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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 вересня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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1

Daalman, K., I. E. C. Sommer, E. M. Derks, and E. R. Peters. "Cognitive biases and auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and clinical individuals." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 11 (March 1, 2013): 2339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000275.

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BackgroundSeveral cognitive biases are related to psychotic symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). It remains unclear whether these biases differ in voice-hearers with and without a ‘need-for-care’.MethodA total of 72 healthy controls, 72 healthy voice-hearers and 72 clinical voice-hearers were compared on the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis (CBQp), which assesses ‘intentionalizing’, ‘jumping to conclusions’, ‘catastrophizing’, ‘dichotomous thinking’ and ‘emotional reasoning’ in vignettes characterized by two themes, ‘threatening events’ and ‘anomalous perceptions’.ResultsHealthy voice-hearers scored intermediately on total CBQp between the control and clinical groups, differing significantly from both. However, on four out of five biases the scores of the healthy voice-hearers were comparable with those of the healthy controls. The only exception was ‘emotional reasoning’, on which their scores were comparable with the clinical group. Healthy voice-hearers demonstrated fewer biases than the psychotic patients on the ‘threatening events’, but not the ‘anomalous perceptions’, vignettes. CBQp scores were related to both cognitive and emotional, but not physical, characteristics of voices.ConclusionsMost cognitive biases prevalent in clinical voice-hearers, particularly with threatening events themes, are absent in healthy voice-hearers, apart from emotional reasoning which may be specifically related to the vulnerability to develop AVH. The association between biases and both beliefs about voices and distress/emotional valence is consistent with the close links between emotions and psychotic phenomena identified by cognitive models of psychosis. The absence of reasoning biases might prevent the formation of threatening appraisals about anomalous experiences, thereby reducing the likelihood of distress and ‘need for care’.

2

Goller, Lisa, Michael Schwartze, Ana Pinheiro, and Sonja Kotz. "M52. VOICES IN THE HEAD: AUDITORY VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS (AVH) IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S153—S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.364.

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Abstract Background Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are conscious sensory experiences occurring in the absence of external stimulation. AVH are experienced by 75% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and can manifest in other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, AVH are also reported amongst healthy individuals. This implies that hearing voices is not necessarily linked to psychopathology. Amongst voice hearers, the likelihood of AVH seems to reflect individual differences in hallucination proneness (HP). The HP construct allows placing individuals on a psychosis continuum ranging from non-clinical to clinical experiences. Clinical voice hearers tend to misattribute internal events to external sources (externalization bias). Specifically, they seem to experience altered sensory feedback in response to self-initiated stimuli: Although more predictable, clinical voice hearers show similar, neurophysiological responses in reaction to self-initiated vs. externally presented stimuli. EEG studies suggest that this aberrance of prediction is associated with diminished N1-suppression effects that are observed in healthy individuals in response to self-initiated stimuli. Accordingly, clinical voice hearers may have problems differentiating between self-initiated and externally generated speech, potentially leading to externalization of their own speech. In line with this proposal, the current study focusses on non-clinical aspects of the psychosis continuum in healthy voice hearers and controls. This approach avoids confounding factors (medication, disease onset/duration etc.) that typically impede comparisons of clinical and non-clinical voice hearers. By utilizing insights on prediction from the forward model concept within the auditory-sensory domain, we want to investigate how N1-amplitudes in reaction to one’s own or someone else’s voice are modulated as a function of HP. Next to ascertaining the mechanism behind AVH, this research could give direction to identifying risk factors that potentiate the emergence of first-incidence psychosis. Methods HP was assessed by means of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale. Each participant’s voice was recorded prior to EEG data acquisition (monosyllabic utterances, “ah” & “oh”, duration = 500 ms). Voice stimuli were morphed with an anchor voice, so that voice identity could be alternated from self- to other-voice (0%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 100%). To contrast neurophysiological responses between self- vs. externally generated voice stimuli, a well-established motor-to-auditory paradigm was used: In a motor-to-auditory condition (MAC) participants were prompted to press a button, thereby eliciting a voice stimulus (self-initiation). In an auditory-only condition (AOC), participants were prompted to passively listen to the voice stimulus (external generation). The motor-only condition (MOC), in which participants executed the button press only, served as a control condition to correct for motor activity in MAC. Results Data from 38 participants replicate the classical N1-suppression effects for self-initiated vs. externally generated self-voice stimuli. This pattern of suppression is also visible for other-voice stimuli. Furthermore, current findings seem to replicate reversed N1-suppression for self-voice in individuals with high HP. Discussion Preliminary findings suggest that HP modulates voice identity processing. More specifically, HP determines how voice stimuli are processed within the internal and external domain. Particularly, individuals with high HP show a reversal of N1-suppression for self-voice stimuli, which corroborates the external biasing hypothesis.

3

Jacobsen, Pamela, Emmanuelle Peters, Thomas Ward, Philippa A. Garety, Mike Jackson, and Paul Chadwick. "Overgeneral autobiographical memory bias in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000570.

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AbstractBackgroundHearing voices can be a distressing and disabling experience for some, whilst it is a valued experience for others, so-called ‘healthy voice-hearers’. Cognitive models of psychosis highlight the role of memory, appraisal and cognitive biases in determining emotional and behavioural responses to voices. A memory bias potentially associated with distressing voices is the overgeneral memory bias (OGM), namely the tendency to recall a summary of events rather than specific occasions. It may limit access to autobiographical information that could be helpful in re-appraising distressing experiences, including voices.MethodsWe investigated the possible links between OGM and distressing voices in psychosis by comparing three groups: (1) clinical voice-hearers (N = 39), (2) non-clinical voice-hearers (N = 35) and (3) controls without voices (N = 77) on a standard version of the autobiographical memory test (AMT). Clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers also completed a newly adapted version of the task, designed to assess voices-related memories (vAMT).ResultsAs hypothesised, the clinical group displayed an OGM bias by retrieving fewer specific autobiographical memories on the AMT compared with both the non-clinical and control groups, who did not differ from each other. The clinical group also showed an OGM bias in recall of voice-related memories on the vAMT, compared with the non-clinical group.ConclusionsClinical voice-hearers display an OGM bias when compared with non-clinical voice-hearers on both general and voices-specific recall tasks. These findings have implications for the refinement and targeting of psychological interventions for psychosis.

4

Xanthate Duggirala, Suvarnalata, Michael Schwartze, Therese Van Amelsvoort, David E. J. Linden, Ana Pinheiro, and Sonja Kotz. "M53. EMOTIONAL SELF-VOICE PROCESSING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH HALLUCINATORY PRONENESS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.365.

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Abstract Background Sensory brain areas typically reduce their activity when we speak, allowing us to differentiate our own from someone else’s speech. Similarly, the amplitude of the N100 component of the EEG event-related potential in response to own speech is smaller than for passive listening to own or someone else’s speech. This amplitude suppression effect seems to be altered in voice hearers, which in turn could result in source misattribution (e.g., self-produced voice attributed to an external source). Emotion in speech can have a comparable effect, altering not only self-voice processing but also differentiation of the quality of auditory hallucinations in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers. For example, unlike in non-clinical voice hearers, auditory hallucinations in clinical voice hearers are usually derogatory in content and negatively affect daily functioning. Recent research strongly suggests that clinical and non-clinical voice hearers lie on a continuum ranging from low to high hallucinatory proneness. Based on this notion, the present study used EEG to investigate the effects of manipulations of self-voice quality in self-generated and passively listened-to self-voice as a function of hallucinatory proneness (HP) in healthy young adults. This is the first EEG study that examined the interplay of sensory suppression, emotion, and HP in a non-clinical population. Methods Participants varying in HP (according to the Launay Slade Hallucination Scale) participated in a standardized button-press task to elicit their own voice (compared to passively listening to it) in which the self-voice changed stepwise from fully neutral to fully emotional. The experimental task comprised three conditions: motor-to-auditory (MA), where the button-press generated the voice, auditory only (AO), where the voice was presented without the button press, and motor only (MO-a control condition to remove the motor related artifacts from the MA condition), where the button press did not generate the voice. Neutral and angry self-voice (single syllable ‘ah’ and ‘oh’ vocalizations of 500 ms duration) were recorded for each participant before the EEG acquisition. These voices were morphed to generate a neutral to angry continuum consisting of five stimuli ranging from fully neutral to fully angry: 100% neutral, 60-40% neutral-angry, 50-50% neutral-angry and 40–60% neutral-angry and 100% angry. Results Preliminary results with 17 participants show a significant effect of emotional self-voice quality on N1 suppression effect, with a larger suppression effect for the 100% angry as compared to 100% neutral self-voice. On the other hand, 60-40% neutral-angry, 50-50% neutral-angry and 40–60% neutral-angry self-voice show an enhancement effect. Furthermore, the results show a significant interaction of HP and voice quality on N1 suppression effect such that high HP showed no N1 suppression effect for the 100% neutral self-voice and an enhanced N1 effect when emotional quality of the self-voice increased. Discussion These data suggest that participants perceive the manipulations in the self-voice quality such that they recognize their own fully neutral and angry voice depicted by N100 suppression effect. Similarly, an N100 enhancement effect for 50-50% neutral-angry voice suggest that it is perceived as the most uncertain or peculiar of all the stimuli. Further, low and high HP show difference in N100 suppression effect for different voices, suggesting that HP may alter self-voice processing and these alterations are enhanced for emotional self-voice. This further supports the fact that abnormal perceptual experiences in voice hearers are higher when auditory hallucinations are emotional in nature.

5

Baumeister, David, Thomas Ward, Philippa Garety, Mike Jackson, Craig Morgan, Monica Charalambides, Paul Chadwick, Oliver Howes, and Emmanuelle Peters. "Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers – Corrigendum." Psychological Medicine 51, no. 11 (April 5, 2021): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721000696.

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6

Di Biase, Maria Angelique, Fan Zhang, Amanda Lyall, Marek Kubicki, René C. W. Mandl, Iris E. Sommer, and Ofer Pasternak. "Neuroimaging auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patient and healthy populations." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000205.

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AbstractBackgroundAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia, but they can also appear in otherwise healthy individuals. Imaging studies implicate language networks in the generation of AVH; however, it remains unclear if alterations reflect biologic substrates of AVH, irrespective of diagnostic status, age, or illness-related factors. We applied multimodal imaging to identify AVH-specific pathology, evidenced by overlapping gray or white matter deficits between schizophrenia patients and healthy voice-hearers.MethodsDiffusion-weighted and T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired in 35 schizophrenia patients with AVH (SCZ-AVH), 32 healthy voice-hearers (H-AVH), and 40 age- and sex-matched controls without AVH. White matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and gray matter thickness (GMT) were computed for each region comprising ICBM-DTI and Desikan–Killiany atlases, respectively. Regions were tested for significant alterations affecting both SCZ-AVH and H-AVH groups, relative to controls.ResultsCompared with controls, the SCZ-AVH showed widespread FA and GMT reductions; but no significant differences emerged between H-AVH and control groups. While no overlapping pathology appeared in the overall study groups, younger (<40 years) H-AVH and SCZ-AVH subjects displayed overlapping FA deficits across four regions (p < 0.05): the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, as well as the anterior limbs of the internal capsule. Analyzing these regions with free-water imaging ascribed overlapping FA abnormalities to tissue-specific anisotropy changes.ConclusionsWe identified white matter pathology associated with the presence of AVH, independent of diagnostic status. However, commonalities were constrained to younger and more homogenous groups, after reducing pathologic variance associated with advancing age and chronicity effects.

7

Sapey, Bob, and Peter Bullimore. "Listening to voice hearers." Journal of Social Work 13, no. 6 (February 21, 2013): 616–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017312475278.

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8

England, Margaret. "COGNITIVE INTERVENTION FOR VOICE HEARERS." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 27, no. 7 (January 2006): 735–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840600781139.

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9

Romme, Marius. "Listening to the Voice Hearers." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 36, no. 9 (September 1998): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19980901-18.

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10

Powers, Albert R., Laura I. van Dyck, Jane R. Garrison, and Philip R. Corlett. "Paracingulate Sulcus Length Is Shorter in Voice-Hearers Regardless of Need for Care." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa067.

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Abstract Hallucinations—while often considered an indication of mental illness—are commonly experienced by those without a need for clinical care. These nonclinical voice-hearers offer an opportunity to investigate hallucinations in the absence of confounds inherent to the clinical state. Recent work demonstrates an association between auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and structural variability in paracingulate sulcus (PCS) of medial prefrontal cortex in a clinical population. However, before PCS length may be considered a biomarker for clinical hallucination risk, it is necessary to investigate PCS structure in a nonclinical population of voice-hearers with AVH phenomenology similar to those of their clinical counterparts. In the current study, PCS length was measured from T1-weighted structural MRI scans of four groups of participants: (1) voice-hearers with a psychotic disorder (n = 15); (2) voice-hearers without a psychotic disorder (n = 15); (3) nonvoice-hearers with a psychotic disorder (n = 14); and (4) nonvoice-hearers without a psychotic disorder (n = 15). There was a main effect of AVH status—but not psychosis—on right PCS length, with no interaction of AVH and psychosis. Participants with AVH exhibited reduced right PCS length compared to participants without AVH (mean reduction = 8.8 mm, P < 0.05). While past studies have demonstrated decreased PCS length in clinical voice-hearers, ours is the first demonstration that shorter right PCS extends to nonclinical voice-hearers. Our findings support the hypothesis that differences in PCS length are related to the propensity to hear voices and not to illness, consistent with a continuum model of voice-hearing.

11

Rácz, József, Zsuzsa Kaló, Szilvia Kassai, Márta Kiss, and Judit Nóra Pintér. "The experience of voice hearing and the role of self-help group: An interpretative phenomenological analysis." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 63, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764017700926.

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Background: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) played an important role in the psychiatric diagnostics, but in the last few decades the diagnostic-free complex phenomenological understanding of the phenomena of voice hearing became the focus of studies. Materials: Six semi-structured interviews with recovering voice hearers were conducted and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Discussion: The self-help group gives significant help in identification and dealing with the voices; therefore, it serves as turning point in the life story of voice hearers. Conclusion: Applying self-help group in clinical context contributes to better outcomes in treatment of voice hearers.

12

England, Margaret. "Significance of Cognitive Intervention for Voice Hearers." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 44, no. 1 (December 26, 2007): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00146.x.

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13

Tolmeijer, Eva, Amy Hardy, Alyssa Jongeneel, Anton B. P. Staring, Mark van der Gaag, and David van den Berg. "Voice-hearers’ beliefs about the causes of their voices." Psychiatry Research 302 (August 2021): 113997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113997.

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14

Baumeister, David, Toby Pillinger, Oliver Howes, and Emmanuelle Peters. "Psychophysiological stress-reactivity in clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers." Schizophrenia Research 235 (September 2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.005.

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15

Legg, Lesley, and Paul Gilbert. "A pilot study of gender of voice and gender of voice hearer in psychotic voice hearers." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 79, no. 4 (December 2006): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608305x70955.

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16

Toh, W. L., E. J. Tan, E. Neill, T. E. Van Rheenen, C. Gurvich, P. J. Sumner, S. P. Carruthers, E. H. X. Thomas, and S. L. Rossell. "Identifying the cognitive underpinnings of voice‐hearing by comparing never, past and current voice‐hearers." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 141, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.13169.

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17

Davenport, Brittany, Mike Jackson, James A. Grange, and Michelle Rydon-Grange. "Beliefs about voices in voice-hearers: the role of schema functioning." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465820000399.

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AbstractBackground:Evidence is emerging that beliefs about voices are influenced by broader schematic beliefs about the self and others. Similarly, studies indicate that the relationship an individual has with their voice may mirror wider patterns of relating observed in social relationships, which may be influenced by schematic beliefs.Aims:This study examined associations between beliefs about voices and self and other schemas. Furthermore, associations between schemas and the perceived relationship between the hearer and their predominant voice were explored.Method:Forty-four voice-hearing participants were recruited across mental health services. Participants completed self-report measures of beliefs about voices, schema functioning, and relating between the hearer and their voice. Dimensions of voice experience, such as frequency and content, were assessed using a clinician-rated scale.Results:Beliefs about voices correlated with negative voice content and schemas. After controlling for negative voice content, schemas were estimated to predict between 1 and 17% of the variance in the six measured beliefs about voices; three of the associations reached statistical significance. Negative-self schema were the strongest predictors of beliefs about voices, whilst positive-self also showed potential relationships. Schemas also correlated with dimensions of relating between the hearer and their voice.Conclusions:In line with previous research, this study provides evidence that schemas, particularly self-schema, may be important in the development of beliefs about voices. This study offers preliminary findings to suggest that schemas are also associated with the perceived relationship between the hearer and their voice.

18

Reader, H. "0082 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PROFESSIONALS AND VOICE HEARERS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY." Schizophrenia Research 86 (October 2006): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(06)70410-8.

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19

Beavan, Vanessa, John Read, and Claire Cartwright. "The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: A literature review." Journal of Mental Health 20, no. 3 (May 16, 2011): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.562262.

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20

Toh, Wei Lin, Neil Thomas, and Susan L. Rossell. "Comparing Primary Voice-Hearers with and without Hallucinations in Other Sensory Modalities." Psychopathology 54, no. 4 (2021): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000517455.

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There has been burgeoning interest in studying hallucinations in psychosis occurring across multiple sensory modalities. The current study aimed to characterize the auditory hallucination and delusion profiles in patients with auditory hallucinations only versus those with multisensory hallucinations. Participants with psychosis were partitioned into groups with voices only (AVH; <i>n</i> = 50) versus voices plus hallucinations in at least one other sensory modality (AVH+; <i>n</i> = 50), based on their responses on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Basic demographic and clinical information was collected, and the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE) was used to assess psychosis phenomenology. Relative to the AVH group, greater compliance to perceived commands, auditory illusions, and sensed presences was significantly elevated in the AVH+ group. The latter group also had greater levels of delusion-related distress and functional impairment and was more likely to endorse delusions of reference and misidentification. This preliminary study uncovered important phenomenological differences in those with multisensory hallucinations. Future hallucination research extending beyond the auditory modality is needed.

21

Faccio, E., D. Romaioli, J. Dagani, and S. Cipolletta. "Auditory hallucinations as a personal experience: analysis of non-psychiatric voice hearers’ narrations." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 20, no. 9 (October 15, 2012): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12008.

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22

Coffey, Michael, and Jeanette Hewitt. "‘You don't talk about the voices’: voice hearers and community mental health nurses talk about responding to voice hearing experiences." Journal of Clinical Nursing 17, no. 12 (June 2008): 1591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02185.x.

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23

Morris, Eric MJ, Philippa Garety, and Emmanuelle Peters. "Psychological flexibility and nonjudgemental acceptance in voice hearers: relationships with omnipotence and distress." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 12 (May 16, 2014): 1150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414535671.

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24

Steel, Craig, Joachim Schnackenberg, Zoe Travers, Eleanor Longden, Emily Greenfield, Lynette Meredith, Hayley Perry, and Dirk Corstens. "Voice hearers’ experiences of the Making Sense of Voices approach in an NHS setting." Psychosis 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2019.1707859.

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McMullan, E., A. Gupta, and S. C. Collins. "Experiences of mental health nursing staff working with voice hearers in an acute setting: An interpretive phenomenological approach." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 25, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12448.

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26

Schnackenberg, J. K., and C. R. Martin. "The need for Experience Focused Counselling (EFC) with voice hearers in training and practice: a review of the literature." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 21, no. 5 (May 28, 2013): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12084.

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27

Jones, S., A. Guy, and J. A. Ormrod. "A Q-methodological study of hearing voices: A preliminary exploration of voice hearers’ understanding of their experiences." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 76, no. 2 (June 2003): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608303765951212.

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28

Schnackenberg, Joachim, Mick Fleming, Helen Walker, and Colin R. Martin. "Experience Focussed Counselling with Voice Hearers: Towards a Trans-diagnostic Key to Understanding Past and Current Distress—A Thematic Enquiry." Community Mental Health Journal 54, no. 7 (April 30, 2018): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0280-6.

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29

Cottam, S., S. N. Paul, O. J. Doughty, L. Carpenter, A. Al-Mousawi, S. Karvounis, and D. J. Done. "Does religious belief enable positive interpretation of auditory hallucinations? A comparison of religious voice hearers with and without psychosis." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 16, no. 5 (September 2011): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2010.548543.

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30

Haarmans, Maria, Victoria Vass, and Richard P. Bentall. "Voices’ use of gender, race and other social categories to undermine female voice-hearers: Implications for incorporating intersectionality within CBT for psychosis." Psychosis 8, no. 3 (January 25, 2016): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2015.1131323.

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31

Dos Santos, Bianca, and Vanessa Beavan. "Qualitatively exploring hearing voices network support groups." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 10, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-07-2014-0017.

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Purpose – The distress that is associated with auditory hallucinations, or voices, is well documented. However, increasingly research into this phenomenon is also capturing those who cope with their voices, and live meaningful lives. Peer support is a popular and useful way in which to learn to manage the distress for voice-hearers. The Hearing Voices Network (HVN) acts as an umbrella organisation for which research, training and peer support groups exist (www.intervoiceonline.org). Despite the growing amount of peer support groups established, there is to date no published material on these groups. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issue. Design/methodology/approach – The present study used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to explore the experiences of four informants across three New South Wales HVN groups. Findings – Results suggest that the social connections, value of sharing and desire for more group members are all important within the group. Beyond the group, informants described the increased willingness to talk to others about their voice experiences, improvements in sense of self and a positive change in their relationship with their voices. Originality/value – The study demonstrates the importance of peer participation in the mental health workforce and the provision of safe spaces for those with lived experience to share and learn from each other in meaningful ways. Research implications include the need for further research measuring outcomes on a larger scale for these support groups.

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Tsang, Anthony, Sandra Bucci, Alison Branitsky, Safa Kaptan, Sonya Rafiq, Samantha Wong, Katherine Berry, and Filippo Varese. "The relationship between appraisals of voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) and distress in voice-hearers with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses: A meta-analytic review." Schizophrenia Research 230 (April 2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.013.

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Temple, Scott. "Cognitive Therapy for Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 18, no. 3 (July 2004): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.18.3.223.65647.

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Cognitive therapy has established its efficacy in the United Kingdom as a companion therapy, along with medication, in the treatment of schizophrenia. Randomized controlled trials have been conducted in the UK, showing improvement in both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Yet, less work has been done testing and implementing cognitive therapy for schizophrenia in North America. This article describes the applications of cognitive therapy as a treatment for auditory hallucinations, primarily voices. Cognitive therapy for voices is predicated on the assumption that much of the distress and disability associated with hearing voices is due to the patient’s delusional interpretations of voices. The development of a cognitive therapy case conceptualization will be described, as will specific techniques for managing voices and secondary delusions. The objective of treatment is that of increasing the cognitive and behavioral repertoire available to voice hearers, not only to reduce distress, but also to increase options for living a meaningful life.

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Louise, Stephanie, Susan L. Rossell, and Neil Thomas. "The Acceptability, Feasibility and Potential Outcomes of an Individual Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Hearing Voices." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000425.

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Background:A prominent area of advancement in the psychological treatment for people with persisting psychosis has been the application of mindfulness-based therapies. Recent literature has recommended the investigation of focused mindfulness interventions for voices (auditory hallucinations) as a specific experience. To date, only mindfulness programs in group format have been examined.Aims:This non-randomized pilot study aimed to assess the acceptability, feasibility and potential outcomes of an individual mindfulness program for persistent voices on the negative impact of voices on the subjective experience of mental health and wellbeing, depression and voice-related distress and disruption. Also, it aimed to identify potential psychological and neurocognitive mechanisms of change.Method:A new 4-week individual Mindfulness Program for Voices (iMPV) was developed, and piloted with a group of 14 participants with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and persisting voices. Participants completed clinical and neurocognitive measures pre- and post-intervention and at 2-month follow-up.Results:Results revealed low attrition rates, high formal practice engagement levels and positive participant feedback. Pre–post outcomes suggested small to moderate effects for a reduction in the negative impact of voices on experience, depression and disruption. Large effects for changes in mindful responding and attentional switching were also identified.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that this novel treatment protocol is appropriate, engaging and safe for persistent voice hearers. Findings for mindful responding and attentional switching suggest these to be potential mechanisms of change for further investigation. Further RCTs are warranted to ascertain the feasibility and efficacy for focused mindfulness interventions for voices of individual format.

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Collins, Luke C., Elena Semino, Zsófia Demjén, Andrew Hardie, Peter Moseley, Angela Woods, and Ben Alderson-Day. "A linguistic approach to the psychosis continuum: (dis)similarities and (dis)continuities in how clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers talk about their voices." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 25, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2020.1842727.

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Denno, Peter, Stephanie Wallis, Jonathan Ives, Stephen Wood, Matthew Broome, Pavan Mallikarjun, Femi Oyebode, Rachel Upthegrove, and Kimberly Caldwell. "Listening to voices: understanding and self-management of auditory verbal hallucinations in young adults." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S19—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.107.

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AimsAuditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) are a hallmark of psychosis, but affect many other clinical populations. Patients’ understanding and self-management of AVH may differ between diagnostic groups, change over time, and influence clinical outcomes.We aimed to explore patients’ understanding and self-management of AVH in a young adult clinical population.Method35 participants reporting frequent AVH were purposively sampled from a youth mental health service, to capture experiences across psychosis and non-psychosis diagnoses. Diary and photo-elicitation methodologies were used – participants were asked to complete diaries documenting experiences of AVH, and to take photographs representing these experiences. In-depth, unstructured interviews were held, using participant-produced materials as a topic guide. Conventional content analysis was conducted, deriving results from the data in the form of themes.ResultThree themes emerged: (1)Searching for answers, forming identities – voice-hearers sought to explain their experiences, resulting in the construction of identities for voices, and descriptions of relationships with them. These identities were drawn from participants’ life-stories (e.g., reflecting trauma), and belief-systems (e.g., reflecting supernatural beliefs, or mental illness). Some described this process as active / volitional. Participants described re-defining their own identities in relation to those constructed for AVH (e.g. as diseased, 'chosen', or persecuted), others considered AVH explicitly as aspects of, or changes in, their personality.(2)Coping strategies and goals – patients’ self-management strategies were diverse, reflecting the diverse negative experiences of AVH. Strategies were related to a smaller number of goals, e.g. distraction, soothing overwhelming emotions, 'reality-checking', and retaining agency.(3)Outlook – participants formed an overall outlook reflecting their self-efficacy in managing AVH. Resignation and hopelessness in connection with disabling AVH are contrasted with outlooks of “acceptance” or integration, which were described as positive, ideal, or mature.ConclusionTrans-diagnostic commonalities in understanding and self-management of AVH are highlighted - answer-seeking and identity-formation processes; a diversity of coping strategies and goals; and striving to accept the symptom. Descriptions of “voices-as-self”, and dysfunctional relationships with AVH, could represent specific features of voice-hearing in personality disorder, whereas certain supernatural/paranormal identities and explanations were clearly delusional. However, no aspect of identity-formation was completely unique to psychosis or non-psychosis diagnostic groups. The identity-formation process, coping strategies, and outlooks can be seen as a framework both for individual therapies and further research.

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Baumeister, David, Tom Ward, Philippa Garety, Mike Jackson, Craig Morgan, Monica Charalambides, Paul Chadwick, Oliver Howes, and Emmanuelle Peters. "Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers." Psychological Medicine, July 20, 2020, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002433.

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Abstract Objectives Psychosis, and in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), are associated with adversity exposure. However, AVHs also occur in populations with no need for care or distress. Aims This study investigated whether adversity exposure would differentiate clinical and healthy voice-hearers within the context of a ‘three-hit’ model of vulnerability and stress exposure. Methods Samples of 57 clinical and 45 healthy voice-hearers were compared on the three ‘hits’: familial risk; adversity exposure in childhood and in adolescence/adulthood. Results Clinical voice-hearers showed greater familial risk than healthy voice-hearers, with more family members with a history of psychosis, but not with other mental disorders. The two groups did not differ in their exposure to adversity in childhood [sexual and non-sexual, victimisation; discrimination and socio-economic status (SES)]. Contrary to expectations, clinical voice-hearers did not differ from healthy voice-hearers in their exposure to victimisation (sexual/non-sexual) and discrimination in adolescence/adulthood, but reported more cannabis and substance misuse, and lower SES. Conclusions The current study found no evidence that clinical and healthy voice-hearers differ in lifetime victimisation exposure, suggesting victimisation may be linked to the emergence of AVHs generally, rather than need-for-care. Familial risk, substance misuse and lower SES may be additional risk factors involved in the emergence of need-for-care and distress.

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Reddyhough, Caitlin, Vance Locke, Johanna C. Badcock, and Georgie Paulik. "Changing Attitudes Towards Voice Hearers: A Literature Review." Community Mental Health Journal, October 17, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00727-z.

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Reddyhough, Caitlin, Vance Locke, and Georgie Paulik. "Changing Healthcare Professionals’ Attitudes Towards Voice Hearers: An Education Intervention." Community Mental Health Journal, August 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00695-4.

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Badcock, Johanna C., and Saruchi Chhabra. "Voices to reckon with: perceptions of voice identity in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00114.

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Suessenbacher-Kessler, Stefanie, Andrea Gmeiner, Tamara Diendorfer, Beate Schrank, Annemarie Unger, and Michaela Amering. "A relationship of sorts: gender and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." Archives of Women's Mental Health, March 20, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01109-4.

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AbstractVoice hearing has been conceptualized as an interrelational framework, where the interaction between voice and voice hearer is reciprocal and resembles “real-life interpersonal interactions.” Although gender influences social functioning in “real-life situations,” little is known about respective effects of gender in the voice hearing experience. One hundred seventeen participants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder took part in a semi-structured interview about the phenomenology of their voices and completed standardized self-rating questionnaires on their beliefs about their most dominant male and female voices and the power differentials in their respective voice-voice hearer interactions. Additionally, the voice hearers’ individual masculine/feminine traits were recorded. Men heard significantly more male than female dominant voices, while the gender ratio of dominant voices was balanced in women. Although basic phenomenological characteristics of voices were similar in both genders, women showed greater amounts of distress caused by the voices and reported a persistence of voices for longer time periods. Command hallucinations that encouraged participants to harm others were predominantly male. Regarding voice appraisals, high levels of traits associated with masculinity (=instrumentality/agency) correlated with favorable voice appraisals and balanced power perceptions between voice and voice hearer. These positive effects seem to be more pronounced in women. The gender of both voice and voice hearer shapes the voice hearing experience in manifold ways. Due to possible favorable effects on clinical outcomes, therapeutic concepts that strengthen instrumental/agentic traits could be a feasible target for psychotherapeutic interventions in voice hearing, especially in women.

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Alderson-Day, Ben, Angela Woods, Peter Moseley, Stephanie Common, Felicity Deamer, Guy Dodgson, and Charles Fernyhough. "Voice-Hearing and Personification: Characterizing Social Qualities of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Early Psychosis." Schizophrenia Bulletin, July 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa095.

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Abstract Recent therapeutic approaches to auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) exploit the person-like qualities of voices. Little is known, however, about how, why, and when AVH become personified. We aimed to investigate personification in individuals’ early voice-hearing experiences. We invited Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service users aged 16–65 to participate in a semistructured interview on AVH phenomenology. Forty voice-hearers (M = 114.13 days in EIP) were recruited through 2 National Health Service trusts in northern England. We used content and thematic analysis to code the interviews and then statistically examined key associations with personification. Some participants had heard voices intermittently for multiple years prior to clinical involvement (M = 74.38 months), although distressing voice onset was typically more recent (median = 12 months). Participants reported a range of negative emotions (predominantly fear, 60%, 24/40, and anxiety, 62.5%, 26/40), visual hallucinations (75%, 30/40), bodily states (65%, 25/40), and “felt presences” (52.5%, 21/40) in relation to voices. Complex personification, reported by a sizeable minority (16/40, 40%), was associated with experiencing voices as conversational (odds ratio [OR] = 2.56) and companionable (OR = 3.19) but not as commanding or trauma-related. Neither age of AVH onset nor time since onset related to personification. Our findings highlight significant personification of AVH even at first clinical presentation. Personified voices appear to be distinguished less by their intrinsic properties, commanding qualities, or connection with trauma than by their affordances for conversation and companionship.

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Varese, Filippo, Maggie Douglas, Robert Dudley, Samantha Bowe, Thomas Christodoulides, Stephanie Common, Tim Grace, et al. "Targeting dissociation using cognitive behavioural therapy in voice hearers with psychosis and a history of interpersonal trauma: A case series." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, September 10, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papt.12304.

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Lüdtke, Thies, Heike Platow-Kohlschein, Nina Rüegg, Thomas Berger, Steffen Moritz, and Stefan Westermann. "Mindfulness Mediates the Effect of a Psychological Online Intervention for Psychosis on Self-Reported Hallucinations: A Secondary Analysis of Voice Hearers From the EviBaS Trial." Frontiers in Psychiatry 11 (April 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00228.

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Schaefer, Barbara, Jenny Boumans, Jim van Os, and Jaap van Weeghel. "Emerging Processes Within Peer-Support Hearing Voices Groups: A Qualitative Study in the Dutch Context." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (April 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647969.

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Purpose/Aims: This study aimed to gain insight into the value of Hearing Voices Groups (HVGs) in the Dutch context. Specifically, we aimed to learn more about the meaning of HVG participation, as well as the aspects that contribute to that meaning, from the perspective of participants' experiences.Method: The study used a qualitative design with in-depth interviews to explore the experiences of 30 members within seven HVGs in the Netherlands. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using interpretative analysis inspired by the Grounded Theory method.Findings: The individual-level analysis revealed four different group processes that appear to determine the value that HVGs have for their participants: (i) peer-to-peer validation, (ii) exchanging information and sharing self-accumulated knowledge, (iii) connection and social support, and (iv) engaging in mutual self-reflection. We found that specific characteristics of HVGs facilitate these group processes and lead to specific personal outcomes. Combining the interview data from people who joined the same HVG reveals that, although all four described group processes occur in all groups, each group's emphasis differs. Three related factors are described: (i) the composition of the group, (ii) the style of the facilitators, and (iii) the interaction between group processes and individual processes.Implications: Unique processes, for which there is little to no place within regular mental health care (MHC), occur within HVGs. MHC professionals should be more aware of the opportunities HVG can offer voice-hearers. Essential matters regarding the implementation of HVGs are discussed.