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Статті в журналах з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Mülmenstädt, Johannes, Odran Sourdeval, David S. Henderson, Tristan S. L'Ecuyer, Claudia Unglaub, Leonore Jungandreas, Christoph Böhm, Lynn M. Russell, and Johannes Quaas. "Using CALIOP to estimate cloud-field base height and its uncertainty: the Cloud Base Altitude Spatial Extrapolator (CBASE) algorithm and dataset." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 2279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2279-2018.
Анотація:
Abstract. A technique is presented that uses attenuated backscatter profiles from the CALIOP satellite lidar to estimate cloud base heights of lower-troposphere liquid clouds (cloud base height below approximately 3 km). Even when clouds are thick enough to attenuate the lidar beam (optical thickness τ≳5), the technique provides cloud base heights by treating the cloud base height of nearby thinner clouds as representative of the surrounding cloud field. Using ground-based ceilometer data, uncertainty estimates for the cloud base height product at retrieval resolution are derived as a function of various properties of the CALIOP lidar profiles. Evaluation of the predicted cloud base heights and their predicted uncertainty using a second statistically independent ceilometer dataset shows that cloud base heights and uncertainties are biased by less than 10 %. Geographic distributions of cloud base height and its uncertainty are presented. In some regions, the uncertainty is found to be substantially smaller than the 480 m uncertainty assumed in the A-Train surface downwelling longwave estimate, potentially permitting the most uncertain of the radiative fluxes in the climate system to be better constrained. The cloud base dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/CBASE.
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Gibson, J., and M. Buchheit. "Tracking Uncertainty in Derived Height Data." Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 33, no. 1 (April 1996): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/e247-5528-364w-4n67.
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Mysen, E. "On the uncertainty of height anomaly differences predicted by least-squares collocation." Journal of Geodetic Science 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2020-0111.
Анотація:
AbstractA network of pointwise available height anomalies, derived from levelling and GPS observations, can be densified by adjusting a gravimetric quasigeoid using least-squares collocation. The resulting type of Corrector Surface Model (CSM) is applied by Norwegian surveyors to convert ellipsoidal heights to normal heights expressed in the official height system NN2000. In this work, the uncertainty related to the use of a CSM to predict differences in height anomaly was sought. As previously, the application of variograms to determine the local statistical properties of the adopted collocation model led to predictions that were consistent with their computed uncertainties. For the purpose of predicting height anomaly differences, the effect of collocation was seen to be moderate in general for the small spatial separations considered (< 10 km). However, the relative impact of collocation could be appreciable, and increasing with distance, near the network. At last, it was argued that conservative uncertainties of height anomaly differences may be obtained by rescaling output of a grid interpolation by \sqrt \Delta, where Δ is the spatial separation of the two locations for which the difference is sought.
4
Jicha, Otakar, Pavel Pechac, Vaclav Kvicera, and Martin Grabner. "On the Uncertainty of Refractivity Height Profile Measurements." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 (2011): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2011.2168370.
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Fortin, Mathieu, and Josianne DeBlois. "A statistical estimator to propagate height prediction errors into a general volume model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 10 (October 2010): 1930–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-107.
Анотація:
In most large-scale inventories, volume models rely on predicted heights instead of measured heights. The effect of height predictions over volume estimate uncertainty is therefore a crucial issue. In this study, we designed a statistical estimator that enables the propagation of tree height prediction errors into a general volume model. The proposed estimator relies on the assumption that both the volume model and the height–diameter model that provides the height predictions do not exhibit any lack of fit. This estimator was tested against a Monte Carlo simulation for 90 plots from three typical forest types in Quebec, Canada (hardwood, mixedwood, and softwood). The results show that the estimator provides plot volume predictions with error variances that fit those estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation. The estimator developed in this study may be useful to quickly provide the uncertainty associated with plot volume predictions in large-scale inventories.
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Huang, Huabing, Caixia Liu, and Xiaoyi Wang. "Constructing a Finer-Resolution Forest Height in China Using ICESat/GLAS, Landsat and ALOS PALSAR Data and Height Patterns of Natural Forests and Plantations." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151740.
Анотація:
Monitoring forest height is crucial to determine the structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. However, detailed spatial patterns of forest height from 30 m resolution remotely sensed data are currently unavailable. In this study, we present a new method for mapping forest height by combining spaceborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) with imagery from multiple remote sensing sources, including the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), the Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radars (PALSAR), and topographic data. The nationwide forest heights agree well with results obtained from 525 independent forest height field measurements, yielding correlation coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) values of 0.92, 4.31 m, and 3.87 m, respectively. Forest heights derived from remotely sensed data range from 1.41 m to 38.94 m, with an average forest height of 16.08 ± 3.34 m. Mean forest heights differ only slightly among different forest types. In natural forests, conifer forests have the greatest mean forest heights, whereas in plantations, bamboo forests have the greatest mean forest heights. Important predictors for modeling forest height using the random forest regression tree method include slope, surface reflectance of red bands and HV backscatter. The uncertainty caused by the uneven distribution of Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) footprints is estimated to be 0.64 m. After integrating PALSAR data into the model, the uncertainty associated with forest height estimation was reduced by 4.58%. Our finer-resolution forest height could serve as a benchmark to estimate forest carbon storage and would greatly contribute to better understanding the roles of ecological engineering projects in China.
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Edelman, G., and I. Alberink. "Height measurements in images: how to deal with measurement uncertainty correlated to actual height." Law, Probability and Risk 9, no. 2 (December 8, 2009): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgp033.
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Liu, Zhi Yi, Xiao Dong Wang, and Shun Kang. "Non-Deterministic CFD Simulations on the Effect of Uncertain Tip Clearance on an Axial Rotor Performance." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1499.
Анотація:
In the present paper, the non-intrusive Probabilistic Collocation (NIRPC) method is introduced in detail and used to simulate the effects of tip clearance uncertainty on the aerodynamic performance of NASA Rotor 37, which is combined with a commercial CFD software. The tip clearance height is supposed to be a stochastic variable in Beta distribution with four schemes of uncertainty in the random height of the plain tip clearance, the leading edge, the trailing edge and both the leading and trailing edges, respectively. The statistical properties of total performance of the rotor and flow structure within the blade passage in different flow conditions are analyzed. The results show that the Std. of total performances caused by the uncertain plain tip clearance decreases with reducing of the outlet pressure. The maximum of the standard deviation of Mach number appears in the regions where the leakage flow, the shock wave and the separation flow locate, which decreases from the tip to the hub. When the tip clearance is linear distributed, the uncertainty of tip clearance height at the leading edge is the main factor under high mass flow conditions. With the mass flow reaches to choking point, the Std. of total performances caused by the uncertainty of tip clearance height at the trailing edge drops sharply.
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Siuta, David, Gregory West, Roland Stull, and Thomas Nipen. "Calibrated Probabilistic Hub-Height Wind Forecasts in Complex Terrain." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 555–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0137.1.
Анотація:
Abstract This work evaluates the use of a WRF ensemble for short-term, probabilistic, hub-height wind speed forecasts in complex terrain. Testing for probabilistic-forecast improvements is conducted by increasing the number of planetary boundary layer schemes used in the ensemble. Additionally, several prescribed uncertainty models used to derive forecast probabilities based on knowledge of the error within a past training period are evaluated. A Gaussian uncertainty model provided calibrated wind speed forecasts at all wind farms tested. Attempts to scale the Gaussian distribution based on the ensemble mean or variance values did not result in further improvement of the probabilistic forecast performance. When using the Gaussian uncertainty model, a small-sized six-member ensemble showed equal skill to that of the full 48-member ensemble. A new uncertainty model called the pq distribution that better fits the ensemble wind forecast error distribution is introduced. Results indicate that the gross attributes (central tendency, spread, and symmetry) of the prescribed uncertainty model are more important than its exact shape.
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Gautam, Deepak, Christopher Watson, Arko Lucieer, and Zbyněk Malenovský. "Error Budget for Geolocation of Spectroradiometer Point Observations from an Unmanned Aircraft System." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103465.
Анотація:
We investigate footprint geolocation uncertainties of a spectroradiometer mounted on an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). Two microelectromechanical systems-based inertial measurement units (IMUs) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers were used to determine the footprint location and extent of the spectroradiometer. Errors originating from the on-board GNSS/IMU sensors were propagated through an aerial data georeferencing model, taking into account a range of values for the spectroradiometer field of view (FOV), integration time, UAS flight speed, above ground level (AGL) flying height, and IMU grade. The spectroradiometer under nominal operating conditions (8 ∘ FOV, 10 m AGL height, 0.6 s integration time, and 3 m/s flying speed) resulted in footprint extent of 140 cm across-track and 320 cm along-track, and a geolocation uncertainty of 11 cm. Flying height and orientation measurement accuracy had the largest influence on the geolocation uncertainty, whereas the FOV, integration time, and flying speed had the biggest impact on the size of the footprint. Furthermore, with an increase in flying height, the rate of increase in geolocation uncertainty was found highest for a low-grade IMU. To increase the footprint geolocation accuracy, we recommend reducing flying height while increasing the FOV which compensates the footprint area loss and increases the signal strength. The disadvantage of a lower flying height and a larger FOV is a higher sensitivity of the footprint size to changing distance from the target. To assist in matching the footprint size to uncertainty ratio with an appropriate spatial scale, we list the expected ratio for a range of IMU grades, FOVs and AGL heights.
Дисертації з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Nilsson, Mimmi. "Mätosäkerheter vid trigonometrisk höjdmätning : En jämförelse mellan ett avvägningsinstrument och en multistation." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22072.
Анотація:
Avvägning är den traditionella metoden för höjdmätning, medan trigonometrisk höjdmätningunderlättar vid höjdmätning på längre avstånd och vid kuperad terräng. Syftet med studien varatt undersöka mätosäkerheten vid trigonometrisk höjdmätning. Detta genom en jämförelsemed traditionell höjdmätning som utförts med ett finavvägningsinstrument samt hur mångahelsatser som krävs för att erhålla resultat med låg mätosäkerhet för trigonometriskhöjdmätning. Kravet som ställdes var 2 mm√L, där L är avvägningstågets längd i km.Mätningarna har genomförts i två tunnlar varav i den ena var markytan plan och i den andralutade marken 1 m på 10 m (1/10). Höjdfixarna monterades i bergväggen ungefär var tiondemeter och höjdbestämdes med avvägningsinstrument, DNA03, för att erhålla sanna höjder förhöjdfixarna. Därefter mättes höjdfixarna in genom trigonometrisk höjdmätning i helsatsermed multistationen MS50. Höjder erhållna med trigonometrisk höjdmätning beräknades ochnätutjämnades i Svensk byggnadsgeodesi (SBG) Geo 15 för att sedan kunna jämföra medhöjd som erhållits med avvägningsinstrument. Signifikanstest beräknades för varje mätningför att avgöra om mätningarna var av samma population.Slutningsfelet för samtliga avvägningståg ligger inom toleransen och tillförlitligheten förhöjdbestämningen är hög. Vid höjdbestämning med trigonometrisk höjdmätning kan intesamma låga mätosäkerhet som med avvägningsinstrument förväntas, men inte långt ifrån.Med trigonometrisk höjdmätning, utfört med MS50, för distanser mellan 10-100 m kan enmätosäkerhet runt 0,5-1,5 mm förväntas vid mätning i två helsatser. Signifikanstestet visadeatt fler mätningar var inom konfidensintervallet 95 % när två kända höjder användes iberäkningarna i stället för en känd höjd. Vid mätning med totalstation kan lägremätosäkerheter för trigonometrisk höjdmätning förväntas än 0,5-1,5 mm på 10-100 m.The aim of the thesis was to determine the uncertainty of trigonometric height measurementin comparison by traditional height measurement performed with a digital level. Levelling isthe traditional method of height measurement while the trigonometric height measurementfacilitates height measurement at longer distances and in terrain. The uncertainty of thetrigonometric height measurement has been investigated as well as how many rounds ofmeasurements are sufficient for measurements between 10-100 m.The measurements were carried out in two tunnels where in one the ground was plane and inthe other it is grade was 1/10. Height fixes were mounted about every 10 meters in the rockwall and height determined with a levelling instrument, DNA03, to obtain true elevations onheight fixes. Thereafter, the height of the fixes were measured through trigonometric heightmeasurement in one, two, three and four rounds of measurements with a multi station, MS50.Elevation data was calculated and levelling net adjusted in Svensk byggnadsgeodesi (SBG)Geo to then compare the height data from the trigonometric height measurement with thelevelled height obtained by levelling instruments. Significance tests were calculated for themeasurement to determine if the measurements are of the same population.Connection error of all leveling was within tolerance which shows that the reliability of theheight determination is high. The height determination by trigonometric height measurementcan not be of the same low uncertainty that is expected with levelling, but not far from it.With trigonometric height measurement, carried out with MS50, for distances between 10-100m can an uncertainty of 0.5-1.5 mm be expected when two rounds of measurements are used.Significance test shows that more measurements are within the confidence interval 95% whentwo known heights are used in the calculations, instead of one known height.
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Karlsson, Henrik. "Kvalitetsundersökning och jämförelse av Laserdata NH och Laserdata Skog : Olika terrängtypers inverkan på punktmolnets återgivning av markytan." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84568.
Анотація:
Flygburen laserskanning är en effektiv metod för insamling av höjddata över stora områden och används därför frekvent som underlag till digitala höjdmodeller, både på nationell och regional nivå (Wehr & Lohr 1999). Fördelen med insamlingsmetoden är att de utsända laserpulserna reflekteras på både markytan och objekten ovan mark, exempelvis vegetation, byggnader och liknande. På så vis genereras ett tredimensionellt punktmoln från vilket ytterligare produkter kan genereras. Den uppskattade eller uppmätta kvaliteten hos LiDAR-data gäller generellt för hela skanningsområdet. Men det kan vara av intresse att utföra en mer djupgående analys av kvaliteten för att se hur den skiljer sig mellan olika terrängtyper. På uppdrag av Arvika kommun ska en kvalitetskontroll av Lantmäteriets andra rikstäckande laserskanning ”Laserdata Skog” utföras. I dagsläget arbetar man med Laserdata NH, syftet med studien är således att ge Arvika kommun en mer nyanserad uppfattning av kvaliteten hos Laserdata Skog så att framtida arbeten kan ske på ett tillförlitligt sätt med en djupare förståelse kring datat. En jämförelse med Lantmäteriets första rikstäckande laserskanning ”Laserdata NH” kommer även utföras. Jämförelsen mellan de två laserskanningarna sker främst av ett teoretiskt intresse för att utreda hur stor skillnaden är mellan dem, framtida arbeten med laserdata kommer troligtvis att ske med den nya ”Laserdata Skog”. För att utföra studien tillämpas den tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016 ”Byggmätning – Specifikationer vid framställning och kontroll av digitala markmodeller”. Inmätning av referensdata utfördes med både GNSS-utrustning och totalstation. De terrängtyper som har inkluderats i studien är: asfaltsyta, grusyta, lövskog, barrskog och gräsyta. För varje terrängtyp selekterades 2 provytor för att uppnå en god representation av de enskilda terrängtyperna. För att möjliggöra en koordinatjämförelse mellan laser- och referensdata så interpolerades punktmolnet till en TIN-yta. Resultatet visar att det uppstår differenser mellan Laserdata NH och Laserdata Skog för de statistiska mått som har beräknats. Laserdata NH erhåller förvånansvärt låga avvikelser. En övergripande trend är dock att Laserdata Skog har de lägre avvikelserna. Att fastställa orsakerna till dessa är dock svårt då det finns ett flertal faktorer som spelar in. Sammanfattningsvis erhåller Grusyta det lägsta RMSE-värdet (0,021 m) i Laserdata NH och i Laserdata Skog är det Asfaltsyta (0,017 m). Det högsta RMSE-värdet hittas i Barrskog för både Laserdata NH (0,198 m) och Skog (0,111 m).Airborne laser scanning is an efficient method for collecting elevation data over a large area and is therefore frequently used as a basis for digital elevation models, both on a national and regional level (Wehr & Lohr 1999). The advantage of this data collection method is that the emitted laser pulses are reflected both on the ground surface as well as the objects above it, for example the vegetation, buildings or the like. In this way a three-dimensional point cloud can be created from which further products can be generated. The estimated or measured quality of LiDAR data generally applies for the entire scanning area. But it can be interesting to perform a more in-depth analysis of how the quality differs between different types of terrain. At the request of Arvika municipality a quality survey of Lantmäteriet’s second nationwide laser scanning “Laserdata Skog” will be performed. Work is currently being performed using Laserdata NH, the purpose of this study is thus to give Arvika kommun a more nuanced perception of Laserdata Skog’s quality so that future work can be done in a more reliable way with a deeper knowledge about the data at hand. A comparison between Lantmäteriet’s first nationwide laser scanning “Laserdata NH” will also be performed. The comparison between these two is primarily out of a theoretical interest to examine how the quality differs between them. Future laserdata work will probably be executed using the newer product “Laserdata Skog”. The technical specification SIS-TS 21144:2016 ”Construction measurements – Specifications of production and control of digital terrain models” was applied in the study. Both GNSS-equipment and total station where used in order to collect reference data. The included terrain types are: asphalt, gravel, deciduous forest, coniferous forest and grass. Two areas of interest have been selected for each type of terrain in order to achieve a good representation of each terrain type. In order to perform a coordinate comparison between the laser- and reference data the point cloud from the laserdata was interpolated to a TIN-surface. The results show that there are quality differences between Laserdata NH and Laserdata Skog. Laserdata NH obtains remarkably low deviations. The overall trend is however that Laserdata Skog acquires the lower deviations of the two. Determining the causes of this is difficult, as there are several factors that come in to play. In summary the Gravel terrain type obtains the lowest RMSE-value (0,021 m) for Laserdata NH. The terrain type with the lowest RMSE-value for Laserdata Skog is Asphalt (0,017 m). The highest RMSE-values are found in Coniferous forest for both Laserdata NH (0,198 m) and Laserdata Skog (0,111 m).
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Lindbom, Johan, and Karl Tirén. "Kvalitetsundersökning av Laserdata Skog : Terrängtypens inverkan på punktmolnets återgivning av markytan." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33225.
Анотація:
Höjddata av god kvalitet är av stor betydelse i många sammanhang, inte minst i samhällets anpassning till ett förändrat klimat. Laserdata Skog är höjddata insamlade från flygburen laserskanning och kommer i färdigt skick att täcka större delen av Sveriges yta. För att sådana data ska kunna användas på bästa sätt är det viktigt att ha kännedom om deras kvalitet. För data från flygburen laserskanning finns det många parametrar som orsakar variation i kvaliteten, där terrängtypens inverkan hör till de mest betydande. Denna studie utförs på uppdrag av Lantmäteriet och syftar till att undersöka kvaliteten i Laserdata Skog. Fokus ligger på osäkerhet i höjd och punkttäthet, samt hur dessa faktorer varierar mellan olika terrängtyper. Höjdosäkerheten har undersökts genom jämförelser mellan laserdata och terrestra kontrollmätningar, medan punkttätheten har bestämts med beräkningar och observationer i laserdata. Fyra terrängtyper ingår i studien: Hårdgjord yta, Gräsyta, Barrskog och Lövskog. Varje terrängtyp representeras av tre olika provytor, fördelade på olika skanningsområden. Osäkerheten i höjd påverkades av både trädskikt och markvegetation, medan det enbart var variation i trädskiktet som orsakade synbar påverkan på punkttätheten. Osäkerheten i höjd för enskilda provytor varierade mellan 0,011 och 0,183 m (RMS). Punkttätheten varierade mellan 0,66 och 2,09 punkter/m2. För osäkerheten i höjd påträffades ett betydande bidrag från inpassningen av punktmolnet, vilket försvårade analysen av terrängtypens inverkan.High quality elevation data is of great importance in many contexts, for example in society’s adaptation to climate change. Laser data forest (Laserdata Skog) is elevation data collected from airborne laserscanning, and will cover most of Sweden’s surface when completed. In order for this data to be used in the best possible way, knowledge of its quality is important. Many parameters causes variation in quality for airborne laserdata, and the impact of vegetation is one of the most significant. This study is conducted by request from Lantmäteriet (the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority) and aims to investigate the quality of Laser data Forest. Uncertainty in height and point density is the main focus, as well as how these factors vary in different types of terrain. Uncertainty in height has been investigated by comparisons between laser data and terrestrial control measurements, while point density has been determined by calculations and observations in laser data. Four types of terrain is included in the study: Impervious surface, Grass, Coniferous forest and Deciduous forest. Each type of terrain is represented by three test surfaces, one in each of three different scanning areas. Uncertainty in height was affected by both trees and ground cover, while the vegetational impact on point density was caused by trees alone. Uncertainty in height for individual test sites varied between 0,011 and 0,183 m (RMS). Point density varied between 0,66 and 2,09 points/m2. For the uncertainty in height, a considerable contribution was found to originate from the alignment of the point clouds, which made the analysis of the impact of the terrain more difficult.
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Heidt, Andreas [Verfasser], and Alexander [Gutachter] Martin. "Uncertainty Models for Optimal and Robust ATM Schedules / Andreas Heidt ; Gutachter: Alexander Martin." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127336533/34.
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Xu, Chicheng. "Reservoir description with well-log-based and core-calibrated petrophysical rock classification." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21315.
Анотація:
Rock type is a key concept in modern reservoir characterization that straddles multiple scales and bridges multiple disciplines. Reservoir rock classification (or simply rock typing) has been recognized as one of the most effective description tools to facilitate large-scale reservoir modeling and simulation. This dissertation aims to integrate core data and well logs to enhance reservoir description by classifying reservoir rocks in a geologically and petrophysically consistent manner. The main objective is to develop scientific approaches for utilizing multi-physics rock data at different time and length scales to describe reservoir rock-fluid systems. Emphasis is placed on transferring physical understanding of rock types from limited ground-truthing core data to abundant well logs using fast log simulations in a multi-layered earth model. Bimodal log-normal pore-size distribution functions derived from mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data are first introduced to characterize complex pore systems in carbonate and tight-gas sandstone reservoirs. Six pore-system attributes are interpreted and integrated to define petrophysical orthogonality or dissimilarity between two pore systems of bimodal log-normal distributions. A simple three-dimensional (3D) cubic pore network model constrained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MICP data is developed to quantify fluid distributions and phase connectivity for predicting saturation-dependent relative permeability during two-phase drainage. There is rich petrophysical information in spatial fluid distributions resulting from vertical fluid flow on a geologic time scale and radial mud-filtrate invasion on a drilling time scale. Log attributes elicited by such fluid distributions are captured to quantify dynamic reservoir petrophysical properties and define reservoir flow capacity. A new rock classification workflow that reconciles reservoir saturation-height behavior and mud-filtrate for more accurate dynamic reservoir modeling is developed and verified in both clastic and carbonate fields. Rock types vary and mix at the sub-foot scale in heterogeneous reservoirs due to depositional control or diagenetic overprints. Conventional well logs are limited in their ability to probe the details of each individual bed or rock type as seen from outcrops or cores. A bottom-up Bayesian rock typing method is developed to efficiently test multiple working hypotheses against well logs to quantify uncertainty of rock types and their associated petrophysical properties in thinly bedded reservoirs. Concomitantly, a top-down reservoir description workflow is implemented to characterize intermixed or hybrid rock classes from flow-unit scale (or seismic scale) down to the pore scale based on a multi-scale orthogonal rock class decomposition approach. Correlations between petrophysical rock types and geological facies in reservoirs originating from deltaic and turbidite depositional systems are investigated in detail. Emphasis is placed on the cause-and-effect relationship between pore geometry and rock geological attributes such as grain size and bed thickness. Well log responses to those geological attributes and associated pore geometries are subjected to numerical log simulations. Sensitivity of various physical logs to petrophysical orthogonality between rock classes is investigated to identify the most diagnostic log attributes for log-based rock typing. Field cases of different reservoir types from various geological settings are used to verify the application of petrophysical rock classification to assist reservoir characterization, including facies interpretation, permeability prediction, saturation-height analysis, dynamic petrophysical modeling, uncertainty quantification, petrophysical upscaling, and production forecasting.text
Книги з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Tam, Ana. Gormim ishiyim, demografiyim ṿe-khitatiyim ha-mashpiʻim ʻal hitmodedut talmidim be-Ramat ha-Golan ʻim i ṿadaʼut poliṭit: Personal, demographic and classroom factors influencing students' coping with political uncertainty in the Golan Heights. Ḥefah: Universiṭat Ḥefah, Bet sefer le-ḥinukh, 1998.
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Brontë, Emily. Wuthering Heights. Edited by John Bugg. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198834786.001.0001.
Анотація:
‘You said I killed you - haunt me, then!’ Wuthering Heights is one of the most famous love stories in the English language. It is also one of the most potent revenge narratives. The intense and unbreakable bond between the fiery Catherine Earnshaw and the foundling Heathcliff has startled and fascinated readers since its first publication in 1847. Of uncertain parentage and ethnicity, Heathcliff comes to Wuthering Heights as a child when Catherine’s father finds him wandering alone through the slave-trading port of Liverpool. After Mr Earnshaw’s death, Heathcliff and Catherine find refuge in each other when the household falls into the hands of Catherine’s dissolute older brother. Their bond deepens as they escape together from the violence and stern religion of their home to the Yorkshire moors. But the story of Catherine and Heathcliff’s attachment transforms from intimacy to strife when Catherine marries the refined Edgar Linton. The ensuing story of violence and thwarted passion is one of the most powerful tales of the gothic tradition, a literary mode from which Emily Brontë wrings all of its terrifying potential. A regional novel with a global reach, a work of sensational effects with a startling ethical core, Wuthering Heights is both a romantic melodrama and wrenching study of the difficulty of escaping from the legacies of violence. This edition reproduces the authoritative Clarendon text, with revised and expanded notes and a selection from the poems of Emily Brontë.
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Nikoletta, Kleftouri. 4 European Banking Union. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743057.003.0004.
Анотація:
Having a multiplicity of financial regulators, supervisors, and resolution authorities in Europe can weaken supervision, heighten legal uncertainty, and impede effective resolution. European officials recently agreed that further steps are needed to tackle the specific risks in particular within the euro area, where pooled monetary responsibilities had increased the possibility of cross-border spillover effects in the event of bank crises. As a result, they created a union aimed to centralize bank supervision, deposit insurance, and bank resolution. This chapter sets out two components of the European banking union: single supervision, and single deposit insurance. Single resolution is separately discussed in Chapter 8, where international and European bank resolution frameworks are examined. The chapter concludes that deeper reforms are needed, in conjunction with effective cooperation arrangements.
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Smith, Jad. At the Wrong End of Time, 1976–95. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037337.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter details events in the life of John Brunner from 1976 to 1995. At the height of his career, Brunner retreated from the science fiction (SF) world partly because of his health. Not long after finishing The Shockwave Rider, he began to have excruciating headaches due to acute hypertension. He started taking a drug known in the UK as Aldomet, from which he suffered serious side effects, including the loss of his creativity. Brunner also experienced a mid-career crisis. On the one hand, he felt ambivalent about the direction of the field, especially as the market swung back toward space opera, and Hollywood followed suit. On the other hand, with many of his original ambitions as a SF author now realized, he felt uncertain about his own goals. It was not until 1981 that Brunner began working on his next major SF project, The Crucible of Time (1983). On August 25, 1995, a month shy of his sixty-first birthday, Brunner died of a massive stroke at the Intersection WorldCon in Glasgow.
Частини книг з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Hardon, Anita. "Chemical Supplementing." In Critical Studies in Risk and Uncertainty, 215–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57081-1_7.
Анотація:
Abstract This chapter, Chemical Supplementing, presents ethnographies of young people who use a variety of supplements in order to optimize their health. In the Philippines, boys take multivitamins with the hope of increasing their height, reflecting the importance of stature in their society, and young professionals take expensive supplements to improve their stamina for their demanding distribution jobs in a multilevel marketing company. In fitness centers, young women use proteins and fortified shakes to achieve an idealized, lean, and muscular body. In health and vitamin stores in Amsterdam, growing numbers of young people are buying, sharing, and promoting their personal concoctions of proteins and vitamins. These supplementing practices stem from young people’s various needs: to respond to the demands of service sector labor, to recover from the strain of night work, to indulge in the pleasure of weekend raves, and to manage growing concerns about environmental toxins. By zooming in on supplementing practices of these different groups of young people, we get a clearer understanding of their shared sense of vulnerability, and of the need for better regulation of the supplements industry.
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Hector, Andy. "Estimation." In The New Statistics with R, 39–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798170.003.0005.
Анотація:
Statistics is all about signal and noise. The analysis of Darwin’s maize data presented earlier focused initially on description. This chapter focuses on estimating the differences in height and testing whether we think there is an effect of the pollination treatments. The goal is to estimate the mean heights for the two treatments in Darwin’s experiment and the difference between them, and to calculate various measures that quantify our confidence (and, on the flip side, uncertainty) in the estimates, which we can use to judge whether they appear to be different or not.
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Kamiński, Marcin, and Rafał Leszek Ossowski. "Reaction-Diffusion Problems with Stochastic Parameters Using the Generalized Stochastic Finite Difference Method." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 205–16. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4991-0.ch010.
Анотація:
The main aim of this work is to demonstrate the new stochastic discrete computational methodology consisting of the generalized stochastic perturbation technique and of the classical Finite Difference Method for the regular grids to model reaction-diffusion problems with random time series. The generalized stochastic perturbation approach is based on the given order Taylor expansion of all random variables. A numerical algorithm is implemented here using the Direct Differentiation Method of the reaction-diffusion equation with respect to the height of a channel in 1D problem; further symbolic determination of the probabilistic moments and characteristics is completed by the computer algebra system MAPLE, v. 14. Computational illustration attached proves that it is possible to determine using this approach up to the fourth order probabilistic moments and coefficients as well as to consider time series with random coefficients for any dispersion of the input variables. Stochastic fluctuations of the input uncertainty source are defined here as the power time series with Gaussian random coefficients having given first two moments.
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Porter, Theodore M. "The Errors of Art and Nature." In The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900, 97–115. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter analyzes the law of facility of errors. All the early applications of the error law could be understood in terms of a binomial converging to an exponential, as in Abrahan De Moivre's original derivation. All but Joseph Fourier's law of heat, which was never explicitly tied to mathematical probability except by analogy, were compatible with the classical interpretation of probability. Just as probability was a measure of uncertainty, this exponential function governed the chances of error. It was not really an attribute of nature, but only a measure of human ignorance—of the imperfection of measurement techniques or the inaccuracy of inference from phenomena that occur in finite numbers to their underlying causes. Moreover, the mathematical operations used in conjunction with it had a single purpose: to reduce the error to the narrowest bounds possible. With Adolphe Quetelet, all that began to change, and a wider conception of statistical mathematics became possible. When Quetelet announced in 1844 that the astronomer's error law applied also to the distribution of human features such as height and girth, he did more than add one more set of objects to the domain of this probability function; he also began to break down its exclusive association with error.
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Muir, Rory. "The Army." In Gentlemen of Uncertain Fortune, 242–82. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300244311.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter explores a career in the army. It shows how such a career took a considerably different shape to a career in the navy. Young men joined the army later but then usually served continuously so long as the country was at war, while even at the height of the conflict with Napoleon naval officers spent much time ashore and on half-pay. Neither career was well rewarded, but there was a greater chance of a financial windfall for officers in the navy. The navy was also much more competitive, while the ability of officers in the army to purchase promotion gave them greater independence. A naval officer depended on many things to secure an attractive position as a captain, commodore, or admiral. An army officer's progress through the ranks was much smoother, oiled by purchase if necessary, and it was only when he had been promoted a colonel or a major-general and was looking for employment on the staff that he needed the support of a superior officer or the Horse Guards.
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Pournelle, Jerry. "Eight Simple Rules for Kid-friendly Computing." In 1001 Computer Words You Need to Know. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195167757.003.0015.
Анотація:
There’s no shortage of fear, uncertainty, and doubt when it comes to kids and computers. If your children don’t have access to a computer, the conventional wisdom goes, they won’t learn the skills they need to do well in college and to get a good job. If they do have access to a computer, they are at risk of being exposed to everything from predatory Internet creeps to spam, viruses, and lawsuits from the RIAA. There are, however, a few common-sense guidelines that you can follow to help make sure your children’s computer use is as safe and as rewarding as possible. 1. Make sure the computer area is set up correctly for little bodies. If you share a computer and desk with your children, make sure that they can change the height of the chair or keyboard tray, or even swap out your full-size keyboard and mouse for one made for smaller hands. Make sure your children learn good ergonomic habits early—they should take regular breaks from the computer. (There are quite a few programs you can download that give gentle and regular reminders to take a break.) 2. Keep the computer where you can keep an eye on both it and your kids. Many experts suggest that family computers be kept in open or common areas of the house, not in a child’s bedroom. This lets you be aware of what’s on the screen—an IM session? A game? A report for school? Or a questionable website? (FYI: if you see the acronym “POS” on the screen in an IM window as you walk by, it means “Parent Over Shoulder.”) 3. Spend some time using the computer with your children. Even if it’s only losing to them in their favorite game, spending time together lets you model good computer use. Show them your favorite Web site, or ask them to help you shop online for a present. Check the weather where you are, or where their grandparents are. Look up the lyrics to a song they like. Ask them what their favorite sites are, and visit them together. If they are at home while you are at work, IM them or send them e-mail.
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Humphris, Rachel. "Gender and intimate state encounters." In Home-Land: Romanian Roma, Domestic Spaces and the State, 135–60. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201925.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter explores the gendered complexities of the home encounter. It builds brings together the anthropological debates on the state and street-level bureaucracy to include feminist analysis of care and racialized motherhood. This chapter details how particular meanings that are imbued in the ‘private’ and domestic space heighten the gendered nature of governing relationships, placing more work on women and simultaneously excluding men. The chapter explores how family organisation and inscribed gender roles therein can exacerbate or ease the uncertainty and confusion within home encounters. The chapter not only examines how home encounters shape the relationships among Romanian Roma women and men, but also relationships between women and, typically, female support workers and, typically, male church volunteers. The chapter argues that those who perform ‘appropriate’ subjects of care (as mothers) can be positioned as objects of care (of the state) and consequently that men are excluded from these processes.
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Norton, Bryan G. "Conservationists and Preservationists Today." In Toward Unity among Environmentalists. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195093971.003.0009.
Анотація:
Aldo Leopold died in 1948, of a heart attack suffered while fighting a brushfire that threatened the pines he and his family had planted at the shack. By dint of his strong personality, scientific curiosity, and near-universal respect from professional colleagues and nonprofessional wilderness advocates alike, Leopold had personified the search for a unified vision to guide human use of the land and offered a unifying model for conservationists. His death, at the height of his intellectual and leadership powers, left the movement effectively rudderless. The country was at the time being swept away by the postwar economic boom and a new period of unrestrained economic growth pushed environmental concerns off the political agenda. Stephen Rauschenbush, writing in 1952, said, “Conservation is in danger of becoming a lost cause” and provided a list of five “forces and events that had battered away at the old ideal.” Grant McConnell similarly described the conservation movement in 1954 as “small, divided and frequently uncertain.” Wise-use conservationists and land preservationists appeared in the eyes of their opponents, McConnell lamented, as “but the representatives of particular interest groups and . . . hence no better than those whom they accuse.” But the same economic growth that placed conservationists on the defensive in the late 1940s and 1950s created a new demographic situation, including a baby boom that resulted eventually in a large surge in the youthful segment of the population. Increasing incomes allowed discretionary spending on amenities. Outdoor recreation became more popular and vacation homes near the shore or in the mountains proliferated as more families chose to spend time in areas with natural amenities. Environmental historian Samuel Hays explains the resulting shift as focusing interest and concern increasingly on the quality of life. New social, economic, and demographic factors created a context in which the older conservationist concerns about efficient development and use of material resources—concerns with production—were replaced, in the postwar era, with increasing concern with the consumption side of the picture. These changes created a new constituency for environmental groups.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Seewig, J., T. Böttner, and D. Broschart. "Uncertainty of height information in coherence scanning interferometry." In SPIE Optical Metrology, edited by Peter H. Lehmann, Wolfgang Osten, and Kay Gastinger. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.889796.
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Wada, Ryota, and Takuji Waseda. "Consideration of Epistemic Uncertainty in Extreme Wave Height Estimation." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23364.
Анотація:
Extreme value estimation of significant wave height is essential for designing robust and economically efficient ocean structures. But in most cases, the duration of observational wave data is not efficient to make a precise estimation of the extreme value for the desired period. When we focus on hurricane dominated oceans, the situation gets worse. The uncertainty of the extreme value estimation is the main topic of this paper. We use Likelihood-Weighted Method (LWM), a method that can quantify the uncertainty of extreme value estimation in terms of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. We considered the extreme values of hurricane-dominated regions such as Japan and Gulf of Mexico. Though observational data is available for more than 30 years in Gulf of Mexico, the epistemic uncertainty for 100-year return period value is notably large. Extreme value estimation from 10-year duration of observational data, which is a typical case in Japan, gave a Coefficient of Variance of 43%. This may have impact on the design rules of ocean structures. Also, the consideration of epistemic uncertainty gives rational explanation for the past extreme events, which were considered as abnormal. Expected Extreme Value distribution (EEV), which is the posterior predictive distribution, defined better extreme values considering the epistemic uncertainty.
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Kitano, Toshikazu, Wataru Kioka, and Rinya Takahashi. "DIFFRACTIVE UNCERTAINTY TOWARD THE FUTURE ESTIMATION OF RETURN WAVE HEIGHT." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814412216_0092.
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Goulden, Tristan, Bridget Hass, and Nathan Leisso. "Uncertainty in lidar derived canopy height models in three unique forest ecosystems." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127592.
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Lam, E. W., and T. D. C. Little. "Resolving Height Uncertainty in Indoor Visible Light Positioning Using a Steerable Laser." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccw.2018.8403739.
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Zhang, Tingwei, Yun Li, and Wangfei Zhang. "Uncertainty analysis in forest height inversion with simulated polarimetric interferometric SAR data." In 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsar46974.2019.9048525.
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Sakai, Eiji, Meng Bai, Richard Ahlfeld, and Francesco Montomoli. "Uncertainty Quantification Analysis of Back Facing Steps Film Cooling Configurations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75686.
Анотація:
This paper compares two back step film-cooling configurations under an uncertainty quantification framework. An important limit of such configurations is their reliability under geometrical variations, which is taken into account in this study. For the back step configurations, a straight and a curved step is used. Detached eddy simulations with k-ω turbulence model are performed using OpenFOAM ver. 4.0. The Reynolds number is based on the main stream velocity and film cooling hole diameter, d, and is Re = 15,300. The investigated step heights are 0.5d and 0.75d, and the blowing ratios, BR, are 0.5 and 1.0. The straight and the curved steps are found to enhance lateral spreading of coolant flow, resulting in higher film cooling effectiveness compared to the baseline case without the step at comparatively higher BR conditions. The curved step shows better performance than the straight one in particular from BR = 1.0 upwards with the step height of 0.5d. At lower BR with lower H/d, and at higher BR with higher H/d, deterministic simulations are not able to identify the best performer. However when the performance of the two configurations is evaluated considering the stochastic variation of step height and the cooling condition, the benefit of the curved step becomes clear. In particular, the curved step shows better mean performance and has a higher probability to achieve a better performance than the other one. The uncertainty in the film cooling effectiveness caused by the uncertainty of the step height and the BR is investigated using Sparse Approximation of Moment-Based Arbitrary polynomial chaos (SAMBA).
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Bhatt, Chinmay P., and Stephen T. McClain. "Assessment of Uncertainty in Equivalent Sand-Grain Roughness Methods." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42105.
Анотація:
The equivalent sand-grain roughness model is an empirical model initiated by Schlichting for predicting skin friction and heat transfer for turbulent flows over rough surfaces. For the equivalent sand-grain roughness model, rough surfaces with various features are compared to data from Nikuradse concerning flow in pipes with varying sizes of sieved sand glued to the wetted surface. Rough surfaces are assigned a value of equivalent sand-grain roughness height based on comparisons with Nikuradse’s fully rough data. Recent literature on the equivalent sand-grain roughness method has involved seeking correlations for equivalent sand-grain roughness height based on roughness metrics such as height, shape, and density. The Sigal-Danberg parameter has demonstrated the most promise for correlating the available equivalent roughness height data to geometric surface information. The Sigal-Danberg parameter was recently modified to include the mean surface elevation as an important parameter. While the modified Sigal-Danberg parameter provides a unified correlation for the equivalent sand-grain roughness height, the new formulation does not improve the scatter of the experimental data around the correlation. An uncertainty analysis is presented to evaluate the uncertainty of equivalent sand-grain roughness height predictions using the unified correlation. The analysis begins by estimating the uncertainties in the experimental measurements of Schlichting, and the uncertainty propagation is evaluated through each step of the equivalent sand-grain method development. The uncertainty associated with using empirical equations and conceptual uncertainties not associated with experimental measurements are also discussed. The result is an improved understanding of and uncertainty quantification for skin friction and heat transfer predictions made using equivalent sand-grain roughness methods.
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Jonathan, Philip, and Kevin Ewans. "Uncertainties in Extreme Wave Height Estimates for Hurricane Dominated Regions." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92625.
Анотація:
The inherent uncertainties in estimation of extreme wave heights in hurricane-dominated regions are explored using data from the GOMOS Gulf of Mexico hindcast for the period 1900–2005. In particular, the effect of combining correlated values from a neighbourhood of 72 grid locations on extreme wave height estimation is quantified. We show that, based on small data samples, extreme wave heights can be underestimated and that site averaging usually improves estimates. We present a bootstrapping approach to evaluate the uncertainty in extreme wave height estimates. We also argue in favour of modelling supplementary indicators for extreme wave characteristics, such as a high percentile (95%) of the distribution of 100-year significant wave height, in addition to its most probable value, especially for environments where the distribution of 100-year significant wave height may be skewed.
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Korpelainen, V., J. Seppä, and A. Lassila. "Measurement strategies and uncertainty estimations for pitch and step height calibrations by metrological AFM." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Michael T. Postek, Dale E. Newbury, S. Frank Platek, David C. Joy, and Tim K. Maugel. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.883818.
Звіти організацій з теми "Height uncertainty":
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Gibson, J. R., and M. Buchheit. Tracking Uncertainty in Derived Height Data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219780.