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Статті в журналах з теми "Gravity waves"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Naciri, Mamoun, and Chiang C. Mei. "Evolution of short gravity waves on long gravity waves." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 5, no. 8 (August 1993): 1869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858812.

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2

Dias, Frédéric, and Christian Kharif. "NONLINEAR GRAVITY AND CAPILLARY-GRAVITY WAVES." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 301–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.301.

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3

Dörnbrack, Andreas, Stephen D. Eckermann, Bifford P. Williams, and Julie Haggerty. "Stratospheric Gravity Waves Excited by a Propagating Rossby Wave Train—A DEEPWAVE Case Study." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 2 (February 2022): 567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0057.1.

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Abstract Stratospheric gravity waves observed during the DEEPWAVE research flight RF25 over the Southern Ocean are analyzed and compared with numerical weather prediction (NWP) model results. The quantitative agreement of the NWP model output and the tropospheric and lower-stratospheric observations is remarkable. The high-resolution NWP models are even able to reproduce qualitatively the observed upper-stratospheric gravity waves detected by an airborne Rayleigh lidar. The usage of high-resolution ERA5 data—partially capturing the long internal gravity waves—enabled a thorough interpretation of the particular event. Here, the observed and modeled gravity waves are excited by the stratospheric flow past a deep tropopause depression belonging to an eastward-propagating Rossby wave train. In the reference frame of the propagating Rossby wave, vertically propagating hydrostatic gravity waves appear stationary; in reality, of course, they are transient and propagate horizontally at the phase speed of the Rossby wave. The subsequent refraction of these transient gravity waves into the polar night jet explains their observed and modeled patchy stratospheric occurrence near 60°S. The combination of both unique airborne observations and high-resolution NWP output provides evidence for the one case investigated in this paper. As the excitation of such gravity waves persists during the quasi-linear propagation phase of the Rossby wave’s life cycle, a hypothesis is formulated that parts of the stratospheric gravity wave belt over the Southern Ocean might be generated by such Rossby wave trains propagating along the midlatitude waveguide.

4

Akers, Benjamin F., David M. Ambrose, and J. Douglas Wright. "Gravity perturbed Crapper waves." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2161 (January 8, 2014): 20130526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0526.

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Crapper waves are a family of exact periodic travelling wave solutions of the free-surface irrotational incompressible Euler equations; these are pure capillary waves, meaning that surface tension is accounted for, but gravity is neglected. For certain parameter values, Crapper waves are known to have multi-valued height. Using the implicit function theorem, we prove that any of the Crapper waves can be perturbed by the effect of gravity, yielding the existence of gravity–capillary waves nearby to the Crapper waves. This result implies the existence of travelling gravity–capillary waves with multi-valued height. The solutions we prove to exist include waves with both positive and negative values of the gravity coefficient. We also compute these gravity perturbed Crapper waves by means of a quasi-Newton iterative scheme (again, using both positive and negative values of the gravity coefficient). A phase diagram is generated, which depicts the existence of single-valued and multi-valued travelling waves in the gravity–amplitude plane. A new largest water wave is computed, which is composed of a string of bubbles at the interface.

5

Beya, Jose, William Peirson, and Michael Banner. "ATTENUATION OF GRAVITY WAVES BY TURBULENCE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 2, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.3.

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We report new laboratory measurements of the interaction between mechanically-generated gravity waves and turbulence generated by simulated rain. Wave attenuation coefficients and vertical profiles of turbulent velocity fluctuations were measured. Observations are in broad agreement with Teixeira and Belcher (2002) despite substantial differences between assumed and measured turbulence profiles. Wave attenuation due to surface turbulence appears to be stronger than theoretical estimates. These finding could have significant implications for the next generation of spectral wave models and the understanding of wave dissipation processes.

6

Kenyon, Kern E. "Frictionless Surface Gravity Waves." Natural Science 12, no. 04 (2020): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2020.124017.

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7

SUN, TIEN-YU, and KAI-HUI CHEN. "ON INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 29, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.29.1998.4254.

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We are concerned with the steady wave motions in a 2-fluid system with constant densities. This is a free boundary problem in which the lighter fluid is bounded above by a free surface and is separated from the heavier one down below by an interface. By using a contractive mapping principle type argument. a constructive proof to the existence of some of these exact periodic internal gravity waves is proveded.

8

Vikulin, A. V., A. A. Dolgaya, and S. A. Vikulina. "Geodynamic waves and gravity." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 5, no. 1 (2014): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2014-5-1-0128.

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9

Longuet-Higgins, M. S. "Bifurcation in gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 151, no. -1 (February 1985): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085001057.

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10

Pizzo, Nick E. "Surfing surface gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 823 (June 16, 2017): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.314.

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A simple criterion for water particles to surf an underlying surface gravity wave is presented. It is found that particles travelling near the phase speed of the wave, in a geometrically confined region on the forward face of the crest, increase in speed. The criterion is derived using the equation of John (Commun. Pure Appl. Maths, vol. 6, 1953, pp. 497–503) for the motion of a zero-stress free surface under the action of gravity. As an example, a breaking water wave is theoretically and numerically examined. Implications for upper-ocean processes, for both shallow- and deep-water waves, are discussed.

11

STENFLO, L., and P. K. SHUKLA. "Nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves." Journal of Plasma Physics 75, no. 6 (March 11, 2009): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809007892.

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AbstractPrevious results on nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves are reconsidered. It turns out that the mathematical techniques used are somewhat similar to those already adopted by the plasma physics community. Consequently, a future interaction between physicists in different fields, e.g. in meteorology and plasma physics, can be very fruitful.

12

Miles, Alan J., and B. Roberts. "Magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves." Solar Physics 141, no. 2 (October 1992): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00155176.

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13

Miles, Alan J., H. R. Allen, and B. Roberts. "Magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves." Solar Physics 141, no. 2 (October 1992): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00155177.

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14

Lomnitz, Cinna. "Gravity waves in earthquakes?" Engineering Geology 29, no. 1 (June 1990): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(90)90084-e.

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15

Hassler, Donald M. "Drowning in Gravity Waves." Academic Questions 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-017-9644-6.

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16

Gonz�lez, Alejandro G., and Julio Gratton. "Magnetoacoustic surface gravity waves." Solar Physics 134, no. 2 (August 1991): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00152645.

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17

Hara, Tetsu, Kurt A. Hanson, Erik J. Bock, and B. Mete Uz. "Observation of hydrodynamic modulation of gravity-capillary waves by dominant gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108, no. C2 (February 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001100.

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18

Hankinson, Mai C. N., M. J. Reeder, and T. P. Lane. "Gravity waves generated by convection during TWP-ICE: I. Inertia-gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9 (May 13, 2014): 5269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020724.

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19

Mui, R. C. Y., and D. G. Dommermuth. "The Vortical Structure of Parasitic Capillary Waves." Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817269.

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A two-dimensional numerical simulation of the parasitic capillary waves that form on a 5 cm gravity-capillary wave is performed. A robust numerical algorithm is developed to simulate flows with complex boundary conditions and topologies. The free-surface boundary layer is resolved at the full-scale Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers. Seventeen million grid points are used to resolve the flow to within 6 × 10–4 cm. The numerical method is used to investigate the formation of parasitic capillary waves on the front face of a gravity-capillary wave. The parasitic capillary waves shed vorticity that induces surface currents that exceed twenty-five percent of the phase velocity of the gravity-capillary wave when the steepness of the parasitic capillary waves is approximately 0.8 and the total wave steepness is 1.1. A mean surface current develops in the direction of the wave’s propagation and is concentrated on the front face of the gravity-capillary wave. This current enhances mixing, and remnants of this surface current are probably present in post-breaking waves. Regions of high vorticity occur on the back sides of the troughs of the parasitic capillary waves. The vorticity separates from the free surface in regions where the wave-induced velocities exceed the vorticity-induced velocities. The rate of energy dissipation of the gravity-capillary wave with parasitic capillaries riding on top is twenty-two times greater than that of the gravity-capillary wave alone.

20

Plougonven, Riwal, and Chris Snyder. "Inertia–Gravity Waves Spontaneously Generated by Jets and Fronts. Part I: Different Baroclinic Life Cycles." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 2502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3953.1.

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Abstract The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves in idealized life cycles of baroclinic instability is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Two substantially different life cycles of baroclinic instability are obtained by varying the initial zonal jet. The wave generation depends strongly on the details of the baroclinic wave’s development. In the life cycle dominated by cyclonic behavior, the most conspicuous gravity waves are excited by the upper-level jet and are broadly consistent with previous simulations of O’Sullivan and Dunkerton. In the life cycle that is dominated by anticyclonic behavior, the most conspicuous gravity waves even in the stratosphere are excited by the surface fronts, although the fronts are no stronger than in the cyclonic life cycle. The anticyclonic life cycle also reveals waves in the lower stratosphere above the upper-level trough of the baroclinic wave; these waves have not been previously identified in idealized simulations. The sensitivities of the different waves to both resolution and dissipation are discussed.

21

Lingevitch, Joseph F., Michael D. Collins, and William L. Siegmann. "Parabolic equations for gravity and acousto-gravity waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 6 (June 1999): 3049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424634.

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22

Laxague, Nathan J. M., Milan Curcic, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, and Brian K. Haus. "Gravity-Capillary Wave Spectral Modulation by Gravity Waves." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55, no. 5 (May 2017): 2477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2645539.

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23

Gnevyshev, Vladimir, and Sergei Badulin. "Wave Patterns of Gravity–Capillary Waves from Moving Localized Sources." Fluids 5, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040219.

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We study wave patterns of gravity–capillary waves from moving localized sources within the classic setup of the problem of ship wakes. The focus is on the co-existence of two wave systems with opposite signatures of group velocity relative to the localized source. It leads to the problem of choice of signs for phase functions of the gravity (“slow”) and capillary (“fast”) branches of the dispersion relation: the question generally ignored when constructing phase patterns of the solutions. We detail characteristic angles of the wake patterns: (i) angle of demarcation of gravity and capillary waves—“the phase Mach” cone, (ii) angle of the minimal group velocity of gravity–capillary waves—“the group Mach” cone, (iii, iv) angles of cusps of isophases that appear after a threshold current speed. The outer cusp cone is naturally associated with the classic cone of Kelvin for pure gravity waves. The inner one results from the effect of capillarity and tends to the “group Mach” pattern at high speeds of current. Amplitudes of the wave patterns are estimated within the recently proposed approach of reference functions for the problem of propagation of packets of linear dispersive waves. The effect of shape is discussed for elliptic reference sources.

24

Christodoulides, P., and F. Dias. "Resonant capillary–gravity interfacial waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 265 (April 25, 1994): 303–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094000856.

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Two-dimensional space-periodic cabillary–gravity waves at the interface between two fluids of different densities are considered when the second harmonic and the fundamental mode are near resonance. A weakly nonlinear analysis provides the equations (normal form), correct to third order, that relate the wave frequency with the amplitudes of the fundamental mode and of the second harmonic for all waves with small energy. A study of the normal form for waves which are also periodic in time reveals three possible types of space- and time-periodic waves: the well-known travelling and standing waves as well as an unusual class of three-mode mixed waves. Mixed waves are found to provide a connection between standing and travelling waves. The branching behaviour of all types of waves is shown to depend strongly on the density ratio. For travelling waves the weakly nonlinear results are confirmed numerically and extended to finite-amplitude waves. When slow modulations in time of the amplitudes are considered, a powerful geometrical method is used to study the resulting normal form. Finally a discussion on modulational stability suggests that increasing the density ratio has a stabilizing effect.

25

Hankinson, Mai C. N., M. J. Reeder, and T. P. Lane. "Gravity waves generated by convection during TWP-ICE: 2. High-frequency gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9 (May 13, 2014): 5257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020726.

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26

Naeser, Harald. "The Capillary Waves’ Contribution to Wind-Wave Generation." Fluids 7, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020073.

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Published theories and observations have shown that dissipation of gravity waves implies frequency downshifting of wave energy. Hence, for wind-waves, the wind energy input to the highest frequencies is of special interest. Here it is shown that this input is vital, because the direct wind energy input obtained by the air-pressure’s work on most gravity waves is slightly less than what the waves need to grow. Further, the wind’s input of the angular momentum that waves need to grow is found to be absent at most gravity wave frequencies. The capillary waves that appear at the surface of the sea when the wind is blowing solve these problems. To demonstrate this, an extension of linear wave theory is established to study possibilities and limitations for transfer of energy and angular momentum from the wind to waves through these frequencies. The theory describes regular, gravity–capillary waves with constant amplitude under laminar conditions. It includes surface tensions, viscosity, gravity and a wind-generated shear current, and shows that these waves—contrary to most gravity waves—receive more energy from the wind than they dissipate and angular momentum they cannot keep. Hence, the problem of the missing input of energy and angular momentum from wind to gravity waves is solved by transfers through the capillary waves. This implies that capillary waves are vital to obtain growing gravity waves.

27

Wang, Xiujuan, Lingkun Ran, Yanbin Qi, Zhongbao Jiang, Tian Yun, and Baofeng Jiao. "Analysis of Gravity Wave Characteristics during a Hailstone Event in the Cold Vortex of Northeast China." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020412.

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Based on high-resolution pressure data collected by a microbarograph and Fourier transform (FFT) data processing, a detailed analysis of the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves during a hailstone event in the cold vortex of Northeast China (NECV) on 9 September 2021 is presented. The results show that the deep NECV served as the large-scale circulation background for the hailstone event. The development of hailstones was closely related to gravity waves. In different hail stages, the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves were obviously different. One and a half hours before hailfall, there were gravity wave precursors with periods of 50–180 min and corresponding amplitudes ranging from 30 to 60 Pa. During hailfall, the center amplitudes of the gravity waves were approximately 50 Pa and 60 Pa, with the corresponding period ranges expanding to 60–70 min and 160–240 min. Simultaneously, hailstones initiated shorter periods (26–34 min) of gravity waves, with the amplitudes increasing to approximately 12–18 Pa. The relationship between hailstones and gravity waves was positive. After hailfall, gravity waves weakened and dissipated rapidly. As shown by the reconstructed gravity waves, key periods of gravity wave precursors ranged from 50–180 min, which preceded hailstones by several hours. When convection developed, there was thunderstorm high pressure and an outflow boundary. The airflow converged and diverged downstream, resulting in the formation of gravity waves and finally triggering hailfall. Gravity wave predecessors are significant for hail warnings and artificial hail suppression.

28

Yasui, Ryosuke, Kaoru Sato, and Yasunobu Miyoshi. "The Momentum Budget in the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Lower Thermosphere. Part II: The In Situ Generation of Gravity Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 10 (October 2018): 3635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0337.1.

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The contributions of gravity waves to the momentum budget in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is examined using simulation data from the Ground-to-Topside Model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) whole-atmosphere model. Regardless of the relatively coarse model resolution, gravity waves appear in the MLT region. The resolved gravity waves largely contribute to the MLT momentum budget. A pair of positive and negative Eliassen–Palm flux divergences of the resolved gravity waves are observed in the summer MLT region, suggesting that the resolved gravity waves are likely in situ generated in the MLT region. In the summer MLT region, the mean zonal winds have a strong vertical shear that is likely formed by parameterized gravity wave forcing. The Richardson number sometimes becomes less than a quarter in the strong-shear region, suggesting that the resolved gravity waves are generated by shear instability. In addition, shear instability occurs in the low (middle) latitudes of the summer (winter) MLT region and is associated with diurnal (semidiurnal) migrating tides. Resolved gravity waves are also radiated from these regions. In Part I of this paper, it was shown that Rossby waves in the MLT region are also radiated by the barotropic and/or baroclinic instability formed by parameterized gravity wave forcing. These results strongly suggest that the forcing by gravity waves originating from the lower atmosphere causes the barotropic/baroclinic and shear instabilities in the mesosphere that, respectively, generate Rossby and gravity waves and suggest that the in situ generation and dissipation of these waves play important roles in the momentum budget of the MLT region.

29

Lecoanet, D., G. M. Vasil, J. Fuller, M. Cantiello, and K. J. Burns. "Conversion of internal gravity waves into magnetic waves." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 2181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3273.

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30

Henderson, Stephen M., R. T. Guza, Steve Elgar, and T. H. C. Herbers. "Refraction of Surface Gravity Waves by Shear Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2890.1.

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Abstract Previous field observations indicate that the directional spread of swell-frequency (nominally 0.1 Hz) surface gravity waves increases during shoreward propagation across the surf zone. This directional broadening contrasts with the narrowing observed seaward of the surf zone and predicted by Snell’s law for bathymetric refraction. Field-observed broadening was predicted by a new model for refraction of swell by lower-frequency (nominally 0.01 Hz) current and elevation fluctuations. The observations and the model suggest that refraction by the cross-shore currents of energetic shear waves contributed substantially to the observed broadening.

31

Yih, Chia-Shun, and Songping Zhu. "Patterns of ship waves. II. Gravity-capillary waves." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 47, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/987893.

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32

Fabris, Júlio C., Marcelo H. Alvarenga, Mahamadou Hamani Daouda, and Hermano Velten. "Nonconservative Unimodular Gravity: Gravitational Waves." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010087.

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Unimodular gravity is characterized by an extra condition with respect to general relativity, i.e., the determinant of the metric is constant. This extra condition leads to a more restricted class of invariance by coordinate transformation: The symmetry properties of unimodular gravity are governed by the transverse diffeomorphisms. Nevertheless, if the conservation of the energy–momentum tensor is imposed in unimodular gravity, the general relativity theory is recovered with an additional integration constant which is associated to the cosmological term Λ. However, if the energy–momentum tensor is not conserved separately, a new geometric structure appears with potentially observational signatures. In this text, we consider the evolution of gravitational waves in a nonconservative unimodular gravity, showing how it differs from the usual signatures in the standard model. As our main result, we verify that gravitational waves in the nonconservative version of unimodular gravity are strongly amplified during the evolution of the universe.

33

Mehta, Dhvanit, Andrew J. Gerrard, Yusuke Ebihara, Allan T. Weatherwax, and Louis J. Lanzerotti. "Short-period mesospheric gravity waves and their sources at the South Pole." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-911-2017.

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Abstract. The sourcing locations and mechanisms for short-period, upward-propagating gravity waves at high polar latitudes remain largely unknown. Using all-sky imager data from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, we determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of 94 observed small-scale waves in 3 austral winter months in 2003 and 2004. These data, together with background atmospheres from synoptic and/or climatological empirical models, are used to model gravity wave propagation from the polar mesosphere to each wave's source using a ray-tracing model. Our results provide a compelling case that a significant proportion of the observed waves are launched in several discrete layers in the tropopause and/or stratosphere. Analyses of synoptic geopotentials and temperatures indicate that wave formation is a result of baroclinic instability processes in the stratosphere and the interaction of planetary waves with the background wind fields in the tropopause. These results are significant for defining the influences of the polar vortex on the production of these small-scale, upward-propagating gravity waves at the highest polar latitudes.

34

van Holten, Jan. "The Gravity of Light-Waves." Universe 4, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe4100110.

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Light waves carry along their own gravitational field; for simple plain electromagnetic waves, the gravitational field takes the form of a p p -wave. I present the corresponding exact solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations and discuss the dynamics of classical particles and quantum fields in this gravitational and electromagnetic background.

35

Kenyon, Kern E. "Upwelling by Surface Gravity Waves." Natural Science 09, no. 05 (2017): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2017.95013.

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36

Kenyon, Kern E. "Downwelling by Surface Gravity Waves?" Natural Science 09, no. 05 (2017): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2017.95015.

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37

Sturani, Riccardo. "Fundamental Gravity and Gravitational Waves." Symmetry 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122384.

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While being as old as general relativity itself, the gravitational two-body problem has never been under so intense investigation as it is today, spurred by both phenomenological and theoretical motivations. The observations of gravitational waves emitted by compact binary coalescences bear the imprint of the source dynamics, and as the sensitivity of detectors improve over years, more accurate modeling is being required. The analytic modeling of classical gravitational dynamics has been enriched in this century by powerful methods borrowed from field theory. Despite being originally developed in the context of fundamental particle quantum scatterings, their applications to classical, bound system problems have shown that many features usually associated with quantum field theory, such as, e.g., divergences and counterterms, renormalization group, loop expansion, and Feynman diagrams, have only to do with field theory, be it quantum or classical. The aim of this work is to present an overview of this approach, which models massive astrophysical objects as nonrelativistic particles and their gravitational interactions via classical field theory, being well aware that while the introductory material in the present article is meant to represent a solid background for newcomers in the field, the results reviewed here will soon become obsolete, as this field is undergoing rapid development.

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Kanev, N. G., and M. A. Mironov. "Resonance Absorption of Gravity Waves." Fluid Dynamics 56, no. 5 (September 2021): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0015462821050062.

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39

Varma, Dheeraj, Manikandan Mathur, and Thierry Dauxois. "Instabilities in internal gravity waves." Mathematics in Engineering 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2023016.

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<abstract><p>Internal gravity waves are propagating disturbances in stably stratified fluids, and can transport momentum and energy over large spatial extents. From a fundamental viewpoint, internal waves are interesting due to the nature of their dispersion relation, and their linear dynamics are reasonably well-understood. From an oceanographic viewpoint, a qualitative and quantitative understanding of significant internal wave generation in the ocean is emerging, while their dissipation mechanisms are being debated. This paper reviews the current knowledge on instabilities in internal gravity waves, primarily focusing on the growth of small-amplitude disturbances. Historically, wave-wave interactions based on weakly nonlinear expansions have driven progress in this field, to investigate spontaneous energy transfer to various temporal and spatial scales. Recent advances in numerical/experimental modeling and field observations have further revealed noticeable differences between various internal wave spatial forms in terms of their instability characteristics; this in turn has motivated theoretical calculations on appropriately chosen internal wave fields in various settings. After a brief introduction, we present a pedagogical discussion on linear internal waves and their different two-dimensional spatial forms. The general ideas concerning triadic resonance in internal waves are then introduced, before proceeding towards instability characteristics of plane waves, wave beams and modes. Results from various theoretical, experimental and numerical studies are summarized to provide an overall picture of the gaps in our understanding. An ocean perspective is then given, both in terms of the relevant outstanding questions and the various additional factors at play. While the applications in this review are focused on the ocean, several ideas are relevant to atmospheric and astrophysical systems too.</p></abstract>

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Kenyon, Kern E. "Gravity Forcing of Surface Waves." Physics Essays 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3025786.

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41

Stevens, Jonathan. "The Ringing of Gravity Waves." Science News 154, no. 18 (October 31, 1998): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4011052.

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42

Lehn, Waldemar H., Wayne K. Silvester, and David M. Fraser. "Mirages with atmospheric gravity waves." Applied Optics 33, no. 21 (July 20, 1994): 4639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.004639.

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43

Guerreiro, Thiago. "Quantum effects in gravity waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 37, no. 15 (July 13, 2020): 155001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ab9d5d.

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44

Wang, Tao, Tian‐Fu Gao, and Li Ma. "Moments of internal gravity waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744572.

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45

Milewski, P. A., and Z. Wang. "Three Dimensional Flexural-Gravity Waves." Studies in Applied Mathematics 131, no. 2 (February 13, 2013): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sapm.12005.

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46

Davies, Paul. "The search for gravity waves." IEE Review 37, no. 5 (1991): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19910089.

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Mende, S. B., G. R. Swenson, S. P. Geller, and K. A. Spear. "Topside observation of gravity waves." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 21 (October 15, 1994): 2283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl01696.

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48

Kim, Jinwon, and L. Mahrt. "Momentum Transport by Gravity Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 49, no. 9 (May 1992): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0735:mtbgw>2.0.co;2.

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Dyachenko, A. I., A. O. Korotkevich, and V. E. Zakharov. "Weak turbulence of gravity waves." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 77, no. 10 (May 2003): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1595693.

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50

Cartlidge, Edwin. "Physicists braced for gravity waves." Physics World 18, no. 11 (November 2005): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/18/11/14.

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