Статті в журналах: "High carbon steel"

1

Sarangi, Soumya Sourav, and Avala Lavakumar. "Application of Rietveld Refinement and Williamson Hall Analysis in Ultra-Low Carbon to High Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.3.

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Current study deals with the microstructural characterization of five different plates of steel with carbon concentration ranging from ultra-low to moderately high. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD technique. The XRD results were analyzed through Rietveld refinement and Williamson Hall plots. Rietveld refinement was carried out to understand the effect of carbon concentration on the lattice parameters of the above steel samples in as-received condition and also after deformation under uni-axial tensile loading. Lattice parameters obtained from refinement showed the strong dependence on carbon concentration of the given steels. But the failed specimens showed somewhat complex results as Spheroidized high carbon steel, Low carbon steel and IF steel showed an increase in lattice parameter whereas Medium carbon steel and Microalloyed steel showed a contraction in lattice parameter. Williamson Hall plot gave the crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density in the steels. For IF and Microalloyed steels the dislocation density in the material is found to be higher after deformation whereas dislocation density decreased in Spheroidized high carbon steel, Medium carbon steel and Low carbon steel.

2

Li, Yang, Jing Wang, Jiaquan Zhang, Changgui Cheng, and Zhi Zeng. "Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0113.

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AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.

3

Warzecha, M., S. Garncarek, T. Merder, and Z. Skuza. "Identification of Relevant Work Parameters of Ladle Furnace While Melting the High Ductility Steel and High-Carbon Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0052.

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In the present paper, secondary metallurgical treatment in ladle furnace during smelting the high carbon steel and steel with improved ductility for cold-deforming, under industrial conditions were analyzed. Common features of these steels are high requirements/strict standards imposed for their metallurgical purity; however they are especially exorbitant for improved ductility steels. In addition, it is widely used to specify alloying additives having significant weights- such as carbon and manganese - and explicitly restricted content of nitrogen requiring metal bath cover prior nitriding.

4

Martinez, M. A., J. Abenojar, J. M. Mota, and R. Calabrés. "Ultra High Carbon Steels Obtained by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.328.

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The objective of the present work is to study the manufacturing process of steels with high carbon content (1.5–2.1wt%) obtained by powder metallurgy. The reference material was the Damascus steel, which was employed to manufacture swords named after it and has been widely known due to its very good mechanical properties. The main reasons of the success of this product are: the high carbon content of the initial steel and the thermomechanical treatment (forge and quenching) that ancient iron forgers kept secretly during centuries. Different carbon contents (2 to3 wt%) were added to the same Fe powder matrix (ASC 300), and compacted and sintered steels are heat laminated (750°C) with a reduction of 20%. For 2% carbon content, the result is a steel with yield strength of 450 MPa, Young’s Modulus of 14.3 GPa and hardness of 109 HV(30).

5

Polishko, A. A., L. B. Medovar, A. P. Stovpchenko, E. V. Antipin, A. V. Didkovsky, and A. Yu Tunik. "Weldability of electroslag remelted high-carbon steel at flash-butt welding." Paton Welding Journal 2019, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2019.03.04.

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6

O, Velichko, Bezshkurenko O, Stovpchenko G, Ivashchenko V, Myanovska Ya, Chechenev V, and Brotsky O. "Problematic issues of high-carbon electrical steel production." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 5, 2021 (September 1, 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.5.2021.03.

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Currently, wire rod for the production of wire from low-, medium- and high-carbon unalloyed and alloyed steels for springs, ropes, metal cord, welding electrodes and copper-plated wire for welding building structures, ship hulls, large-diameter pipes and main gas and oil pipelines is in demand on the world market. for the production of which it is not necessary to carry out softening annealing before drawing the wire rod or on an intermediate size of wire. The most responsible types of wire rod made of high carbon steel are wire rod, intended for the production of metal cord and high-strength reinforcing ropes. The above-mentioned products must have high consumer properties, the level of which largely depends on the formation of the structural state of the metal, including in the process of accelerated cooling from rolling heating. Currently, the volume of wire rod production in the world exceeds 50 million tons, which is explained by the wide range of finished products made from it - ropes, metal cord, springs, needles, strings, nets, fasteners, welding electrodes and other metal products. According to GOST 2590-2006, wire rods are round profiles with a diameter of 9.0 mm and less, round profiles with a diameter of 10.0 mm and more are classified as small-grade rental In foreign and domestic literature, wire rod is sometimes considered to be a round rolled product made of carbon, low- and high-alloy steels, produced on continuous wire mills and wire lines of small- and wire looms, regardless of the diameter, which reaches 26 mm. The main part of the wire rod is directed for further processing at steel wire and hardware enterprises. In recent years, the volume of production of wire rod from continuously cast blanks with a high degree has increased metallurgical purity, including for the production of particularly responsible products. For example, such as a metal cord, which has a high level of endurance, and in terms of strength, this type of product is divided by normative strength into normal (NT 2400 ... 2750 N / mm2), high (HT 2750 ... 3100 N / mm2), super high (ST 3100... 3450 N / mm2) and ultra-high-strength (UT 3450 ... 3750 N / mm2). Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of the high-carbon steel smelting process. Various methods are offered to ensure the purity of steel and the formation of high strength properties. To improve the plasticity of steels, alloying additives with a significant content of carbon and manganese are widely used limited nitrogen content. Processing at the ladle-furnace installation in the process of high-carbon smelting was analyzed steel with improved plasticity for cold deformation.

7

Shimizu, Kazumichi, Takeshi Naruse, Yaer Xinba, Hideki Teramachi, Shinji Araya, and Masahide Ishida. "High Temperature Erosion Behaviors of High V-Cr-Ni Spheroidal Carbides Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.255.

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High temperature erosion occurs in production of the inorganic fibrous insulator in plant. Austenitic and martensitic stainless steels are often used for these severe high temperature erosion conditions. The paper presents erosion properties of some stainless steels, several cast iron and cast steel using a blast type high temperature erosion furnace. The solid particle erosion behavior at high temperatures (900°C) of carbon steel of S50C, carbon tool steel of SK3, SUS403, SUS630, and High V-Cr-Ni spheroidal carbides cast iron (SCI-VCrNi) are investigated. Alumina balls entrained in a stream of hot air impact on the target materials at an air velocity of 100 m/s. the impingement angle is 90°. The influence of the test temperature and the material removal are discussed. The high temperature erosion behaviors of specimens are discussed by the eroded surface morphology and vertical section observation using SEM and optical microscopy observations.

8

Chen, Chen, Hua Ma, Fei Wang, Zhinan Yang, Fucheng Zhang, and Zehui Yan. "Influence of Carbon Content on Tensile Properties of Pure High Manganese Austenitic Steel." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111622.

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The tensile properties of high manganese austenitic steels with a carbon content ranging from 0.79 to 1.28 wt.% were tested. X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and optical microscopy were used to observe the microstructures after tensile deformation. Results showed that the strength and plasticity of these high manganese austenitic steels increased with increasing carbon content. The tensile strength and elongation of the 130Mn11 steel reached 941 MPa and 38.2%, respectively. The 0.79% carbon-containing steel (80Mn11) formed the most deformation twins at the same strain because of the low stacking fault energy, which resulted in a high strain hardening rate. However, this high strain hardening rate was unsustainable, and the tensile properties of the 80Mn11 steel were the worst, with its tensile strength nearly 200 MPa lower than that of the 130Mn11 steel. In the case of the 1.28% carbon-containing steel (130Mn11), the relatively low density of deformation twins, the large number of dislocations, and intensified DSA effect made the steel display a moderate strain hardening rate, which facilitated the sustainability of deformation, and an excellent combination of strength and plasticity were obtained.

9

Martínez-Cázares, G. M., D. E. Lozano, M. P. Guerrero-Mata, R. Colás, and G. E. Totten. "High-Speed Quenching of High Carbon Steel." Materials Performance and Characterization 3, no. 4 (September 19, 2014): 20140021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20140021.

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10

Kuang, Shuang, Xiu Mei Qi, and Yun Han. "Analysis of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Two Hot Dip Galvanized Dual-Phase Steels with Different Alloy Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.198.

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The microstructures and mechanical properties of a high carbon DP steel and a low carbon Nb microalloying DP steel were investigated. The two types of DP steels have both qualified to meet European standard performance. But the high carbon content DP steel exhibits relatively low elongation and low hole expansion rate as well as poor bending performance. The martensite island in high carbon DP steel appears obvious band structure, and the size of martensite islands is big. Contrary, the matensite islands in low carbon and Nb microalloying DP steel are dispersed and fine, which lead to perfect comprehensive performance.

11

Miao, Jun, Li Jun Wang, and Chun Ming Liu. "Effect of Vanadium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Air Cooled Medium Carbon High Silicon Bainite Steels." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.931.

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The effect of vanadium on the bainite transformation of medium carbon high silicon steel during air cooling was studied by using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of the test steels subjected to heat treatment were measured by tensile, hardness and impact tests. The results showed that, through the same heat treatment process, the microstructure of the V-alloyed steel was comprised of Carbide-Free Bainite (CFB, bainite + retained austenite) and martensite while the microstructure of the V-free steel was composed of ferrite/pearlite, which made the V-alloyed steels exhibit superior combination of strength, hardness and toughness to the V-free steel, but the elongation of the V-alloyed steel was worse than that of the V-free steel somewhat. Vanadium was helpful for the transformation of bainite in the tested medium carbon high silicon steel under air cooling condition. The carbon-enriched retained austenite films in the CFB enhanced the toughness of the V-alloyed steel.

12

Lipiński, T., and A. Wach. "Size of Non-Metallic Inclusions in High-Grade Medium Carbon Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0086.

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Abstract Non-metallic inclusions found in steel can affect its performance characteristics. Their impact depends not only on their quality, but also, among others, on their size and distribution in the steel volume. The literature mainly describes the results of tests on hard steels, particularly bearing steels. The amount of non-metallic inclusions found in steel with a medium carbon content melted under industrial conditions is rarely presented in the literature. The tested steel was melted in an electric arc furnace and then desulfurized and argonrefined. Seven typical industrial melts were analyzed, in which ca. 75% secondary raw materials were used. The amount of non-metallic inclusions was determined by optical and extraction methods. The test results are presented using stereometric indices. Inclusions are characterized by measuring ranges. The chemical composition of steel and contents of inclusions in every melts are presented. The results are shown in graphical form. The presented analysis of the tests results on the amount and size of non-metallic inclusions can be used to assess them operational strength and durability of steel melted and refined in the desulfurization and argon refining processes.

13

Polyakova, Marina, and Alexey Stolyarov. "Automobile Tires’ High-Carbon Steel Wire." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030066.

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It is a well-known fact that to manufacture an automobile tire more than 200 different materials are used, including high-carbon steel wire. In order to withstand the affecting forces, the tire tread is reinforced with steel wire or other products such as ropes or strands. These ropes are called steel cord. Steel cord can be of different constructions. To ensure a good adhesive bond between the rubber of the tire and the steel cord, the cord is either brass-plated or bronzed. The reason brass or bronze is used is because copper, which is a part of these alloys, makes a high-strength chemical composition with sulfur in rubber. For steel cord, the high carbon steel is usually used at 0.70–0.95% C. This amount of carbon ensures the high strength of the steel cord. This kind of high-quality, unalloyed steel has a pearlitic structure which is designed for multi-pass drawing. To ensure the specified technical characteristics, modern metal reinforcing materials for automobile tires, metal cord and bead wire, must withstand, first of all, a high breaking load with a minimum running meter weight. At present, reinforcing materials of the strength range 2800–3200 MPa are increasingly used, the manufacture of which requires high-strength wire. The production of such wire requires the use of a workpiece with high carbon content, changing the drawing regimes, patenting, and other operations. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve a reduction in the cost of wire manufacturing. In this context, the development and implementation of competitive processes for the manufacture of high-quality, high-strength wire as a reinforcing material for automobile tires is an urgent task.

14

Zhang, Fucheng. "WELDING OF HIGH-MANGANESE STEEL CROSSING AND HIGH-CARBON STEEL RAIL." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 36, no. 11 (2000): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2000.11.080.

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15

Nam, Dae Geun, Chang Yong Choi, Jae Ho Jang, Young Do Park, and Nam Hyun Kang. "PEM Fuel Cell Separator with Thermally Nitrided Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1823.

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The separator is one of the most important parts in PEM fuel cells. Stainless steels are widely used as separator for its good mechanical properties and mass production. However, for a good chemical compatibility, stainless steels need to have high chromium content or surface treatment, which makes separator high cost. Low cost of separator is important for commercial use. In this study, conventional low carbon steel is used as base metal of separator. Low carbon steel is low at cost, but has poor chemical properties for separator. For a good corrosion resistance, low carbon steel needs to be surface treated. To make a uniform surface treated layer on low carbon steel, chromium is conventionally electroplated on the steel and thermally nitrided. Surface treated low carbon steel is investigated using microstructure and element analysis tools. Interfacial contact resistance and polarization test is applied for the properties of fuel cell separator. The results show that chromium nitrided layer uniformly formed on low carbon steel. And the surface treated steel showed a good corrosion resistance as a separator.

16

Wang, Linzhu, Zuobing Xi, and Changrong Li. "Modification of Type B Inclusions by Calcium Treatment in High-Carbon Hard-Wire Steel." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050676.

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To investigate the modification of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Ca treatment, Si-Ca alloy was added to high-carbon hard-steel, and the composition, morphology, size, quantity, and distribution of inclusions were observed. The samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The experimental thermal results showed that the modification effect of inclusion was better in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Al of 0.0053% and Ca of 0.0029% than that in steel with Al of 0.011% and Ca of 0.0052%, in which the inclusions were mainly spherical semi-liquid and liquid CA2, CA, and C12A7. The inclusion size decreased from 3.2 μm to 2.1 μm. The degree of inclusions segregation was reduced in high-carbon hard-wire steels after calcium treatment. The results indicate that the modification of inclusions is conducive to obtaining dispersed inclusions with fine size. The ratio of length to width decreased and tended to be 1 with the increase in CaO content in the inclusion. When the content of CaO was higher than 30%, the aspect ratio was in the range of 1 to 1.2. The relationship between the activity of aluminum and calcium and the inclusions type at equilibrium in high-carbon hard-wire steel was estimated using classical thermodynamics. The calculated results were consistent with the experimental results. The thermodynamic software Factsage was used to analyze the effect of aluminum and calcium additions on the type and quality of inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels. The modification law and mechanism of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels are discussed.

17

Elliott-Bowman, Bernadette, A. C. Cook, P. Brown, and R. S. Qin. "Electrothermomechanical Processing of High Carbon Steels." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.132.

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Passing high density electric current through some metals has been shown to induce microstructural changes, such as grain refinement. Known as electropulsing, the process has previously been successfully applied to cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire over a very short treatment period (current density >103 A·mm-2 and pulse width <10-4s) and with low energy expenditure. Once optimised, electropulsing treatment may offer potential time-and energy-saving advantages over traditional grain refinement techniques. However, to date, very little research on the effects of electropulsing on pearlitic steel exists in the literature and is limited to steel wire. The current work was conducted to determine whether electropulsing treatment is capable of producing similar grain refinement and spheroidisation behaviour in the microstructure of cold-deformed high carbon pearlitic steel sheet (0.92wt%C). High current density electropulsing treatment was applied to pearlitic steel samples of 40 to 70% rolling reduction for 50 or 100 pulses. The electropulsing treatment did produce microstructural changes in pearlitic steel plate that was similar to that observed in pearlitic steel wire over a relatively short treatment time. These changes involved grain refinement and spheroidisation and were enhanced with increasing cold rolling reduction.

18

Nallaiya, G., and K. S. Sekar. "Study of Machining on High Carbon High Chromium Die Steel Using Wire Cut EDM under Various Conditions." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 2135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14581.

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19

Yan, Wei, Weiqing Chen, and Jing Li. "Quality Control of High Carbon Steel for Steel Wires." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060846.

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High-carbon steel wires used for bridge cables, tire reinforcement materials and cutting materials of silicon ingot for photovoltaic industry require an extremely fine diameter and high strength. Poor control of centerline segregation, inclusion and microstructure of high-carbon steel is detrimental to drawability and subsequent fatigue performance. Prof. Weiqing Chen’s group at the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) has been investigating the quality control of high-carbon steel through a low-cost one-stage hot rolling process since 2000. This paper reviews the main research from this group. The laboratory-scale and industrial results are presented. Intensive secondary cooling, final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS), final permanent magnetic stirring (F-PMS), and soft reduction are investigated and applied to control centerline segregation, and the application scope is also discussed. A combination of redesign of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and refining slag, utilization of Al-free refractory and the addition of low-melting-point compounds is studied and applied effectively to control inclusions. Measurements and mechanisms to control network cementite, martensite, banded structure and undesired texture are investigated and discussed. Integration of the above research has achieved industrial application in more than 10 steelworks and was further extended to application in spring steel, welding wire steel and some other wire rods.

20

Liu, Zhi Yong, Xin Lai He, Shan Wu Yang, and Qiang Xue Zhou. "Ultra-Low Carbon High Strength Weathering Steels." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.236.

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The ultra-low carbon high strength weathering steel was trial manufactured. By Optical micrographs observation, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), transmission electronic microscope (TEM), accelerated corrosion test, the corrosion resistant performance of test steel and CortenB steel were studied. The results showed that yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and -40 °C impact energy of test steel reached 510MPa, 600MPa, 22% and 115J, respectively. Corrosion resistance of test steel was superior to that of CortenB. The microstructure of ferrite and bainite, quickly forming adhesive dense rust layers to improve the corrosion resistance of test steel.

21

Gui, Long Ming, Xiao Chun Jin, Hong Tao Li, and Mei Zhang. "High Cycle Fatigue Performances of Advanced High Strength Steel CP800." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.238.

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A low carbon content and improved steel making practices have imparted advanced high strength steel (AHSS) CP800 with superior combination of strength, ductility and weldability. Its performance in fatigue, however, is not well understood. Stress-controlled high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests were conducted to obtain stress vs. fatigue life curve (S-N curve), and the fatigue limit of CP800. The follow HCF performances were obtained. , SRI1=1940MPa, b=-0.09972, Nc1=2.89×106, and R2= 0.88. The collected material data are used as a basis of comparison of CP800 with more common grades of structural steel. CP800 steel shows high strength, comparable ductility, and high fatigue limit level. The test results indicate that compare to that of lower strength common grades of structural steels, CP800 steel has a much higher fatigue endurance limit (say, 476MPa), about 0.6 of its tensile strength (TS). Thus, provides a distinct advantage.

22

Ogedengbe, Temitayo Samson, Abdulkareem Sulaiman, and Ogunware Olanrewaju Peter. "Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Various Quenchants on Hardened High Carbon Steels during Lathe Machining." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.04.2021.10.

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The choice of quenchants during heat treatment of carbon steels can influence the properties of the steel sample. A knowledge of the effect of various quenchants on steel can therefore not be over emphasized. This paper presents results from the experimental investigation on the effects of using brine, water and palm-oil as quenchants during hardening of high carbon steels. Three samples of AISI 1090 high carbon steel (0.95%wt, Carbon) were furnace-heated at a temperature of 900oC in a crucible furnace and quenched using brine, water and oil to harden the steel samples. The hardened steel was machined using a pre-developed design of experiment (DOE). Process parameters during machining were Speed (50-150 rpm), Feed rate (0.3-0.9 mm/min), Depth of Cut (0.1-0.3mm) and Quenchant (water, brine and palm-oil). The responses analysed were surface roughness and tool wear rate. Results show that palm-oil with a lowest surface roughness and hardness (0.09Î¼m and 150HB, respectively) and highest material removal rate (0.5124mm3/sec) was a preferred quenchant as it reduced surface roughness and increased material removal rate (MRR). Hence, Palm oil has proven to be a preferred quenchant during heat treatment of AISI 1090 steel for improved machinability and surface finish.

23

Ghali, Saeed. "Low carbon high nitrogen stainless steel." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 14 (May 1, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2010.37676.

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24

Bhowmik, N., S. K. Ghosh, A. Haldar, and P. P. Chattopadhyay. "Low carbon high manganese bainitic steel." Materials Science and Technology 28, no. 3 (March 2012): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284711y.0000000032.

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25

Qin, Shengwei, Yu Liu, Qingguo Hao, Xunwei Zuo, Yonghua Rong, and Nailu Chen. "Ultrahigh Ductility, High-Carbon Martensitic Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, no. 10 (July 28, 2016): 4853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3651-z.

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26

Stormvinter, Albin, Annika Borgenstam, and Peter Hedström. "Investigation of Lath and Plate Martensite in a Carbon Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.61.

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Martensite in carbon steels forms in different morphologies, often referred to as lath andplate martensite. The alloy composition has a strong effect on the morphology, for instance in car-bon steels there is a morphological change of the martensite microstructure from lath martensite atlow carbon contents to plate martensite at high carbon contents. In the present work a decarburizedhigh-carbon steel, enabling the isolation of carbons' influence alone, has been studied in order to in-vestigate the changes in morphology and hardness. From the results it is concluded that there is acontinuous change of hardness with increased carbon content. The increasing hardness slows down atabout 0.6 wt%C before decreasing at higher carbon contents. This is in accordance with the change inmorphology since it was found that lath martensite dominates below 0.6 wt%C and the first units ofgrain boundary martensite and plate martensite appear above 0.6 wt%C. At high carbon contents thedominating morphology is plate martensite, but retained austenite is also present.

27

Qiu, Hua Xing, Xian Jun Hu, Shao Hui Chen, and Feng Fang. "Study on Growth of Oxide Scale on High Carbon Steel at High Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.34.

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Abstract：To control the oxide scale on high carbon steel during the manufacture of high carbon steel wire, the structure and the growth process of oxide scale were investigated by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) , Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) and TGA system. Experimental results show that oxide scale on high carbon steel has a three-layer structure. The oxide scale growth on high-carbon steel can divide into three stages. 1) The growth rate is slow below 780°C. 2) The growth rate increases obviously between 780°C and 950°C and 3) sharp increase beyond 1000°C. The oxidation of high carbon steel obeys a linear law at first and a parabolic law is followed with the increase of oxidation time. The oxide temperature has great effected on the thickness of oxide scale. The proportion of wustite in oxide scale increases with both the oxidation temperature and oxidation time.

28

Stradomski, Z., S. Stachura, and G. Stradomski. "Fracture Mechanisms in Steel Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0066.

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Abstract The investigations were inspired with the problem of cracking of steel castings during the production process. A single mechanism of decohesion - the intergranular one - occurs in the case of hot cracking, while a variety of structural factors is decisive for hot cracking initiation, depending on chemical composition of the cast steel. The low-carbon and low-alloyed steel castings crack due to the presence of the type II sulphides, the cause of cracking of the high-carbon tool cast steels is the net of secondary cementite and/or ledeburite precipitated along the boundaries of solidified grains. Also the brittle phosphor and carbide eutectics precipitated in the final stage solidification are responsible for cracking of castings made of Hadfield steel. The examination of mechanical properties at 1050°C revealed low or very low strength of high-carbon cast steels.

29

Szala, J., and D. Kuc. "Determination of pearlite morphology in high-carbon hot rolled steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0045.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel C70D for wire rod. The methodology of quantitative description of pearlite morphology in steels with the use of the method on which a new computer program “PILS” - Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing is based was presented. In order to verify the method, some quantitative tests of microstructure in samples after physical simulation of heat-plastic treatment were conducted on a deformation dilatometer device with diverse cooling rate for steel C70D. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in continuous finishing train arrangement. Elaborated program and conducted tests will be used during preparations of modified technologies of wire rod rolling to prepare products made of steel, the microstructure of which is characterised with smaller interlamellar spacing.

30

Guo, Hui, Xiao Ran Sun, Shan Wu Yang, Xue Min Wang, and Cheng Jia Shang. "A Study on Cu and Nb Precipitation during High Temperature Tempering in Low Carbon Steels." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.453.

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The microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior of two low carbon steels are studied, with 0.05C-0.77%Nb added in one steel and (0.03C-)1.63Cu-0.74%Nb added in the other as a comparison. In the Cu-Nb steel tempered at 600°C for 18 hrs, there are two peaks in the particle size distribution figure, one between 2-3nm formed by NbCN precipitates, and the other, 10-12nm for Cu precipitates. The TEM observation on carbon replica shows that the average particle diameter of NbCN precipitate is 2.81±0.78nm in C-Nb steel, while 4.23±0.95 nm in Cu-Nb steel with lower carbon. The analysis shows that this size increase of NbCN not only decreases the precipitation strengthening, but also weakens significantly the pinning effect on the dislocations, which results in a more serious microstructure softening in Cu-Nb steel.

31

Haiko, Oskari, Kati Valtonen, Antti Kaijalainen, Vahid Javaheri, and Jukka Kömi. "High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel." Tribologia - Finnish Journal of Tribology 39, no. 3−4 (December 31, 2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30678/fjt.122836.

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Ultra-high strength steels are widely utilized in many applications operating in harsh abrasive wear conditions. For instance, the machineries used in mining and mineral handling or in agricultural sector require robust, but cost-effective wear-resistant materials. Steels provide excellent combination of mechanical properties and usability. This study encompasses mechanical and wear testing of an experimental medium-carbon press-hardening steel. The as-received material was austenitized at two different temperatures and quenched in water. Additionally, low-temperature tempering was applied for one variant. In total, three variants of the press-hardening steel were produced. Microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were conducted for the steel samples. The wear testing was carried out with high-stress abrasive method, in which the samples were rotated inside a crushed granite bed. A commercial 400 HB grade wear-resistant steel was included in the wear testing as a reference. The experimental steel showed very high mechanical properties reaching tensile strength up to 2600 MPa with hardness of 750 HV10. Wear testing resulted in only minimal differences between the three variants indicating that the improved impact toughness by tempering did not significantly affect the wear resistance. The reference steel had nearly two times greater mass loss compared to the higher hardness press-hardening steels. Microhardness measurements on the worn surface showed drastic increase in hardness for the deformed structure for all samples. It was concluded that even the high-hardness martensitic steels exhibit notable wear surface work-hardening. Therefore, hardness was determined to be the most significant factor affecting the wear performance of studied steels.

32

Maisuradze, Mikhail V., Maksim Ryzhkov, and O. Surnaeva. "Phase Transformations in Novel Medium Carbon High Hardenability Steels." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.717.

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Novel steels with high hardenability were proposed to replace the conventional HY-TUF steels for the large parts manufacturing. The chemical composition of the steels under consideration was, mass. %: C – 0.16...0.18; Cr – 2.35...2.55; Mn – 0.67...1.99; Si – 0.76...1.03; Ni – 1.17...2.31; Mo – 0.34...0.47; S. P < 0.025. The dilatometer experiments revealed that during the continuous cooling of the steels with the constant rates 0.1... 30 °C/s only martensite and bainite transformations occurred. for conventional HY-TUF steel ferrite and pearlite formed after cooling with the rates 0.1...0.3 °C/s.

33

Schaupp, Thomas, Dirk Schröpfer, Arne Kromm, and Thomas Kannengiesser. "Welding Residual Stress Distribution of Quenched and Tempered and Thermo-Mechanically Hot Rolled High Strength Steels." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.457.

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Beside quenched and tempered (QT) high strength steels advanced technologies in steel manufacturing provide steels produced by the thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) with yield strength of 960 MPa. These steels differ in the carbon and micro-alloying element content. With variation of heat control TIG-welded dummy seams on both steel types were performed. Analyses concerning microstructure and residual stress evolution due to welding showed typical stress distributions according to common concepts. Yet, the TMCP-steel shows higher residual stresses than the QT-steel.

34

Nie, Lun, Min Zhu, Shirun Tu, Kefeng Yuan, and Kexin Lu. "Study on the Corrosion Resistance of 39SiCrVTiA High strength and high toughness spring steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 353 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135301010.

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39SiCrVTiA spring steel is heat-treated and compared with the existing high-strength spring steels 60Si2CrVA and SAE9254 for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve and slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The test results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve show that the corrosion resistance of 60Si2CrVA was the best, followed by that of SAE9254 and 39SiCrVTIA.However, the test results of the SSRT test show that the three spring steels in 5% NaCl solution possess high SCC susceptibility. The SCC susceptibility of 39SiCrVTiA steel is slightly lower and the stress corrosion ability is better than the other two steels which may be related to its containing Ti, V elements and lower carbon content.

35

Liu, Yubao, Lifeng Zhang, Gong Cheng, Qiang Ren, Wen Yang, Jujin Wang, and Fengqin Liu. "Effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022058.

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Laboratory experiments on the effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel were carried out. Alumina inclusions in the steel could hardly be affected by the Al2O3 refractory, however, would be transformed into MgO · Al2O3 when the MgO refractory was used. After the steel-slag-MgO lining-inclusion reaction, the high-basicity slag was saturated with MgO due to the dissolution of MgO from the refractory into the slag, meanwhile, original Al2O3 inclusions were transformed into MgO via MgO · Al2O3, regardless of the slag basicity. After the steel-slag-Al2O3 lining-inclusion reaction, the CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag decreased significantly due to the dissolution of Al2O3 refractory into the slag, resulting in the slight increase of the magnesium content in steel and the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions into MgO · Al2O3. The reduction of the MgO in the lining refractory and top slag by the dissolved aluminum ([Al]) in molten steel occurred independently, and a higher CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag would result in a higher activity of MgO, which was beneficial for the reduction of MgO. The CaO in the slag was hardly reduced by the [Al] in the molten steel, thus, it was proposed that CaO-Al2O3 type inclusions could hardly be generated from the steel-slag reaction during the production of high carbon Al-killed steels.

36

Thackray, Richard, Eric J. Palmiere, and Omar Khalid. "Novel Etching Technique for Delineation of Prior-Austenite Grain Boundaries in Low, Medium and High Carbon Steels." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153296.

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The etching of prior austenite grain boundaries in martensite for detailed quantitative metallography of low to high carbon steel has been carried out using aqueous solutions of picric acid containing different wetting agents. The choice of wetting agent was shown to be dependent on the carbon content of the steel, with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) being more suitable for use with low and medium carbon steels, whereas sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was shown to be more appropriate for high carbon steels. It is also recommended that, for a particular steel, a variety of temper treatments should be carried out in order to reveal grain boundaries, particularly where more detailed results than simple grain size measurements are required. Finally, the use of dummy specimens prior to etching of the real samples was shown to reduce the need for re-polishing and re-etching of the samples.

37

Sumi, Y., S. Narita, and M. Yamashita. "The macrosegregation behaviour of Fe-C-Cr-Mo type steel in laboratory scale model ingot." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1274, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1274/1/012048.

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Abstract In ingot casting, it is important to predict and control segregation and casting defects that occur during the solidification process, because they have a significant effect on the quality of the steel ingot. In some special steels, in typical Fe-C-Cr-Mo type high carbon tool steels, macro-segregation tends to be more pronounced due to their wide solid-liquid coexistence temperature range and molten steel properties such as relatively higher liquid viscosity than basic carbon steels. In order to investigate segregation and defect formation phenomena during solidification, many experiments have been conducted using specially designed laboratory scale model ingots that can induce partial difference of solidification to cause macrosegregation phenomena. However, these kind of experimental approaches for special steels are less conducted and influence of alloy types on the macrosegregation behaviour is still not well understood. In this study, a model ingot which have a steel chill ring in the middle region of a mullite mold was prepared, then Fe-0.45C(mass%) carbon steel, Fe-1C-1.8Cr(mass%) bearing steel and Fe-1C-8Cr-2Mo(mass%) high carbon tool steel were cast into 30kg ingots and the macrosegregation behaviour was investigated.

38

Nikulina, Aelita, Vadim Yu Skeeba, Alexandra Chevakinskaya, and Pavel Komarov. "Simulation of Structure Formation Processes of Dissimilar Steels Welded Joints Using an Intermediate Layer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 788 (August 2015): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.788.218.

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This paper shows the results of solving a 3D problem to define types of structures and tensions which can appear during the butt contact welding process of dissimilar steels through low carbon steel inserts. The finite element method to calculate welded structures was used. The thickness of inserts was the main variable parameter. According to the results of numerical simulation using inserts can increase the reliability of welded joints between pearlitic high-carbon steel and austenitic chromium-nickel steel. The best result was obtained by using an insert with a thickness less than 20 mm. Structural studies of the welded joints between high-carbon steel and chromium-nickel steel through low-carbon inserts confirm the results of mathematical modeling.

39

Lian, Benning, Tatsuo Sakai, Mitsuhiro Takeda, Kazuaki Shiozawa, Noriyasu Oguma, Yasuo Ochi, Masaki Nakajima, and Takashi Nakamura. "OS1510 Statistical Analysis of Very High Cycle Fatigue Property of High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel in Rotating Bending." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2008 (2008): _OS1510–1_—_OS1510–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2008._os1510-1_.

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40

Bai, Jiaojiao, Wanli Zhang, Yuhui Wang, Cunyu Wang, Xingpin Chen, Zhiyue Shi, Hui Wang, and Wenquan Cao. "On the Unique Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Carbon Bearing Steel Alloyed with Different Aluminum Contents." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071116.

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In this study, ultra-high-carbon steels with 1.4% carbon content alloyed with three different aluminum contents, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%, were studied on their tempering stability and temperature resistance. The results showed that the addition of Al significantly enhanced the tempering stability and temperature resistance of ultra-high-carbon steel. The addition of Al inhibited the transformation of ε-carbide to cementite, suppressed the transition of martensite to ferrite and thus, endowed ultra-high carbon steels to maintain very high hardness during tempering within a wide range of temperature up to 500 °C. The present work provides a useful basis on which to develop bearing steel materials with low density and high hardness.

41

Burenina, A. I., A. P. Korolev, and M. V. Makarchuk. "Cyclic Annealing of High Carbon Steel in Carbon Environment." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 25, no. 2 (2019): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2019.02.pp.329-333.

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42

Papadatu, Carmen Penelopi, Ioan Gabriel Sandu, Marian Bordei, and Andrei Victor Sandu. "Evolution of the Plasticity of Some Low Carbon Steels, Subjected to Directed Cooling from High-temperature." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.4.4940.

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An important influence factor for the plasticity of the low carbon steels is the cooling speed value after heating treatment. It is important to be chooses the optimal cooling regime for these materials because the steels have been laminated at high temperature or, the steels have been heated at high temperature after lamination process. There were considered two groups of samples of two low carbon steels, each group had eight samples. Three different mediums for directing of the cooling process were considered and the properties of the steels have been modified. After an experimental program, the values obtained were used to determine the variation between these variables corresponding to two kinds of steels (coded: Steel 1 and Steel 2).

43

Lee, Sang Ll, Moon Hee Lee, Jin Kyung Lee, Dong Su Bae, and Joon Hyun Lee. "Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel under a High Temperature Pressurized Water." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1027.

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The long-term corrosion strength properties for the carbon steels under pressurized water atmosphere have been investigated, in the conjunction with the detailed analysis of their microstructures. The corrosion test for carbon steels was carried out at the temperature of 200°C under a water pressure of 10 MPa. The corrosion test samples were maintained up to 50 weeks in the tube shaped reactor. The mechanical strength and the microstucture of carbon steels suffered from the long term corrosion test were evaluated by SEM, XRD and tensile test. The weight loss of carbon steel by the corrosion test was also examined. The tensile strength of carbon steels decreased with the increase of corrosion time under a pressurized water atmosphere, accompanying the creation of severe corrosion damages like stress corrosion crack.

44

Maznichevsky, Alexander N., Radii V. Sprikut, and Yuri N. Goikhenberg. "Investigation of Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.152.

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An important factor in solving the problem of stainless steel corrosion resistance is carbon concentration reduction. However, a decrease in carbon content of austenitic steels leads to a drop in level of their strength properties. Theoretically, nitrogen alloying can lead to a strength increase in all types of austenitic corrosion-resistant steels. Practically, nitrogen alloying is effectively only with low-carbon compositions. This work shows the effect of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of middle-alloying nitrogen, containing stainless steel, and a study of AISI 304L and pilot steel with different nitrogen content (from 0.16 to 0.30 wt. %). Nitrogen increases strength of steel, which is approximately 30-60% higher than for steel without nitrogen, but reduces technological plasticity. Pilot steels show high corrosion resistance and fine austenite grains.

45

Zhou, L. N., G. Z. Tang, X. X. Ma, L. Q. Wang, T. B. Wu, and H. Zhou. "Equilibrium concentration of carbon in high-carbon high-alloy steel during carbon partitioning process." Materials Science and Technology 33, no. 3 (July 25, 2016): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1210299.

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46

Nakashima, Koichi, Y. Fujimura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, and Setsuo Takaki. "Work Hardening Behavior of Low Carbon Martensitic Steel." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.189.

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The work hardening behavior by cold rolling was investigated in ultralow carbon and low carbon martensitic steels containing 12%Cr or 18%Ni, and then the effect of carbon on the work hardening behavior was discussed in terms of the change in dislocation density and the microstructure development during deformation. In the ultralow carbon steel, the hardness is almost constant irrespective of the reduction ratio. On the other hand, the low carbon steel exhibits marked work hardening. The dislocation density of these specimens was confirmed to be never increased by cold rolling. It was also found that cold rolling gives no significant influence on the morphology of martensite packet and block structure. TEM images of the cold-rolled steels revealed that the martensite laths in the ultralow carbon steel are partially vanished, while those in the carbon bearing steel are stably remained. These results indicate that the solute carbon retards the movement of dislocations, which results in the high work hardening rate through the formation of fine dislocation substructure within laths.

47

Küthe, Fabian, C. Afrath, and Andreas Bührig-Polaczek. "Steels with Different Carbon Content for High Pressure Die Casting in Semisolid State." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.708.

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Some excellent projects have been finished successfully since the last conference on the pre-industrial stage showing the great potential of thixoforming technology for steels [1][2]. Experiments presented in this paper on induction heating, process window and mould filling of three widely-used steel alloys offer an even greater field of application for industrial companies. In the past thin walled cutting tools and complex impellers made of cold working steel X210CrW12 were produced at the Foundry Institute [3][4]. Constitutive on this knowledge the field of applications is enlarged by research on two further steel alloys. Processing of 100Cr6 (roller bearing steel) and 42Cr4 (annealing steel) is challenging due to a decreasing window at a higher temperature level with decreasing carbon content. An exact procedure has been worked out to create new control programs for the induction heating unit. It is based on thermo-chemical calculations and delivers billets with feasible temperature distribution and well defined content of liquid phase. Material characterization is performed in a step-die (seven steps between 25 and 0.5mm), especially developed for demands of semi-solid casting. Mould filling capacity, micro structural evolution and mechanical properties are determined on each of the seven steps. For any reproducible process the knowledge of suitable system parameters is essential. To find the limits of the process window sensitive experimental parameters were changed systematically for each of the three steel alloys. In addition to tool temperature the process windows consist principally of content of liquid phase fs, piston velocity vP and pressure during freezing pfr. Characteristic differences appeared between the different steel grades. The thermal simulation was used to find functional dimensions for the gating system and to shorten process times. Simulation of tools system was used to estimate the additional thermal load induced by higher working temperatures. The abrasive wear at the offsets to the next steps was in the same order of magnitude for all examined steels. These results provide the opportunity for commercial steel grades to cast complex steel parts in high pressure die casting.

48

Lee, Sang Ll, Moon Hee Lee, Jin Kyung Lee, Joon Hyun Lee, and Yu Sik Kong. "High Temperature Corrosion Behaviors of Carbon Steels by A Pressurized Water." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.1063.

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The long-term corrosion resistances for the carbon steels have been investigated under high temperature pressurized water atmosphere, in the conjunction with the analysis of nondestructive properties by the ultrasonic wave. The corrosion test for carbon steels was carried out at the temperature of 200 °C under a water pressure of 10 MPa. The corrosion test cycles for carbon steels were changed up to 65 weeks. The mechanical properties of carbon steel suffered from the corrosion cycle were investigated by a tensile test, attaching an acoustic emission sensor on the test sample. The tensile strength of carbon steels greatly decreased beyond the corrosion cycle of 35 weeks, accompanying the increase of weight loss by the creation of corrosion damages. The attenuation coefficient of carbon steels by the ultrasonic wave increased with the increase of corrosion cycles.

49

Krzywoń, Rafał. "Steel-Reinforced Polymers and Steel-Reinforced Composite Mortars for Structural Applications—An Overview." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030142.

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Bonding of external reinforcement is currently the simplest, fastest, and most popular method of strengthening concrete and masonry structures. Glass and carbon organic fibers are the dominant materials used, but alternatives also include high-strength steel wires. The mechanical properties of such steel are comparable to those of carbon fiber. Due to their good compatibility with mortars, steel wires are particularly well suited to the revitalization of historic buildings. The manuscript provides an overview of research and experience in the use of steel-reinforced polymers (SRPs) and steel-reinforced composite mortars (SRCMs, also called steel-reinforced grout (SRG)) for structural strengthening. The examples described are for concrete beams, slabs and columns, walls, and masonry arches. The results of laboratory tests are discussed. The summary presents the advantages and disadvantages of composites based on ultra-high-strength steels compared with more popular carbon fiber composites.

50

Etzlstorfer, Christoph, Alois Leitner, Enno Arenholz, and Ernst Kozeschnik. "Cold Roll Cladding of Carbon Steels." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.100.

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Cladding of steel is mainly carried out by hot rolling. This process is very labor-intensive and, therefore, expensive. Cold plating has been used successfully to produce bimetals and could also be an alternative manufacturing process for cladded carbon steel composites. So far, however, only thin narrow IF-steels sheets were successfully cold plated. Different pretreatments and process windows have been used to successfully produce a cold roll-cladded composite of various steel grades on a cold rolling test facility. While joining two similar steels was relatively easy, the combination of different steel alloy compositions was more difficult. Higher necessary forces and edge cracks complicated the experiments. A slight warming of the sheets before joining had a positive effect on the production of the composite. From today's perspective, the required high rolling forces do not allow scaling up to large-scale production.

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