grain growth, texture development and magnetic properties of Al-free and Al-1% added non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. Normal grain growth occurred in Al-free steel. On the other hand, abnormal grain growth occurred in Al-added steel which was annealed at 800°C for 24h. Precipitates in these two steels were different. TiN precipitated in Alfree steel, but in the case of Al-added steel, AlN and TiC precipitated. The TiC in Al-added steel was so fine that it inhibited the normal grain growth and finally caused the abnormal grain growth. Main textures of both steels were near {111}<112>, but the intensity of near {111}<112> in the abnormal grain growth was higher than that in the normal grain growth. Magnetic flux density (B50/Bs) was decreased by the grain growth. Especially B50/Bs in the abnormal grain growth was lower than that in normal grain growth. B50/Bs in these steels can be estimated by their three-dimensional textures in vector method.

7

Price, K., B. Goode, and D. Power. "Grain-oriented electrical steels for power and distribution transformers." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 43, no. 9 (September 26, 2016): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2016.1211122.

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8

Kovac, F., V. Stoyka, and I. Petryshynets. "Strain-induced grain growth in non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320, no. 20 (October 2008): e627-e630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.04.020.

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9

Stewart, Zackary, and K. V. Sudhakar. "Efficient Batch Anneal for Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of Mechatronics 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jom.2015.1126.

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10

He, Qinyu, Yulong Liu, Chengyi Zhu, Xiaohui Xie, Rong Zhu, and Guangqiang Li. "Effect of Phosphorus Content on Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186332.

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The effect of target phosphorus (P) content on the precipitates, microstructure, texture, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties of low-carbon (C) and low-silicon (Si) non-oriented electrical steel (NOES) was investigated and the influence mechanism was clarified. The results indicate that the precipitates in the steels are mainly aluminum (Al)-manganese (Mn)-Si-bearing complex nitrides ((Al,Si,Mn)xNy) and P-bearing complex nitrides ((Al,Si,Mn)xNy-P). Increasing target phosphorus content in the steels decreases (Al,Si,Mn)xNy, and increases (Al,Si,Mn)xNy-P. The number density of the precipitates is the lowest, and the average size of the precipitates and grain size of the finished steel is the largest in the samples with target P content at the 0.14% level (0.14%P-targeted). The average grain size and microstructure homogeneity of the steels are influenced by the addition of phosphorus. The content of the {111}<112> component decreases, and the favorable texture increases after phosphorus is added to the steel. The magnetic induction of the steel is improved. Grain refinement and microstructure inhomogeneity lead to an iron loss increase after target phosphorus content increases in the steel. The best magnetic induction B50 is 1.765 T in the 0.14%P-targeted samples. The tensile strength and yield strength are improved owing to solid solution strengthening and the grain refinement effect of phosphorus added to the steels.

11

Freitas, Francisco N. C., Manoel Ribeiro da Silva, Sergio S. M. Tavares, and Hamilton F. G. Abreu. "Texture and Microstructure Evolution during Box Annealing of a Non-Oriented-Grain Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.595.

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Non-oriented grain type electrical steels are used mainly in electrical rotating machines such as motors and compressors, in which the magnetization direction rotates 360 ° every cycle while remaining in the plane of the plate. The performance of these devices is affected by crystallographic texture of electrical steels due to strong anisotropy of magnetic properties. The electrical steel is supplied in the form of plates which are processed by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Both, cold rolling and annealing directly influence the formation of crystallographic texture components. During annealing, recrystallization occurs, and this phenomenon gives rise to changes in texture that influences the quality of the final product and its application. Several works have been published in the study of the evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size in this type of electrical steel. In this work, samples have been taken in industrial conditions at various temperatures during the annealing in a coil box. Electrical steel samples cold rolled with reductions of 50% and 70% in thickness were removed during the process of annealing, and the evolution of texture with increasing temperature was studied. Aspects related to recrystallization, grain size and the evolution of texture and magnetic properties were discussed. Texture and recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The magnetic properties were measured in a vibrating sample magnetometer.

12

Felix, R. A. C., Luiz Brandão, M. A. da Cunha, C. H. P. Paiva, J. R. L. Amaro, Lucas S. Teles, Ricardo Luiz O. da Rosa, R. P. G. Júnior, Thiago A. Saldanha, and Victor Hugo G. Bezerra. "Evaluation of the Relationship between Crystallographic Texture and Magnetic Properties through the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Coefficient." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.427.

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It is well known that iron has a magnetocrystalline anisotropy and, therefore, the crystallographic texture has great influence on its magnetic properties. In most applications of non-oriented grain electrical steels, it is desirable that the magnetic properties are isotropic. In this work, modern quantitative texture analysis methods are used to characterize the crystallographic textures of many types of non-oriented grain electrical steels and their relation with the magnetic properties. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy coefficient is the parameter of texture analysis that is directly related to the magnetic properties. This paper analyzes the correlation between the magnetic properties of electrical steels with 3 wt.% to 5 wt.% silicon and their magnetocrystalline anisotropy coefficients.

13

Frommert, M., C. Zobrist, L. Lahn, A. Böttcher, D. Raabe, and S. Zaefferer. "Texture measurement of grain-oriented electrical steels after secondary recrystallization." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320, no. 20 (October 2008): e657-e660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.04.102.

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14

Guo, Wei, and Weimin Mao. "Abnormal Growth of Goss Grains in Grain-oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 26, no. 8 (January 2010): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-0302(10)60120-x.

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15

Lee, Se Il, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Influence of Phosphorous and Boron on the Recrystallization, Grain Growth and Mechanical Properties of 3% Si Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.302.

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A new approach to obtain high strength of non-oriented electrical steel by addition of phosphorus is proposed. The method includes B-additions which suppress grain boundary P segregation, strengthen the grain boundary cohesion and enhance the P solid solution hardening. Two 3% Si steels, a B-free 0.1%P steel and a 20 ppm B-added 0.1%P steel were analyzed. The microstructures were studied by EBSD. The B-addition resulted in a pronounced rotated cube component, {100}<011>, after a hot-band annealing treatment. A -fiber texture was developed in the B-free steel. The B-addition caused a retardation of the recrystallization, allowing for the growth of grains with a lower stored energy, such as rotated cube oriented grains. The steels were further cold rolled and recrystallization annealed to observe a similar effect after large cold reductions. The present contribution focuses on the potential of this concept to obtain high strength 3% Si steels with low core losses.

16

Daniels, Bram, Timo Overboom, and Elena Lomonova. "Coupled statistical and dynamic loss prediction of high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 90, no. 1 (April 2020): 10901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200018.

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Power transformer design requires to model the loss and hysteresis behavior of the laminated steel core, constructed out of high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel. This work predicts the magnetic loss and hysteresis behavior in the rolling direction of three transformer grade steels, for magnetic flux densities up to and including 1.9 T, and frequencies up to and including 300 Hz. Material characterization parameters for the excess loss, obtained by statistical loss separation for sinusoidal concentric hysteresis loops, are applied in a hysteresis model and govern the dynamic field behavior. The modeled loss is compared and verified with measurement data obtained by an Epstein frame for each steel gauge.

17

Yang, Ping, Dandan Ma, Jinhua Wang, Shufang Pang, and Xinfu Gu. "Application of Transformation Treatment to Commercial Low-Grade Electrical Steels under Different Processing Conditions." Metals 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101628.

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In this paper, two low-grade electrical steels are used to inspect the effect of initial columnar grains and final transformation treatment on the microstructure and textures. Results show that the Al and P elements, besides causing the surface oxidation or segregation, increase the critical transformation temperatures of steels, thus restricting the formation of strong {100} texture. Two-layer grain structure of typical surface-effect-induced transformation is developed in the steels without Al. The transformation textures in both steels are nearly random, which are much better than the {111} recrystallization texture or the memory type of transformation texture. The steel with initial columnar grained structure produces more {110}-oriented grains in finally transformed sheets, whereas the initial hot-rolled structure induces more {100}-oriented grains. In addition, high cold rolling reduction produces a one-layer grain structure in the final transformed sheets. It is confirmed again that the increase in final heating temperature leads to a transition from the memory type of transformation texture to surface-effect-induced transformation texture. For commercial steels containing harmful Al and P, the change in processing parameters during transformation treatment does not influence transformed structure and texture. Finally, the combined control of three stages of transformation during casting, hot rolling and final annealing is discussed.

18

Park, Jong Tae, Hyun Seok Ko, Hyung Don Joo, Dae Hyun Song, Kyung Jun Ko, and No Jin Park. "Orientation of Island and Small Grains in Grain Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.530.

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Grain oriented electrical steels should have low core loss and high magnetic flux density. These properties are closely related with sharpness of {110} texture after secondary recrystallization. This Goss texture develops by abnormal grain growth during secondary recrystallization annealing. Based on experimental results, a general suggestion which estimates the magnetic properties after secondary recrystallization from a primary recrystallized texture can be made. For a material to have better magnetic properties after secondary recrystallization, its primary recrystallized texture should have not only larger number of ideal Goss grains, but also lower frequency of low angle grain boundary around those Goss grains.

19

Stöcker, Anett, Max Weiner, Grzegorz Korpała, Ulrich Prahl, Xuefei Wei, Johannes Lohmar, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Integrated Process Simulation of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 6659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216659.

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A tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, improves the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches can help to evaluate the impact of different process parameters and finally select them appropriately. We present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. A layer model combined with a microstructure model describes the grain size evolution during hot rolling. The crystal plasticity finite-element method (CPFEM) predicts the cold-rolling texture. Grain size and texture evolution during annealing is captured by the level-set method and the heat treatment model GraGLeS2D+. The impact of different grain sizes across the sheet thickness on residual stress state is evaluated by the surface model. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. Furthermore, a relationship is established between process and material parameters and magnetic properties. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained and demonstrated using laboratory experiments on a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.16 wt.% Si as an example.

20

Wei, Xuefei, Alexander Krämer, Gerhard Hirt, Anett Stöcker, Rudolf Kawalla, Martin Heller, Sandra Korte-Kerzel, et al. "Influence of Process Parameters on Grain Size and Texture Evolution of Fe-3.2 wt.-% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 6822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226822.

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The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel, widely used in electric machines, are closely related to the grain size and texture of the material. How to control the evolution of grain size and texture through processing in order to improve the magnetic properties is the research focus of this article. Therefore, the complete process chain of a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.2 wt.-% Si was studied with regard to hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing on laboratory scale. Through a comprehensive analysis of the process chain, the influence of important process parameters on the grain size and texture evolution as well as the magnetic properties was determined. It was found that furnace cooling after the last hot rolling pass led to a fully recrystallized grain structure with the favorable ND-rotated-cube component, and a large portion of this component was retained in the thin strip after cold rolling, resulting in a texture with a low γ-fiber and a high ND-cube component after final annealing at moderate to high temperatures. These promising results on a laboratory scale can be regarded as an effective way to control the processing on an industrial scale, to finally tailor the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel according to their final application.

21

Li, Na, Li Xiang, and Pei Zhao. "Effect of Antimony on the Structure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of High Efficiency Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.435.

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The effect of antimony on the structure, texture and magnetic properties of high efficiency non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. The results showed that antimony played an important role on inhibiting the grain growth and enhancing the fraction of favorable texture in the annealed steels. With the increase of antimony content, core loss of specimens monotonously increased and the magnetic flux density increased firstly and then decreased. The magnetic properties of specimen results showed that the magnetic flux density in the steel with 0.12% antimony reached the maximum value, while the core loss didn’t increase obviously. However, when the antimony content in steel reached 0.22%, the magnetic properties deteriorated significantly. This is maybe that the addition of antimony in steels inhibited the development of {111} texture content and increased the intensity of Goss and {100} texture on the grain boundary.

22

Mao, Wei Min, Y. Li, Ping Yang, and W. Guo. "Abnormal Growth Mechanisms of Goss Grains in Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.585.

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The possible mechanisms concerning abnormal growth of Goss grains in grain oriented electrical steels were investigated. The density of inhibitor particles near sheet surface, where the Goss grains located, was lower than that in center layer before secondary recrystallization, and the grains near surface could grow more easily because of reduced pinning effect. Few Goss grains could survive the growth competition and reach the sheet surface, after which the inhibitor particles inside the Goss grains coarsened slower. The phenomenon resulted in easy growth of the Goss grains at the expense of smaller neighboring grains while they could hardly be consumed by larger neighboring grains during the high temperature secondary recrystallization. Very large final size of the Goss grains was then obtained. The mechanisms were discussed based on the hot rolling characteristics and the elastic anisotropy of the ferrite matrix.

23

Harrison, Christopher W., and Philip I. Anderson. "Characterization of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels Under High DC Biased Conditions." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 5 (May 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2519945.

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24

Sidor, Yuriy, and Frantisek Kovac. "Microstructural aspects of grain growth kinetics in non-oriented electrical steels." Materials Characterization 55, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.01.015.

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25

Li, Yang, Weimin Mao, and Ping Yang. "Inhomogeneous Distribution of Second Phase Particles in Grain Oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 27, no. 12 (December 2011): 1120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-0302(12)60006-1.

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26

SIDOR, Y., F. KOVAC, and T. KVACKAJ. "Grain growth phenomena and heat transport in non-oriented electrical steels." Acta Materialia 55, no. 5 (March 2007): 1711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.10.032.

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27

Leuning, Nora, Markus Jaeger, Benedikt Schauerte, Anett Stöcker, Rudolf Kawalla, Xuefei Wei, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216588.

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Due to the nonlinear material behavior and contradicting application requirements, the selection of a specific electrical steel grade for a highly efficient electrical machine during its design stage is challenging. With sufficient knowledge of the correlations between material and magnetic properties and capable material models, a material design for specific requirements can be enabled. In this work, the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels, i.e., alloying, sheet thickness and grain size, are studied on laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels of 2.4 and 3.2 wt % silicon. Different final thicknesses and grain sizes for both alloys are obtained by different production parameters to produce a total of 21 final material states, which are characterized by state-of-the-art material characterization methods. The magnetic properties are measured on a single sheet tester, quantified up to 5 kHz and used to parametrize the semi-physical IEM loss model. From the loss parameters, a tailor-made material, marked by its thickness and grain size is deduced. The influence of different steel grades and the chance of tailor-made material design is discussed in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application by performing finite-element electrical machine simulations and post-processing on four of the twenty-one materials and the tailor-made material. It is shown that thicker materials can lead to fewer iron losses if the alloying and grain size are adapted and that the three studied parameters are in fact levers for material design where resources can be saved by a targeted optimization.

28

Boehm, Lucas, Christoph Hartmann, Ines Gilch, Anett Stoecker, Rudolf Kawalla, Xuefei Wei, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Grain Size Influence on the Magnetic Property Deterioration of Blanked Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 7055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227055.

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Non-oriented electrical steel sheets are applied as a core material in rotors and stators of electric machines in order to guide and magnify their magnetic flux density. Their contouring is often realized in a blanking process step, which results in plastic deformation of the cut edges and thus deteriorates the magnetic properties of the base material. This work evaluates the influence of the material’s grain size on its iron losses after the blanking process. Samples for the single sheet test were blanked at different cutting clearances (15 µm–70 µm) from sheets with identical chemical composition (3.2 wt.% Si) but varying average grain size (28 µm–210 µm) and thickness (0.25 mm and 0.5 mm). Additionally, in situ measurements of blanking force and punch travel were carried out. Results show that blanking-related iron losses either increase for 0.25 mm thick sheets or decrease for 0.5 mm thick sheets with increasing grain size. Although this is partly in contradiction to previous research, it can be explained by the interplay of dislocation annihilation and transgranular fracturing. The paper thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the blanking process of coarse-grained, thin electrical steel sheets.

29

Park, Jong Tae, Jerzy A. Szpunar, and Jae Kwan Kim. "Texture Development during Final Annealing in Nonoriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.471.

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Nonoriented electrical steels have been widely used as core materials in motors and generators. For these applications low core loss and high permeability are required. The magnetic properties of these steels depend on the grain size and crystallographic texture of the annealed final products. The problems related to grain size control have been extensively investigated, while texture control has received much less attention. The technologies used to control the grain size in nonoriented electrical steels have approached to their limits. However, there is still some possibility for improvement of the magnetic properties through texture control. In order to explore this possibility, the evolution of recrystallization texture for nonoriented electrical steels with 2% Si was systematically studied. Texture change during grain growth was additionally analyzed. The formation of recrystallization texture is explained by oriented nucleation. This is supported by the fact that the area fraction of nuclei or recrystallized grains with specific orientation to all new grains remains almost constant during the progress of recrystallization. Most nuclei have a high misorientation angle of 25~55° with the surrounding deformed matrices. During the progress of grain growth, Goss and {111}<112> components are weakened and the random texture is strengthened. The grains of the Goss and {111}<112> orientations have smaller grain size than those of random orientation.

30

Cha, Sang Yun, I. B. Chudakov, Jong S. Woo, Jong Kweon Kim, and Young Rae Cho. "Study of Magnetic Annealing on Magnetostriction in Grain-Oriented 3.2 % Si Steels." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.129.

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The effects of magnetic annealing on a magnetiostriction in commercial grain-oriented 3.2 at.% Si steels were investigated. A combined (constant+strong pulsed) magnetic field during the magnetic annealing played a significant role in reducing the magnetostriction. The reduction ratio in magnetostriction was greatly dependent on surface conditions such as whether it was a bare metallic, tension coated and laser-scribed surface for grain-oriented electrical steels. For all three samples, the effect of the magnetic annealing on reduction in maganetostriction is more clearly observed in the compressive stress rather than in the tensile stress region.

31

Stoyka, V., F. Kovac, I. Petryshynets, and I. Schindler. "Tracking the Evolution of Abnormal Grain Growth in Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels by Coercivity Measurements." Acta Physica Polonica A 118, no. 5 (November 2010): 1015–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.118.1015.

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32

Nadoum, A., F. Robinson, and S. Birosca. "On the correlation between magnetic domain and crystallographic grain orientation in grain oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 494 (January 2020): 165772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165772.

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33

Ouyang, Ye Xian, and Jing Liu. "High Temperature Brittleness of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Containing Phosphrous." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.350.

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High temperature brittleness of non-oriented electrical steel containing 0.14wt% phosphorus was investigated by mechanical testing, scanning electrical microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The steels were annealed at 800~950°C with hold time of 2~30min under dry hydrogen/nitrogen mixture and wet mixture gas. The mechanical testing results indicated that elongation and bend-to-failure times of steel sheets annealed in wet gas was decreased with hold time extending, and dramatically dropped when it exceeded some value. The critical time of brittleness was become shorter with increase of annealing temperature. It was shown by AES that the phosphorus segregation at grain boundary induced by decarbonizing under wet gas led to inter-granular brittle fracture in the steel sheets.

34

Fujikura, M., S. Arai, and T. Kubota. "Effect of Laser Irradiation on the Magnetostriction of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 25, no. 4−2 (2001): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.25.895.

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35

Cha, S. Y., I. B. Chudakov, J. K. Kim, and J. S. Woo. "Magnetic annealing under combined field and magnetostriction of grain-oriented electrical steels." physica status solidi (a) 199, no. 1 (September 2003): R7—R9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200309010.

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36

Rodriguez-Calvillo, Pablo, Juergen Schneider, and Yvan Houbaert. "Characterisation by EBSD of Cold Rolled High-Silicon Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 283-286 (March 2009): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.413.

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Steel containing a high Si-content is mainly used as electrical steel in flux carrying electrical machines. These materials are divided in the categories: grain oriented and non oriented electrical steels, mainly used in transformers and electrical motors, respectively. Their industrial production is normally limited to silicon contents lower than 3.5 m.-%, due to the generation of brittle ordered structures if the Si content is increased beyond this value. The paper reports on microstructure and texture evolution during processing by rolling of electrical steel in the high Si-range. The materials studied are two industrial electrical steels with a silicon content of 2.4 and 3.2 m.-%, their situation was as-received after hot rolling and industrial annealing. The different processing parameters, as rolling temperatures and cooling conditions have a strong influence on the final microstructures and textures. The importance of hot rolling and intermediate annealing processes is enhanced since above 2 m.-% Si these steels do not experience the usual α-γ-α phase transformation, because they present a bcc crystal structure over the entire solidus domain. Consequently, their microstructures and textures are strongly inherited from the earlier processing steps into the final product. The as-received materials were cold rolled with a nominal reduction of 75%. Their microstructures and textures were analysed by EBSD. The results obtained were compared with those of the industrial hot band. The textures were studied by the interpretation of the most important crystallographic fibre textures, extracted from the ODF’s of φ2 = 45o section of the Euler space. Special attention was given to the evolution of the most important magnetic textural components. Although in terms of grain shape, IQ, texture and normalised thickness position or ‘s’-parameter the microstructures obtained before and after cold rolling are totally different, the overall crystallographic textures seem not to differ very much.

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Silveyra, Josefina María, and Juan Manuel Conde Garrido. "On the anhysteretic magnetization of soft magnetic materials." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000328.

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Electrical steels are still the materials of choice for large-scale transformers and most electric motors. Yet, they may present a nonhomogeneous magnetic nature which prevents describing accurately their anhysteretic magnetization with the Langevin-Weiss model. Although interpolation and extrapolation methods may be used to model any anhysteretic curve, a simple and physically-based model would be of great value for fundamental and applied research. Inspired in the law of partial volumes for gas mixtures, we proposed a law of partial magnetizations for magnetic mixtures. In a two-component system, the model leads to the double Langevin-Weiss function. We also introduced a graphical method and a fitting approach to analyze and model anhysteretic magnetization curves. A semi-log magnetization derivative plot is central to this end. We validated our strategy through well-motivated examples using published data on soft magnets. The single Langevin-Weiss function provided an accurate description of the magnetization of isotropic and anisotropic magnetically homogeneous materials: a soft ferrite and a nanocrystalline alloy, respectively. For modelling a magnetization transverse to the material’s preferred direction, the key is to allow a negative molecular field constant. The double Langevin-Weiss function was suitable for less homogeneous materials, such as a grain-oriented electrical steel magnetized along the rolling direction and a non-oriented electrical steel. Moreover, a highly-grain-oriented electrical steel magnetized transverse to the rolling direction, which exhibits a constricted hysteresis loop, could be modeled in excellent agreement with data. The key for the latter, has been to allow an antiparallel arrangement of the mean magnetization of both components.

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Park, Jong Tae, Jae Kwan Kim, and Jerzy A. Szpunar. "Recrystallisation, Grain Growth and Texture Evolution in Nonoriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.657.

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The magnetic properties of nonoriented electrical steels are influenced by grain size and texture of final products. The key technology in the commercial production of nonoriented electrical steels is to grow grains with {hk0}<001> texture up to the optimum size in the final annealing process. The problems related to grain size control have been extensively investigated, while texture control has received much less attention. Therefore, there is enough room to improve the magnetic properties through the control of texture. In this study, systematic investigations on the texture evolution during both recrystallization and grain growth have been made. The formation of recrystallization texture is explained by oriented nucleation. This is supported by the fact that the area fraction of nuclei or recrystallized grains with specific orientation to all new grains remains almost constant during the progress of recrystallization. Most nuclei have a high misorientation angle of 25∼55° with the surrounding deformed matrices. During the progress of grain growth, the Goss texture component continues to decrease because the Goss grains have a high percentage of low angle, low mobility grain boundaries. The grains of Goss orientation have a smaller grain size than those of random orientation.

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Salinas-Rodríguez, Armando, and E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda. "Processing and Microstructure of Grain Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Strips with Improved Magnetic Properties." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2800–2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2800.

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The effects of annealing prior to cold rolling on the microstructure and magnetic properties of a low-C grain non-oriented (GNO) electrical steel strip have been investigated. It is shown that annealing of the hot-rolled strips in the intercritical region, Ac13, causes rapid decarburization and development of large columnar ferrite grains. This microstructure leads, after cold-rolling and a fast annealing treatment at temperatures between 800 and 850 °C, to a polygonal ferrite grain microstructure with magnetic properties superior to those observed typically in the same steel in the industrial fully processed condition. The results are attributed to the {100}-fiber texture developed during the final annealing. Annealing at T<800 °C or T>850 °C results in formation of {111}-fiber texture components due to recristallization or transformation of deformed ferrite leading to a negative effect on the final magnetic properties. The results suggest that annealing prior to cold rolling offers an attractive alternative processing route for the manufacture of fully processed low-C, Si-Al GNO electrical steels strips.

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Rodriguez-Calvillo, Pablo, N. Salazar, Juergen Schneider, and Yvan Houbaert. "Microstructure Characterization by EBSD of Hot Rolled High-Silicon Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.69.

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Non oriented electrical steels are soft magnetic materials used in the core of electrical motors. No preferential anisotropy of the electrical texture in the rolling plane is desired. Nowadays these special steels are mainly alloyed with Si, Al and some additives to improve the magnetic properties and to reach a good of formability. For (Si, Al)-concentrations higher than 2 wt.% the α- γ-α phase transformation is suppressed, resulting in a bcc crystalline structure from liquidus to room temperature. These electrical steels, which will be discussed in the paper, exhibit the lowest values of the magnetic losses. Hot rolling of FeSi electrical steels has been found to be one of the fundamental steps in producing these materials with optimum properties. The resulting properties, as well known, are determined by the type of magnetic textures and the structural inhomogeneities. Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) is a reliable tool for microstructural and texture characterization of different materials. Two compositions of electrical steel are studied by optical microscopy and EBSD, with special attention paid to characterize the grain morphology and its texture through thickness.

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Wan, Yong, Wei-qing Chen, and Shao-jie Wu. "Effects of Lanthanum and Boron on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Non-oriented Electrical Steels." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0039.

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AbstractThe effects of lanthanum and boron on the inclusion size distribution, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of three non-oriented electrical steels have been studied. After final annealing, lanthanum effectively inhibited the precipitation of MnS precipitates and promoted the growth of grains, an addition of 0.0041 wt.% boron led to the precipitation of Fe2B particles and inhibited grain growth. On the other hand, steel containing 0.0055 wt.% lanthanum had the strongest {100} and {111} fiber texture and the weakest {112}〈110〉 texture among the steels. Compared to steel without lanthanum and boron, steel with 0.0050 wt.% lanthanum and 0.0041 wt.% boron obtained slightly stronger intensities of {100} and {111} fiber texture, and a little weaker intensity of {112}〈110〉 texture. Steel containing 0.0055 wt.% lanthanum achieved the best magnetic properties, whose core loss and magnetic flux density were 4.268 W/kg and 1.768 T, respectively.

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Mao, W., Y. Li, Z. An, G. Zhu, and Ping Yang. "Formation of Goss Texture in Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets Produced by Commercial Compact Strip Processing." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.241.

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The compact strip processing technology and the technologies for conventional grain oriented electrical steels were used to process the low cost grain-oriented electrical steel successfully, in which the reheating temperature for hot rolling was about 1150 oC, and strong Goss texture was obtained after the secondary recrystallization. It is indicated that the density of inhibitor particles produced under the condition of low temperature hot rolling was high enough to induce the necessary secondary recrystallization during final annealing, so that many Goss grains could grow. The mis-orientations of Goss grains to the recrystallization matrix were calculated and observed. High angle boundaries enveloped frequently Goss grains, while the growth of other grains would have the possibility to meet low angle boundaries or low mobile boundaries. Goss grains neighboring larger size grains might be protected by the further precipitation of inhibitor particles in high angel boundaries during the temperature rising stage of the secondary recrystallization and survived somehow after the growth competition.

43

Mao, Weimin, and Huiping Ren. "Effect of Inhibitor Particles on Normal Grain Growth before Secondary Recrystallization of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." steel research international 87, no. 12 (May 31, 2016): 1577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201600114.

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44

Ishiyama, Kazushi, Ken Ichi Arai, and Masaki Nakano. "Relationship between Grain Size and Iron Loss of Very Thin Grain Oriented Silicon Steels." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 112, no. 6 (1992): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.112.6_521.

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45

Yanli Zhang, Young Hwan Eum, Dexin Xie, and Chang Seop Koh. "An Improved Engineering Model of Vector Magnetic Properties of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 3181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2001789.

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46

Mangiorou, E. "Correlation of grain growth phenomena with magnetic properties in non - oriented electrical steels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 108 (March 18, 2016): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/108/1/012016.

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47

Park, Jae Young, Kyu Seok Han, Jong Soo Woo, Sam Kyu Chang, N. Rajmohan, and Jerzy A. Szpunar. "Influence of primary annealing condition on texture development in grain oriented electrical steels." Acta Materialia 50, no. 7 (April 2002): 1825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00034-4.

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48

Mao, W., W. Guo, and Y. Li. "Growth Process of Goss Grains during Secondary Recrystallization of Grain-oriented Electrical Steels." steel research international 81, no. 12 (December 2010): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000051.

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49

Wiglasz, Vladislav, and Petr Pácl. "Effect of laser scribing on power losses of conventional grain-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112, no. 1-3 (July 1992): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91148-m.

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50

Faba, Antonio, and Simone Quondam Antonio. "An Overview of Non-Destructive Testing of Goss Texture in Grain-Oriented Magnetic Steels." Mathematics 9, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9131539.

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Grain oriented steels are widely used for electrical machines and components, such as transformers and reactors, due to their high magnetic permeability and low power losses. These outstanding properties are due to the crystalline structure known as Goss texture, obtained by a suitable process that is well-known and in widespread use among industrial producers of ferromagnetic steel sheets. One of the most interesting research areas in this field has been the development of non-destructive methods for the quality assessment of Goss texture. In particular, the study of techniques that can be implemented in industrial processes is very interesting. Here, we provide an overview of techniques developed in the past, novel approaches recently introduced, and new perspectives. The reliability and accuracy of several methods and equipment are presented and discussed.

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