Готові списки джерел за темами / Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

KOZHIKOV, Marat, and Bauyrzhan KAPSALYAMOV. "Greenhouse Gas Trading Scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan - Seven Years from Its Creation, Problems and Solutions." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 5 (September 2, 2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.5(61).10.

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The article studies the greenhouse gas trading scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research analyzes an international experience in the sphere of greenhouse gas emissions trading and identifies the main provisions which are fundamental for the efficient work of emissions trading schemes. The work of the Kazakhstan greenhouse gas trading scheme was examined through these key provisions. Materials represent the work of emissions trading schemes in several countries, and, particularly, in the Republic of Kazakhstan. For a more detailed study, further directions were proposed to improve the work of the emissions trading scheme.

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Liu, Yang Stephanie, and Jessica Hong Yang. "A longitudinal analysis of corporate greenhouse gas disclosure strategy." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-11-2016-0213.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the extent to which greenhouse gas (GHG)-sensitive companies in the FTSE 100 disclose carbon emission information in their annual reports and stand-alone reports during the period of 2004-2012 and how they respond to the launch of legally binding GHG-reduction schemes – the European (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Climate Change Act (CCA). Design/methodology/approach A 42-item disclosure index is constructed to analyse the quality of corporate GHG disclosures. The authors initially chart the development of corporate GHG disclosure from 2004 to 2012, analyse the trend of disclosure development and compare variances for the convergence of disclosures. Subsequently the authors carry out a t-test to assess the significance of post-EU ETS and -CCA changes and the difference between GHG trading account holders (AH) and non-account holders (NAH). Findings The results show that GHG disclosures have been increasing over time, both in number of firms making disclosures and in the amount of information being reported, which indicate the movement towards normativity. The authors also find that the disclosures reach the peak after the enactment of EU ETS and CCA, and firms with carbon trading accounts are more responsive to these schemes than those without accounts. Nevertheless, the quality of the disclosure remains low, which may justify the further government intervention of mandating carbon reporting. Originality/value This is the first paper that has examined the regulatory effects on GHG disclosures in an environment where GHG emission triggers direct cost for companies.

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Li, Jiajia, and Junjie Zhang. "Regional Cooperation on Carbon Markets in East Asia." Asian Development Review 35, no. 2 (August 2018): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00118.

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The People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea have launched individual emission trading schemes to control greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. This paper reviews key carbon market design elements in the three countries in terms of emission allowances, covered sectors, allowance allocations, monitoring, reporting and verification, compliance and penalties, and offset markets. We assess the performances of the emission trading schemes among the three countries based on secondary-market allowance transactions. Considering heterogeneous climate policy designs in the region, we explore various approaches for the linkage of East Asian carbon markets. Cooperation on carbon markets is instrumental for regional and global climate governance. It could not only help achieve cost-effective emission reductions in the region, but also signal the commitment of the three countries to climate change mitigation.

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Villoria-Sáez, Paola, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Mercedes del Río Merino, Carmen Viñas Arrebola, and Xiangyu Wang. "Effectiveness of greenhouse-gas Emission Trading Schemes implementation: a review on legislations." Journal of Cleaner Production 127 (July 2016): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.148.

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Tang, Qingliang, and Lie Ming Tang. "Toward a Distributed Carbon Ledger for Carbon Emissions Trading and Accounting for Corporate Carbon Management." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-52409.

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ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control requires coordinated efforts and collaboration at all levels of governmental bodies, non-for-profit organizations, and private sectors. However, the target is difficult to achieve due to challenges arising from conflicts of interest and lack of trust between stakeholders. Thus, we propose a distributed carbon ledger (DCL) system using blockchain technology. Our analysis suggests that the adoption of DCL not only strengthens the corporate accounting system for carbon asset management but also fits within existing market-based emissions trading schemes (ETSs). Blockchain-enabled DCL allows the integration of national emission trading schemes (ETSs) and corporate carbon asset management into a synthetic single mechanism. JEL Classifications: M41; O44.

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Ellerman, Denny, Frank Convery, and Christian de Perthuis. "The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 5, no. 2 (2008): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372708x324213.

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AbstractThrough its Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the European Union is leading the world's first effort to mobilize market forces to tackle global climate change. This article, examines how the EU ETS has performed thus far, at the conclusion of the scheme's first trading phase (2005–2007). Insights drawn from this analysis may inform not only the scheme's future operation, but also the establishment of greenhouse gas trading programs outside Europe. This interim analysis finds that Phase I of the EU ETS (2005–2007) has successfully established a carbon price for significant segments of economic activity in Europe, as well as the necessary trading infrastructure and experience; that the price on carbon has so far had limited impact on the industrial competitiveness of European industry; that it has provided an important stimulus to greenhouse gas emission reductions outside of Europe, primarily through the Clean Development Mechanism; and that the EU ETS provides useful lessons for other countries seeking to limit GHG emissions and for future global climate negotiations.

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Soleille, Sébastien. "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes: a new tool for the environmental regulator's kit." Energy Policy 34, no. 13 (September 2006): 1473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.11.018.

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Legnaioli, Marta. "The surrender of wrongly allocated greenhouse gas emission allowances." Environmental Law Review 20, no. 1 (March 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452918756550.

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The EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) is considered one of the most important EU policies in the fight against climate change as it aims to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions by industries located in the EU. This article examines the EU (EU ETS) and in particular the question of whether the surrender of wrongly allocated greenhouse emission allowances is compatible with Directive 2003/87/EC. This question was referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union in the context of a preliminary ruling. This case is particularly relevant as for the first time the Court is asked to express its interpretation on the legal nature of emission allowances. This issue is highly debated and has gained increasing relevance due to the fact that the classification of allowances is not harmonised at EU level.

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Jaś, Magdalena. "Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme in the Polish law." Polish Yearbook of Environmental Law, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/pyel.2012.007.

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Kim, Kun A., and Seung-Ryong Yang. "Linking the Korean Emission Trading Scheme with the EU Emission Trading Scheme: What to Consider and How." Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources 30 (December 31, 2022): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33147/lsnrr.2022.30.1.101.

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The world has put various efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to respond to the threat of climate change. Recently, the EU announced to introduce the 'Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)' which imposes a sort of tariff to the import products from the countries which do not impose the proper level of carbon reduction cost. Korea, as a major exporter to the EC, should respond to the CBAM to reduce the damage. Linking the Korean Emission Trading Scheme with the EU counterpart would be one way. For such a linkage, it is necessary to consider not only technical, administrative, and economic conditions, but also political and popular factors. This study seek several considerations and a proper method for the linkage.

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Дисертації з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

Mengistu, Azemeraw Tadesse. "Modeling and Analysis of Long-Term Shifts in Bioenergy Use-With Special Reference to Ethiopia : Improving Sustainable Development." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129541.

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Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan Africa countries whose energy depends on traditional use of biomass such as wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung. The traditional use of biomass mainly wood and charcoal leads the country to massive deforestation and forest degradation. Negative environmental impacts from poorly managed municipal solid waste are also serious problems in the country. Moreover, there is a wide range of fossil fuels demand in the country fully covered by importing which results to a significant expenditure from the country’s budget. This study investigates the long-term shifts in bioenergy use of the country and evaluates the expected social, environmental and economical implications. For this purpose, three scenarios are formulated within a timeframe that goes from 2013 to 2030. The baseline scenario assumes the existing energy practices of the country would undergo no significant change in the future while the moderate shift and high shift scenarios consider the long-term shifts in bioenergy use with and without considering constraints respectively. In this context, long-term shifts means: transition from traditional use of biomass to efficient and modern in the household sector, biofuels deployment in the transport sector, introduction of agricultural residues as a fuel for cement production, and electricity generation from bagasse and municipal solid waste. To model and analyze the scenarios, the long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) software tool is used. Taking the results of high shift scenario by 2030, the use of improved wood stoves and fuel switch stoves could save 65 million tons of wood. The foreign currency saving from using biofuels and agricultural residues as fossil fuels substitute would reach to 674 million USD. The greenhouse gas emissions reduction is equivalent to 46 million tons of CO2e which is about 18.4% of the CO2e abatement target of the country for 2030. The corresponding revenue from carbon trading schemes would reach to 231 million USD. Electricity generation from bagasse and municipal solid waste would be 3,672 GWh that is around 3.7% of the total electricity generation target for 2030.

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Kosmas, Vasileios, and Michele Acciaro. "Bunker levy schemes for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in international shipping." Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72187.

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A fuel levy is one of the market-based measures (MBMs) currently under consideration at the International Maritime Organization. MBMs have been proposed to improve the energy efficiency of the shipping sector and reduce its emissions. This paper analyses the economic and environmental implications of two types of levy on shipping bunker fuels by means of an analytical model built on the cobweb theorem. A unit-tax per ton of fuel and an ad-valorem tax, enforced as a percentage of fuel prices, are examined. In both cases, a speed and fuel-consumption reduction equivalent to an improvement in the energy efficiency of the sector would be expected as a result of the regulation enforcement. The speed reduction in the unit-tax case depends on fuel prices and the tax amount, whereas in the ad-valorem case it relies upon the enforced tax percentage. Both schemes lead to industry profit decline, the extent of which depend on the structure of the levy and market conditions. Since there is concern that the costs resulting from the policy will be passed from shipping companies to their customers along the supply chain, the paper dwells on how the costs arising from the enforcement of the levy will be actually allocated between ship-owners and operators, and cargo-owners. In a market characterised by high freight rates and with no or limited excess capacity, a higher percentage of the total tax amount is transferred from ship-owners to shippers. In case of a recession the opposite happens.

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Li, Fang [Verfasser], Hans-Dietrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Haasis, and Herbert [Gutachter] Kotzab. "Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Management under Emission Trading / Fang Li ; Gutachter: Hans-Dietrich Haasis, Herbert Kotzab ; Betreuer: Hans-Dietrich Haasis." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125583967/34.

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Li, Fang Verfasser], Hans-Dietrich [Akademischer Betreuer] [Haasis, and Herbert [Gutachter] Kotzab. "Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Management under Emission Trading / Fang Li ; Gutachter: Hans-Dietrich Haasis, Herbert Kotzab ; Betreuer: Hans-Dietrich Haasis." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125583967/34.

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Spash, Clive L. "The Politics of Researching Carbon Trading in Australia." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4277/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2014_03.pdf.

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This paper explores the conflicts of interest present in science policy and how claims being made for evidence based science can be used to suppress critical social science research. The specific case presented concerns the attempts to ban and censor my work criticising the economics of carbon emissions trading while I was working for the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia. The role of management and the Science Minister are documented through their own public statements. The case raises general issues about the role of epistemic communities in the production of knowledge, the potential for manipulation of information under the guise of quality control and the problems created by claiming a fact-value dichotomy in the science-policy interface. The implications go well beyond just climate change research and challenge how public policy is being formulated in modern industrial societies where scientific knowledge and corporate interests are closely intertwined. (author's abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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Rotoullié, Jean-Charles. "L'utilisation de la technique de marché en droit de l'environnement. L'exemple du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020053.

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L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender, à travers l’exemple du système européen d’échange des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre, les conditions d’efficacité d’un instrument particulier de réalisation du développement durable : la technique de marché. Définie comme un instrument de police consistant en la poursuite d’un objectif de politique publique, préalablement défini par les pouvoirs publics, au moyen de la création volontaire d’un marché, c’est-à-dire l’organisation d’échanges d’« unités » entre opérateurs économiques, la technique de marché est utilisée de manière privilégiée en matière environnementale. La création ex nihilo d’un marché pour protéger l’environnement ne doit pas induire en erreur : la technique de marché ne conduit pas à une substitution de la liberté à la puissance publique. Au contraire, la technique de marché n’est efficace que si elle est sous-tendue par une action publique forte. Une intervention permanente – au stade de l’élaboration et de la mise en oeuvre de cet instrument – et multiforme – au niveau international, régional et national – de la puissance publique est nécessaire. La « main invisible » du marché ne produit ses effets que grâce à la « main visible » de la puissance publique
By taking the example of the European Union emission trading system, the objective of the present study is to understand the conditions of effectiveness of a specific tool: the market-based instrument. Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing aiming at the achievement of a public policy objective (pre-established by public authorities) with the creation of a market, i.e. the organisation of exchanges of “units” between economic operators. This tool is widely used in environmental law. The ex nihilo creation of a market in order to protect the environment must not mislead: the market-based instrument does not lead to a shift from public action to freedom. To the contrary, the effectiveness of the market-based instrument depends on a strong public action. A permanent (i.e. both during the preparation and the implementation of this tool) and multifaceted (i.e. at international, regional and national levels) public intervention is therefore required. The “invisible hand” of the market could only be effective with the “visible hand” of public authorities

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Leclerc, Thomas. "Les mesures correctives des émissions aériennes de gaz à effet de serre : Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les ordres juridiques en droit international public." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0751/document.

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La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationale
Looking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change

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Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.

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For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction. The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions. Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies. Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP). An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.

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Maina, Peter Njuguna. "Recognition, measurement and reporting for cap and trade schemes in the agricultural sector." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21522.

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The pressing global demand to transform to a low-carbon business community, which is required by the urgency of mitigating climate change, significantly alters the operating procedures for carbon emitters and carbon revenue generators alike. Although agricultural activities are not considered as heavy carbon emission source, the increased public focus on climate change has catapulted the exploitation of sustainable agricultural land management mitigating strategies as intervention by the sector. Additionally, the focus on market-based mechanism to address climate change, which has led to the evolution of cap-and-trade schemes, makes the agricultural sector become a source of low-cost carbon offsets. However, the fact that cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sector are voluntary has resulted into not only very diverse farming practices but also diverse accounting practices. The consequences of the diversity practices are that, the impacts on financial performance and position are not comparable. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the recognition, measurement and disclosure for cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sectors This study was conducted through literature reviews and empirical test. A qualitative research approach utilising constructivist methodology was employed. Primary data was collected in Kenya by administering three sets of semi-structured questionnaires to drafters of financial statements, loan officers and financial consultants. Secondary data involved content analysis of financial statements and reports of listed entities across the globe. It was established that proper accounting for cap-and-trade schemes adaptation activities is critical to the success of an entity’s environmental portfolio. Additionally, a model for valuing an organisation's carbon capture potential as suggested by this study enables entities to better report the impact of the adaptation activities on the financial performance and financial position. The outcome of this study enables entities to integrate the carbon capture potential on an entity sustainability reporting framework.
Colleges of Economic and Management Sciences
D. Phil. (Accounting Science)

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Shih, Shih-Ching, and 施士青. "The Advisement of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Act to Establish Emission Trading." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55731073004155519130.

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碩士
逢甲大學
財經法律研究所
99
Executive Yuan had submitted 「Reducing Greenhouse Gases Act」to LegislativeYuan in September 2006, meanwhile the Act is an important milestone for Taiwan to connect Emission Trading system. This thesis will introduce and compare with various emission trading systems in some countries, and through the result mentioned above to discuss the inadequate in the Act. This thesis finds three points out for the Act to improve：1、The Act does not clearly demarcate the responsibility of government organization to executive Emission Trading. 2、The Act about the details of managing trading market is not concrete enough. 3、Under Kyoto Protocol there are three kinds of reducing greenhouse gases systems to follow, and which one Taiwan should select to establish suitable system. There are three conclusions in this thesis, and then thesis will try to provide some advisements for amending「Reducing Greenhouse Gases Act」in the future.

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Книги з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

Veith, Stefan. The EU emission trading scheme: Aspects of statehood, regulation, and accouting. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2010.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Fifth Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation. Greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme regulations 2003: Wednesday 3 March 2004. London: The Stationery Office, 2004.

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1968-, Klingmüller Angela, Steppler Ulrich 1970-, European Parliament, European Parliament, and European Parliament, eds. EU emissions trading scheme and aviation. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, 2010.

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Rolfe, Chris. Closing the gap?: A comparison of approaches to encourage early greenhouse gas emission reductions. Hamburg [Germany]: HWWA-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg, 1999.

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The European Union's emissions trading scheme: A violation of international law : hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, July 27, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Allocation allowances of greenhouse gas emission: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session ... October 21, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Mullins, Fiona. Lessons from existing trading systems for international greenhouse gas emission trading: Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, information paper. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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EU emissions: Roundtable before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, to discuss the progress of the European Union's emissions trading scheme and to receive information on lessons learned for policymakers who want to better understand how a market-based trading program could operate efficiently and effectively in the United States, March 26, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. European Scrutiny Committee. Thirty-seventh report of session 2001-02: Documents considered by the committee on 17 July 2002, including Greenhouse gas emission trading within the Community : report, together with minutes of proceedings of the committee. London: Stationery Office, 2002.

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Committee, Great Britain Parliament House of Commons European Scrutiny. Eighteenth report of session 2001-02: Documents considered by the Committee, including : fisheries: total allowable catches for deep-sea stocks in 2002; Greenhouse gas emission trading within the Community : report, together with minutes of proceedings of the Committee. London: Stationery Office, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

Stańczak, Jarosław, and Paweł Bartoszczuk. "CO 2 emission trading model with trading prices." In Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 291–301. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1670-4_17.

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Nahorski, Zbigniew, and Joanna Horabik. "Compliance and emission trading rules for asymmetric emission uncertainty estimates." In Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 303–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1670-4_18.

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Pickl, Stefan, Erik Kropat, and Heiko Hahn. "The impact of uncertain emission trading markets on interactive resource planning processes and international emission trading experiments." In Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 327–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1670-4_19.

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Ermolieva, Tatiana, Yuri Ermoliev, Günther Fischer, Matthias Jonas, Marek Makowski, and Fabian Wagner. "Carbon emission trading and carbon taxes under uncertainties." In Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 277–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1670-4_16.

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Eykmans, Johan, and Stef Proost. "Voluntary Supply of Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Emission Trading Equilibria." In Economics of Atmospheric Pollution, 69–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61198-8_4.

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Hänni, Julia, and Tienmu Ma. "Swiss Climate Change Law." In Swiss Energy Governance, 17–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between Swiss climate change law and the international and European climate change regimes. At the international level, the chapter reviews the three major international agreements regulating the field: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the Paris Agreement. And at the national and regional levels, the chapter briefly describes the CO2 Act—often considered the heart of Swiss climate change policy—and questions whether it will prove effective in achieving its explicitly stated emissions reduction targets. The chapter then reviews the most significant recent innovation in the evolution of Swiss climate change policy: joining the Emissions Trading System (ETS) established by the European Union. Due to long-standing problems afflicting the ETS, the authors raise doubts about whether Switzerland’s joining the scheme will lead to meaningful reductions in the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. As an alternative to an ETS-centric approach, the authors refer to an approach centered on human rights. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the major international climate change agreements, other sources of international law, and the recent Urgenda decision of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, the authors argue that under the human rights approach, Switzerland would be obligated to take stronger measures to reduce emissions than it could hope to achieve through the ETS and the CO2 Act alone.

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Bikam, Peter Bitta. "Technology Innovations in Green Transport." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 37–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_4.

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AbstractThe paper uses the case study of Limpopo province to discuss technology innovations in green transport in South Africa with respect to the reduction of global greenhouse emission through technology innovation. South Africa’s emission from fuel combustion is the world’s 15th largest in forms of CO emission because it contributes about 1.2% of global emissions. In a submission from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) on the impact of greenhouse emissions stated that companies are required to be innovative to reduce the carbon emission levels in South Africa. Literature on road transport in South Africa shows that road transport is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 19% of global energy consumption. The policy to promote an integrated public transport in municipalities is in line with the National Development Plan and the White Paper on National Climate Change Response. This requires innovative technology that promotes carbon trading markets such as taxi recapitalisation programmes and carbon tax on new vehicles. The study analysed the factors influencing green technology innovations in South Africa with specific reference to Limpopo province green transportation study. The methodology used to unpack innovative technology in South Africa discusses green technology in Limpopo province in the context of greenhouse gases emission reduction innovative technologies in the transport sector with respect to sustainable fuels, energy efficient systems and smart information as well as hybrid technologies. The study advances arguments on technologies for engine and propulsion systems, alternative energy sources, navigation technologies, cargo handling systems, heating and cooling vehicles, road and rail vehicles and maritime transportation with respect to innovations as well as battery charging systems, engine oil disposal etc. The findings shows that no single trajectory of technology innovation in green transport will suffice but technological innovations that improve fuel economy and transition from fossil fuels to cleaner fuel alternatives. The study in Limpopo province showed that green transport innovations must not obscure the role of non-technological innovations in reducing emissions, but the two should be tackled with green transport value chain as a whole.

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Pérez Henríquez, Blas L. "Key Theoretical, Policy, and Implementation Experience Considerations for the Mexican ETS: Toward an Equitable and Cost-Effective Compliance Phase." In Springer Climate, 3–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_1.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the policy design and theoretical environmental economic principles that underpin the concept of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a policy approach to address climate change. It discusses basic environmental economic principles pertinent to the development of market-based solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and co-pollutants. The chapter serves as the technical basis for the broader discussion that this book as a whole presents on the launch of the pilot phase of the Mexican ETS on January 1, 2020. Understanding international program design experiences, theoretical principles, and implementing best practices is key to ensuring Mexico’s success in the transition from the pilot or learning phase to an operational ETS compliance system. This will ensure Mexico fulfills its national climate policy goals and nationally determined contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in a cost-effective manner, while also providing compliance flexibility to the industrial sectors covered under the program. A well-designed ETS ultimately provides the right incentives for industrial carbon emission reductions to drive cost-effective abatement and clean innovation. Secondly, this chapter presents a more in-depth review of policy developments focusing specifically on key implementation lessons from the two most advanced ETS systems in operation to date: (1) the European Union ETS and (2) California’s cap-and-trade program. In short, this chapter outlines a set of key policy lessons and design parameters to support the transition from the pilot Mexican ETS to an operational compliance phase in a socially just, environmentally sound, and cost-effective manner.

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Maragkogianni, Alexandra, Spiros Papaefthimiou, and Constantin Zopounidis. "Emissions Trading Schemes in the Transportation Sector." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 269–89. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4098-6.ch015.

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The transportation sector is a constantly growing source of greenhouse gas emissions, and its inclusion in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) has become inevitable, aiming to mitigate climate change effects. This chapter summarises the operation of the scheme, the accompanying legal framework, the induced implications, and the necessary requirements for the inclusion of transportation sub-sectors in the scheme. The implementation of the EU-ETS in aviation, shipping, and road transport is described, while details on the emissions trading and allowances allocation are provided. The processes of monitoring, reporting, and verification of emissions are reported along with the energy challenges, environmental, and financial impacts of the anticipated market based measures.

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Osmani, Ali Reja. "Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Energy Efficiency." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 537–66. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8814-8.ch027.

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Pursuant to the Thirteenth Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC held at Bali in 2007, based on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action plan, India has introduced its very own Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) called Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) market mechanism. The country has already achieved remarkable success in the renewable energy front. This chapter studied the existing policy regime of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and tried to understand how far the country practically can achieve the objective enshrined by PAT mechanism. This paper highlighted the background of the market based ETS, where various policies and legislation were put in place to provide energy efficient service and energy efficient system to the large energy intensive sectors of Indian economy. However it is not conducive to come to a conclusion regarding PAT's success or failure unless the First PAT cycle is completed, i.e. 2012-13 to 2014-15 compliance period is over.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Greenhouse gas emission trading schemes"

Wong, Kaufui V., and John Plackemeier. "Policies for Effective Trading Scheme to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39723.

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The World Bank and the Intergovernmental panel on climate change have concluded that human activities such as fossil fuel combustion have caused higher average temperatures, more violent weather patterns and higher sea levels. Governments, politicians and corporations have started to take steps to curb emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to reduce its imbalance in the atmosphere, and in so doing, diminish the impacts it will have in the near future. While these parties have recognized the importance of significantly reducing emissions in the coming decades, there are currently no policies in the USA to accomplish these goals. At the same time that the need to reduce emissions become more and more apparent, the realization that the world’s current economy is highly carbon-dependent and that shifting to renewable energy sources would be extremely expensive as well, thus compelling governments to approach the problem cautiously. Maybe because of this reality, governments have preferred emissions trading schemes over emissions caps and taxes with no trading. Unlike a cap affecting carbon emitters uniformly, the trading schemes that have been introduced recently allow for a collective cap on emissions under which emitters are held to standards which can be achieved by reducing emissions or by buying carbon credits, which are emissions reductions that have been achieved by a different third party. At this time, the Kyoto Protocol is the most comprehensive of the commitments governments have made toward the ultimate aim of curbing greenhouse gases. Under its umbrella, many of the world’s industrialized nations (excluding the US, which signed but did not ratify owing to economic concerns) agreed to an emissions reduction of 6 to 8 percent from 1990 levels by 2012. Governments are responsible for reducing overall emissions and do this by passing on reduction goals to specific emitters who can reduce their emissions through a slew of methods. The methods include directly reducing carbon emitted as gas or purchasing carbon credits that provide a reduction in place of emissions that cannot be directly reduced. While fossil fuels have played an important role in the development of the world in the past century, financial markets have had an equally important role in creating economic growth. Emissions trading schemes have emerged in the past five years as a method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through market forces. They are an attractive solution because they grant economic leeway to subject parties. While they carry this benefit, they are not universally ideal. This paper aims to identify the most effective ways in which emissions trading schemes can be used. An analysis of the limitations of emissions trading schemes is conducted with respect to technological and regulatory concerns in addition to different economic sectors. Further analysis of the benefits of large scale emissions trading schemes over other large scale emissions reduction methods is conducted. From this analysis, a full recommendation of strategies which would maximize the effectiveness of an emissions trading scheme is provided.

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Alhosani, Abdulla Humaid, Nasir-ud-Din Humayun, and Jawahar Kannan. "Emission Capping & Trading, First of its Kind in ADNOC Group." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207885-ms.

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Abstract The Spiking Gas Compressor project was installed in 2014, which reduces 65,000 tons of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emission annually. This was subsequently registered as a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project under UN convention and incidentally this was the first ADNOC project to be under this registration. The registration is the first step to claim for Carbon Credits under United Nations Framework of Clean Climate Convention (UNFCCC) scheme. No Carbon Credits were claimed under CDM since its commissioning in 2014 due to low carbon price. In 2019, we achieved the next big milestone of trading these accumulated carbon credits to an Austrian MNC. M/s MASDAR, pioneer in this field, who are also partner of ADNOC onshore in this green project, arranged an Upstream Emission Reduction (UER) buyer. The transaction is worth 65,000 tons of CO2 reduction and considerable monetary benefit. This transaction assumes significance not in terms of monetary value but a global recognition to ADNOC as a company amongst the leading players in the global arena in reducing the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This project is the first & largest Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) registered in Oil & Gas industry in UAE. United Nations Framework Convention on Clean Climate (UNFCCC) recognized flare gas recovery through Spiking Gas Project as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project to generate Carbon Credits. The project demonstrates the commitment and support of Abu Dhabi Government and ADNOC towards climate change mitigation measures. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project demonstrated successful partnership with Masdar. The project was converted into to UER scheme. ADNOC Onshore & Masdar arranged a Buyer. Later, in compliance to ISO 14064/65, post Validation/ Verification by external auditors brought a considerable revenue to ADNOC.

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Gambini, Marco, and Michela Vellini. "The Kyoto Protocol: Some Considerations About Its Applications in Italy." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22026.

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Climate change is a very important environmental, social and economic global problem. During the last century, the Earth’s average surface temperature rose by around 0.6°C. Evidence is getting stronger that most of the global warming that has occurred over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities that contribute to climate change include the burning of fossil fuels because it causes emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main gas responsible for climate change. In order to bring climate change to a halt, global greenhouse gas emissions would have to be reduced significantly. The European Union (EU) is engaged in international efforts to combat climate change. The EU is also taking serious steps to address its own greenhouse gas emissions. In March 2000 the Commission launched the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP). The ECCP led to the adoption of a range of new policies and measures, among which the EU’s emissions trading scheme, which started its operation on 1 January 2005, will play a key role. In this paper, we want to shortly explain the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, paying particular attention to the Emission Trading. We want to illustrate the European directive and the consequent Italian one: we will explain the Italian implementing norms that have been emitted for the period 2005–2007 and 2008–2012. Limiting then the analysis to the sector of electricity production, we want to show some examples of Italian power plants: we will illustrate them and we will estimate their CO2 emissions (according to a typical annual operation). The emission levels will be compared with CO2 quotas assigned in the period 2008–2012: these results will be commented in terms of the unavoidable economic implications that such allocation will involve. The CO2 quotas, assigned to Italy already for the period 2005–2007, involve a large control of these emissions: such situation will be reflected unavoidably on the increase of the kWh cost (it is already particularly high in comparison with the European average because of the particular energetic mix on which our electricity production is based): these effects could be particularly heavy for the competitiveness of our production system and for the modernization and the widening of our power plant park.

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Tola, Vittorio, and Matthias Finkenrath. "Low Temperature Heat Recovery Through Integration of Organic Rankine Cycle and CO2 Removal Systems in a NGCC." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20324.

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Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants utilizing fossil fuels is expected to become substantially more important in the near- to medium-term due to increasing costs associated to national and international greenhouse gas regulations, such as the Kyoto protocol and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. However, since net efficiency penalties caused by capturing CO2 emissions from power plants are significant, measures to reduce or recover efficiency losses are of substantial interest. For a state-of-the-art 400 MW natural gas-fueled combined cycle (NGCC) power plant, post-combustion CO2 removal based on chemical solvents like amines is expected to reduce the net plant efficiency in the order of 9–12 percentage points at 90% overall CO2 capture. A first step that has been proposed earlier to improve the capture efficiency and reduce capture equipment costs for NGCC is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). An alternative or complementary approach to increase the overall plant efficiency could be the recovery of available low temperature heat from the solvent-based CO2 removal systems and related process equipment. Low temperature heat is available in substantial quantities in flue gas coolers that are required upstream of the CO2 capture unit, and that are used for exhaust gas recirculation, if applied. Typical temperature levels are in the order of 80°C or up to 100 °C on the hot end. Additional low-grade heat sources are the amine condenser which operates at around 100–130 °C and the amine reboiler water cooling that could reach temperatures of up to 130–140°C. The thermal energy of these various sources could be utilized in a variety of low-temperature heat recovery systems. This paper evaluates heat recovery by means of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) that — in contrast to traditional steam Rankine cycles — is able to convert heat into electricity efficiently even at comparably low temperatures. By producing additional electrical power in the heat recovery system, the global performance of the power plant can be further improved. This study indicates a theoretical entitlement of up to additional 1–1.5 percentage points in efficiency that could be gained by integrating ORC technology with a post-combustion capture system for natural gas combined cycles. The analysis is based on fundamental thermodynamic analyses and does not include an engineering- or component-level design and feasibility analysis. Different ORC configurations have been considered for thermal energy recovery at varying temperature levels from the above-mentioned sources. The study focuses on simultaneous low-grade heat recovery in a single ORC loop. Heat recovery options that are discussed include in series, in parallel or cascaded arrangements of heat exchangers. Different organic operating fluids, including carbon dioxide, R245fa, and N-butane were considered for the analysis. The ORC performance was evaluated for the most promising organic working fluid by a parametric study. Optimum cycle operating temperatures and pressures were identified in order to evaluate the most efficient approach for low temperature heat recovery.

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Hsiao, Bo, Ming-Miin Yu, Ching-Chin Chern, and Li-Chen Chou. "Considering Production Limits in Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Using the Data Envelopment Analysis Approach." In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2012.176.

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Narin, Müslüme. "Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol: Emissions Trading." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00770.

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The growth of the world economy, rapid population growth and urbanization increased the demand for energy. Nowadays, a large part of the growing demand for energy provided by fossil fuels, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of these fuels leading to climate change and global warming. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in 1994 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The Kyoto Protocol, emission volume of the three market-based flexibility mechanisms have to be considered. One of these mechanisms is emissions trading. This study will focus on emissions trading systems and carbon markets. All over the world in recent years, based on the spot and futures contracts are traded on the carbon. In this direction of the world's carbon stocks and its activities will be discussed. Also in 2008, in the aftermath of the global crisis and European Debt Crisis its effects on carbon markets will be investigated.

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PRANDECKI, Konrad, and Edyta GAJOS. "THE SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES – VALUATION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.255.

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Reducing greenhouse gases emissions is one of the major environmental challenges of the modern world. The European Union (EU) has set itself ambitious reduction targets. Proper monitoring of emissions and its valuation is necessary to achieve this goal. In addition, valuation (in monetary terms) will help to raise awareness of the climate change costs among society. The aim of this article is to present international comparisons within the EU covering the monitoring and valuation of aggregate emissions of selected greenhouse gases in general and in agriculture. The study uses Eurostat data for the years 2007-2015. The evaluation was based on the average annual price of carbon dioxide allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading System. Leipzig stock market data were used to determine the price. The study compares the total greenhouse gas emissions and its value in different EU countries. These results show that the largest emitters in the EU are Germany, United Kingdom, France. A comparison of per capita and per GDP emissions results in an almost reversal of this order. The share of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions was 11% in 2015 and ranged between countries from 3% (Malta) do 32% (Ireland). The results show also that the decline in value is greater than the decrease in emissions. This is due to the dramatic change in the price of allowances. The decrease in quantity of agricultural emission was 0,5%, whilst the decrease in value was 55,5% between years 2008 and 2015.

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Lozza, Giovanni, and Paolo Chiesa. "Natural Gas Decarbonization to Reduce CO2 Emission From Combined Cycles: Part A — Partial Oxidation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0163.

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This paper discusses novel schemes of combined cycle, where natural gas is chemically treated to remove carbon, rather than being directly used as fuel. Carbon conversion to CO2 is achieved before gas turbine combustion. Therefore CO2 can be removed from fuel (rather than from exhausts, thus utilizing less demanding equipment) and made available for long-term storage, to avoid dispersion toward the atmosphere and the consequent contribution to the greenhouse effect. The strategy here proposed to achieve this goal is natural gas partial oxidation. The second part of the paper will address steam / methane reforming. Partial oxidation is an exothermic oxygen-poor combustion devoted to CO and H2 production. The reaction products are introduced in a multiple stage shift reactor converting CO to CO2. Carbon dioxide is removed by means of physical or chemical absorption processes and made available for storage, after compression and liquefaction. The resulting fuel mainly consists of hydrogen and nitrogen, thus gas turbine exhausts are virtually devoid of CO2. The paper discusses the selection of some important parameters necessary to obtain a sufficient level of conversion in the various reactors (temperature and pressure levels, methane-to-air or methane-to-steam ratios) and their impact on the plant integration and on the thermodynamic efficiency. Overall performance (efficiency, power output and carbon removal rate) is predicted by means of a computational tool developed by the authors. The results show that a net efficiency of 48.5%, with a 90% CO2 removal, can be obtained by combined cycles based on large heavy duty machines of the present technological status, either by using chemical or physical absorption.

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Jia, Ying, Yunqing Shi, and Jin Yan. "The Feasibility Appraisal for CO2 Enhanced Gas Recovery of Tight Gas Reservoir: Case Analysis and Economic Evaluation." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21291-ms.

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Abstract Tight gas reservoirs are widely distributed in China, which occupies one-third of the total resources of natural gas. The typical development method is under primary depletion. However, the recovery of tight gas is only around 20%. It is necessary to explore a new technique to improve tight gas recovery. Injecting CO2 into tight gas reservoirs is a novel trial to enhance gas recovery. The objective of this work is to verify and evaluate the effect supercritical CO2 on enhancing gas recovery and analyze the feasibility of CO2 enhance gas recovery of tight gas reservoir. Taken DND tight sandstone gas reservoir in North China as an example, 34 wells of DK13 wellblock were chosen as CO2 Enhanced gas recovery pilot area with 10-year production history. Six injection scenarios were studied. Numerical simulation indicated that the recovery of the gas reservoir of DK13 well area was improved by 8-9.5 percent when CO2 content of producers reaches 10 percent. The annual CO2 Storage would be 62 million cubic meters (110 thousand tons) and the total CO2 storage would be around 800million cubic meters (1.5 million tons). After the environmental parameter evaluation of injectors and producers, the anticorrosion schemes were put forward and the feasibility evaluation and schemes of facilities were presented. The analysis results indicated that DK13 wellblock was suitable for CO2 enhanced gas recovery no matter geologic condition, injection & production technology and facilities. However, under the current economic conditions, DK13 wellblock was not suitable for CO2to enhance gas recovery. However, if gas price rise or low carbon strategy implement, the pilot test could be carried out. In brief, CO2 could be an attractive option to successfully displace natural gas and decrease CO2 emissions, which is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emission and increasing the ultimate gas recovery of tight gas reservoirs. This economic analysis, along with reservoir simulation and laboratory studies that suggest the technical feasibility of CSEGR, demonstrates that CSEGR can be feasible and that a field pilot study of the process should be undertaken to test the concept further.

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Ruvalcaba Velarde, Salvador Alejandro. "Multi-Objective Optimisation Analysis for Off-Grid, On-Site Power Generation Comparing Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Gas-to-Power Systems In Upstream Applications." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204814-ms.

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Abstract As the oil and gas industry increases its focus on sustainability, including greenhouse gases emissions reductions and carbon footprint management, it is relevant to analyze optimal solutions integrating different renewable, green and hydrogen technologies into hybrid renewable energy systems and compare them with well gas-to-power approaches for off-grid, on-site power generation in upstream applications. This paper goes through a desk review of different types of upstream facilities and an overview of potential power requirements to consider for off-grid electrification. Then, different technologies used for off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems are introduced and compared in terms of potential uses and integration requirements. Furthermore, emission targets are presented along with potential economical constraints. With those aspects introduced, system sizing and assumptions are modeled, simulated and optimized. The different modeled cases, including integrated renewable energy systems and power-to-gas systems, are presented in terms of suitability in application to the facilities under consideration. For such cases, simulation results are presented in quantitative terms of equivalent optimized value for the multiple competing objectives in the study, in terms of sustainability targets and economics. Sensitivity analysis are also presented showing main parameters of influence on the optimal energy scheme approach. This paper provides a qualitative and quantitative analytical optimization approach evaluating multiple competing objectives in terms of green, renewable, hydrogen and gas-to-power technologies, economics and carbon footprint management for consideration in facilities power systems schemes.

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