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1
Plana, Q., J. Carpentier, F. Tardif, A. Pauléat, A. Gadbois, P. Lessard, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Grit particle characterization: influence of sample pretreatment and sieving method." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 6 (September 26, 2018): 1400–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Grit causes problems in water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs): clogging pipes, damaging pumps, and reducing the active volume of aeration tanks and anaerobic digesters by grit accumulation. Grit chambers are built to remove these particles. However, no standardized methodology exists to characterize grit particles for grit chamber design and operation despite the large observed variability in grit composition. Therefore, this paper proposes a combination and adaptation of existing methods to sample and characterize grit particles in view of proper grit chamber design and its modelling to ultimately optimize the efficiency of this important WRRF unit process. Characteristics evaluated included particle size distribution from sieving after different sample pretreatments, organic/inorganic fractions, and density.
2
Bervoets, Lieven, Tinne Snoeijs, Tom Dauwe, Marcel Eens, and Ronny Blust. "Calcium availability influences lead accumulation in a passerine bird." Animal Biology 56, no. 3 (2006): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075606778441822.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe emission of heavy metals in the environment is often accompanied by emissions of acidifying pollutants. The acidification of terrestrial ecosystems results in the leaching of calcium and consequently a lowered concentration or availability of this essential nutrient in the environment. Calcium deficiency in the diet may lead to an increased absorption of toxic metals. In this study we investigated the effect of calcium availability on the accumulation of lead and essential metals (calcium, copper, iron and zinc) in important target tissues of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). When exposed to 20 ppm lead via drinking water, zebra finches excluded from an additional calcium supply (i.e. oyster shell grit) accumulated significantly higher concentrations of lead in liver, kidney, muscle, brain and bone than zebra finches with access to oyster shell grit. Levels of calcium, copper, iron and zinc were not significantly affected by either the calcium availability or the increased absorption of lead. There were no significant sex related differences, suggesting that males and females have a similar demand, metabolism and/or distribution of calcium and other metals in the non-reproductive period. This study clearly illustrates the importance of calcium supply on the bioavailability of lead.
3
Fouad, Moharram, and Ahmed El-Morsy. "Sludge accumulation pattern inside oxidation ditch case study." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (April 3, 2014): 2468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sludge accumulation pattern of an oxidation ditch (OD) plant treating municipal wastewater was observed under dry and wet weather conditions, during 3 years of operation. The accumulation patterns along the ditches and their rates were revealed. In addition, the composition of the accumulation was investigated. Finally, the ratio of sand and volatile particles, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, as well as the removal efficiency were also observed against the accumulated sludge. Further, a laboratory-scale channel was used to investigate the settleability of grit after mixing with variable values of MLSS. The observed results indicated that the economical design and operation of ODs using a velocity value between 0.3–0.35 m/s is not recommended, to avoid the settling of all solids. High values of MLSS and sludge age need high horizontal velocity (more than 0.35 m/s) and more power to avoid settling problems and system failure. The influence of flow velocity on the sludge settleability was studied, enabling better planning of future ditch design and operation.
4
Li, Yong Peng, Hui Huang, and Xi Peng Xu. "Development Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Brazed Diamond Wire." Solid State Phenomena 175 (June 2011): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.175.294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fixed-abrasive wire saw, with its ability to cut hard brittle material, such as silicon ingots, crystals and quartz, has emerged as a leading technology for production in semiconductor and photovoltaic industry. There are some defects in conventional fixed-abrasive wire saw such as significant low holding abrasive ability, low machining efficiency, high running costs, etc. A new fixed-abrasive wire, namely brazed diamond wires have been developed to overcome these problems. In this paper, brazed diamond wire were carried out to braze two different size diamond grits onto two different thin steel wires by using a nickel-based powder as brazing alloy. The mechanical properties of brazed diamond wire were evaluated by tensile and breaking twist experiment. The experimental results showed that the heating in the brazing process has litter influence on the wire mechanical properties. The addition of brazed alloy and diamond grits sharply decreased the wire mechanical properties significantly, both in the tensile strength and breaking twist angle. Bigger diamond grit would make the accumulation of brazed alloy which leaded to the deterioration of diameter consistency of wires.
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Du, Fuyi, Qingjie Xie, Longxiang Fang, and Hang Su. "Comparative study on nutrient removal of agricultural non-point source pollution for three filter media filling schemes in eco-soil reactors." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2016): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution have been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the deterioration of water quality in recent years. The purpose of this article is to investigate the discrepancies in interception of nutrients in agricultural NPS pollution for eco-soil reactors using different filling schemes. Parallel eco-soil reactors of laboratory scale were created and filled with filter media, such as grit, zeolite, limestone, and gravel. Three filling schemes were adopted: increasing-sized filling (I-filling), decreasing-sized filling (D-filling), and blend-sized filling (B-filling). The systems were intermittent operations via simulated rainstorm runoff. The nutrient removal efficiency, biomass accumulation and vertical dissolved oxygen (DO) distribution were defined to assess the performance of eco-soil. The results showed that B-filling reactor presented an ideal DO for partial nitrification–denitrification across the eco-soil, and B-filling was the most stable in the change of bio-film accumulation trends with depth in the three fillings. Simultaneous and highest removals of NH4+-N (57.74–70.52%), total nitrogen (43.69–54.50%), and total phosphorus (42.50–55.00%) were obtained in the B-filling, demonstrating the efficiency of the blend filling schemes of eco-soil for oxygen transfer and biomass accumulation to cope with agricultural NPS pollution.
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O'Mara, Peter T., Marilyn Merryweather, Mark Stockwell, and Mike M. Bowler. "The Trent Gas Field, Block 43/24a, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 835–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.70.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Trent gas field lies within the UKCS Southern Gas Basin (Block 43/24a) located 120 km off the Yorkshire coast in average water depths of 160 ft. The accumulation is contained within a NW-SE trending Base Permian closure, which straddles blocks 43/24, 43/23 and 43/25. The Carboniferous subcrop beneath the Base Permian unconformity varies in age from Westphalian A in the east to Namurian in the west. Although the Base Permian closure covers an area of 75 km2 the producible reserves are only located in the central core area of 43/24a. The main reservoir horizon is the Trent Sandstone of Marsdenian age, equivalent to the Chatsworth Grit Sandstone, UK onshore. Additional reservoir zones are within the lowermost Westphalian A. The field has been developed through the application of fracture stimulation of deviated wells.
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Miranda, Rafael de Souza, Fabricio Bonfim Suderio, Elton Camelo Marques, and Eneas Gomes-Filho. "ACCUMULATION AND PARTITION OF Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn AND Na IN MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENT-DEFICIENT COWPEA PLANTS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 7, no. 2 (July 22, 2017): 1036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v7i2.6237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important crop for people living in the semi-arid tropics where it is used as food, animal feed and forage. Researches related to nutritional status of plants are important, principally in crops commonly grown in nutrient-poor soils. This study aimed to analyze the growth and accumulation/distribution of some micronutrients in cowpea plants submitted to macro and micronutrient deficiency. Cowpea seeds were germinated in grit and after five days, ten uniform seedlings were transferred to complete nutrient solution for an acclimatization period. After three days, the plants were grown in nutrient solution containing all macro and micronutrients or in nutrient solution without N, Ca, K, Mg, P, S, Fe, B or aeration. In all case, omission of mineral nutrients and the aeration caused reductions in the dry mass of cowpea plants, except for B; however, the absence of Ca was the most limiting for plant growth. Interestingly, the root Fe content significantly increased in Mg-, P- and S-deficient plants. Yet, Fe-deficient plants displayed a significant increase in Cu and Mn content, regardless of plant organ. Our data clearly demonstrate that the Ca is the most important nutrient for V. unguiculata growth, followed by N and Fe. The accumulation and partition of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in cowpea vary differentially in root, stem and leaf as affected by nutritional deficiency.
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Zhang, Jing Jun, and Cheng Zhi Liu. "Wuerxun Depression Fan Delta Depositional System Research of Nantun Formation in Wubei Sub-Depression." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fan delta facies deposition are developed in the steep slope of faulted lake basin and have features ,such as the rapid accumulation, from near provenance, clastic coarse granularity and poor sorting. By means of core, logging, well logging and seismic data, based on the sedimentary characteristics of Nantun formation of Wuerxun depression, the conclusions are as followings: Faulted basin steep slope belts are developed fan delta depositional system with volcano facies in Wubei sub-depression of Wuerxun depression;The fan delta system are divided into plain,front and front fan delta etc,three subfacies, seven microfacies; In distributary channel microfacies, sand conglomerate, gravel sandstone, middle-grit are main lithology, low maturity, poor sorting to medium, vertical sequence, visible bottom gravel and erosion surface, large scale cross-bedding are developed, partial visible horizontal bedding; channel mouth bar microfacies relatively rudimentary, lithology with sorting relatively good powdermiddle sandstone, development of small cross-bedding, horizontal bedding.
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Azimi, Seyed Mostafa, Nasroallah Moradi Kor, Madeh Ahmadi, Morad Shaaban, Zahra Rahmati Motlagh, and Morteza Shamsizadeh. "Investigation of growth analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under drought stress." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (June 14, 2015): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A field experiment performed in order to evaluate the effects of drought stress on growth indices of chickpea cultivars. This experiment was performed in factorial using randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were drought stress treatment in in three levels consisting of no drought stress (control), moderate drought stress (irrigation at planting and early flowering) and severe drought stress (no irrigation) and cultivar treatment (three cultivars Azad, Grit and ILC482). Results showed that LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR reduced with increased in drought stress level. Also, LAR decreased after short time increasing. Non stress condition caused to improve growth stages and increase accumulation of dry matter and yield in chickpea. Maximum LAI, LAR and CGR obtaind at 56 days after sowing under non irrigation condition, but under complete irrigation they were observed at 77 days after sowing. RGR and NAR reduced with increasing the age of the plant. Thus we concluded that drought stress decreased growth of chickpea and final yield of it.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705
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Lebrun, Manhattan, Elena De Zio, Florie Miard, Gabriella S. Scippa, Giovanni Renzone, Andrea Scaloni, Sylvain Bourgerie, Domenico Morabito, and Dalila Trupiano. "Amending an As/Pb contaminated soil with biochar, compost and iron grit: effect on Salix viminalis growth, root proteome profiles and metal(loid) accumulation indexes." Chemosphere 244 (April 2020): 125397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125397.
Повний текст джерела
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Park, C., A. Bega, C. Unlu, R. A. Chadderton, W. R. McKean, P. M. Kohl, J. A. Hunt, J. Keaney, J. L. Willis, and M. Duran. "Acetoclastic methanogens in an anaerobic digester could be susceptible to trace metal supplementation." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrient supplementation on anaerobic biomass. While many studies emphasized the importance of supplementing trace metals such as iron, cobalt, and nickel for maximum methanogenic activity, there is no evidence whether such supplements, even at relatively low concentration, could perturb anaerobic biomass. Effects of supplementing nutrients, including yeast extract, on anaerobic biomass from two full-scale mesophilic digesters, operating under different conditions, at the North East Water Pollution Control Plant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, were assessed using biochemical methane potential tests. The results show that acetoclastic methanogens from a recently cleaned digester was not stimulated by nutrient supplementation at relatively low concentrations and a slight perturbation was observed when supplementation was at a relatively high concentration. Furthermore, greater degree of susceptibility to the trace metal supplementation was observed for biomass from another digester that had not been cleaned for over 10 years, thus it had reduced active volume due to grit accumulation. For instance, supplementation of 200 mg/L of iron as FeCl2·4H2O to the biomass from the reduced-active-volume digester caused 17% reduction in CH4 production, as compared to a control which did not receive any supplements, while the same concentration had no effect on the biomass from full-active-volume digester. Results strongly suggest that acetoclastic methanogens stressed due to reduced hydraulic/solids retention time may be susceptible to trace metal addition. Therefore, trace metal supplementation for anaerobic digesters should be considered on a case by case basis.
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Matsubara, Koichi, and Hiroyuki Katayama. "Development of a Portable Detection Method for Enteric Viruses from Ambient Air and Its Application to a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Pathogens 8, no. 3 (August 24, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ambient air from wastewater treatment plants has been considered as a potential source of pathogenic microorganisms to cause an occupational risk for the workers of the plants. Existing detection methods for enteric viruses from the air using a liquid as the collection medium therefore require special care to handle on-site. Knowledge accumulation on airborne virus risks from wastewater has been hindered by a lack of portable and handy collection methods. Enteric viruses are prevalent at high concentrations in wastewater; thus, the surrounding air may also be a potential source of viral transmission. We developed a portable collection and detection method for enteric viruses from ambient air and applied it to an actual wastewater treatment plant in Japan. Materials of the collection medium and eluting methods were optimized for real-time polymerase chain reaction-based virus quantification. The method uses a 4 L/min active air sampler, which is capable of testing 0.7–1.6 m3 air after 3–7 h sampling with a detection limit of 102 copies/m3 air in the field. Among 16 samples collected at five to seven locations in three sampling trials (November 2007–January 2008), 56% (9/16) samples were positive for norovirus (NV) GII, with the highest concentration of 3.2 × 103 copies/m3 air observed at the sampling point near a grit chamber. Adenoviruses (4/16), NV GI (6/16), FRNA bacteriophages GIII (3/16), and enteroviruses (3/16) were also detected but at lower concentrations. The virus concentration in the air was associated with that of the wastewater at each process. The results imply that the air from the sewer pipes or treatment process is contaminated by enteric viruses and thus special attention is needed to avoid accidental ingestion of viruses via air.
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Souza Júnior, Joane Augusto de, Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia, Juliana Silva Moura, and Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury. "Influence of a cobalt-chromium metal framework on surface roughness and Knoop hardness of visible light-polymerized acrylic resins." Journal of Applied Oral Science 14, no. 3 (June 2006): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572006000300012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although visible light-polymerized acrylic resins have been used in removable partial dentures, it is not clear whether the presence of a metal framework could interfere with their polymerization, by possibly reflecting the light and affecting important properties, such as roughness and hardness, which would consequently increase biofilm accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the roughness and Knoop hardness of a visible light-polymerized acrylic resin and to compare these values to those of water-bath- and microwave-polymerized resins, in the presence of a metal framework. Thirty-six specimens measuring 30.0 x 4.0 ± 0.5 mm of a microwave- (Onda Cryl), a visible light- (Triad) and a water-bath-polymerized (Clássico) (control) acrylic resins containing a cobalt-chromium metal bar were prepared. After processing, specimens were ground with 360 to 1000-grit abrasive papers in a polishing machine, followed by polishing with cloths and 1-µm diamond particle suspension. Roughness was evaluated using a profilometer (Surfcorder SE 1700) and Knoop hardness (Kg/mm²) was assayed using a microhardness tester (Shimadzu HMV 2000) at distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µm from the metal bar. Roughness and Knoop hardness means were submitted to two-way ANOVA and compared by Tukey and Kruskal Wallis tests at a 5% significance level Statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05) for roughness and Knoop hardness, with light-polymerized resin presenting the highest values (Ra = 0.11 µm and hardness between 20.2 and 21.4 Kg/mm²). Knoop values at different distances from the metal bar did not differ statistically (p>0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that the presence of metal did not influence roughness and hardness values of any of the tested acrylic resins.
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Dahl-Jensen, D., N. S. Gundestrup, K. Keller, S. J. Johnsen, S. P. Gogineni, C. T. Allen, T. S. Chuah, H. Miller, S. Kipfstuhl, and E. D. Waddington. "A search in north Greenland for a new ice-core drill site." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA new deep ice-core drilling site has been identified in north Greenland at 75.12° N, 42.30° W, 316 km north-northwest (NNW) of the GRIР drill site on the summit of the ice sheet. The ice thickness here is 3085 m; the surface elevation is 2919 m.The North GRIP (NGRIP) site is identified so that ice of Eemian age (115–130 ka BP,calendar years before present) is located as far above bedrock as possible and so the thickness of the Eemian layer is as great as possible. An ice-flow model, similar to the one used to date the GRIP ice core, is used to simulate the flow along the NNW-trending ice ridge. Surface and bedrock elevations, surface accumulation-rate distribution and radio-echo sounding along the ridge have been used as model input.The surface accumulation rate drops from 0.23 m fee equivalent year−1 at GRIP to 0.19 m ice equivalent year−1 50 km from GRIP. Over the following 300km the accumulation is relatively constant, before it starts decreasing again further north. Ice thicknesses up to 3250 m bring the temperature of the basal ice up to the pressure-melting point 100–250 km from GRIP. The NGRIP site islocated 316 km from GRIP in a region where the bedrock is smooth and the accumulation rate is 0.19 m ice equivalent year−1. The modeled basal ice here has always been a few degrees below the pressure-melting point. Internal radio-echo sounding horizons can be traced between the GRIP and NGRIP sites, allowing us to date the ice down to 2300 m depth (52 ka BP). An ice-flow model predicts that the Eemian-age ice will be located in the depth range 2710–2800 m, which is 285 m above the bedrock. This is 120 m further above the bedrock, and the thickness of the Eemian layer of ice is 20 m thicker, than at the GRIP ice-core site.
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Dahl-Jensen, D., N. S. Gundestrup, K. Keller, S. J. Johnsen, S. P. Gogineni, C. T. Allen, T. S. Chuah, H. Miller, S. Kipfstuhl, and E. D. Waddington. "A search in north Greenland for a new ice-core drill site." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA new deep ice-core drilling site has been identified in north Greenland at 75.12° N, 42.30° W, 316 km north-northwest (NNW) of the GRIР drill site on the summit of the ice sheet. The ice thickness here is 3085 m; the surface elevation is 2919 m.The North GRIP (NGRIP) site is identified so that ice of Eemian age (115–130 ka BP,calendar years before present) is located as far above bedrock as possible and so the thickness of the Eemian layer is as great as possible. An ice-flow model, similar to the one used to date the GRIP ice core, is used to simulate the flow along the NNW-trending ice ridge. Surface and bedrock elevations, surface accumulation-rate distribution and radio-echo sounding along the ridge have been used as model input.The surface accumulation rate drops from 0.23 m fee equivalent year−1at GRIP to 0.19 m ice equivalent year−150 km from GRIP. Over the following 300km the accumulation is relatively constant, before it starts decreasing again further north. Ice thicknesses up to 3250 m bring the temperature of the basal ice up to the pressure-melting point 100–250 km from GRIP. The NGRIP site islocated 316 km from GRIP in a region where the bedrock is smooth and the accumulation rate is 0.19 m ice equivalent year−1. The modeled basal ice here has always been a few degrees below the pressure-melting point. Internal radio-echo sounding horizons can be traced between the GRIP and NGRIP sites, allowing us to date the ice down to 2300 m depth (52 ka BP). An ice-flow model predicts that the Eemian-age ice will be located in the depth range 2710–2800 m, which is 285 m above the bedrock. This is 120 m further above the bedrock, and the thickness of the Eemian layer of ice is 20 m thicker, than at the GRIP ice-core site.
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Cullather, Richard I., Sophie M. J. Nowicki, Bin Zhao, and Max J. Suarez. "Evaluation of the Surface Representation of the Greenland Ice Sheet in a General Circulation Model." Journal of Climate 27, no. 13 (July 2014): 4835–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00635.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simulated surface conditions of the Goddard Earth Observing System model, version 5 (GEOS-5), atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are examined for the contemporary Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). A surface parameterization that explicitly models surface processes including snow compaction, meltwater percolation and refreezing, and surface albedo is found to remedy an erroneous deficit in the annual net surface energy flux and provide an adequate representation of surface mass balance (SMB) in an evaluation using simulations at two spatial resolutions. The simulated 1980–2008 GrIS SMB average is 24.7 ± 4.5 cm yr−1 water-equivalent (w.e.) at ½° model grid spacing, and 18.2 ± 3.3 cm yr−1 w.e. for 2° grid spacing. The spatial variability and seasonal cycle of the ½° simulation compare favorably to recent studies using regional climate models, while results from 2° integrations reproduce the primary features of the SMB field. In comparison to historical glaciological observations, the coarser-resolution model overestimates accumulation in the southern areas of the GrIS, while the overall SMB is underestimated. These changes relate to the sensitivity of accumulation and melt to the resolution of topography. The GEOS-5 SMB fields contrast with available corresponding atmospheric models simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). It is found that only a few of the CMIP5 AGCMs examined provide significant summertime runoff, a dominant feature of the GrIS seasonal cycle. This is a condition that will need to be remedied if potential contributions to future eustatic change from polar ice sheets are to be examined with GCMs.
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Lewis, Gabriel, Erich Osterberg, Robert Hawley, Brian Whitmore, Hans Peter Marshall, and Jason Box. "Regional Greenland accumulation variability from Operation IceBridge airborne accumulation radar." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-773-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) in a warming climate is of critical interest to scientists and the general public in the context of future sea-level rise. An improved understanding of temporal and spatial variability of snow accumulation will reduce uncertainties in GrIS mass balance models and improve projections of Greenland's contribution to sea-level rise, currently estimated at 0.089 ± 0.03 m by 2100. Here we analyze 25 NASA Operation IceBridge accumulation radar flights totaling > 17 700 km from 2013 to 2014 to determine snow accumulation in the GrIS dry snow and percolation zones over the past 100–300 years. IceBridge accumulation rates are calculated and used to validate accumulation rates from three regional climate models. Averaged over all 25 flights, the RMS difference between the models and IceBridge accumulation is between 0.023 ± 0.019 and 0.043 ± 0.029 m w.e. a−1, although each model shows significantly larger differences from IceBridge accumulation on a regional basis. In the southeast region, for example, the Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MARv3.5.2) overestimates by an average of 20.89 ± 6.75 % across the drainage basin. Our results indicate that these regional differences between model and IceBridge accumulation are large enough to significantly alter GrIS surface mass balance estimates. Empirical orthogonal function analysis suggests that the first two principal components account for 33 and 19 % of the variance, and correlate with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), respectively. Regions that disagree strongest with climate models are those in which we have the fewest IceBridge data points, requiring additional in situ measurements to verify model uncertainties.
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Sopov, Anatoliy I., and Aleksandr Vinogradov. "Ground Heat Accumulator for Backup Heat Supply of Energy Facilities." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 1, no. 42 (January 2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-1-50-54.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many power grid facilities require heating in winter. For their heating, they usually install a system of electric heaters, connect mini gas boilers or use the thermal emissions of working electrical installations, since these objects are often located away from the sources of central heating. This leads to additional costs for the organization's own needs. It is proposed to accumulate the excess heat generated by using a ground heat accumulator, which will allow you to accumulate heat in warm periods of the year and when there is an excess of thermal energy in the system, and then use the thermal energy of the accumulator to heat the object. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a ground heat accumulator capable of accumulating excess heat energy generated during the operation of high-power transformers and, if necessary, to transfer the accumulated heat to the heat supply system of energy facilities. (Materials and methods) The article considers the advantages of introducing heat storage in the heat supply systems of various facilities. Authors conducted a literary analysis of various methods of heat accumulation. (Results and discussion) The article presents the justification for the choice of a ground heat accumulator. Authors have completed the description of the proposed battery and the technology of its creation. The article describes the method of calculation of the main elements of the selected type of heat accumulator and the quantitative characteristics of the accumulator on the example of real objects. The article describes the operation of the battery in interaction with a heat pump and a horizontal ground heat exchanger. (Conclusions) The use of a heat accumulator as a backup source for energy facilities allows organizations to reduce the cost of heating premises and equipment. Additional functions that the ground heat accumulator is capable of performing are identified.
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Myles, Sydney. "Accumulation by Dispossession." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 9 (October 1, 2018): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reviews the negative socioeconomic consequences of neoliberal debt repayment loan policies and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) proceeding financial downfalls in postcolonial nations. Amidst this era of globalization, many corporations residing in Western, capital exporting nations have taken advantage of flexible borders and financially weakened nations to capitalize on natural resources, such as water. In tandem, as climate change strengthens its grip on scarce natural resources in many developing nations, so do western corporations privatizing dwindling supplies in the face of high demand.
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Bolzan, John F., and Michael Strobel. "Accumulation-rate variations around Summit, Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractShallow cores to about 17 m depth were recovered at nine sites distributed on a 150 km × 150 km survey grid centered Summit in central Greenland. Measurements of the stable oxygen-isotope ratio and the gross β activity as a function of depth enable annual summer horizons to be identified and dated. From these data, average accumulation rates were computed with an uncertainty of about 5–8%. The contours of constant accumulation rate in the region suggest a primary moisture flux from the southwest of the grid. Similarly, contours of the average oxygen-isotope ratio are consistent with the progressive isotopic depletion of a precipitating air mass moving from the southwest, and automatic weather-station data indicate that the moisture flux tends to be largest from the southwest quadrant. The annual variation in the total accumulation over the grid shows no persistent trend over the interval 1964–87 common to all cores.
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Bolzan, John F., and Michael Strobel. "Accumulation-rate variations around Summit, Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 40, no. 134 (1994): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractShallow cores to about 17 m depth were recovered at nine sites distributed on a 150 km × 150 km survey grid centered Summit in central Greenland. Measurements of the stable oxygen-isotope ratio and the gross β activity as a function of depth enable annual summer horizons to be identified and dated. From these data, average accumulation rates were computed with an uncertainty of about 5–8%. The contours of constant accumulation rate in the region suggest a primary moisture flux from the southwest of the grid. Similarly, contours of the average oxygen-isotope ratio are consistent with the progressive isotopic depletion of a precipitating air mass moving from the southwest, and automatic weather-station data indicate that the moisture flux tends to be largest from the southwest quadrant. The annual variation in the total accumulation over the grid shows no persistent trend over the interval 1964–87 common to all cores.
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Ramos Buarque, Silvana, and David Salas y Melia. "Link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the surface mass balance components of the Greenland Ice Sheet under preindustrial and last interglacial climates: a study with a coupled global circulation model." Climate of the Past 14, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 1707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1707-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The relationship between the surface mass balance (SMB) components (accumulation and melting) of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is examined from numerical simulations performed with a new atmospheric stretched grid configuration of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Coupled Model (CNRM-CM) version 5.2 under three periods: preindustrial climate, a warm phase (early Eemian, 130 ka BP) and a cool phase (late Eemian, 115 ka BP) of the last interglacial. The horizontal grid of the atmospheric component of CNRM-CM5.2 is stretched from the tilted pole on Baffin Bay (72∘ N, 65∘ W) in order to obtain a higher spatial resolution on Greenland. The correlation between simulated SMB anomalies averaged over Greenland and the NAO index is weak in winter and significant in summer (about 0.6 for the three periods). In summer, spatial correlations between the NAO index and SMB components display different patterns from one period to another. These differences are analyzed in terms of the respective influence of the positive and negative phases of the NAO on accumulation and melting. Accumulation in south Greenland is significantly correlated with the positive (negative) phase of the NAO in a warm (cold) climate. Under preindustrial and 115 ka BP climates, melting along the margins is more correlated with the positive phase of the NAO than with its negative phase, whereas at 130 ka BP it is more correlated with the negative phase of the NAO in north and northeast Greenland.
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Hung, Tzu-Chieh, John Chong, and Kuei-Yuan Chan. "Reducing uncertainty accumulation in wind-integrated electrical grid." Energy 141 (December 2017): 1072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.001.
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Lewis, Gabriel, Erich Osterberg, Robert Hawley, Hans Peter Marshall, Tate Meehan, Karina Graeter, Forrest McCarthy, Thomas Overly, Zayta Thundercloud, and David Ferris. "Recent precipitation decrease across the western Greenland ice sheet percolation zone." Cryosphere 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 2797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2797-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) in a warming climate is of critical interest in the context of future sea level rise. Increased melting in the GrIS percolation zone due to atmospheric warming over the past several decades has led to increased mass loss at lower elevations. Previous studies have hypothesized that this warming is accompanied by a precipitation increase, as would be expected from the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship, compensating for some of the melt-induced mass loss throughout the western GrIS. This study tests that hypothesis by calculating snow accumulation rates and trends across the western GrIS percolation zone, providing new accumulation rate estimates in regions with sparse in situ data or data that do not span the recent accelerating surface melt. We present accumulation records from sixteen 22–32 m long firn cores and 4436 km of ground-penetrating radar, covering the past 20–60 years of accumulation, collected across the western GrIS percolation zone as part of the Greenland Traverse for Accumulation and Climate Studies (GreenTrACS) project. Trends from both radar and firn cores, as well as commonly used regional climate models, show decreasing accumulation rates of 2.4±1.5 % a−1 over the 1996–2016 period, which we attribute to shifting storm tracks related to stronger atmospheric summer blocking over Greenland. Changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 20 years, specifically anomalously strong summertime blocking, have reduced GrIS surface mass balance through both an increase in surface melting and a decrease in accumulation rates.
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Koenig, L. S., A. Ivanoff, P. M. Alexander, J. A. MacGregor, X. Fettweis, B. Panzer, J. D. Paden, et al. "Annual Greenland accumulation rates (2009–2012) from airborne Snow Radar." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (December 10, 2015): 6697–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6697-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Contemporary climate warming over the Arctic is accelerating mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) through increasing surface melt, emphasizing the need to closely monitor surface mass balance (SMB) in order to improve sea-level rise predictions. Here, we quantify accumulation rates, the largest component of GrIS SMB, at a higher spatial resolution than currently available, using Snow Radar stratigraphy. We use a semi-automated method to derive annual-net accumulation rates from airborne Snow Radar data collected by NASA's Operation IceBridge from 2009 to 2012. An initial comparison of the accumulation rates from the Snow Radar and the outputs of a regional climate model (MAR) shows that, in general, the radar-derived accumulation matches closely with MAR in the interior of the ice sheet but MAR estimates are high over the southeast GrIS. Comparing the radar-derived accumulation with contemporaneous ice cores reveals that the radar captures the annual and long-term mean. The radar-derived accumulation rates resolve large-scale patterns across the GrIS with uncertainties of up to 11 %, attributed mostly to uncertainty in the snow/firn density profile.
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Dodd, Celia A., Daniel L. Ward, and Bradley G. Klein. "Basal Ganglia Accumulation and Motor Assessment Following Manganese Chloride Exposure in the C57BL/6 Mouse." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 6 (November 2005): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810500366500.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Equivocal clinical evidence for involvement of manganese in development of Parkinson’s disease necessitates experimental studies on this issue. The aged, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine–treated C57BL/6 mouse is one of the most common models for Parkinson’s disease. However, there is little information on brain bioaccumulation of manganese, and little or no information on clinical/behavioral manifestations of manganese neurotoxicity, in this strain. Male C57BL/6 retired breeder mice were given a single subcutaneous injection of either 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg of MnCl2 (single-dose regimen) or three injections of either of these doses over 7 days (multiple-dose regimen). Behavioral assessment was performed 24 h after final injection, followed by sacrifice, and body weight was recorded each day. There was a 105% increase in striatal manganese concentration 1 day after a single 100 mg/kg injection, and 421% and 647% increases, respectively, 1 day after multiple doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg of MnCl2. One day after a single injection, there were respective 30.9% and 38.9% decreases in horizontal movement (grid crossing) for the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses and a 43.2% decrease for the multiple dose of 100 mg/kg. There was no significant main effect of dose level on rearing, swimming, grip strength, or grip fatigue. Unlike previous work with the C57BL/6 strain using smaller intraperitoneal doses, this study established dosing regimens that produced significant increases in basal ganglia manganese concentration reminiscent of brain increases in the CD-1 mouse following subcutaneous doses close to our lowest. A decrease in locomotor behavior, significant but not severe in this study, has been reported following manganese exposure in other mouse strains. These data, particularly the significant increase in basal ganglia manganese concentration, provide guidance for designing studies of the potential role of manganese in Parkinson’s disease using the most common animal model for the disorder.
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Gerber, Tamara Annina, Christine Schøtt Hvidberg, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Steven Franke, Giulia Sinnl, Aslak Grinsted, Daniela Jansen, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen. "Upstream flow effects revealed in the EastGRIP ice core using Monte Carlo inversion of a two-dimensional ice-flow model." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 3655–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3655-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the largest active ice stream on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and a crucial contributor to the ice-sheet mass balance. To investigate the ice-stream dynamics and to gain information about the past climate, a deep ice core is drilled in the upstream part of the NEGIS, termed the East Greenland Ice-core Project (EastGRIP). Upstream flow can introduce climatic bias into ice cores through the advection of ice deposited under different conditions further upstream. This is particularly true for EastGRIP due to its location inside an ice stream on the eastern flank of the GrIS. Understanding and ultimately correcting for such effects requires information on the atmospheric conditions at the time and location of snow deposition. We use a two-dimensional Dansgaard–Johnsen model to simulate ice flow along three approximated flow lines between the summit of the ice sheet (GRIP) and EastGRIP. Isochrones are traced in radio-echo-sounding images along these flow lines and dated with the GRIP and EastGRIP ice-core chronologies. The observed depth–age relationship constrains the Monte Carlo method which is used to determine unknown model parameters. We calculate backward-in-time particle trajectories to determine the source location of ice found in the EastGRIP ice core and present estimates of surface elevation and past accumulation rates at the deposition site. Our results indicate that increased snow accumulation with increasing upstream distance is predominantly responsible for the constant annual layer thicknesses observed in the upper part of the ice column at EastGRIP, and the inverted model parameters suggest that basal melting and sliding are important factors determining ice flow in the NEGIS. The results of this study form a basis for applying upstream corrections to a variety of ice-core measurements, and the inverted model parameters are useful constraints for more sophisticated modelling approaches in the future.
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Ramdhani, Egi, Ordas Dewanto, Karyanto Karyanto, and Nanang Yulianto. "PERHITUNGAN CADANGAN HIDROKARBON FORMASI TALANG AKAR MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS PETROFISIKA DAN SEISMIK INVERSI AI DENGAN PENDEKATAN MAP ALGEBRA PADA LAPANGAN BISMA, CEKUNGAN SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Geofisika Eksplorasi 4, no. 3 (January 17, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jge.v4i3.37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a potential field in hydrocarbon prospect, Bisma field, the part of south Sumatra basin, can be evaluated in order to mapping the hydrocarbon accumulation and total reserve calculation purpose. Petrophysical analysis is an analytic method to evaluate the formation which sensitive with vertical contrast. Main output of this analysis is the compilation of some property value that useful on reservoir quality justification. Seismic acoustic impedance inversion is a method that can be used to define the distribution of porous zone as a hydrocarbon reservoir. This inversion result is the distribution of prospect area map by using combination of interpretation in AI map, density map and P-wave map. Map algebra is a calculation method that used to map that has the same grid number. By using those three methods, the reserve of hydrocarbon accumulation on Bisma field can be calculated. Petrophysical analysis results the indication of hydrocarbon in target zone is oil on two main layer, S and W3. Meanwhile, seismic inversion interpreting the distribution of porous zone is between 7400 – 9315 m/s*gr/cc in AI value context. Then, the effective porosity, Sw value and isopach are spread laterally using picked horizon and seismic acoustic impedance result as a guide, also, calculating the reserve. Layer S accumulating 21.1 million barrel oil and W3 accumulating 50.2 million barrel oil. This value resulted by aplicating Original Oil in Place (OOIP) equation on property map with map algebra approachment.
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Chang, Perng-Kuang, Kimiko Yabe, and Jiujiang Yu. "The Aspergillus parasiticus estA-Encoded Esterase Converts Versiconal Hemiacetal Acetate to Versiconal and Versiconol Acetate to Versiconol in Aflatoxin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 6 (June 2004): 3593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3593-3599.2004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT In aflatoxin biosynthesis, the pathway for the conversion of 1-hydroxyversicolorone to versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) to versiconal (VHOH) is part of a metabolic grid. In the grid, the steps from VHA to VHOH and from versiconol acetate (VOAc) to versiconol (VOH) may be catalyzed by the same esterase. Several esterase activities are associated with the conversion of VHA to VHOH, but only one esterase gene (estA) is present in the complete aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus. We deleted the estA gene from A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, an O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST)-accumulating strain. The estA-deleted mutants were pigmented and accumulated mainly VHA and versicolorin A (VA). A small amount of VOAc and other downstream aflatoxin intermediates, including VHOH, versicolorin B, and OMST, also were accumulated. In contrast, a VA-accumulating mutant, NIAH-9, accumulated VA exclusively and neither VHA nor VOAc were produced. Addition of the esterase inhibitor dichlorvos (dimethyl 2,2-dichlorovinylphosphate) to the transformation recipient strain RHN1, an estA-deleted mutant, or NIAH-9 resulted in the accumulation of only VHA and VOAc. In in vitro enzyme assays, the levels of the esterase activities catalyzing the conversion of VHA to VHOH in the cell extracts of two estA-deleted mutants were decreased to approximately 10% of that seen with RHN1. Similar decreases in the esterase activities catalyzing the conversion of VOAc to VOH were also obtained. Thus, the estA-encoded esterase catalyzes the conversion of both VHA to VHOH and VOAc to VOH during aflatoxin biosynthesis.
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Ainelo, Andres, Rando Porosk, Kalle Kilk, Sirli Rosendahl, Jaanus Remme, and Rita Hõrak. "Pseudomonas putida Responds to the Toxin GraT by Inducing Ribosome Biogenesis Factors and Repressing TCA Cycle Enzymes." Toxins 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The potentially self-poisonous toxin-antitoxin modules are widespread in bacterial chromosomes, but despite extensive studies, their biological importance remains poorly understood. Here, we used whole-cell proteomics to study the cellular effects of the Pseudomonas putida toxin GraT that is known to inhibit growth and ribosome maturation in a cold-dependent manner when the graA antitoxin gene is deleted from the genome. Proteomic analysis of P. putida wild-type and ΔgraA strains at 30 °C and 25 °C, where the growth is differently affected by GraT, revealed two major responses to GraT at both temperatures. First, ribosome biogenesis factors, including the RNA helicase DeaD and RNase III, are upregulated in ΔgraA. This likely serves to alleviate the ribosome biogenesis defect of the ΔgraA strain. Secondly, proteome data indicated that GraT induces downregulation of central carbon metabolism, as suggested by the decreased levels of TCA cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase Idh, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase subunit SucA, and succinate-CoA ligase subunit SucD. Metabolomic analysis revealed remarkable GraT-dependent accumulation of oxaloacetate at 25 °C and a reduced amount of malate, another TCA intermediate. The accumulation of oxaloacetate is likely due to decreased flux through the TCA cycle but also indicates inhibition of anabolic pathways in GraT-affected bacteria. Thus, proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the ΔgraA strain revealed that GraT-mediated stress triggers several responses that reprogram the cell physiology to alleviate the GraT-caused damage.
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Rossi, Federico, Alberto Maria Gambelli, and Andrea Presciutti. "Definition of Probability That Energy Production Differs from Demand, a Statistical Approach." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Starting from the average trend of energy demand and energy production related to a specific user, the goal is to produce an immediate estimate, as close as possible to the true value (clearly achievable only through a precise and punctual measurement), of the difference existing between these two values, in order to “a priori” understand whether an energy production surplus should be expected, or the opposite trend will occur. If energy produced exceeds the request, two solutions will be possible. An accumulation system can be provided, that allows to avoid taking energy from the grid whenever the trend reserves and the demand exceeds the production. The second solution consists in directly introduce the whole surplus of energy produced in the electricity grid. Similarly, even if the energy required exceeds the amount of energy produced, two different solutions can be envisaged. In both cases, it will be necessary to take energy from the electricity grid. An accumulation system could be created, sized on the maximum difference between production and energy demand, evaluated when the production exceeds the request (if the production never exceeds the request, it would not make sense to talk about accumulation) or, even in this case, a direct exchange might be promoted, both incoming and outgoing, with the electricity grid. Topic of the present paper is to not reasoning any more in terms of energy performances as a function of time but, on the contrary, determine the probability that the difference existing between production and demand assumes a certain value and, based on this, estimate the amount of energy to be stored and/or exchange with the grid.
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McIlhattan, Elin A., Claire Pettersen, Norman B. Wood, and Tristan S. L'Ecuyer. "Satellite observations of snowfall regimes over the Greenland Ice Sheet." Cryosphere 14, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 4379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4379-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is decreasing due to increasing surface melt and ice dynamics. Snowfall both adds mass to the GrIS and has the capacity to reduce surface melt by increasing surface brightness, reflecting additional solar radiation back to space. Modeling the GrIS’s current and future mass balance and potential contribution to future sea level rise requires reliable observational benchmarks for current snowfall accumulation as well as robust connections between individual snowfall events and the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns that produce them. Previous work using ground-based observations showed that, for one research station on the GrIS, two distinct snowfall regimes exist: those associated with exclusively ice-phase cloud processes (IC) and those involving mixed-phase processes indicated by the presence of supercooled liquid water (CLW). The two regimes have markedly different accumulation characteristics and dynamical drivers. This study leverages the synergy between two satellite instruments, CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and CALIPSO's Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), to identify snowfall cases over the full GrIS and partition them into the IC and CLW regimes. We find that, overall, most CPR observations of snowfall over the GrIS come from IC events (70 %); however, during the summer months, close to half of the snow observed is produced in CLW events (45 %). IC snowfall plays a dominant role in adding mass to the GrIS, producing ∼ 80 % of the total estimated 399 Gt yr−1 accumulation. Beyond the cloud phase that defines the snowfall regimes, the macrophysical cloud characteristics are distinct as well; the mean IC geometric cloud depth (∼ 4 km) is deeper than the CLW geometric cloud depth (∼ 2 km), consistent with previous studies based on surface observations. Two-dimensional histograms of the vertical distribution of CPR reflectivities show that IC events demonstrate consistently increasing reflectivity toward the surface while CLW events do not. Analysis of ERA5 reanalyses shows that IC events are associated with cyclone activity and CLW events generally occur under large-scale anomalously high geopotential heights over the GrIS. When combined with future climate predictions, this snapshot of GrIS snowfall characteristics may shed light on how this source of ice sheet mass might respond to changing synoptic patterns in a warming climate.
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El Hariri, Mohamad, Eric Harmon, Tarek Youssef, Mahmoud Saleh, Hany Habib, and Osama Mohammed. "The IEC 61850 Sampled Measured Values Protocol: Analysis, Threat Identification, and Feasibility of Using NN Forecasters to Detect Spoofed Packets." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 3731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193731.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The operation of the smart grid is anticipated to rely profoundly on distributed microprocessor-based control. Therefore, interoperability standards are needed to address the heterogeneous nature of the smart grid data. Since the IEC 61850 emerged as a wide-spread interoperability standard widely accepted by the industry, the Sampled Measured Values method has been used to communicate digitized voltage and current measurements. Realizing that current and voltage measurements (i.e., feedback measurements) are necessary for reliable and secure noperation of the power grid, firstly, this manuscript provides a detailed analysis of the Sampled Measured Values protocol emphasizing its advantages, then, it identifies vulnerabilities in this protocol and explains the cyber threats associated to these vulnerabilities. Secondly, current efforts to mitigate these vulnerabilities are outlined and the feasibility of using neural network forecasters to detect spoofed sampled values is investigated. It was shown that although such forecasters have high spoofed data detection accuracy, they are prone to the accumulation of forecasting error. Accordingly, this paper also proposes an algorithm to detect the accumulation of the forecasting error based on lightweight statistical indicators. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is experimentally verified in a laboratory-scale smart grid testbed.
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Born, A., and K. H. Nisancioglu. "Melting of Northern Greenland during the last interglaciation." Cryosphere 6, no. 6 (November 5, 2012): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1239-2012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Using simulated climate data from the comprehensive coupled climate model IPSL CM4, we simulate the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) during the Eemian interglaciation with the three-dimensional ice sheet model SICOPOLIS. The Eemian is a period 126 000 yr before present (126 ka) with Arctic temperatures comparable to projections for the end of this century. In our simulation, the northeastern part of the GrIS is unstable and retreats significantly, despite moderate melt rates. This result is found to be robust to perturbations within a wide parameter space of key parameters of the ice sheet model, the choice of initial ice temperature, and has been reproduced with climate forcing from a second coupled climate model, the CCSM3. It is shown that the northeast GrIS is the most vulnerable. Even a small increase in melt removes many years of ice accumulation, giving a large mass imbalance and triggering the strong ice-elevation feedback. Unlike the south and west, melting in the northeast is not compensated by high accumulation. The analogy with modern warming suggests that in coming decades, positive feedbacks could increase the rate of mass loss of the northeastern GrIS, exceeding the recent observed thinning rates in the south.
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Martinez, M. del C., S. G. Afonso, A. M. Buzaleh, and A. Batlle. "Protective Action of Antioxidants on Hepatic Damage Induced by Griseofulvin." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/982358.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a disease associated with ferrochelatase deficiency and characterized by the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PROTO IX) in erythrocytes, liver, and skin. In some cases, a severe hepatic failure and cholestasis were observed. Griseofulvin (Gris) develops an experimental EPP with hepatic manifestations in mice such as PROTO IX accumulation followed by cellular damage as wells as necrotic and inflammatory processes. The antioxidant defense system was also altered. The aim was to evaluate the possible protective effect of different antioxidant compounds: trolox (Tx), ascorbic acid (Asc), the combination Tx and Asc, melatonin (Mel), and the polyphenols: ellagic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid on liver damage and oxidative stress markers in a mouse model of EPP. Coadministration of Gris with Tx, Asc, and its combination, or Mel mainly affected heme biosynthetic pathway, resulting in a decrease in ALA-S activity which was increased by Gris, while the tested polyphenols exerted a protective effect on oxidative stress, decreasing lipid peroxidation and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, antioxidant compounds can only protect partially against the liver damage induced by Gris, reducing oxidative stress or acting on heme regulation.
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Bennartz, Ralf, Frank Fell, Claire Pettersen, Matthew D. Shupe, and Dirk Schuettemeyer. "Spatial and temporal variability of snowfall over Greenland from CloudSat observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 8101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8101-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We use the CloudSat 2006–2016 data record to estimate snowfall over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). We first evaluate CloudSat snowfall retrievals with respect to remaining ground-clutter issues. Comparing CloudSat observations to the GrIS topography (obtained from airborne altimetry measurements during IceBridge) we find that at the edges of the GrIS spurious high-snowfall retrievals caused by ground clutter occasionally affect the operational snowfall product. After correcting for this effect, the height of the lowest valid CloudSat observation is about 1200 m above the local topography as defined by IceBridge. We then use ground-based millimeter wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) observations obtained from the Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state, and Precipitation at Summit, Greenland (ICECAPS) experiment to devise a simple, empirical correction to account for precipitation processes occurring between the height of the observed CloudSat reflectivities and the snowfall near the surface. Using the height-corrected, clutter-cleared CloudSat reflectivities we next evaluate various Z–S relationships in terms of snowfall accumulation at Summit through comparison with weekly stake field observations of snow accumulation available since 2007. Using a set of three Z–S relationships that best agree with the observed accumulation at Summit, we then calculate the annual cycle snowfall over the entire GrIS as well as over different drainage areas and compare the derived mean values and annual cycles of snowfall to ERA-Interim reanalysis. We find the annual mean snowfall over the GrIS inferred from CloudSat to be 34±7.5 cm yr−1 liquid equivalent (where the uncertainty is determined by the range in values between the three different Z–S relationships used). In comparison, the ERA-Interim reanalysis product only yields 30 cm yr−1 liquid equivalent snowfall, where the majority of the underestimation in the reanalysis appears to occur in the summer months over the higher GrIS and appears to be related to shallow precipitation events. Comparing all available estimates of snowfall accumulation at Summit Station, we find the annually averaged liquid equivalent snowfall from the stake field to be between 20 and 24 cm yr−1, depending on the assumed snowpack density and from CloudSat 23±4.5 cm yr−1. The annual cycle at Summit is generally similar between all data sources, with the exception of ERA-Interim reanalysis, which shows the aforementioned underestimation during summer months.
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Anandbabu, M. H., B. Palanichelvam, and R. Suganya. "Recovery Mutual Scheduling: A Decentralized Approach for Fault Recovery Mechanism in the Grid Computing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grid computing is that the major analysis space wherever the distributed resources square measure used. In programming, the largest challenge is to amass optimum answer for the submitted jobs within the grid. For giant subtask need time intense computation, this paper introduces a replacement fault recovery mechanism into grid systems associated an thorough study on grid service. We have a tendency to propose a replacement algorithmic program on considering these factors. In our planned algorithmic program Recovery Mutual programming, a catalog is employed which is able to be responsive in accumulation of saving its state sporadically. Consequently the turnout of a system is exaggerated with the localized approach.
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Dixon, Mark, Zhihong Li, Humphrey Lean, Nigel Roberts, and Sue Ballard. "Impact of Data Assimilation on Forecasting Convection over the United Kingdom Using a High-Resolution Version of the Met Office Unified Model." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1562–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2561.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A high-resolution data assimilation system has been implemented and tested within a 4-km grid length version of the Met Office Unified Model (UM). A variational analysis scheme is used to correct larger scales using conventional observation types. The system uses two nudging procedures to assimilate high-resolution information: radar-derived surface precipitation rates are assimilated via latent heat nudging (LHN), while cloud nudging (CN) is used to assimilate moisture fields derived from satellite, radar, and surface observations. The data assimilation scheme was tested on five convection-dominated case studies from the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP). Model skill was assessed statistically using radar-derived surface-precipitation hourly accumulations via a scale-dependent verification scheme. Data assimilation is shown to have a dramatic impact on skill during both the assimilation and subsequent forecast periods on nowcasting time scales. The resulting forecasts are also shown to be much more skillful than those produced using either a 12-km grid length version of the UM with data assimilation in place, or a 4-km grid-length UM version run using a 12-km state as initial conditions. The individual contribution to overall skill attributable to each data-assimilation component is investigated. Up until T + 3 h, LHN has the greatest impact on skill. For later times, VAR, LHN, and CN contribute equally to the skill in predicting the spatial distribution of the heaviest rainfall; while VAR alone accounts for the skill in depicting distributions corresponding to lower accumulation thresholds. The 4-km forecasts tend to overpredict both the intensity and areal coverage of storms. While it is likely that the intensity bias is partially attributable to model error, both VAR and LHN clearly contribute to the overestimation of the areal extent. Future developments that may mitigate this problem are suggested.
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Hou, Dingchen, Mike charles, Yan Luo, Zoltan Toth, Yuejian Zhu, Roman Krzysztofowicz, Ying Lin, et al. "Climatology-Calibrated Precipitation Analysis at Fine Scales: Statistical Adjustment of Stage IV toward CPC Gauge-Based Analysis." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 2542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-0140.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Two widely used precipitation analyses are the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) unified global daily gauge analysis and Stage IV analysis based on quantitative precipitation estimate with multisensor observations. The former is based on gauge records with a uniform quality control across the entire domain and thus bears more confidence, but provides only 24-h accumulation at ⅛° resolution. The Stage IV dataset, on the other hand, has higher spatial and temporal resolution, but is subject to different methods of quality control and adjustments by different River Forecasting Centers. This article describes a methodology used to generate a new dataset by adjusting the Stage IV 6-h accumulations based on available joint samples of the two analyses to take advantage of both datasets. A simple linear regression model is applied to the archived historical Stage IV and the CPC datasets after the former is aggregated to the CPC grid and daily accumulation. The aggregated Stage IV analysis is then adjusted based on this linear model and then downscaled back to its original resolution. The new dataset, named Climatology-Calibrated Precipitation Analysis (CCPA), retains the spatial and temporal patterns of the Stage IV analysis while having its long-term average and climate probability distribution closer to that of the CPC analysis. The limitation of the methodology at some locations is mainly associated with heavy to extreme precipitation events, which the Stage IV dataset tends to underestimate. CCPA cannot effectively correct this because of the linear regression model and the relative scarcity of heavy precipitation in the training data sample.
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Caggiano, Antonio, Christoph Mankel, and Eddie Koenders. "Reviewing Theoretical and Numerical Models for PCM-embedded Cementitious Composites." Buildings 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accumulating solar and/or environmental heat in walls of apartment buildings or houses is a way to level-out daily temperature differences and significantly cut back on energy demands. A possible way to achieve this goal is by developing advanced composites that consist of porous cementitious materials with embedded phase change materials (PCMs) that have the potential to accumulate or liberate heat energy during a chemical phase change from liquid to solid, or vice versa. This paper aims to report the current state of art on numerical and theoretical approaches available in the scientific literature for modelling the thermal behavior and heat accumulation/liberation of PCMs employed in cement-based composites. The work focuses on reviewing numerical tools for modelling phase change problems while emphasizing the so-called Stefan problem, or particularly, on the numerical techniques available for solving it. In this research field, it is the fixed grid method that is the most commonly and practically applied approach. After this, a discussion on the modelling procedures available for schematizing cementitious composites with embedded PCMs is reported.
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Crichton, K. A., D. M. Roche, G. Krinner, and J. Chappellaz. "A simplified permafrost-carbon model for long-term climate studies with the CLIMBER-2 coupled earth system model." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 6 (December 18, 2014): 3111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-3111-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We present the development and validation of a simplified permafrost-carbon mechanism for use with the land surface scheme operating in the CLIMBER-2 earth system model. The simplified model estimates the permafrost fraction of each grid cell according to the balance between modelled cold (below 0 °C) and warm (above 0 °C) days in a year. Areas diagnosed as permafrost are assigned a reduction in soil decomposition rate, thus creating a slow accumulating soil carbon pool. In warming climates, permafrost extent reduces and soil decomposition rates increase, resulting in soil carbon release to the atmosphere. Four accumulation/decomposition rate settings are retained for experiments within the CLIMBER-2(P) model, which are tuned to agree with estimates of total land carbon stocks today and at the last glacial maximum. The distribution of this permafrost-carbon pool is in broad agreement with measurement data for soil carbon content. The level of complexity of the permafrost-carbon model is comparable to other components in the CLIMBER-2 earth system model.
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Crichton, K. A., D. M. Roche, G. Krinner, and J. Chappellaz. "A simplified permafrost-carbon model for long-term climate studies with the CLIMBER-2 coupled earth system model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 30, 2014): 4931–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-4931-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We present the development and validation of a simplified permafrost-carbon mechanism for use with the land surface scheme operating in the CLIMBER-2 earth system model. The simplified model estimates the permafrost fraction of each grid cell according to the balance between modelled cold (below 0 °C) and warm (above 0 °C) days in a year. Areas diagnosed as permafrost are assigned a reduction in soil decay, thus creating a slow accumulating soil carbon pool. In warming climates, permafrost extent reduces and soil decay increases, resulting in soil carbon release to the atmosphere. Four accumulation/decay rate settings are retained for experiments within the CLIMBER-2(P) model, which are tuned to agree with estimates of total land carbon stocks today and at the last glacial maximum. The distribution of this permafrost-carbon pool is in broad agreement with measurement data for soil carbon concentration per climate condition. The level of complexity of the permafrost-carbon model is comparable to other components in the CLIMBER-2 earth system model.
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Belik, Milan. "Optimisation of Energy Accumulation for Renewable Energy Sources." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.258.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project focuses on optimisation of energy accumulation for various types of distributed renewable energy sources. The main goal is to prepare charging – discharging strategy depending on actual power consumption and prediction of consumption and production of utilised renewable energy sources for future period. The simulation is based on real long term data measured on photovoltaic system, wind power station and meteo station between 2004 – 2021. The data from meteo station serve as the input for the simulation and prediction of the future production while the data from PV system and wind turbine are used either as actual production or as a verification of the predicted values. Various parameters are used for trimming of the optimisation process. Influence of the charging strategy, discharging strategy, values and shape of the demand from the grid and prices is described on typical examples of the simulations. The main goal is to prepare and verify the system in real conditions with real load chart and real consumption defined by the model building with integrated renewable energy sources. The system can be later used in general installations on commercial or residential buildings.
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Baldwin, Duncan J., Jonathan L. Bamber, Antony J. Payne, and Russel L. Layberry. "Using internal layers from the Greenland ice sheet, identified from radio-echo sounding data, with numerical models." Annals of Glaciology 37 (2003): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815438.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSpatially extensive internal layers have been traced in airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) data collected over Greenland during the late 1990s. By linking internal layers within individual flight-lines at crossover points, it is possible to identify spatially continuous layers that are interpreted as isochronous surfaces. Several of the survey lines pass over the GRIP core site, and this allows us to use the published GRIP age–depth relationship to accurately date these surfaces. Two layers, with ages of 3891 and 6956 years BP, have been traced over a large part of North Greenland. Accurately dated and spatially continuous isochrones are valuable for both assimilation within, and verification of, numerical models. For example, comparison of isochronous surfaces from a numerical simulation with those layers observed in RES data can be used to inform the choice of parameters (e.g. rheology) and climate history used to force a numerical model. To demonstrate the potential of the RES data, two layers for North Greenland were used to determine palaeo-accumulation rates. The inversion from layer depth to accumulation rate requires a three-dimensional velocity field. This velocity field is constructed by combining a two-dimensional balance-velocity field with an assumed vertical structure for the horizontal velocity. The isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates were compared with the Bales and others (2001) rates. A larger east–west gradient was found across the central ice divide for the derived accumulation rate, suggesting a trend in the Holocene accumulation rates for this region. The layers were also compared with isochronous surfaces derived from simulations of a three-dimensional thermodynamic ice-sheet model. Using the isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates to force the model improved the match between modelled and observed layers.
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Steinhage, Daniel, Olaf Eisen, and Henrik Brink Clausen. "Regional and temporal variation of accumulation around NorthGRIP derived from ground-penetrating radar." Annals of Glaciology 42 (2005): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781812574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDuring the summer of 2003, a ground-penetrating radar survey around the North Greenland Icecore Project (NorthGRIP) deep ice-core drilling site (75˚06’N, 42˚20’W; 2957ma.s.l.) was carried out using a shielded 250 MHz radar system. The drill site is located on an ice divide, roughly 300 km north-northwest of the summit of the Greenland ice sheet. More than 430 km of profiles were measured, covering a 10 km by 10 km area, with a grid centered on the drilling location, and eight profiles extending beyond this grid. Seven internal horizons within the upper 120 m of the ice sheet were continuously tracked, containing the last 400 years of accumulation history. Based on the age-depth and density-depth distribution of the deep core, the internal layers have been dated and the regional and temporal distribution of accumulation rate in the vicinity of NorthGRIP has been derived. The distribution of accumulation shows a relatively smoothly increasing trend from east to west from 145 kgm–2a–1 to 200 kg m–2 a -1 over a distance of 50 km across the ice divide. The general trend is overlain by small-scale variations on the order of 2.5 kgm–2a-1 km- 1 , i.e. around 1.5% of the accumulation mean. The temporal variations of the seven periods defined by the seven tracked isochrones are on the order of ± 4% of the mean of the last 400 years, i.e. at NorthGRIP ± 7 kg m–2 a-1. If the regional accumulation pattern has been stable for the last several thousand years during the Holocene, and ice flow has been comparable to today, advective effects along the particle trajectory upstream of NorthGRIP do not have a significant effect on the interpretation of climatically induced changes in accumulation rates derived from the deep ice core over the last 10 kyr.
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Guillevic, M., L. Bazin, A. Landais, P. Kindler, A. Orsi, V. Masson-Delmotte, T. Blunier та ін. "Spatial gradients of temperature, accumulation and δ<sup>18</sup>O-ice in Greenland over a series of Dansgaard–Oeschger events". Climate of the Past 9, № 3 (7 травня 2013): 1029–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1029-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Air and water stable isotope measurements from four Greenland deep ice cores (GRIP, GISP2, NGRIP and NEEM) are investigated over a series of Dansgaard–Oeschger events (DO 8, 9 and 10), which are representative of glacial millennial scale variability. Combined with firn modeling, air isotope data allow us to quantify abrupt temperature increases for each drill site (1σ = 0.6 °C for NEEM, GRIP and GISP2, 1.5 °C for NGRIP). Our data show that the magnitude of stadial–interstadial temperature increase is up to 2 °C larger in central and North Greenland than in northwest Greenland: i.e., for DO 8, a magnitude of +8.8 °C is inferred, which is significantly smaller than the +11.1 °C inferred at GISP2. The same spatial pattern is seen for accumulation increases. This pattern is coherent with climate simulations in response to reduced sea-ice extent in the Nordic seas. The temporal water isotope (δ18O)–temperature relationship varies between 0.3 and 0.6 (±0.08) ‰ °C−1 and is systematically larger at NEEM, possibly due to limited changes in precipitation seasonality compared to GISP2, GRIP or NGRIP. The gas age−ice age difference of warming events represented in water and air isotopes can only be modeled when assuming a 26% (NGRIP) to 40% (GRIP) lower accumulation than that derived from a Dansgaard–Johnsen ice flow model.
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Lindgren, Aleksandra L., Andrea Hui Austin, and Kathleen M. Welsh. "Cell Thumb Replaces Writer’s Bump: Changing Times, Changing Callouses." Case Reports in Dermatology 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Common callouses are formed by the accumulation of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum in response to excess pressure or friction. We report 2 cases of unusual callous formation and an additional 25 more sequential cases that were due to excessive cell phone grip.
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Sood, Abha. "Fresh-water discharge from Greenland using regional climate simulations." Annals of Glaciology 42 (2005): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781812880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe annual mass budget of the Greenland ice sheet (1992) and the fresh-water flux from Greenland including the coasts is determined using high-resolution regional climate model (REMO) simulations. The climate model is modified to include processes such as lateral flow over Greenland using a newly developed routing scheme, the effect of sub-grid-scale surface heterogeneity (orography) on surface temperature and runoff and an improved snow and ice model for the Greenland ice sheet for surface processes on the ice sheet. The high-resolution (0.125˚ grid size) simulations of accumulation and runoff fields are also assessed compared to the lower-resolution (0.5˚ grid size) simulations.
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Yan, Haifan, and William A. Gallus. "An Evaluation of QPF from the WRF, NAM, and GFS Models Using Multiple Verification Methods over a Small Domain." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0020.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The ARW model was run over a small domain centered on Iowa for 9 months with 4-km grid spacing to better understand the limits of predictability of short-term (12 h) quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) that might be used in hydrology models. Radar data assimilation was performed to reduce spinup problems. Three grid-to-grid verification methods, as well as two spatial techniques, neighborhood and object based, were used to compare the QPFs from the high-resolution runs with coarser operational GFS and NAM QPFs to verify QPFs for various precipitation accumulation intervals and on two grid configurations with different resolutions. In general, NAM had the worst performance not only for model skill but also for spatial feature attributes as a result of the existence of large dry bias and location errors. The finer resolution of NAM did not offer any advantage in predicting small-scale storms compared to the coarser GFS. WRF had a large advantage for high precipitation thresholds. A greater improvement in skill was noted when the accumulation time interval was increased, compared to an increase in the spatial neighborhood size. At the same neighborhood scale, the high-resolution WRF Model was less influenced by the grid on which the verification was done than the other two models. All models had the highest skill from midnight to early morning, because the least wet bias, location, and coverage errors were present then. The lowest skill was shown from late morning through afternoon. The main cause of poor skill during this period was large displacement errors.
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Heilig, Achim, Olaf Eisen, Martin Schneebeli, Michael MacFerrin, C. Max Stevens, Baptiste Vandecrux, and Konrad Steffen. "Relating regional and point measurements of accumulation in southwest Greenland." Cryosphere 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-385-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In recent decades, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has frequently experienced record melt events, which have significantly affected surface mass balance (SMB) and estimates thereof. SMB data are derived from remote sensing, regional climate models (RCMs), firn cores and automatic weather stations (AWSs). While remote sensing and RCMs cover regional scales with extents ranging from 1 to 10 km, AWS data and firn cores are point observations. To link regional scales with point measurements, we investigate the spatial variability of snow accumulation (bs) within areas of approximately 1–4 km2 and its temporal changes within 2 years of measurements. At three different sites on the southwestern GrIS (Swiss Camp, KAN-U, DYE-2), we performed extensive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) transects and recorded multiple snow pits. If the density is known and the snowpack dry, radar-measured two-way travel time can be converted to snow depth and bs. We spatially filtered GPR transect data to remove small-scale noise related to surface characteristics. The combined uncertainty of bs from density variations and spatial filtering of radar transects is at 7 %–8 % per regional scale of 1–4 km2. Snow accumulation from a randomly selected snow pit is very likely representative of the regional scale of 1–4 km2 (with probability p=0.8 for a value within 10 % of the regional mean for KAN-U, and p>0.95 for Swiss Camp and DYE-2). However, to achieve such high representativeness of snow pits, it is required to determine the average snow depth within the vicinity of the pits. At DYE-2, the spatial pattern of snow accumulation was very similar for 2 consecutive years. Using target reflectors placed at respective end-of-summer-melt horizons, we additionally investigated the occurrences of lateral redistribution within one melt season. We found no evidence of lateral flow of meltwater in the current climate at DYE-2. Such studies of spatial representativeness and temporal changes in accumulation are necessary to assess uncertainties of the linkages of point measurements and regional-scale data, which are used for validation and calibration of remote-sensing data and RCM outputs.