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1
Loughnan, Margaret, Neville Nicholls, and Nigel J. Tapper. "Mapping Heat Health Risks in Urban Areas." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (September 24, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/518687.
Анотація:
Periods of extreme heat pose a risk to the health of individuals, especially the elderly, the very young, and the chronically ill. Risk factors include housing characteristics, and socioeconomic factors, or environmental risk factors such as urban heat islands. This study developed an index of population vulnerability in an urban setting using known environmental, demographic, and health-related risk factors for heat stress. The spatial variations in risk factors were correlated with spatial variation in heat-related health outcomes in urban Melbourne. The index was weighted using measured health outcomes during heatwave periods. The index was then mapped to produce a spatial representation of risk. The key risk factors were identified as areas with aged care facilities, higher proportions of older people living alone, living in suburban rather than inner city areas, and areas with larger proportions of people who spoke a language other than English at home. The maps of spatial vulnerability provide information to target heat-related health risks by aiding policy advisors, urban planners, healthcare professionals, and ancillary services to develop heatwave preparedness plans at a local scale.
2
Beckmann, Sabrina, and Michael Hiete. "Predictors Associated with Health-Related Heat Risk Perception of Urban Citizens in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030874.
Анотація:
The rising probability of extremely high temperatures and an increasing number of consecutive hot days caused by climate change—combined with the impact of these high temperatures on human health—is widely discussed in the literature. There are calls for the development of heatwave adaptation measures by governmental and scientific institutions. In this research, the predictors of health-related heat risk perception of urban citizens in Augsburg, Germany, were investigated. An online survey was conducted with 468 citizens, asking about their heat risk perception, knowledge about heat risks, and demographic data and health information. Statistical methods (Spearman correlation, unpaired t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression) were used to determine which factors were significant and relevant. The results show that the knowledge of heat risks, heat risk sensitivity and an external locus of control are the most important factors for heat risk perception. The health implication score and chronic disease show significant effects in descriptive statistics. Furthermore, younger people showed the highest heat risk perception of all age groups. Surprisingly, income, education, living alone and gender did not play a role in heat risk perception. The findings imply a need for better and intensified heat risk communication in urban areas—especially among elderly people—and thus are important for creating acceptance towards heat wave risks, which is a prerequisite of willingness to adapt.
3
Loughnan, Margaret, Nigel Tapper, and Thu Phan. "Identifying Vulnerable Populations in Subtropical Brisbane, Australia: A Guide for Heatwave Preparedness and Health Promotion." ISRN Epidemiology 2014 (February 18, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/821759.
Анотація:
Building healthy societies is a key step towards climate resilient communities. Ill health is related to increased risk during heat events and is disproportionally distributed within and between communities. To understand the differences in the spatial distribution of climate related health risks and how this will change in the future we have undertaken a spatiotemporal analysis of heatwave risks in urban populations in Brisbane, Australia. The aim of this was to advise emergency managers and public health authorities of high-risk areas during extreme heat events (EHEs). The spatial distribution of heat related morbidity identified areas of high healthcare service demand during EHEs. An index of risk was developed based on social and environmental determinants of vulnerability. Regression analysis was used to determine the key drivers of heat related morbidity from the index. A weighted map of population vulnerability was produced which identified the high risk areas and provided key information to target public health interventions and heat stress prevention policy. The predicted changes in high risk populations such as the proportion of elderly people living in urban areas were also mapped to support longer term adaptation and develop health care infrastructure and health promotion strategies.
4
Johnson, Daniel P., Jeffrey S. Wilson, and George C. Luber. "Socioeconomic indicators of heat-related health risk supplemented with remotely sensed data." International Journal of Health Geographics 8, no. 1 (2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-8-57.
5
Esplin, Emily D., Jennifer R. Marlon, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Peter D. Howe. "“Can You Take the Heat?” Heat-Induced Health Symptoms Are Associated with Protective Behaviors." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0035.1.
Анотація:
Abstract The risks associated with extreme heat are increasing as heat waves become more frequent and severe across larger areas. As people begin to experience heat waves more often and in more places, how will individuals respond? Measuring experience with heat simply as exposure to extreme temperatures may not fully capture how people subjectively experience those temperatures or their varied impacts on human health. These impacts may also influence an individual’s response to heat and motivate risk-reduction behaviors. If subjectively experiencing negative health effects from extreme heat promotes protective actions, these effects could be used alongside temperature exposure to more accurately measure extreme heat experience and inform risk prevention and communication strategies according to local community needs. Using a multilevel regression model, this study analyzes georeferenced national survey data to assess whether Americans’ exposure to extreme heat and experience with its health effects are associated with self-reported protective behaviors. Subjective experience with heat-related health symptoms strongly predicted all reported protective behaviors while measured heat exposure had a much weaker influence. Risk perception was strongly associated with some behaviors. This study focuses particularly on the practice of checking on family, friends, and neighbors during a heat wave, which can be carried out by many people. For this behavior, age, race/ethnicity, gender, and income, along with subjective experience and risk perception, were important predictors. Results suggest that the subjective experience of extreme heat influences health-related behavioral responses and should therefore be considered when designing or improving local heat protection plans.
6
Rogers, Bonnie, Kristin Stiehl, Jennifer Borst, Andrea Hess, and Shauna Hutchins. "Heat-Related Illnesses." AAOHN Journal 55, no. 7 (July 2007): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990705500704.
Анотація:
Heat-related illnesses can occur in workplaces where hot environments pose a threat to at-risk workers. Operations involving high air temperatures and humidity, radiant heat sources, direct physical contact with hot objects, or strenuous physical activities have potential for inducing heat stress in employees engaged in job functions in specific industries. Exposure to high temperatures can lead to a progression of symptoms in the body, which can result in widespread tissue damage, organ damage, and even death if not treated in a timely and effective manner. Strategies to reduce the effects of heat in the workplace include engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. Occupational and environmental health nurses must be able to recognize and treat the broad range of symptoms that can result from exposure to high temperatures. They must work together with interdisciplinary teams to provide training and education to the work force so that workers are able to take appropriate measures to prevent the onset of a heat-related illness, recognize the early symptoms, and seek treatment. Interdisciplinary teams must ensure that appropriate controls in the work environment reduce the risk of heat exposure and related heat stress disorders. Education and early intervention are key to avoiding heat-induced illness and eliminating or minimizing the effects of high temperature environments.
7
Lambrecht, Kathryn, Benjamin J. Hatchett, Kristin VanderMolen, and Bianca Feldkircher. "Identifying community values related to heat: recommendations for forecast and health risk communication." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 4 (December 13, 2021): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-517-2021.
Анотація:
Abstract. Effective communication of heat risk to public audiences is critical for promoting behavioral changes that reduce susceptibility to heat-related illness. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) provides heat-related information to the public using social media platforms such as Facebook. We applied a novel rhetorical framework to evaluate 5 years (2015–2019) of public responses to heat-related Facebook posts from the NWS office in Phoenix (Arizona) to identify “commonplaces” or community norms, beliefs, and values that may present challenges to the effectiveness of heat risk communication. Phoenix is in one of the hottest regions in North America and is the 10th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. We found the following two key commonplaces: (1) the normalization of heat and (2) heat as a marker of community identity. These commonplaces imply that local audiences may be resistant to behavioral change, but they can also be harnessed in an effort to promote protective action. We also found that public responses to NWS posts declined over the heat season, further suggesting the normalization of heat and highlighting the need to maintain engagement. This work provides a readily generalizable framework for other messengers of high-impact weather events to improve the effectiveness of their communication with receiver audiences.
8
Morefield, Philip, Neal Fann, Anne Grambsch, William Raich, and Christopher Weaver. "Heat-Related Health Impacts under Scenarios of Climate and Population Change." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112438.
Анотація:
Recent assessments have found that a warming climate, with associated increases in extreme heat events, could profoundly affect human health. This paper describes a new modeling and analysis framework, built around the Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition (BenMAP), for estimating heat-related mortality as a function of changes in key factors that determine the health impacts of extreme heat. This new framework has the flexibility to integrate these factors within health risk assessments, and to sample across the uncertainties in them, to provide a more comprehensive picture of total health risk from climate-driven increases in extreme heat. We illustrate the framework’s potential with an updated set of projected heat-related mortality estimates for the United States. These projections combine downscaled Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) climate model simulations for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5, using the new Locating and Selecting Scenarios Online (LASSO) tool to select the most relevant downscaled climate realizations for the study, with new population projections from EPA’s Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) project. Results suggest that future changes in climate could cause approximately from 3000 to more than 16,000 heat-related deaths nationally on an annual basis. This work demonstrates that uncertainties associated with both future population and future climate strongly influence projected heat-related mortality. This framework can be used to systematically evaluate the sensitivity of projected future heat-related mortality to the key driving factors and major sources of methodological uncertainty inherent in such calculations, improving the scientific foundations of risk-based assessments of climate change and human health.
9
Sun, Qian, Grace Yun, and Ting Ling. "Identifying Heat Health Risks in the Urban Areas of Western Australia (WA) – An Enhanced Heat Vulnerability Assessment." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-356-2019.
Анотація:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The impact of heat on health can be more significant in urban areas with more population and where the microclimate is often unintentionally modified to create the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Extreme heat and UHI pose a risk to the health of vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly, the very young, and those need care. Vulnerability has become a central concept in climate change research and policy. To assess it, many studies have used equal weighted cumulative indices to aggregate multiple factors into a composite HVI (Heat Vulnerability Index) and analyse the differences and intensity across local areas and regions. However, the aggregation and equal weighting rationality, and the disregard of spatial correlation can result in inaccurate explanation on local vulnerabilities.</p><p>This study develops an enhanced index of population heat vulnerability (HVI) in Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia (WA), using environmental, demographic, and health-related risk factors for heat exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capability. Satellite derived urban heat island data and community profiles were integrated by a spatial risk assessment methodology to highlight potential heat health risk areas and build the foundations for mitigation and adaptation plans. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the key risk factors for heat vulnerability. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to model the spatial relationships between temperature and other contributing factors to produce weights for calculating HVI. The index was finally mapped to produce a spatial representation of risk. The maps of spatial heat health vulnerability provide information to target heat-related health risks by aiding policy advisors, healthcare professionals, and ancillary services to develop heatwave preparedness plans at a local scale.</p>
10
Howe, Peter D., Jennifer R. Marlon, Xinran Wang, and Anthony Leiserowitz. "Public perceptions of the health risks of extreme heat across US states, counties, and neighborhoods." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 12, 2019): 6743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813145116.
Анотація:
Extreme heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States. Many individuals, however, fail to perceive this risk, which will be exacerbated by global warming. Given that awareness of one’s physical and social vulnerability is a critical precursor to preparedness for extreme weather events, understanding Americans’ perceptions of heat risk and their geographic variability is essential for promoting adaptive behaviors during heat waves. Using a large original survey dataset of 9,217 respondents, we create and validate a model of Americans’ perceived risk to their health from extreme heat in all 50 US states, 3,142 counties, and 72,429 populated census tracts. States in warm climates (e.g., Texas, Nevada, and Hawaii) have some of the highest heat-risk perceptions, yet states in cooler climates often face greater health risks from heat. Likewise, places with older populations who have increased vulnerability to health effects of heat tend to have lower risk perceptions, putting them at even greater risk since lack of awareness is a barrier to adaptive responses. Poorer neighborhoods and those with larger minority populations generally have higher risk perceptions than wealthier neighborhoods with more white residents, consistent with vulnerability differences across these populations. Comprehensive models of extreme weather risks, exposure, and effects should take individual perceptions, which motivate behavior, into account. Understanding risk perceptions at fine spatial scales can also support targeting of communication and education initiatives to where heat adaptation efforts are most needed.
11
Zottarelli, Lisa K., Starla A. Blake, and Michelle T. Garza. "Communicating Heat-Health Information to the Public: Assessing Municipal Government Extreme Heat Event Website Content." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-21-0019.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Extreme heat events pose a threat to human health. Forecasting and warning strategies have been developed to mitigate heat-health hazards. Yet, studies have found that the public lacks knowledge about their heat-health risks and preventive actions to take to reduce risks. Local governmental websites are an important means to communicate preparedness to the public. The purpose of this study is to examine information provided to the public on municipal government web pages of the 10 most populous U.S. cities. A two-level document and content analyses were conducted. A direct content analysis was conducted using federal government websites and documents to create the Extreme Heat Event Public Response Rubric. The rubric contains two broad categories of populations and actions that are further specified. The rubric was then used to examine local government extreme heat event websites for the 10 most populous cities in the United States. The examination of the local government sites found that information included on the websites failed to identify the breadth of populations at greater risk for adverse heat-health outcomes and omitted some recommended actions designed to prevent adverse heat-health events. Local governments often communicated concrete and simple content to the public but more complex information was not included on their websites. Significance Statement Extreme heat is the leading weather-related cause of mortality in the United States annually. Public response to extreme heat events requires that the public understand their risk and know the actions to take to mitigate that risk. The public seeks information from local government websites. Our results found that many local government websites did not provide the information to the public on the array of conditions and factors that put people at a greater risk for an adverse heat-health event, nor did the websites include information on the variety of actions that the public should take in response to an extreme heat event in order to reduce their risks. Addressing the omission of the information on these websites may improve public response to extreme heat events.
12
McLain, Larry G. "Heat-related Conditions Compound Existing Health Problems and Put All Young Athletes at Risk." Pediatric Annals 32, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-20031101-09.
13
Di Napoli, Claudia, Florian Pappenberger, and Hannah L. Cloke. "Assessing heat-related health risk in Europe via the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)." International Journal of Biometeorology 62, no. 7 (March 15, 2018): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1518-2.
14
Boonruksa, Pongsit, Thatkhwan Maturachon, Pornpimol Kongtip, and Susan Woskie. "Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176363.
Анотація:
Prolonged or intense exposure to heat can lead to a range of health effects. This study investigated heat exposure and heat-related symptoms which sugarcane workers (90 sugarcane cutters and 93 factory workers) experienced during a harvesting season in Thailand. During the hottest month of harvesting season, wet bulb globe temperature was collected in the work environment, and workloads observed, to assess heat stress. Urine samples for dehydration test, blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature were measured pre- and post-shift to measure heat strain. Fluid intake and heat-related symptoms which subjects had experienced during the harvesting season were gathered via interviews at the end of the season. From the results, sugarcane cutters showed high risk for heat stress and strain, unlike factory workers who had low risk based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for heat stress. Dehydration was observed among sugarcane cutters and significant physiological changes including heart rate, body temperature, and systolic blood pressure occurred across the work shift. Significantly more sugarcane cutters reported experiencing heat-related symptoms including weakness/fatigue, heavy sweating, headache, rash, muscle cramp, dry mouth, dizziness, fever, dry/cracking skin, and swelling, compared to sugarcane factory workers. We conclude that the heat stress experienced by sugarcane cutters working in extremely hot environments, with high workloads, is associated with acute health effects. Preventive and control measures for heat stress are needed to reduce the risk of heat strain.
15
Odame, Emmanuel, Ying Li, Shimin Zheng, Ambarish Vaidyanathan, and Ken Silver. "Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081597.
Анотація:
Most epidemiological studies of high temperature effects on mortality have focused on urban settings, while heat-related health risks in rural areas remain underexplored. To date there has been no meta-analysis of epidemiologic literature concerning heat-related mortality in rural settings. This study aims to systematically review the current literature for assessing heat-related mortality risk among rural populations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify articles published up to April 2018. Key selection criteria included study location, health endpoints, and study design. Fourteen studies conducted in rural areas in seven countries on four continents met the selection criteria, and eleven were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the pooled estimates of relative risks (RRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were 1.030 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.048) and 1.111 (95% CI: 1.045, 1.181) per 1 °C increase in daily mean temperature, respectively. We found excess risks in rural settings not to be smaller than risks in urban settings. Our results suggest that rural populations, like urban populations, are also vulnerable to heat-related mortality. Further evaluation of heat-related mortality among rural populations is warranted to develop public health interventions in rural communities.
16
Lung, Shih-Chun Candice, Jou-Chen Joy Yeh, and Jing-Shiang Hwang. "Selecting Thresholds of Heat-Warning Systems with Substantial Enhancement of Essential Population Health Outcomes for Facilitating Implementation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 9506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189506.
Анотація:
Most heat-health studies identified thresholds just outside human comfort zones, which are often too low to be used in heat-warning systems for reducing climate-related health risks. We refined a generalized additive model for selecting thresholds with substantial health risk enhancement, based on Taiwan population records of 2000–2017, considering lag effects and different spatial scales. Reference-adjusted risk ratio (RaRR) is proposed, defined as the ratio between the relative risk of an essential health outcome for a threshold candidate against that for a reference; the threshold with the highest RaRR is potentially the optimal one. It was found that the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a more sensitive heat-health indicator than temperature. At lag 0, the highest RaRR (1.66) with WBGT occurred in emergency visits of children, while that in hospital visits occurred for the working-age group (1.19), presumably due to high exposure while engaging in outdoor activities. For most sex, age, and sub-region categories, the RaRRs of emergency visits were higher than those of hospital visits and all-cause mortality; thus, emergency visits should be employed (if available) to select heat-warning thresholds. This work demonstrates the applicability of this method to facilitate the establishment of heat-warning systems at city or country scales by authorities worldwide.
17
Varghese, Blesson M., Alana L. Hansen, Susan Williams, Peng Bi, Scott Hanson-Easey, Adrian G. Barnett, Jane S. Heyworth, et al. "Heat-related injuries in Australian workplaces: Perspectives from health and safety representatives." Safety Science 126 (June 2020): 104651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104651.
18
Kemen, Juliane, Silvia Schäffer-Gemein, Johanna Grünewald, and Thomas Kistemann. "Heat Perception and Coping Strategies: A Structured Interview-Based Study of Elderly People in Cologne, Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147495.
Анотація:
The transdisciplinary project “Heat-Health Action Plan for Elderly People in Cologne” addresses the most heat-vulnerable risk group, people over 65 years of age. A quantitative study aimed to better understand heat perception and coping strategies of elderly people during heat waves to inform heat-health action plans. We conducted a representative quantitative survey via structured interviews with 258 randomly chosen people over 65 years old, living in their own homes in four areas of Cologne, Germany. These areas varied, both in terms of social status and heat strain. Data regarding demographics, health status, coping strategies, and heat perception were collected in personal interviews from August to October 2019. The majority of the participants perceived heat strain as moderate to very challenging. Women, people with a lower monthly income, and those with a lower health status found the heat more challenging. We found that participants adapted to heat with a number of body-related, home-protective, and activity-related coping strategies. The number of coping strategies was associated with perceived personal heat strain. There is a definite underuse of water-related heat adaption strategies among the elderly. This is of increasing relevance, as rising heat impact will lead to more heat-related geriatric morbidity. Our results are seminal to inform elderly-specific, socio-adapted local heat-health action plans.
19
Berumen-Flucker, Brenda, Michele Kekeh, and Muge Akpinar-Elci. "Cultural Factors, Migrant Status, and Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures among Hispanic/Latino Farmworkers: A Systematic Review." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 28, no. 1 (2022): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.14592.
Анотація:
HighlightsCultural factors and acculturative stressors affect the health and safety behaviors of Hispanic/Latino farmworkers.Cultural factors and stressors also increase their risk of heat-related illnesses (HRIs).Interventions targeting HRIs in this population should account for cultural factors.Abstract. Hispanic/Latino farmworkers have been widely recognized as a particularly vulnerable population in the U.S., with among the lowest levels of income and education in the country. Existing research has identified and explored factors, including cultural and demographic characteristics, that increase the vulnerability of these workers to adverse occupational health and safety outcomes. This review assesses Hispanic/Latino farmworkers’ vulnerability to increasing temperatures and intense heat events, focusing on the role of demographic and cultural factors in heat-related health outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted using the search terms “heat” and “(Hispanic or Latino) farmworkers” and “health” over the years 2000 to 2020. A total of 348 articles were screened through a title review. The articles included in this review focused on heat-related illnesses (HRIs) and related symptoms among the population of interest. Hispanic/Latino workers were at heightened risk of HRI symptoms as a result of their work environments, working conditions, acculturative stressors, and other cultural factors. Keywords: Farmworkers, Heat-related illness, Hispanic, Latino.
20
Balmain, Bryce N., Surendran Sabapathy, Menaka Louis, and Norman R. Morris. "Aging and Thermoregulatory Control: The Clinical Implications of Exercising under Heat Stress in Older Individuals." BioMed Research International 2018 (August 2, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8306154.
Анотація:
Climate change is predicted to bring about a greater variability in weather patterns with an increase in extreme weather events such as sustained heat waves. This change may have a direct impact on population health since heat waves can exceed the physiological limit of compensability of vulnerable individuals. Indeed, many clinical reports suggest that individuals over the age of 60 years are consistently the most vulnerable, experiencing significantly greater adverse heat-related health outcomes than any other age cohort during environmental heat exposure. There is now evidence that aging is associated with an attenuated physiological ability to dissipate heat and that the risk of heat-related illness in these individuals is elevated, particularly when performing physical activity in the heat. The purpose of this review is to discuss mechanisms of thermoregulatory control and the factors that may increase the risk of heat-related illness in older individuals. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for impaired thermoregulation in this population is of particular importance, given the current and projected increase in frequency and intensity of heat waves, as well as the promotion of regular exercise as a means of improving health-related quality of life and morbidity and mortality. As such, the clinical implications of this work in this population will be discussed.
21
Chan, E. Y. Y., J. H. Kim, P. P. Y. Lee, and C. L. Y. Lin. "(A85) Analysis of Health Risk Perception and Behavior Changes during Elevated Temperatures for an Urban Chinese Population." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000914.
Анотація:
BackgroundLimited research has been conducted to understand the relationship between heat wave warnings with public awareness and behavioral changes in the Asian population. The Hong Kong Observatory introduced the “very hot weather warning” in 2000 to alert the public of heatstroke and sunburn in Hong Kong. However, the population's behavioral responses to these weather alerts is unclear. Moreover, the relationship between perceived health risks and behavioral changes has not been examined. The goal of this study is to examine the health risk perceptions and behavioral changes following public heat wave warnings in Hong Kong.MethodsA cross-sectional, population-based, telephone survey, using the last-birthday method was conducted within two weeks following a heat wave warning in 2009. A heat warning and a health study instrument, based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and related literature was developed and validated. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 1,123 individuals whose socio-demographic characteristics were comparable to 2009 Hong Kong population census data. Of respondents, 83.6% were aware of the heat wave weather warning. Multivariate logistic regression of socio-demographic factors indicated that being female, those in middle age groups, and those with higher educational attainment was significantly associated with heat wave warning awareness. Among those aware of the public warning, the majority were unconcerned about potential adverse health effects, < 40% were aware of the community heat-related preparedness plans, and < 50% changed their behavior to mitigate the potential adverse health impacts of hot weather.ConclusionThis is the first study to examine climate change and health behavioral responses in an urban Chinese population. Future research direction should further investigate correlations between awareness and health protective actions, as well as the drivers for health behavioral changes that mitigate the impact of climate change.
22
Rother, Hanna-Andrea, Juanette John, Caradee Y. Wright, James Irlam, Riëtha Oosthuizen, and Rebecca M. Garland. "Perceptions of Occupational Heat, Sun Exposure, and Health Risk Prevention: A Qualitative Study of Forestry Workers in South Africa." Atmosphere 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010037.
Анотація:
Occupational exposure to heat and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) threatens the health and wellbeing of outdoor workers. These threats are likely to increase as a result of climate change. This study examined the perceptions of occupational heat and sun exposure and health risk prevention among forestry workers removing alien invasive vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa. The linkages between workers’ perceptions of heat, solar UVR, and herbicide exposure and impacts under the current climate were investigated to better understand potential adaptation needs under a changing climate. Using focus group discussions and participatory risk mapping, heat stresses identified by workers were either environmental (e.g., lack of shade) or work-related (e.g., wearing required personal protective equipment). Several heat and solar UVR health impacts were reportedly experienced by workers; local indigenous knowledge and coping mechanisms, such as wearing ochre for sun protection, were used to prevent these impacts. Despite workers’ current efforts to protect their health, existing gaps and opportunities to improve working conditions were identified. Institutional structures for improved reporting of adverse events are imperative, together with awareness and education campaigns about the risks associated with working in hot and sunny environments.
23
Johnson, Daniel P., J. Jeremy Webber, Kavya Urs Beerval Ravichandra, Vijay Lulla, and Austin C. Stanforth. "Spatiotemporal variations in heat-related health risk in three Midwestern US cities between 1990 and 2010." Geocarto International 29, no. 1 (July 12, 2013): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2013.799718.
24
Kestens, Yan, Allan Brand, Michel Fournier, Sophie Goudreau, Tom Kosatsky, Matthew Maloley, and Audrey Smargiassi. "Modelling the variation of land surface temperature as determinant of risk of heat-related health events." International Journal of Health Geographics 10, no. 1 (2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-10-7.
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Kinay, Pelin, Andrew P. Morse, Elmer V. Villanueva, Karyn Morrissey, and Philip L. Staddon. "Direct and indirect health impacts of climate change on the vulnerable elderly population in East China." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0095.
Анотація:
The latest scientific advances on the impacts of climate change on the health of the elderly in East China were reviewed consulting peer-reviewed publications from 2000 to 2017. The direct impacts of climate change result from rising temperatures, heat waves, and increases in the frequency of complex extreme weather events such as windstorms, floods, and droughts. The health and social consequences of these events are far reaching, ranging from reduced labour productivity and heat-related deaths through to direct physical injury during extreme weather events, the spread of infectious diseases, and mental health effects following widespread flooding or prolonged drought. Research has indicated that climate change will have the greatest impact on vulnerable groups of people, including the elderly population. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence, a lack of focus on vulnerable segments of the population (especially elderly), limited understanding of how health status will change in the future, and lack of acknowledgement of how different regions in China vary in terms of the consequences of climate change. The main risk in East China that climate change may exacerbate is flooding (sea level rise, coastal and riverine, flood risk). However in some regions of East China such as in the provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu, Hebei, and Shandong the biggest climate change risk is considered to be drought. Main health risks linked to climate change are evident as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (heat stroke, exhaustion, and asthma), often caused by interactions between heat wave episodes and concurrent poor air quality.
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Coris, Eric Emmanuel, Stephen Walz, Jeff Konin, and Michele Pescasio. "Return to Activity Considerations in a Football Player Predisposed to Exertional Heat Illness: A Case Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.16.3.260.
Анотація:
Context:Heat illness is the third leading cause of death in athletics and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in exercising athletes. Once faced with a case of heat related illness, severe or mild, the health care professional is often faced with the question of when to reactivate the athlete for competitive sport. Resuming activity without modifying risk factors could lead to recurrence of heat related illness of similar or greater severity. Also, having had heat illness in and of itself may be a risk factor for future heat related illness. The decision to return the athlete and the process of risk reduction is complex and requires input from all of the components of the team. Involving the entire sports medicine team often allows for the safest, most successful return to play strategy. Care must be taken once the athlete does begin to return to activity to allow for re-acclimatization to exercise in the heat prior to resumption particularly following a long convalescent period after more severe heat related illness.
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Goldstein, Kirsten, and Peter D. Howe. "Dry Heat Among the Red Rocks: Risk Perceptions and Behavioral Responses to Extreme Heat Among Outdoor Recreationists in Southeastern Utah." Journal of Extreme Events 06, no. 03n04 (December 2019): 2050004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737620500049.
Анотація:
Understanding how people perceive the risks of extreme heat is an essential part of developing better risk communication strategies and ultimately reducing vulnerability to heat. This study analyzed how tourists perceive and respond to extreme heat while recreating on public lands in southeastern Utah, a hot and dry environment. An increasing number of tourists are visiting national parks in the southwestern United States, exposing more people to heat-related health risks. This investigation focuses on how geographic differences of origin and thermal perceptions are associated with risk perceptions of extreme heat, and how risk perceptions in turn are associated with protective behaviors. This study found that risk perceptions of extreme heat were not significantly associated with demographic differences or the geographic origin of respondents. This study did find that while visitors could accurately predict the air temperature, on average within 1.1∘C (2∘F) of the actual temperature, visitors’ risk perception of extreme heat did not increase as temperatures increased. This study also found that visitors with higher risk perceptions were more likely to have engaged in certain protective behaviors — such as checking the weather conditions before their hike — but not others, such as the amount of water they carried. By understanding how people perceive and respond to the hazard, we can better understand best practices for communicating the risks of extreme heat with the intent of saving lives. These results are intended to help tourist agencies, emergency and natural resource managers and planners, and policymakers in creating and improving communication strategies for extreme heat.
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Mehiriz, Kaddour, Pierre Gosselin, Isabelle Tardif, and Marc-André Lemieux. "The Effect of an Automated Phone Warning and Health Advisory System on Adaptation to High Heat Episodes and Health Services Use in Vulnerable Groups—Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081581.
Анотація:
Automated phone warning systems are increasingly used by public health authorities to protect the population from the adverse effects of extreme heat but little is known about their performance. To fill this gap, this article reports the result of a study on the impact of an automated phone heat warning system on adaptation behaviours and health services use. A sample of 1328 individuals vulnerable to heat was constituted for this purpose and participants were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The day before a heat episode, a phone heat warning was sent to the treatment group. Data were obtained through two surveys before and one survey after the heat warning issuance. The results show that members of the treatment group were more aware of how to protect themselves from heat and more likely to adopt the recommended behaviours. Moreover, a much smaller proportion of women in this group used the health-care system compared to the control group. Thus, the exposure to an automated phone warning seems to improve the adaptation to heat and reduce the use of health services by some important at-risk groups. This method can thus be used to complement public health interventions aimed at reducing heat-related health risks.
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Varghese, Blesson, Alana Hansen, Susan Williams, Peng Bi, and Dino Pisaniello. "O8B.3 Heat and injury in the workplace: perspectives from health and safety representatives." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A72.2—A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.194.
Анотація:
IntroductionHot weather poses occupational health and safety concerns for outdoor workers or those in non-cooled indoor environments. The risk of occupational injuries increases during hot weather, however limited understanding exists on underlying factors associated with this increase in risk. While recommendations and guidelines for preventing heat-related health impacts include hydration, cooling practices, adequate ventilation and rescheduling work, the extent to which these recommendations are adopted in workplaces is currently unknown.MethodsA national online survey was conducted among health and safety representatives (HSRs) to better understand the nature of heat-related injuries. Responses relating to risk factors and preventive measures associated with reported injuries in workplaces were identified using log-poisson regression models.ResultsIn total, 222 HSRs completed the survey. Overall, more than a third (43%) of HSRs reported that injuries or incidents caused by hot/very humid weather occur sometimes/often in their workplace.Factors found to be positively associated with reported injuries included ‘the wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE)’, ‘inadequate resources and facilities’ and ‘new workers’.For outdoor workers, the most frequently adopted preventive measures were provision of PPE, sunscreen and access to cool drinking water. HSRs reported more injuries if certain preventive measures (rescheduling work to cooler times and shaded rest/work areas) were adopted never/rarely/sometimes compared to often/always.Access to cool drinking water and provision of PPE were the most frequently adopted preventive measures for indoor workers. For this group, HSRs reported more injuries if certain preventive measures (self-pacing, shielding of heat sources and adequate ventilation) were adopted never/rarely/sometimes.ConclusionFindings indicate that organisational issues, workplace hazards, personal factors and preventive measures, are all determinants of heat-related injuries in Australian workplaces. Wider adoption of prevention measures such as work rescheduling, self-pacing, provision of shade and adequate ventilation could reduce incidence of heat-related injuries in outdoor and indoor workplaces.
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Revich, Boris A., D. A. Shaposhnikov, O. A. Anisimov, and M. A. Belolutskaia. "HEAT WAVES AND COLD SPELLS IN THREE ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC CITIES AS MORTALITY RISK FACTORS." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-9-791-798.
Анотація:
Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency of temperature waves. To assess the impacts of temperature waves on cause-specific mortality rates, this study characterized the frequency and duration of heat waves and cold spells in the cities of Murmansk, Archangelsk, and Yakutsk in the period of 1999 - 2016. The relationships between mortality and temperature waves in these cities were estimated using three bioclimatic indices (dry bulb temperature, apparent temperature, wind-chill index). The relative predictive powers of these indices were compared. The main drivers of elevated mortality during such events were identified differentially by the cause and the age of death. Forty heat waves and thirty-seven cold spells were identified in these cities, using dry bulb temperature as an explanatory variable. Cardiovascular deaths mostly contribute to elevated total mortality rates during protracted exposures to extreme heat and cold. Heat-related health risks are more pronounced in the south of European Russia than in the Arctic cities. Cold-related risks are higher in the northern cities.
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Brennan, Michelle, Paula M. O’Shea, and Eamon C. Mulkerrin. "Preventative strategies and interventions to improve outcomes during heatwaves." Age and Ageing 49, no. 5 (July 7, 2020): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa125.
Анотація:
Abstract Extreme weather events including recently experienced prolonged heatwaves are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity as a result of climate change. Vulnerable groups, and particularly older persons, are at increased risk of heat-related illness and mortality. Multimodal interventions that incorporate community, primary and secondary care programmes are required. Social programmes such as early warning systems, regional heat plans and community-led initiatives that specifically target the isolated, dependent older person are protective. Establishing clear and effective communication on health promotion and preventative measures is the key. Energy-efficient building design and eco-city planning are vital to reduce the impact of heatwaves at both a population and individual level. Anticipatory strategies should be adopted to ensure ample access to fluids, target barriers to increase oral intake and allow early identification of intercurrent illness, along with regular medication reviews. Prompt management of risk factors for the development of heat-related illness and treatment of complications such as heat stroke and cardiovascular events are keys to reducing the negative health impact of extreme heat in at-risk populations. Morbidity and mortality in heatwaves should be preventable. Evidence-based interventions are available to mitigate and prevent the negative health impact of extreme heat and should be implemented in all residential settings.
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Khan, Uzma Rahim, Naveed Ahmed, Rubaba Naeem, Umerdad Khudadad, Sarwat Masud, Nadeem Ullah Khan, and Junaid Abdul Razzak. "Heat Emergencies: Perceptions and Practices of Community Members and Emergency Department Healthcare Providers in Karachi, Pakistan: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094736.
Анотація:
Heat waves are the second leading cause of weather-related morbidity and mortality affecting millions of individuals globally, every year. The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions and practices of community residents and healthcare professionals with respect to identification and treatment of heat emergencies. A qualitative study was conducted using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, with the residents of an urban squatter settlement, community health workers, and physicians and nurses working in the emergency departments of three local hospitals in Karachi. Data was analyzed using content analysis. The themes that emerged were (1) perceptions of the community on heat emergencies; (2) recognition and early treatment at home; (3) access and quality of care in the hospital; (4) recognition and treatment at the health facility; (5) facility level plan; (6) training. Community members were able to recognize dehydration as a heat emergency. Males, elderly, and school-going children were considered at high risk for heat emergencies. The timely treatment of heat emergencies was widely linked with availability of financial resources. Limited availability of water, electricity, and open public spaces were identified as risk factors for heat emergencies. Home based remedies were reported as the preferred practice for treatment by community members. Both community members and healthcare professionals were cognizant of recognizing heat related emergencies.
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Meesaard, Napaporn, and Ganjana Nathapindhu. "PREVALENCE OF HEAT-RELATED SYMPTOMS UNDER HEAT STRESS AMONG THAI TIRE MANUFACTURER WORKERS." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.37.
Анотація:
Tire manufacturer workers who work in hot environments in the workplace may suffer a variety of heat-related symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of heat-related symptoms under heat stress. The cross-sectional study was carried out in a tire plant in Nakonpathom province, Thailand. A total of 343 workers (n = 343) were interviewed using a modified questionnaire. The body temperature and wet bulk globe temperature (WBGT) were measured. The mean, Adjust Relative Risk Ratio (Adjust RRR), and 95 % Confidence Interval (CIs) for the association between chosen factors were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. As a result, the most prevalent heat-related symptoms in workers who were exposed to heat in production plants were heavy sweating (70.71%), red rashes (54.55%), and weakness/fatigue (52.02%). The Adjust RRR heat-exposed was three times higher experienced minor symptoms (Adjust RRR = 2.87, 95%CI = 1.43-5.76) and five times higher experienced moderate symptoms (Adjust RRR = 5.00, 95% CI = 2.25-10.82). Females were found six times more likely to experience minor symptoms (Adjust RRR = 6.11, 95%CI = 2.02-18.48) and ten times more likely to experience moderate symptoms (Adjust RRR = 9.57, 95%CI = 2.94-31.19) than the control group. The mean ear temperature did not exceed 38.0°C for safety reasons. Tire workers reported a high burden of heat-related symptoms. On-site care, training programs, and health monitoring strategies are necessary, especially for workers who intake high antihistamines to reduce the risk of heat strain, not only during the summer season but also during the rainy season.
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Hansen, Alana L., Susan Williams, Scott Hanson-Easey, Blesson M. Varghese, Peng Bi, Jane Heyworth, Monika Nitschke, Shelley Rowett, Malcolm R. Sim, and Dino L. Pisaniello. "Using a Qualitative Phenomenological Approach to Inform the Etiology and Prevention of Occupational Heat-Related Injuries in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030846.
Анотація:
Epidemiological evidence has shown an association between exposure to high temperatures and occupational injuries, an issue gaining importance with environmental change. The aim of this study was to better understand contributing risk factors and preventive actions based on personal experiences. Interviews were conducted with 21 workers from five Australian states using a critical phenomenological approach to capture the lived experiences of participants, whilst exploring contextual factors that surround these experiences. Two case studies are presented: a cerebrovascular injury and injuries among seasonal horticulture workers. Other accounts of heat-related injuries and heat stress are also presented. Risk factors were classified as individual, interpersonal and organizational. In terms of prevention, participants recommended greater awareness of heat risks and peer-support for co-workers. Adding value to current evidence, we have provided new insights into the etiology of the health consequences of workplace heat exposure with workers identifying a range of influencing factors, prevention measures and adaptation strategies. Underpinning the importance of these are future climate change scenarios, suggesting that extended hot seasons will lead to increasing numbers of workers at risk of heat-stress and associated occupational injuries.
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Smith, Daniel J., Erin P. Ferranti, Vicki S. Hertzberg, and Valerie Mac. "Knowledge of Heat-Related Illness First Aid and Self-Reported Hydration and Heat-Related Illness Symptoms in Migrant Farmworkers." Workplace Health & Safety 69, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920934478.
Анотація:
Background: Outdoor workers are exposed to hot work environments and are at risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of migrant farmworkers about first aid for heat-related illness (HRI) symptoms. Methods: The authors recruited 60 migrant farmworkers out of 66 who were approached from vegetable farms in Georgia. They were workers who participated in the 2018 Farmworker Family Health Program (FWFHP). The authors surveyed the workers to assess demographics, prevalence of HRI symptoms, hydration practices, and knowledge of HRI first aid. Descriptive statistics for worker demographics, HRI symptoms, and hydration data were calculated, as were the percentages of correctly answered pilot questions. Findings: Of the 60 workers who chose to participate in this study, more than 50% incorrectly answered pilot questions related to their knowledge of HRI first aid. The two most common HRI symptoms reported were heavy sweating and muscle cramps. More than two thirds reported experiencing at least one HRI symptom during the workday. Mean liquid consumption within this sample was 72.95 oz per day, which is much less than the recommended 32 oz per hour. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Until larger structural change can occur to protect farmworkers, farm owners can prevent morbidity and mortality from inadequate hydration practices and working in high-heat conditions by providing migrant farmworkers with training in heat-related first aid. Appropriate heat-illness interventions should focus on first aid measures to reduce morbidity and mortality related to heat illness in farmworkers.
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Guo, Guizhen, Dandan Wang, Zhoupeng Ren, Qian Yin, and Yunbing Gao. "A New Method to Estimate Heat Exposure Days and Its Impacts in China." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101294.
Анотація:
Understanding the spatiotemporal trends of temperature in the context of global warming is significant for public health. Although many studies have examined changes in temperature and the impacts on human health over the past few decades in many regions, they have often been carried out in data-rich regions and have rarely considered acclimatization explicitly. The most frequent temperature (MFT) indicator provides us with the ability to solve this problem. MFT is defined as the longest period of temperature throughout the year to which a human is exposed and therefore acclimates. In this study, we propose a new method to estimate the number of heat exposure days from the perspective of temperature distribution and MFT, based on the daily mean temperature readings of 2142 weather stations in eight major climate zones in China over the past 20 years. This method can be used to calculate the number of heat exposure days in terms of heat-related mortality risk without the need for mortality data. We estimated the distribution and changes of annual mean temperature (AMT), minimum mortality temperature (MMT), and the number of heat exposure days in different climate zones in China. The AMT, MMT, and number of heat exposure days vary considerably across China. They all tend to decrease gradually from low to high latitudes. Heat exposure days are closely related to the risk of heat-related mortality. In addition, we utilized multiple linear regression (MLR) to analyze the association between the risk of heat-related mortality and the city and its climatic characteristics. Results showed that the number of heat exposure days, GDP per capita, urban population ratio, proportion of elderly population, and climate zone were found to modify the estimate on heat effect, with an R2 of 0.71. These findings will be helpful for the creation of public policies protecting against high-temperature-induced mortalities.
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Lo, Y. T. Eunice, Dann M. Mitchell, Ross Thompson, Emer O’Connell, and Antonio Gasparrini. "Estimating heat-related mortality in near real time for national heatwave plans." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 024017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4cf4.
Анотація:
Abstract Heatwaves are a serious threat to human life. Public health agencies that are responsible for delivering heat-health action plans need to assess and reduce the mortality impacts of heat. Statistical models developed in epidemiology have previously been used to attribute past observed deaths to high temperatures and project future heat-related deaths. Here, we investigate the novel use of summer temperature-mortality associations established by these models for monitoring heat-related deaths in regions in England in near real time. For four summers in the period 2011–2020, we find that coupling these associations with observed daily mean temperatures results in England-wide heatwave mortality estimates that are consistent with the excess deaths estimated by UK Health Security Agency. However, our results for 2013, 2018 and 2020 highlight that the lagged effects of heat and characteristics of individual summers contribute to disagreement between the two methods. We suggest that our method can be used for heatwave mortality monitoring in England because it has the advantages of including lagged effects and controlling for other risk factors. It could also be employed by health agencies elsewhere for reliably estimating the health burden of heat in near real time and near-term forecasts.
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Ghumman, Usman, and Jennifer Horney. "Characterizing the Impact of Extreme Heat on Mortality, Karachi, Pakistan, June 2015." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 3 (April 5, 2016): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16000273.
Анотація:
AbstractIntroductionKarachi, Pakistan was affected by a heat wave in June 2015 during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Many media reports attributed the excess deaths in part to the practice of daylight fasting during Ramadan. As much of the published research reports on heat-related mortality in Europe and the United States, an exploration of the effects of extreme heat on residents of a South Asian mega-city address a gap in current disaster research.Hypothesis/ProblemThis report investigated potential risk factors for excess mortality associated with the June 2015 heat wave in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsData were obtained through manual review of death certificates at public hospitals and private clinics in Karachi, Pakistan, conducted from July 1 through July 31, 2015 by a trained physician. Demographic data for any deaths with a primary cause of death of heat-related illness were recorded in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA). EpiSheet (2012; Rothman. Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA) was used to calculate risk differences (RD), rate ratios (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsOverall, residents of Karachi were approximately 17 times as likely to die of a heat-related cause of death during June 2015 (RR=17.68; 95% CI, 13.87-22.53) when compared with the reference period of June 2014. Residents with a monthly income lower than 20,000 Pakistani Rupees (US $196; RD=0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.05) and those with less than a fifth grade education (RD=0.03; 95% CI, 0.00-0.05) were at significantly higher risk of death during the 2015 heat wave compared to the reference period.ConclusionFasting during Ramadan was not a significant risk factor for mortality from heat-related causes during the Karachi heat wave of June 2015. A large number of excess deaths were reported across all demographic groups, which due to the burden of record keeping in an under-resourced health system during a public health emergency, are almost certainly an underestimate.GhummanU, HorneyJ. Characterizing the impact of extreme heat on mortality, Karachi, Pakistan, June 2015. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):263–266.
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Cardoza, Jacqueline E., Carina J. Gronlund, Justin Schott, Todd Ziegler, Brian Stone, and Marie S. O’Neill. "Heat-Related Illness Is Associated with Lack of Air Conditioning and Pre-Existing Health Problems in Detroit, Michigan, USA: A Community-Based Participatory Co-Analysis of Survey Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 5704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165704.
Анотація:
The objective of the study was to investigate, using academic-community epidemiologic co-analysis, the odds of reported heat-related illness for people with (1) central air conditioning (AC) or window unit AC versus no AC, and (2) fair/poor vs. good/excellent reported health. From 2016 to 2017, 101 Detroit residents were surveyed once regarding extreme heat, housing and neighborhood features, and heat-related illness in the prior 5 years. Academic partners selected initial confounders and, after instruction on directed acyclic graphs, community partners proposed alternate directed acyclic graphs with additional confounders. Heat-related illness was regressed on AC type or health and co-selected confounders. The study found that heat-related illness was associated with no-AC (n = 96, odds ratio (OR) = 4.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22, 17.72); living ≤5 years in present home (n = 57, OR = 10.39, 95% CI = 1.13, 95.88); and fair/poor vs. good/excellent health (n = 97, OR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.33, 7.48). Co-analysis suggested multiple built-environment confounders. We conclude that Detroit residents with poorer health and no AC are at greater risk during extreme heat. Academic-community co-analysis using directed acyclic graphs enhances research on community-specific social and health vulnerabilities by identifying key confounders and future research directions for rigorous and impactful research.
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Ramdan, Iwan Muhamad, Krishna Purnawan Candra, and Ulfah Rana Mahdiyyah. "Fatigue on Oil Refinery Workers and Related Factors." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (October 5, 2021): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6879.
Анотація:
Background: Work fatigue plays a large role in all industries in terms of performance, work safety, and work productivity. Oil and gas is an industry with a high level of occupational safety and health risks. Research of work-related fatigue is needed to detect critical risk factors early in order to prevent the adverse effect of work-related fatigue.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze the prevalence of work fatigue in oil refinery workers at one of the oil refinery companies in Indonesia, and analyze the factors that influence it.
Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 224 oil refinery workers. Questionnaire and work-related fatigue scales were used to assess demographic characteristics and work-related fatigue. A medical examination was applied to assess the health status of workers based on blood pressure, body temperature, and respiratory rate. The sound level meter and heat stress meter was used to measure noise and work climate. Cramer’s V correlation was applied to identify correlations between work-related fatigue and other parameters.
Results: Work-related fatigue of 100% was found among workers, with categorized as low, medium, high, and very high in 9.38, 53.57, 30.35, and 6.7% of the workers, respectively. Work-related fatigue was significantly correlated with working period (p=0.028), health status (respiratory rate) (p=0.018), noise exposure (p=0.000) and work climate/heat stress (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The companies should improve the health status of workers, reduce workload for aging workers, control noise, and control heat exposure in the workplace.
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Habitzreuter, Leonardo, Stefan Thor Smith, and Trevor Keeling. "Modelling the overheating risk in an uniform high-rise building design with a consideration of urban context and heatwaves." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 5 (June 25, 2019): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19856400.
Анотація:
Overheating in buildings is one of the increasing concerns related to climate change and can lead to an increase in heat-related health issues and higher energy consumption due to the use of air conditioning systems. Literature shows that internal conditions and demand on environmental control systems can vary with height within buildings. However, an architectural trend towards highly glazed façades for tall buildings suggests the vertical gradient of performance is not always considered in the design process. By simulating a high-rise residential building in London, a comparative analysis of the overheating risks and daylighting at different levels in the building was conducted. In this study the model was able to consider the influence of surrounding built environment on solar gain and so influence of urban location on overheating risk was taken into account. Simulations were conducted using typical reference years as well as meteorological data for specific heat-wave periods experienced in London and that are expected to become more intense and frequent due to climate change. Passive mitigation options (external shading) are demonstrated to help reduce overheating occurrence by 74%, at the same time the impact of decreased daylighting (30%) is less problematic at higher levels where daylight factor is greater.
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Hsu, S., A. Mavrogianni, and I. Hamilton. "Comparing Spatial Interpolation Techniques of Local Urban Temperature for Heat-related Health Risk Estimation in a Subtropical City." Procedia Engineering 198 (2017): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.091.
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Liu, Xiaochen, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Junguo Liu, Wei Wu, Hanqing Xu, Landong Sun, and Chunfang Wang. "Mitigating heat-related mortality risk in Shanghai, China: system dynamics modeling simulations." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 10 (April 29, 2020): 3171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00556-9.
Анотація:
Abstract Numerous studies in epidemiology, meteorology, and climate change research have demonstrated a significant association between abnormal ambient temperature and mortality. However, there is a shortage of research attention to a systematic assessment of potential mitigation measures which could effectively reduce the heat-related morbidity and mortality risks. This study first illustrates a conceptualization of a systems analysis version of urban framework for climate service (UFCS). It then constructs a system dynamics (SD) model for the UFCS and employs this model to quantify the impacts of heat waves on public health system in Shanghai and to evaluate the performances of two mitigation measures in the context of a real heat wave event in July 2013 in the city. Simulation results show that in comparison with the baseline without mitigation measures, if the hospital system could prepare 20% of beds available for emergency response to heat waves once receiving the warning in advance, the number of daily deaths could be reduced by 40–60 (15.8–19.5%) on the 2 days of day 7 and day 8; if increasing the minimum living allowance of 790 RMB/month in 2013 by 20%, the number of daily deaths could be reduced by 50–70 (17.7–21.9%) on the 2 days of day 8 and day 12. This tool can help policy makers systematically evaluate adaptation and mitigation options based on performance assessment, thus strengthening urban resilience to changing climate.
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Toosty, Nishat Tasnim, Aya Hagishima, and Ken-Ichi Tanaka. "Heat health risk assessment analysing heatstroke patients in Fukuoka City, Japan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e0253011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253011.
Анотація:
Background Climate change, as a defining issue of the current time, is causing severe heat-related illness in the context of extremely hot weather conditions. In Japan, the remarkable temperature increase in summer caused by an urban heat island and climate change has become a threat to public health in recent years. Methods This study aimed to determine the potential risk factors for heatstroke by analysing data extracted from the records of emergency transport to the hospital due to heatstroke in Fukuoka City, Japan. In this regard, a negative binomial regression model was used to account for overdispersion in the data. Age-structure analyses of heatstroke patients were also embodied to identify the sub-population of Fukuoka City with the highest susceptibility. Results The daily maximum temperature and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), along with differences in both the mean temperature and time-weighted temperature from those of the consecutive past days were detected as significant risk factors for heatstroke. Results indicated that there was a positive association between the resulting risk factors and the probability of heatstroke occurrence. The elderly of Fukuoka City aged 70 years or older were found to be the most vulnerable to heatstroke. Most of the aforementioned risk factors also encountered significant and positive associations with the risk of heatstroke occurrence for the group with highest susceptibility. Conclusion These results can provide insights for health professionals and stakeholders in designing their strategies to reduce heatstroke patients and to secure the emergency transport systems in summer.
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Herdt, Alexandria, Robert Brown, Ian Scott-Fleming, Guofeng Cao, Melissa MacDonald, Dave Henderson, and Jennifer Vanos. "Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Anomalous Heat at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada." Atmosphere 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080321.
Анотація:
Mass sporting events in the summertime are influenced by underlying weather patterns, with high temperatures posing a risk for spectators and athletes alike. To better understand weather variations in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) during the Pan American Games in 2015 (PA15 Games), Environment and Climate Change Canada deployed a mesoscale monitoring network system of 53 weather stations. Spatial maps across the GTA demonstrate large variations by heat metric (e.g., maximum temperature, humidex, and wet bulb globe temperature), identifying Hamilton, Ontario as an area of elevated heat and humidity, and hence risk for heat-related illness. A case study of the Hamilton Soccer Center examined on-site thermal comfort during a heat event and PA15 Soccer Games, demonstrating that athletes and spectators were faced with thermal discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illness. Results are corroborated by First Aid and emergency response data during the events, as well as insight from personal experiences and Twitter feed. Integrating these results provides new information on potential benefits to society from utilizing mesonet systems during large-scale sporting events. Results further improve our understanding of intra-urban heat variability and heat-health burden. The benefits of utilizing more comprehensive modeling approaches for human heat stress that coincide with fine-scale weather information are discussed.
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S, Sangeetha, and Usha S. "Impact of Climate Change on the Labor Market." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 11287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11287ecst.
Анотація:
Greenhouse gases have far-ranging environmental and health effects. They cause climate change by trapping heat and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases. In turn, climate change has increased the risk to workers’ health and safety. Workers, especially those who work outdoors or in hot indoor environments, are also at increased risk of heat stress and other heat-related disorders, besides occupational injuries and reduced productivity at work. This article aims at contributing to this discussion by means of qualitative analysis and find out how climate change affects the labor market and its various implications on the workforce.
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Houghton, Adele, and Carlos Castillo-Salgado. "Associations between Green Building Design Strategies and Community Health Resilience to Extreme Heat Events: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040663.
Анотація:
This project examined evidence linking green building design strategies with the potential to enhance community resilience to extreme heat events. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method for a systematic review, it assessed the strength of the evidence supporting the potential for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) credit requirements to reduce the adverse effects of extreme heat events and/or enhance a building’s passive survivability (i.e., the ability to continue to function during utility outages) during those events. The PRISMA Flow Diagram resulted in the selection of 12 LEED for New Construction (LEED NC) credits for inclusion in the review. Following a preliminary scan of evidence supporting public health co-benefits of the LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system, queries were submitted in PubMed using National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings Terms. Queries identified links between LEED credit requirements and risk of exposure to extreme heat, environmental determinants of health, co-benefits to public health outcomes, and co-benefits to built environment outcomes. Public health co-benefits included reducing the risk of vulnerability to heat stress and reducing heat-related morbidity and mortality. The results lay the groundwork for collaboration across the public health, civil society, climate change, and green building sectors.
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Plekhanov, Vladimir P., M. N. Kir’Yanova, N. M. Frolova, A. V. Redchenko, O. L. Markova, and E. V. Ivanova. "ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIOAL HEALTH RISK IN FERROALLOY PLANT." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-7-682-685.
Анотація:
Findings of comprehensive assessment of occupational health risks in high-carbon ferrochrome production workers are reported. Groups of occupation- and employment duration related risk according to the general morbidity rate depending on the age and employment duration among smelters, blast-furnace keepers, cinder-men, batchers, crane operators, ferroalloy crashers, electrode operators and other smelter workers were identified. Hygienic studies covered the measurement of the following physical and chemical workplace factors: noise, whole-body and local vibration levels, electromagnetic fields and microclimate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, air speed, heat radiation intensity, environmental heat load index), artificial illumination, aerosol concentrations in workplace air and in neutral points of workrooms, average shift aerosol concentrations being calculated, and chemicals concentrations: calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, ferric iron oxide, chromic oxide, chromium anhydride, aluminium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Time-keeping study to evaluate the hardness of the working process and intensity in main occupations was carried out. Our studies revealed working conditions of major smelter occupational groups to be were evaluated as harmful and dangerous: 3rd class, 2nd degree. Microclimate (heat radiation, low ambient air temperatures, noise and environmental dust pollution were reported to be the most unfavorable working conditions; the hardness of the working process heaviness of all major occupational groups were classified as 3rd class, 1st degree. Working conditions of control group workers unexposed to harmful occupational factors of smelter shop were estimated as allowable. Findings on the risk for the gain in the morbidity rate (annual gain in the risk) depending on age and employment duration for the period of 2007-2016 are reported. The direct statistically reliable relationship between the increased disease incidence on age and employment duration is revealed; annual gain in the disease incidence rate is shown.
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Leite, A., A. J. Santos, S. Silva, B. Nunes, R. Mexia, and A. P. Rodrigues. "Assessing the use and understanding of the Portuguese heat–health warning system (ÍCARO)." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa029.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Background Heatwaves can lead to increased mortality. In the Portuguese heat–health warning system (HHWS), ÍCARO, a daily report with heat-related mortality prediction is sent to heat–health action plan (HHAP) practitioners. HHAP practitioners assess risk and implement measures to prevent heatwave-related impact, but ÍCARO’s use and understanding are unknown. We assessed ÍCARO’s use and understanding by key HHAP practitioners. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with national/regional HHAP practitioners. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. To maximize credibility a validation process was implemented through researcher triangulation; a sample of 30 segments was recorded by independent researchers. Results We conducted six interviews with nine professionals (mean time 52 min) from five regions. We identified four categories: report’s content and presentation, report’s reception and communication, ÍCARO and risk assessment and other issues. Practitioners use ÍCARO and perceived it as relevant; they raised issues on its interpretation and felt these were not fully addressed, given researchers’ use of statistical/epidemiological terms. We identified the need for improved communication and report’s clarity. Conclusions Our study stresses the need for collaboration between experts within HHWS/HHAP. Despite ÍCARO’s understanding being challenging, practitioners consider it a relevant tool. Researchers should use less statistical language and clarify ÍCARO’s interpretation. Practitioners’ needs should be considered when developing/revising tools.
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Pyrgou, Andri, and Mat Santamouris. "Increasing Probability of Heat-Related Mortality in a Mediterranean City Due to Urban Warming." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081571.
Анотація:
Extreme temperatures impose thermal stress on human health, resulting in increased hospitalizations and mortality rate. We investigated the circulatory and respiratory causes of death for the years 2007 to 2014 inclusive for the urban and rural areas of Nicosia, Cyprus under urban heatwave and non-heatwave conditions. Heatwaves were defined as four or more consecutive days with mean urban daily temperature over the 90th percentile threshold temperature of the eight investigated years. Lag period of adverse health effects was found to be up to three days following the occurrence of high temperatures. The relative risk (RR) for mortality rate under heatwave and non-heatwave conditions was found taking in consideration the lag period. The results showed the increase of mortality risk particularly for men of ages 65–69 (RR = 2.38) and women of ages 65–74 (around RR = 2.54) in the urban area, showing that women were more vulnerable to heat extremities. High temperatures were also associated with high ozone concentrations, but they did not impose an excess risk factor, as they did not reach extreme values. This analysis highlights the importance of preparing for potential heat related health impacts even in Cyprus, which is an island with frequent heatwaves.