Статті в журналах: "Harmonization of award procedures"

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Myers, Gary L., and W. Greg Miller. "The roadmap for harmonization: status of the International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0907.

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Abstract The International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results (ICHCLR) was established to fulfill recommendations identified by an international conference convened to review the available infrastructure and challenges in achieving harmonization of results among different measurement procedures. The specific objectives of the ICHCLR are to: prioritize measurands by medical importance, coordinate the work of different organizations, and stimulate development of technical and regulatory processes to achieve harmonization. Central to these objectives is the website “www.harmonization.net” developed by the ICHCLR as an information portal designed to provide a resource center for global activities to harmonize and standardize results from clinical laboratory measurement procedures. Priorities based on medical impact are provided for measurands for which harmonization is needed or work to implement harmonization is incomplete or inactive. By making information available regarding harmonization activities in progress or planned, coordination of work to harmonize laboratory measurement procedures will minimize duplication of effort and optimize the use of limited resources. A toolbox of technical procedures developed by ICHCLR to be considered when developing a process to achieve harmonization for a measurand is presented. The ICHCLR initiated a proposal to ISO Technical Committee 212 for a harmonization protocol as the basis for calibration traceability when there are no other higher order reference system components available. The ICHCLR offers a unique service to prioritize measurands in need of harmonization and to provide a centralized approach to organize global efforts to achieve harmonization of clinical laboratory test results.

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Weykamp, Cas, Jos Wielders, Anders Helander, Raymond F. Anton, Vincenza Bianchi, Jan-Olof Jeppsson, Carla Siebelder, John B. Whitfield, and François Schellenberg. "Harmonization of Measurement Results of the Alcohol Biomarker Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin by Use of the Toolbox of Technical Procedures of the International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.221531.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The need for equivalent results of routine measurement procedures for the alcohol biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) has been recognized by the IFCC. This article describes a project to harmonize CDT as conducted by an IFCC working group initiated for this purpose. METHODS We used procedures for achieving harmonization as developed by the Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results to assess the suitability of a candidate reference measurement procedure (cRMP), candidate reference materials (cRMs), and the success of efforts to achieve harmonization. RESULTS CDT measurement procedures in routine use showed good reproducibility (CV 1.1%–2.8%) and linearity (r > 0.990) with variable slopes (0.766–1.065) and intercepts (−0.34 to 0.92) compared to the cRMP. Heterogeneity after simulated harmonization was 4.7%. cRMs of frozen human native sera demonstrated commutability and 3-year stability for routine measurement procedures. The cRMP provided reproducible value assignment to cRMs with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.03% at the 1.2% CDT level and 0.06% at the 4.4% CDT level. Harmonization efforts reduced the intermeasurement CV from 8.8% to 3.4%, allowed 99% recovery of the values assigned with the cRMP, and demonstrated 99% of results within the desirable allowable total error. Harmonization was less successful in samples with low CDT and high trisialotransferrin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Harmonization of CDT is possible with frozen human native sera as cRMs with values assigned by use of the cRMP. We propose the cRMP as a candidate international conventional reference measurement procedure and cRMs as candidate international calibrators.

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van der Vorm, Lisa N., Jan C. M. Hendriks, Coby M. Laarakkers, Siem Klaver, Andrew E. Armitage, Alison Bamberg, Anneke J. Geurts-Moespot, et al. "Toward Worldwide Hepcidin Assay Harmonization: Identification of a Commutable Secondary Reference Material." Clinical Chemistry 62, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.256768.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Absolute plasma hepcidin concentrations measured by various procedures differ substantially, complicating interpretation of results and rendering reference intervals method dependent. We investigated the degree of equivalence achievable by harmonization and the identification of a commutable secondary reference material to accomplish this goal. METHODS We applied technical procedures to achieve harmonization developed by the Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results. Eleven plasma hepcidin measurement procedures (5 mass spectrometry based and 6 immunochemical based) quantified native individual plasma samples (n = 32) and native plasma pools (n = 8) to assess analytical performance and current and achievable equivalence. In addition, 8 types of candidate reference materials (3 concentrations each, n = 24) were assessed for their suitability, most notably in terms of commutability, to serve as secondary reference material. RESULTS Absolute hepcidin values and reproducibility (intrameasurement procedure CVs 2.9%–8.7%) differed substantially between measurement procedures, but all were linear and correlated well. The current equivalence (intermeasurement procedure CV 28.6%) between the methods was mainly attributable to differences in calibration and could thus be improved by harmonization with a common calibrator. Linear regression analysis and standardized residuals showed that a candidate reference material consisting of native lyophilized plasma with cryolyoprotectant was commutable for all measurement procedures. Mathematically simulated harmonization with this calibrator resulted in a maximum achievable equivalence of 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS The secondary reference material identified in this study has the potential to substantially improve equivalence between hepcidin measurement procedures and contributes to the establishment of a traceability chain that will ultimately allow standardization of hepcidin measurement results.

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Faure, Michael. "The Harmonization, Codification and Integration of Environmental Law: A Search for Definitions." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 9, Issue 6 (June 1, 2000): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/275545.

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Background - the need to define and distinguish the concepts of harmonization, codification and integration and the benefits of doing so. Various notions of harmonization: of the substantive law and of procedures; coordination; codification; internal and external integration distinguished. Recent examples of harmonization: the Dutch Environmental Management Act; the Flemish Draft Decree on Environmental Policy; harmonization as a policy goal at the European level, and the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive. Suggested definitions of integration, harmonization, codification and coordination.

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Greg Miller, W., Gary L. Myers, Mary Lou Gantzer, Stephen E. Kahn, E. Ralf Schönbrunner, Linda M. Thienpont, David M. Bunk, et al. "Roadmap for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Measurement Procedures." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.164012.

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Abstract Results between different clinical laboratory measurement procedures (CLMP) should be equivalent, within clinically meaningful limits, to enable optimal use of clinical guidelines for disease diagnosis and patient management. When laboratory test results are neither standardized nor harmonized, a different numeric result may be obtained for the same clinical sample. Unfortunately, some guidelines are based on test results from a specific laboratory measurement procedure without consideration of the possibility or likelihood of differences between various procedures. When this happens, aggregation of data from different clinical research investigations and development of appropriate clinical practice guidelines will be flawed. A lack of recognition that results are neither standardized nor harmonized may lead to erroneous clinical, financial, regulatory, or technical decisions. Standardization of CLMPs has been accomplished for several measurands for which primary (pure substance) reference materials exist and/or reference measurement procedures (RMPs) have been developed. However, the harmonization of clinical laboratory procedures for measurands that do not have RMPs has been problematic owing to inadequate definition of the measurand, inadequate analytical specificity for the measurand, inadequate attention to the commutability of reference materials, and lack of a systematic approach for harmonization. To address these problems, an infrastructure must be developed to enable a systematic approach for identification and prioritization of measurands to be harmonized on the basis of clinical importance and technical feasibility, and for management of the technical implementation of a harmonization process for a specific measurand.

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Muhtifah, Lailial. "The Reinforcement of Pesantren as Harmonization Agent of Religious Life in Pesantren “AL-FATAH” Singkawang, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 5, no. 2 (December 16, 2016): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2016.52.364-368.

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This article is to explore the reinforcement of Pesantren as harmonization agent of religious life, the foundation, strategies, procedures, and the assessment process of harmonization in pesantren "AL-FATAH" Singkawang West Kalimantan. The result of the study discovered that harmonization of religious life was based on the philosophical foundation of Islamic values (Islamic brotherhood/ukhuwwah Islamiyah, crossed-marriage, and collective system/jama’ah), foundation of national perspectives (Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, NKRI, and Bhineka Tunggal Ika) and theoretical foundation (Islamic education, social culture, character education and the theory of conflict). Strengthening the strategy of harmonization through the achievement of the objectives, planning, the realization of activity in the form of concrete action, the existence of material, media, sequences and well-managed steps. Procedures of harmonization was applied through approach of method and technique, as reinforcement of pesantren as the harmonization agent of religions life. The assessment process of harmonization has not been carried out properly. The foundations, strategies, procedures and process of assessment have an impact on the emergence of P3AHKB culture and its implementation model. P3AHKB culture is the growth and the development of religious/spiritual values, honesty, responsibility, ukhuwwah Islamiyah, cooperation, empathy, social solidarity, respect, love, protect each other, get used to the language of the sunnah, keeping ethics, the formation of security culture, and rising prosperity with its business units and BMT. The implementation model is named "MI-P3AHKB tree."

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Staffans, Ida. "Evidentiary Standards of Inquisitorial versus Adversarial Asylum Procedures in the Light of Harmonization." European Public Law 14, Issue 4 (November 1, 2008): 615–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2008040.

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European asylum procedures are, despite fierce harmonization, not converging to the extent required for reaching the aim of a Common European Asylum Procedure (CEAS).One of the reasons for continuously diverging trends, recognition rates and responses to harmonizing initiatives is the differences in the procedural framework apparent in the European context. This article sets out to identify the impact on harmonization of one of the grand dichotomies that characterizes European asylum procedures – the adversarial vs. inquisitorial forms of procedure – especially from the point of view of evidentiary standards and practices. The article argues that harmonizing rules ignoring the differences in procedural traditions and practices in fact may lead to both confusion in the stages of implementation and reactions against harmonization in the practices of concerned asylum procedures.

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Miller, W. Greg, Gary L. Myers, Mary Lou Gantzer, Stephen E. Kahn, E. Ralf Schönbrunner, Linda M. Thienpont, David M. Bunk, et al. "Translation: Roadmap for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Measurement Procedures." Laboratory Medicine Online 2, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3343/lmo.2012.2.1.1.

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Hill, Howard M. "Conference Report: Bioanalytical Procedures and Regulation: Towards Global Harmonization." Bioanalysis 3, no. 4 (February 2011): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.10.211.

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Diepeveen, Laura E., Coby M. M. Laarakkers, Gustavo Martos, Marta E. Pawlak, Fatih F. Uğuz, Kim E. S. A. Verberne, Rachel P. L. van Swelm, et al. "Provisional standardization of hepcidin assays: creating a traceability chain with a primary reference material, candidate reference method and a commutable secondary reference material." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0783.

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Abstract Background Hepcidin concentrations measured by various methods differ considerably, complicating interpretation. Here, a previously identified plasma-based candidate secondary reference material (csRM) was modified into a serum-based two-leveled sRM. We validated its functionality to increase the equivalence between methods for international standardization. Methods We applied technical procedures developed by the International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results. The sRM, consisting of lyophilized serum with cryolyoprotectant, appeared commutable among nine different measurement procedures using 16 native human serum samples in a first round robin (RR1). Harmonization potential of the sRM was simulated in RR1 and evaluated in practice in RR2 among 11 measurement procedures using three native human plasma samples. Comprehensive purity analysis of a candidate primary RM (cpRM) was performed by state of the art procedures. The sRM was value assigned with an isotope dilution mass spectrometry-based candidate reference method calibrated using the certified pRM. Results The inter-assay CV without harmonization was 42.1% and 52.8% in RR1 and RR2, respectively. In RR1, simulation of harmonization with sRM resulted in an inter-assay CV of 11.0%, whereas in RR2 calibration with the material resulted in an inter-assay CV of 19.1%. Both the sRM and pRM passed international homogeneity criteria and showed long-term stability. We assigned values to the low (0.95±0.11 nmol/L) and middle concentration (3.75±0.17 nmol/L) calibrators of the sRM. Conclusions Standardization of hepcidin is possible with our sRM, which value is assigned by a pRM. We propose the implementation of this material as an international calibrator for hepcidin.

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Kilpatrick, Eric S., and Sverre Sandberg. "An overview of EFLM harmonization activities in Europe." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0098.

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Abstract The European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) has initiated many harmonization activities in all phases of the examination process. The EFLM is dealing with both the scientific and the educational aspects of harmonization, with the intention of disseminating best practice in laboratory medicine throughout Europe. Priorities have been given (1) to establish a standard for conducting and assessing biological variation studies and to construct an evidence based EFLM webpage on biological variation data, (2) to harmonize preanalytical procedures by producing European guidelines, (3) to improve test ordering and interpretation, (4) to produce other common European guidelines for laboratory medicine and play an active part in development of clinical guidelines, (5) to establish a common basis for communicating laboratory results to patients, (6) to harmonize units of measurement throughout Europe, (7) to harmonize preanalytical procedures in molecular diagnostics and (8) to harmonize and optimize test evaluation procedures. The EFLM is also now launching the 5th version of the European Syllabus to help the education of European Specialists in Laboratory Medicine (EuSpLM), which is being supported by the development of e-learning courses. A register of EuSpLM is already established for members of National Societies in EU countries, and a similar register will be established for specialists in non-EU countries.

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Parkany, M. "Parameters and Definitions in Harmonization of Collaborative Analytical Studies." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 3 (May 1, 1986): 396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.3.396.

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Abstract IUPAC, AOAC, and ISO participate in developing, validating, and adopting analytical methods for international use. Harmonization of the different interests of these organizations is desirable, as is harmonization of parameters of precision of test methods. ISO Technical Committee 69 is responsible for standards that deal with statistical interpretation of test results and data, sampling procedures, and precision of test methods.

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Hubert, Ph, J. J. Nguyen-Huu, B. Boulanger, E. Chapuzet, P. Chiap, N. Cohen, P. A. Compagnon, et al. "Harmonization of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 45, no. 1 (September 2007): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.013.

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Hubert, Ph, J. J. Nguyen-Huu, B. Boulanger, E. Chapuzet, N. Cohen, P. A. Compagnon, W. Dewé, et al. "Harmonization of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 45, no. 1 (September 2007): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.032.

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Hubert, Ph, J. J. Nguyen-Huu, B. Boulanger, E. Chapuzet, P. Chiap, N. Cohen, P. A. Compagnon, et al. "Harmonization of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 36, no. 3 (November 2004): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.027.

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Rapi, Stefano, Tiziana Rubeca, and Callum G. Fraser. "How to improve the performances of Fecal Immunological Tests (FIT): Need for standardization of the sampling and pre-analytical phases and revision of the procedures for comparison of methods." International Journal of Biological Markers 30, no. 1 (January 2015): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.5000093.

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Lack of reference materials and standard procedures, on faecal tests leads to major problems in harmonisation of methods and do not allow the comparison of outcome data. In particular the absence of standardisation of pre-analytical characteristic was noted for faecal test methods for haemoglobin since different manufacturers have developed different sampling procedures and report units. Moreover the physical characteristics of the faecal specimen and the designs of specimen collection devices do not allow analysis of samples on different systems in consequence, faecal tests cannot be compared using standard evaluation protocols. To improve the harmonization of results generated using different analytical systems and the overall performances of test on faecal materials we propose the introduction of standard procedures for sampling and pre-analytical phase and the adoption of specific procedures based on the use of artificial biological samples for comparison of methods. Harmonization of sampling devices with the use of a standard design for pickers and a standard ratio between analyte and buffer for different manufacturers represent a mandatory step in the roadmap for harmonization of clinical laboratory measurement on faecal materials and can allow a significant standardisation of results generated by different devices. The creation of specific protocols for the evaluation and comparison of analytical methods for analyse of faeces could lead to a significant improvement in the performance of methods and systems.

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Nicholas, Caroline. "Devising Transparent and Efficient Concession Award Procedures." Uniform Law Review 17, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/17.1-2.97.

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Tikkanen, Irma, and Hanna Kaleva. "Contract award procedures and award criteria in the catering services in Finland." British Food Journal 113, no. 8 (August 9, 2011): 952–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701111153805.

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Smith, Kayleigh M., and Dalma R. Demeter. "The Implications of International Commercial Courts on Arbitration." Journal of International Arbitration 33, Issue 5 (October 1, 2016): 441–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2016035.

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The recently created Dubai International Financial Centre’s (DIFC) Courts and the Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC) aim to grant the same benefits to parties as international commercial arbitration, offering something of a hybrid; not quite arbitration, but not quite litigation in a national court either. However, their current model is little more than a national court in an arbitral tribunal’s clothing. Nevertheless, the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems seem to balance each other out overall, with the notable exception of the enforceability of the outcome. The DIFC Courts’ proposed mechanism to transform its judgments into arbitral awards raise the question of definition for arbitral awards and disputes, and raises dilemmas with regard to the impact it has on the review of the decision solving the initial dispute. The broader implication of this innovative process is that it can create an enforcement mechanism of foreign court judgments in all New York Convention states, broadening the scope of the Convention beyond what it was envisaged to cover, while also essentially eliminating the judicial review intended to be performed under the Convention over decisions rendered on disputes. Whether this innovative procedure will result in a more efficient form of harmonization, circumventing the difficulties posed by the absence of global harmonization on the recognition of foreign court judgments, or the risk of abuse will result in damaging already harmonized laws, will remain to be seen.

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Chen, Diefei, Eric Jutkowitz, Skylar Iosepovici, John Lin, and Alden Gross. "Pre-Statistical Harmonization of Behavioral Instruments Across Eight Surveys and Trials." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.286.

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Abstract Data harmonization methods facilitate further use of existing studies and research resources. Most statistical harmonization methods require pooling data across studies, which is complex and requires careful scrutiny of source data. Most methods (e.g., item response theory) require datasets to have common items for linking a common construct across studies: this necessitates the qualitative process of pre-statistical harmonization. Here, we document pre-statistical harmonization of items measuring behavioral and psychological symptoms (e.g., agitation, wandering, etc.) which represent problematic behaviors among people with dementia administered in a national survey (ADAMS), evaluations conducted at Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers (NACC), and in six randomized trials (COPE, TAP, ALZQOL, ACT, REACH, ADSPlus). We describe our approach to review question content and scoring procedures to establish comparability across items prior to data pooling. We identified 327 items from 15 instruments across these eight studies. We found considerable cross-study heterogeneity in administration and coding procedures for items that measure the same domain. For example, eight items were coded as count variables in some studies but as categorical variables in others. Moreover, of the 359 items, 191 are conditionally dependent on values of another item. These issues around item response heterogeneity and conditional dependency needed to be resolved prior to estimation of item response theory models for statistical co-calibration. We leveraged several rigorous data transformation procedures to address these issues, including re-coding and winsorization. This study provides guidelines for how future research may acknowledge and address similar issues in pooling behavioral and related instruments.

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Rahman, Adeeb, Bita Sahaf, Melanie Davila, Nicholas Fernandez, Emily McWilliams, Karen Millerchip, Salah E. Bentebibel, et al. "CIMAC-CIDC CyTOF harmonization." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e15242-e15242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15242.

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e15242 Background: The Cancer Immune Monitoring and Analysis Centers – Cancer Immunology Data Commons (CIMAC-CIDC) network is a National Cancer Institute-funded initiative to identify biomarkers of mechanisms and response to cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, using state-of-the-art assay technologies. A primary platform for CIMAC-CIDC biomarker studies is CyTOF mass cytometry, which is performed at all four CIMAC laboratories. Methods: To test the ability to generate comparable data across labs, a cross-site harmonization effort was undertaken. We first harmonized SOPs between centers. Because of a new acquisition protocol introduced by the vendor (Fluidigm), we also tested this protocol across sites before finalizing the harmonized SOP. We then performed a cross-site assay harmonization experiment, using 5 shared cryopreserved PBMC samples and one lyophilized control cell preparation, along with a shared lyophilized antibody cocktail consisting of 14 markers, as validated in the HIPC consortium, plus CD45. These reagents and samples were distributed to the four sites, and FCS files were centrally analyzed by both manual gating and automated methods (Astrolabe). Results: Average CVs across sites for each cell population were reported and compared to a previous multisite CyTOF study. Once a cell recovery issue at two sites was resolved, this experiment resulted in inter-site reproducibility of under 20% CV for most cell subsets, very similar to the previous study. Conclusions: These results emphasize the ability to reproduce CyTOF across sites, and also highlights procedures, such as use of spike-in control samples, useful for tracking variability in this assay.

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Mishchenko Roman, Mishchenko Roman. "HARMONIZATION OF MECHANISMS OF PROCUREMENT OF THE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM PROZORRO TO THE REQUIREMENTS AND RULES OF THE WORLD BANK." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 04, no. 02 (April 15, 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd04022021-54.

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The article considers the mechanisms of harmonization of procurement of goods, works and services (except for the purchase of consultants services) through the electronic system ProZorro in accordance with the requirements and rules of the World Bank. The regulatory framework of the World Bank in part of procurement has been researched. The problems that arose during the harmonization of public e-procurement procedures with the rules and requirements of the World Bank are highlighted. Conclusions are made about the advantages and disadvantages of the electronic system, taking into account the rules of the World Bank. Accented the potential risks, threats and shortcomings of the ProZorro system. Keywords: public procurement, the World Bank, ProZorro, procurement mechanisms, public procurement procedures.

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Kolomoets, Tetiana, Valentyna Stetsenko, and Serhii Kushnir. "BONUS FOR A PUBLIC SERVANT – IS IT SCHEDULED RAISE TO OFFICIAL SALARY OR EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR MOTIVATION? THERE SHOULD BE REGULATORY “FILTERS” FOR ITS USE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-173-180.

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The purpose of the paper. Search for the best motivation means for fruitful, efficient, and high-quality service activities of public servants requires in-depth study of those resources which are traditionally “associated” with public service. Traditionally, bonus for public servants still remains one of these kinds of means which is linked with the “distinguished”, “over-productive” official activities. Methodology. Comparative and legal analysis of “bonus” laws of countries across the world shows the difference in consideration of the role and purpose of an award in the modern public service, which contributes to the defeat of its real resource, false identification with the “scheduled”, “regular” pay for labour, along with other components of the latter, which does not depend on “achievements” in the official activities. Results. The author, on the basis of comparative legal research, substantiates the need to model the results of “bonus” rulemaking and enforcement of unified “rule-making filters” in different countries of the world for the targeted use of reward as a means to encourage public servants for the effective, efficient, and high-quality official activities, which is the purpose of the article. It is expedient: a) to define a bonus at the regulatory level as a means of encouragement and harmonization of related subject-matter legal terms; b) to differentiate two types of bonuses for public servants – according to the results of annual efficiency rating of person’s official activities (“effective”, “valuation”) and the bonus as a type of encouragement as a whole (“general”, “common”); c) “standardization” of the bonus amount for public servants, namely: “valuation” (“effective”) should be in percentage (twenty percent is proposed) to the annual salary of a person who received an excellent grade on the basis of annual evaluation, “general” (“common”) as a means of encouragement related to “achievements” of a public servant in official activity, “within rate” (from minimum to maximum) with “binding” to the official salary (it is proposed from one to two) of a public servant; d) to introduce regulatory “filters” of bonus frequency towards “common” (“general”) type due to the mandatory adherence to requirements for the application of encouragement means for a public servant in accordance with their consolidation in a unified list, which makes his “constant” bonus awarding impossible; e) intensification of the principles of transparency, publicity, openness, control over “bonus procedure”, elimination of the prerequisites for a broad manifestation of the discretion of subject who makes a final decision (with the introduction of principles for the division of powers on initiation and final decision, the approval of a draft decision with the public, etc.) on the bonus reward for a public servant. Practical applications. Under the conditions of practical application of the abovementioned recommendations, it is quite possible to use bonuses as means for stimulation, encouragement to fruitful, effective, and qualitative official activity of public servants, a real means to improve public service in general.

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Tulibacka, Magdalena. "Europeanization of Civil Procedures: In Search of a Coherent Approach." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 5 (October 1, 2009): 1527–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009062.

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Civil procedure is an increasingly important element of the European Union’s legal system. The interest in it, both on the regulatory and on the academic side, has grown considerably. Time has come to re-evaluate the position. While the policy of “judicial cooperation in civil matters” coordinated by the DG Freedom, Security and Justice contains most EU activities in the area, civil procedure is also the subject of attention from various other actors within the EU. Directorates General Internal Market, Competition, or SANCO are involved in regulating civil procedures on sectoral levels. There is little doubt that coordination of domestic civil procedure rules of European Union Member States is necessary to some extent. This paper tackles two important questions: how far should the harmonization of these rules reach, and can its aims be achieved by the approach taken by the EU at present? It emphasizes the recent phenomenon of decentralized harmonization as a particular challenge to the coherence of the EU policy in the area. It sketches a blueprint for a more coherent approach to Europeanization of civil procedures.

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Melo, D., R. C. Suarez, A. Rojo, B. M. Dantas, L. Juliao, N. Serdero, R. Videla, et al. "Harmonization of internal dosimetry procedures in Latin America--ARCAL/IAEA project." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 127, no. 1-4 (June 7, 2007): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm284.

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Stelkens, Ulrich. "Judicial Protection and Competitive Award Procedures in Germany." Review of European Administrative Law 14, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187479821x16190058548763.

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The history of German public procurement law is a history of attempts by the German legislator to implement the EU public procurement directives on judicial protection, namely Directive 89/665/EEC of 21 December 1989, as minimally as possible. Paradoxically, the history of German procurement law is also the history of an increased spreading of the model of judicial review in 'competitive award procedures' underlying Directive 89/665/EEC to other administrative procedures. Here, one can discern mutual fertilization of the discussions on the minimal standards for judicial protection foreseen in Directive 89/665/EEC, as well as a parallel discussion on minimal standards (directly derived from the German constitution) for judicial review in competitive award procedures concerning the recruitment of public officials. On this basis, one may discern trends in German case law, administrative practice, and scholarship towards developing judicial review systems in competitive award procedures for public procurement beyond the thresholds set by the EU directives. This is relevant for privatizations, gambling licences, and procedures to grant the right to use public spaces, to name only a few. However, these trends encounter difficulties because the German General Administrative Court Procedure Act and other relevant legislation are not tailored to competitive award procedures. This article will analyse these different trends and suggest explanations for them.

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Helfand, Benjamin, Elke Detroyer, Koen Milisen, Dimitrios Adamis, and Richard Jones. "The Harmonization of Four Delirium Instruments." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1678.

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Abstract Delirium is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute cognitive dysfunction, which is pervasive in older persons. Delirium affects over 2.6 million Americans over age 65 annually. One major problem in detection of delirium is that over 40 different instruments have been created to identify delirium in different clinical settings. There is no single agreed upon reference standard instrument. In previous work, we performed a systematic review to identify the four most commonly cited and well-validated instruments for delirium identification. The aim of this study is to harmonize these four commonly used instruments: Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOSS), Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R-98), and Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). We used data from three separate sources (N = 1623). Participants were rated by multiple and overlapping instruments across studies, allowing us to apply item response theory linking procedures. We fit generalized structural equation models, and found unidimensional factor models fit well. We found the instruments were highly correlated (all r > 0.9) and kappa statistics for delirium case identification were high (range: 0.89 to 0.95). We generated crosswalks to map sum scores on one instrument to another. Our results suggest the same underlying construct, propensity to delirium, is measured across the four instruments. The crosswalks facilitate comparison and combination for immediate clinical use or for future meta-analyses. In future steps, we will use our results to find the optimal cut-points for use across all instruments to identify delirium.

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Sætervadet, Torkell. "Can ‘Traffic Rights’ for Non-commercial Air Operators Be Derived from EU Law?" Air and Space Law 47, Issue 3 (July 1, 2022): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022016.

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The European Union’s liberalization of the aviation market provided commercial EU air carriers with free access to intra-Community routes. For non-commercial air operators, the Chicago Convention already provided for certain international ‘traffic rights’. Moreover, the introduction of common rules for civil aviation has brought EU-wide harmonization to the non-commercial sector. Despite this, EU operators of non-commercial flights experience restrictions in certain territories. Some EU Member States accept free circulation of harmonized aircraft; others require registration in the state where the operator is based. This article aims to assess whether ‘traffic rights’ for non-commercial air operators can be derived from EU’s harmonized civil aviation rules or other EU law. I conclude that aircraft subject to EU harmonization of technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air operations can circulate freely intra EU, regardless of where the EU operator is based, provided that the aircraft is registered in an EU Member State. The extent of such ‘traffic rights’ for aircraft registered in third countries, i.e., in states other than Member States of the EU or the European Free Trade Association, is less clear. EU harmonization of technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air operations also sought to address third country aircraft based in Member States. However, EU regulation on airworthiness of such aircraft is supplemented by airworthiness rules laid down by the State of registry, and it may be that the level of harmonization within this area must be considered partial. If so, EU Member States might be able to impose national requirements within the limits of Articles 5(1) and 31 of the Chicago Convention, provided that these requirements are compatible with fundamental freedoms of EU law. traffic rights, non-commercial aviation, non-traffic purposes, Chicago Convention, EU law

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Hubert, Ph, J. J. Nguyen-Huu, B. Boulanger, E. Chapuzet, N. Cohen, P. A. Compagnon, W. Dewé, et al. "Harmonization of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures: A SFSTP proposal." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 48, no. 3 (November 2008): 760–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.018.

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Ainslie, Michael A., S. Bruce Martin, Krista B. Trounce, David E. Hannay, Justin M. Eickmeier, Terry J. Deveau, Klaus Lucke, Alexander O. MacGillivray, Veronique Nolet, and Pablo Borys. "International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise." Marine Pollution Bulletin 174 (January 2022): 113124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113124.

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Bogacki, Sylwester, and Tomasz Wołowiec. "HARMONIZATION OF PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION: IS IT POSSIBLE AND IF SO, DOES IT MAKE ECONOMIC SENSE?" International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0432.

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The main research question is based on the thesis that harmonization of personal income taxation in the European Union is, on the one hand, not possible and, on the other hand, not advisable Harmonization of income taxes is much more difficult than harmonization of indirect taxes from the practical, technical and legal perspective and is a result of: (a) when creating the Treaty of Rome it was decided that direct taxes would not have a notable impact on the operations of the internal market, and that approach led to a lack of appro-priate regulations, especially in the area of personal income taxes; (b) income taxes, as forms of direct taxation are an important tool for fiscal policy that affects social and eco-nomic activities and it is difficult for politicians to abandon this tool for managing national policies; (c) directives requiring the formulation of direct tax harmonization must be agreed upon with a majority vote in the national Assemblies (Parliaments), which leads to a lack of consensus on desired aims, costs and benefits, procedures; (d) progress in direct tax harmonization creates an aura of challenges to the tax independence if nations and leads to entrenchment of state and elite positions; (e) EU States Mmember states have different rules for remunerating employees, setting incomes from retirement funds and affecting the structure of income-generating costs and expenditures that reduce the tax base.

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Kouty, Manfred. "Implementing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): The Effects of Trade Procedures on Trade Flows." Research in Applied Economics 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v13i1.18468.

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In January 2018, the 10th African Union (AU) Summit of African Heads of States and Governments was held in Kigali. At this occasion, 44 countries had signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. In this study, it is pointed out that the implementation of AfCFTA cannot be done without harmonized trade procedures. Using a gravity model of 49 African countries over the 2010-2015 periods, the study estimates the impact of inefficient trade procedures on intra-African trade. The results show that trade procedures such as the number of documents required to import goods and Border compliance negatively affect intra-African trade. This suggests the need of harmonization and rationalization of trade procedures to boost intra-African trade.

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Ferenczi-Fodor, Katalin, Zoltán Végh, Anikó Nagy-Turák, Bernd Renger, and Marco Zeller. "Validation and Quality Assurance of Planar Chromatographic Procedures in Pharmaceutical Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.4.1265.

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Abstract Within the process of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), 2 guidelines were released containing a standardized terminology, a verified model of requirements for the validation of analytical procedures, and some guidance in the practical aspects of conducting validation studies in pharmaceutical analysis. For planar chromatographic procedures, which may be used at different levels either in qualitative identity testing, assays, semiquantitative limit tests, or quantitative determination of impurities, this paper tries to transfer these formal requirements into practical approaches for validation. Basic acceptance criteria for evaluation of validation experiments based on practical experience are proposed. In addition, selected parameters for robustness testing of given procedures and quality assurance of quantitative planar chromatographic testing by control charts is described.

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Amari, A. S. G., A. N’Guessan, J. G. Sackou, A. C. Amonkou, P. M. Alloukou, and R. Duncan. "MEDICINES HARMONIZATION IN WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (WAEMU) COUNTRIES." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 2, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v2i1.121.

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With the blessing of WHO, the different regions of West Africa engaged in Pharmaceutical regulation harmonization processes on the continent. Indeed, In west Africa, WAEMU actions on the matter ended in the production of juridical rules opposable to member states who rationalize watching/control procedures and medicine marketing for both human medicine and veterinary products. What remains then to member states is to appropriate community regulation hoping that Pharmaceutical cooperation reinforcement with ECOWAS, that other sub regional economical organization, grows stronger in order to improve drug use and manufacturing in West African area.

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Bachmann, Lorin M., Min Yu, James C. Boyd, David E. Bruns, and W. Greg Miller. "State of Harmonization of 24 Serum Albumin Measurement Procedures and Implications for Medical Decisions." Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 770–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.262899.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Measurements of serum and plasma albumin are widely used in medicine, including as indicators of quality of patient care in renal dialysis centers. METHODS Pools were prepared from residual patient serum (n = 50) and heparin plasma (n = 48) from patients without renal disease, and serum from patients with kidney failure before hemodialysis (n = 53). Albumin was measured in all samples and in ERM-DA470k/IFCC reference material (RM) by 3 immunochemical, 9 bromcresol green (BCG), and 12 bromcresol purple (BCP) methods. RESULTS Two of 3 immunochemical procedures, 5 of 9 BCG, and 10 of 12 BCP methods recovered the RM value within its uncertainty. One immunochemical and 3 BCG methods were biased vs the RM value. Random error components were small for all measurement procedures. The Tina-quant immunochemical method was chosen as the reference measurement procedure based on recovery and results of error analyses. Mean biases for BCG vs Tina-quant were 1.5% to 13.9% and were larger at lower albumin concentrations. BCP methods' mean biases were −5.4% to 1.2% irrespective of albumin concentration. Biases for plasma samples were generally higher than for serum samples for all method types. For most measurement procedures, biases were lower for serum from patients on hemodialysis vs patients without kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences among immunochemical, BCG, and BCP methods compromise interpretation of serum albumin results. Guidelines and calculations for clinical management of kidney and other diseases must consider the method used for albumin measurement until harmonization can be achieved.

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Magro, Fernando, Glen Doherty, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Magali Svrcek, Paula Borralho, Alissa Walsh, Fatima Carneiro, et al. "ECCO Position Paper: Harmonization of the Approach to Ulcerative Colitis Histopathology." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 1503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa110.

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Abstract Currently, the main targets of drug therapy for ulcerative colitis [UC] are endoscopic and clinical remission. However, there is active discussion about the additional advantages of including histological remission as a target. Accumulating evidence indicates that microscopic activity persists in endoscopically quiescent UC, that histological changes may lag behind clinical remission after treatment, and that absence of histological activity predicts lower rates of relapse, hospitalization, surgery and subsequent neoplasia. Obtaining useful information from mucosal biopsies in this setting depends on accurate and consistent evaluation of histological features. However, there is no standardization of biopsy procedures, histological sample processing technique or histological scoring systems, and there is no agreement on the definitions of histological remission, response or activity. Accordingly, a consensus expert panel convened by the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] reviewed the literature and agreed a number of position statements regarding harmonization of UC histopathology. The objective was to provide evidence-based guidance for the standardization and harmonization of procedures, definitions and scoring systems for histology in UC, and to reach expert consensus where possible. We propose the absence of intraepithelial neutrophils, erosion and ulceration as a minimum requirement for the definition of histological remission. For randomized control trials we recommend the use of the Robarts histopathology index [RHI] or the Nancy index [NI]. For observational studies or in clinical practice we recommend the use of the NI. To predict the risk of future neoplasia in UC, cumulative histological scores over time are more useful than single scores.

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Bovis, Christopher. "Public procurement in the EU: Jurisprudence and conceptual directions." Common Market Law Review 49, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 247–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2012008.

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The present article reviews the emerging conceptual themes from the case law of the European Court of Justice which have triggered the revision of the public procurement Directives, and the alignment of the public procurement acquis with the Europe 2020 Growth Strategy. The Court's jurisprudence has instrumentally influenced the interpretation of public procurement legal concepts such as contracting authorities, the remit of selection and qualification criteria, the parameters for contracting authorities to use environmental and social considerations as award criteria and the principles which underpin the remedies in the award of public contracts. However, the exhaustive harmonization which is inherent in the public procurement directives has caused significant porosity and limitations in the effectiveness of the public procurement acquis. Service concessions, contracts awarded by a contracting authority to another contracting authority on the basis of exclusive rights, public-public partnerships and in-house contractual relations, and contracts which fall below the stipulated value thresholds all reflect upon the forthcoming reforms of the public procurement regime.

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PREDA, Ionel, and Cezar-Petre SIMION. "USE OF "THE LOWEST PRICE" AWARD CRITERION IN THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN ROMANIA." Business Excellence and Management 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2019.9.3-03.

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Taking into account the very large sums being spent through the Romanian public procurement system (approximately 8% of the GDP), analysing the award criteria used in the procurement procedures is an important element that influences the achievement of the economic and social efficiency of procurement. The article describes the criteria for public procurement award in Romania, focusing on the most used criterion, namely the lowest price. It also presents the advantages and disadvantages of using this criterion, statistical situations at national and European level, the difficulties encountered in using this criterion by contracting authorities and the vulnerabilities of tenderers participating in the procurement procedures which use for the award the criterion under consideration.

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Thomas, Erin, and Nicole Duclos. "Enforcement of ICSID Awards in the United States." BCDR International Arbitration Review 2, Issue 2 (December 1, 2015): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2015021.

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The ICSID Convention’s self-contained recognition and enforcement regime has long been touted as a unique and, from the perspective of award creditors, favorable feature of the treaty. However, the legislation implementing this regime in the United States does not clearly spell out the procedures that courts must follow in discharging their recognition and enforcement obligations. As a result, U.S. federal courts have adopted diverging approaches to enforcement of ICSID awards. Some courts require award creditors to commence a formal action on the award, while others permit ex parte recognition. This article examines U.S. federal courts’ implementation of their recognition and enforcement obligations under the ICSID Convention, focusing in particular on the current divide regarding proper enforcement procedures and the rationales underlying these divergent approaches.

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Lippi, Giuseppe, and Ana-Maria Simundic. "The EFLM strategy for harmonization of the preanalytical phase." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0277.

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Abstract The Working Group for the Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE) was officially established by the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) in 2013, with the aim of improving harmonization in the preanalytical phase across European member societies. Since its early birth, the WG-PRE has already completed a number of projects, including harmonizing the definition of fasting status, patient and blood tubes identification, color coding of blood collection tubes, sequence of tubes during blood drawing and participation in the development of suitable preanalytical quality indicators. The WG-PRE has also provided guidance on local validation of blood collection tubes, has performed two European surveys on blood sampling procedures and has organized four European meetings to promote the importance of quality in the preanalytical phase. The future activities entail development and validation of an external quality assessment scheme focused on preanalytical variables, development and dissemination of a survey about the local management of unsuitable samples in clinical laboratories, as well as release of EFLM phlebotomy guidelines. This article summarizes all recent achievements of the WG-PRE and illustrates future projects to promote harmonization in the preanalytical phase.

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Teunissen, Charlotte E., Niek A. Verwey, Maartje I. Kester, Kees van Uffelen та Marinus A. Blankenstein. "Standardization of Assay Procedures for Analysis of the CSF Biomarkers Amyloidβ(1-42), Tau, and Phosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer's Disease: Report of an International Workshop". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/635053.

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Large variation in assay performance and outcomes of CSF Aβ1-42, total Tau (Tau), and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) (at amino acid 181) levels is observed between laboratories. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in assay procedures between several experienced international laboratories, as potential sources of error. 14 groups performed the Aβ42, Tau, and pTau assays according to the guidelines of the manufacturer. Differences in analytical procedures between the laboratories were monitored. At least 23 items in assay procedures were identified that varied between the laboratories, including procedures for washing, pipetting, incubation, finishing, and sample handing. In general, the inter- and intra-assay variation between the groups was generally below 10% for all three assays. We concluded that 17 international centers that use the same assays for Aβ42, Tau and pTau on a regular basis do not uniformly adhere to the procedures recommended by the manufacturer. For harmonization of intercenter results of these biomarkers standardization of protocols is highly needed.

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Yurynets, Oksana. "Priority problems of the work of Ukrainian customs authorities in the terms of European and Euro-Atlantic integration." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.01.096.

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Today, more and more companies focus on problems in customs clearance of products crossing the border during the implementation of export-import activities. In the context of European and Euro- Atlantic integration, which promote the accession of Ukrainian enterprises to the single European market, one of the priority tasks is the urgent solution of existing problems in the customs sphere. After all, one of the integral stages of Ukraine’s economic integration into the European Union is the successful accession of customs authorities to the Customs Union through harmonization of customs procedures with European norms, introduction of common customs principles and permanent improvement of customs activities on the basis of progressive customs instruments. The results of the survey of domestic exporters and importers that was conducted by the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting indicated the following key problems in the work of Ukrainian customs authorities: insufficient quality of customs legislation; low level of transparency and openness of customs authorities; corruption and bribery among customs officers; intentional overstatement of the customs value of goods; low level of quality of technical support of customs authorities; low level of qualification of customs officers; frequent changes in the organizational management structure of customs authorities and their management; burdensome fiscal function of customs authorities. The identified problems in the work of customs authorities of Ukraine in the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration made it possible to identify priority directions for improving customs procedures: increasing efficiency, transparency and non-discrimination of customs procedures for export-import operations, reducing the cost of customs clearance for export-import, absolute harmonization of domestic customs legislation with European norms, unification of customs procedures with European customs practices in export-import operations, reduction of bureaucracy of customs procedures in export-import operations, optimization of customs payments in export-import operations, etc. The implementation of these directions of improvement of customs procedures in the export-import operations should take place with the use of specific urgent customs instruments, which will promptly solve the existing urgent problems in the work of customs authorities.

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Mehta, Saurabh, Susannah Colt, Seoho Lee, and David Erickson. "Rainer Gross Award Lecture 2016." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 2 (May 17, 2017): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117709157.

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The need for improving methods of nutritional assessment and delivering primary health care globally cannot be overemphasized. While advances in medical technology typically create more disparities because of access being limited to resource-rich settings, a transition of health care to a mobile platform is increasingly leveling the field. Technological advances offer opportunities to scale laboratory procedures down to mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Globalization also provides the required infrastructure and network capacity to support the use of mobile health devices in developing settings where nutritional deficiencies are most prevalent. Here, we discuss some of the applications and advantages provided by expanding markets of biomarker measurement coupled with primary health care and public health systems and how this is enhancing access and delivery of health services with significant global impact.

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Egwunatum, Samuel I., Andrew I. Awo-Osagie, Imoleayo A. Awodele, and Emmanuel C. Eze. "Predicting Cost Performance of Construction Projects from Projects Procurement Procedure." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 11, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2021-0018.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show by multivariate regression model if a defective procurement procedure leading to a contract award affects the smooth execution of a project in terms of its cost performance on the strength of the significance of the model. This investigation was conducted with a quantitative method of research by administering questionnaires to key industry players (clients, consultants, and contractors) engaged in construction projects (both civil and building works) in assessing contract award procedures, conditions for contract award after tender evaluation and criteria for contractors’ prequalification. Data from their field survey was analysed with mean item score to show hierarchal importance of factors and critical evaluation using multivariate analysis of variance. Findings showed that a poor and inappropriate contract award procedure has divergence from efficient project cost management based on the corollary of mean score values of contract award procedures, conditions for the award and prequalification test. The practical implication of this, is that an unbiased contract award procedure will apparently lead to a lesser strenuous project management effort towards mitigating cost spills and overruns for a lesser project abandonment if the right contractor with the right capabilities is awarded the contract. These implications stem from the originality of the investigation arising from F-value statistics (7.406), t-value statistics (3.046), and p-value of 0.003.

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Tregubov, Aleksey N. "The Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Customs Code of the European Union: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Approaches to Harmonization of the Relationships in the Customs Affairs Sector." Administrative law and procedure 3 (March 4, 2021): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2021-3-72-74.

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The Dynamic development of the economy, increased competition between producers of material goods, and the need to expand sales markets leads to the need to increase trade between countries. Administrative barriers have a significant impact on the speed of movement of goods, and as a result on the amount of material and time costs associated with their movement. The development of international trade, which is directly dependent on the effectiveness of customs procedures, required the approval of common principles and approaches to the simplification of customs formalities, which are enshrined in the International Convention on the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures from may 18, 1973.

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Manfra, Loredana, Claudia Virno Lamberti, Silvia Ceracchi, Giordano Giorgi, Daniela Berto, Marina Lipizer, Michele Giani, et al. "Challenges in Harmonized Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Monitoring and Decommissioning Procedures of Offshore Platforms in Adriatic-Ionian (ADRION) Region." Water 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092460.

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A harmonized and integrated approach for monitoring and assessment of contamination, including hydrocarbon exploitation one, is required both by Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) at EU level and by the Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) program of the Barcelona Convention at Mediterranean level. A broad review of protocols of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures, monitoring and decommissioning of offshore platforms adopted by EU and non-EU countries along the Adriatic-Ionian seas was carried out in the framework of the Interreg offshore platforms in Adriatic-Ionian (ADRION) project HarmoNIA (Harmonization and networking for contaminant assessment in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas). The comparison of information provided by six ADRION countries and the application of a harmonized and integrated approach has highlighted specific challenges for managing offshore platform impacts emerged at ADRION level: (i) need of the same legislative level (the Offshore Protocol of Barcelona Convention is not ratified by all countries); (ii) set up of a task force of ADRION experts for discussing critical issues related to impacts of offshore platforms; (iii) harmonization, at the regional level, of EIA procedures, monitoring and decommissioning; (iv) need of an agreed and common list of recommended parameters to monitor in water, sediment and biota for the assessment of impacts due to platform installations and PFW discharges.

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Misiuk, Benjamin, Craig J. Brown, Katleen Robert, and Myriam Lacharité. "Harmonizing Multi-Source Sonar Backscatter Datasets for Seabed Mapping Using Bulk Shift Approaches." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040601.

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The development of multibeam echosounders (MBES) as a seabed mapping tool has resulted in the widespread uptake of backscatter intensity as an indicator of seabed substrate properties. Though increasingly common, the lack of standard calibration and the characteristics of individual sonars generally produce backscatter measurements that are relative to a given survey, presenting major challenges for seabed mapping in areas that comprise multiple MBES surveys. Here, we explore methods for backscatter dataset harmonization that leverage areas of mutual overlap between surveys for relative statistical calibration—referred to as “bulk shift” approaches. We use three multispectral MBES datasets to simulate the harmonization of backscatter collected over multiple years, and using multiple operating frequencies. Results suggest that relatively simple statistical models are adequate for bulk shift harmonization procedures, and that more flexible approaches may produce inconsistent results that risk statistical overfitting. While harmonizing datasets collected using the same operating frequency from separate surveys is generally feasible given reasonable temporal limitations, results suggest that the success at harmonizing datasets of different operating frequencies partly depends on the extent to which the frequencies differ. We recommend approaches and diagnostics for ensuring the quality of harmonized backscatter mosaics, and provide an R function for implementing the methods presented here.

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Pietrzyck, Katja, Nora Berke, Vanessa Wendel, Julia Steinhoff-Wagner, Sebastian Jarzębowski, and Brigitte Petersen. "Understanding the Importance of International Quality Standards Regarding Global Trade in Food and Agricultural Products: Analysis of the German Media." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040328.

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Rapid globalization of the agrifood industry has important impacts on international trade and quality management (QM). Likewise, the European Union has negotiated a series of bilateral free trade agreements. Of note was the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the United States of America, where the debate focused on the mutual recognition and harmonization of quality standards, especially for agricultural and food products. This topic offered the mainstream media excellent substances for coverage. This paper explores German print media, television, and radio on the importance of international quality standards in the agrifood sectors in light of the TTIP. A quantitative and qualitative empirical content analysis was performed to investigate media reporting regarding (a) it is scientific character, (b) the use of the term “quality standards” of the agrifood industry, and (c) the reporting on the agrifood industry and QM linked with TTIP, focused on harmonization. The results showed that interrelations between QM and global trade were not presented to recipients in-depth. A trend toward information asymmetries in recipient’s knowledge is indicated. The study addresses recommendations for future collaborations between media, policy-makers, and further cooperation in the mutual recognition and harmonization of quality standards and control procedures within global trade.

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Rinke Dias de Souza, Nariê, Bruno Colling Klein, Mateus Ferreira Chagas, Otavio Cavalett, and Antonio Bonomi. "Towards Comparable Carbon Credits: Harmonization of LCA Models of Cellulosic Biofuels." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 10371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810371.

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Decarbonization programs are being proposed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models or tools. Although such models are broadly accepted, varying results are often observed. This study describes similarities and differences of key decarbonization programs and their GHG calculators and compares established LCA models for assessing 2G ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstock. The selected LCA models were GHGenius, GREET, JRC’s model, and VSB, which originated calculators for British Columbia’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Renewable Energy Directive, and RenovaBio, respectively. We performed a harmonization of the selected models by inserting data of one model into other ones to illustrate the possibility of obtaining similar results after a few harmonization steps and to determine which parameters have higher contribution to closing the gap between default results. Differences among 2G ethanol from wheat straw were limited to 0.1 gCO2eq. MJ−1, and discrepancies in emissions decreased by 95% and 78% for corn stover and forest residues, respectively. Better understanding of structure, calculation procedures, parameters, and methodological assumptions among the LCA models is a first step towards an improved harmonization that will allow a globally accepted and exchangeable carbon credit system to be created.

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Haddad, Marwan. "An Islamic perspective on food security management." Water Policy 14, S1 (March 1, 2012): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.006.

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Islamic regulation has a balanced management approach to food management and towards attaining sustainable food security. This approach includes many social, spiritual, resource supply, security, and institutionally-related perspectives. If harmonization between Allah's1 orders and Moslem behavior was maintained, either within or outside an Islamic state, food security would already be happening, succeeding, and sustaining, regardless of time or space. An institutional structure to maintain this harmonization with regard to food security management in an Islamic State was proposed, including three interconnected departments responsible for interrelated administration and duties: a Moslem Treasury Department, Department of Food Reserves, and Department of Social Affairs. The three departments would be governed by a Moslem Council of Consultants. A thorough discussion of the Islamic view of food security and related water policy implications was presented including the leading rules and specifications, the administrative aspects required, procedures used and guiding directions for proper development and planning.

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