Статті в журналах: "High energy density electrodes"

1

Payer, Gizem, and Özgenç Ebil. "Zinc Electrode Morphology Evolution in High Energy Density Nickel-Zinc Batteries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1280236.

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Prismatic Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries with energy densities higher than 100 Wh kg−1were prepared using Zn electrodes with different initial morphologies. The effect of initial morphology of zinc electrode on battery capacity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that initial morphology of zinc electrode changes drastically after a few charge/discharge cycles regardless of initial ZnO powder used. ZnO electrodes prepared using ZnO powders synthesized from ZnCl2and Zn(NO3)2lead to average battery energy densities ranging between 92 Wh kg−1and 109 Wh kg−1while using conventional ZnO powder leads to a higher energy density, 118 Wh kg−1. Average discharge capacities of zinc electrodes vary between 270 and 345 mA g−1, much lower than reported values for nano ZnO powders in literature. Higher electrode surface area or higher electrode discharge capacity does not necessarily translate to higher battery energy density.

2

Rani, Janardhanan, Ranjith Thangavel, Se-I. Oh, Yun Lee, and Jae-Hyung Jang. "An Ultra-High-Energy Density Supercapacitor; Fabrication Based on Thiol-functionalized Graphene Oxide Scrolls." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020148.

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Present state-of-the-art graphene-based electrodes for supercapacitors remain far from commercial requirements in terms of high energy density. The realization of high energy supercapacitor electrodes remains challenging, because graphene-based electrode materials are synthesized by the chemical modification of graphene. The modified graphene electrodes have lower electrical conductivity than ideal graphene, and limited electrochemically active surface areas due to restacking, which hinders the access of electrolyte ions, resulting in a low energy density. In order to solve the issue of restacking and low electrical conductivity, we introduce thiol-functionalized, nitrogen-doped, reduced graphene oxide scrolls as the electrode materials for an electric double-layer supercapacitor. The fabricated supercapacitor exhibits a very high energy/power density of 206 Wh/kg (59.74 Wh/L)/496 W/kg at a current density of 0.25 A/g, and a high power/energy density of 32 kW/kg (9.8 kW/L)/9.58 Wh/kg at a current density of 50 A/g; it also operates in a voltage range of 0~4 V with excellent cyclic stability of more than 20,000 cycles. By suitably combining the scroll-based electrode and electrolyte material, this study presents a strategy for electrode design for next-generation energy storage devices with high energy density without compromising the power density.

3

Kwon, Hae-Jun, Sang-Wook Woo, Yong-Ju Lee, Je-Young Kim, and Sung-Man Lee. "Achieving High-Performance Spherical Natural Graphite Anode through a Modified Carbon Coating for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071946.

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The electrochemical performance of modified natural graphite (MNG) and artificial graphite (AG) was investigated as a function of electrode density ranging from 1.55 to 1.7 g∙cm−3. The best performance was obtained at 1.55 g∙cm−3 and 1.60 g∙cm−3 for the AG and MNG electrodes, respectively. Both AG, at a density of 1.55 g∙cm−3, and MNG, at a density of 1.60 g∙cm−3, showed quite similar performance with regard to cycling stability and coulombic efficiency during cycling at 30 and 45 °C, while the MNG electrodes at a density of 1.60 g∙cm−3 and 1.7 g∙cm−3 showed better rate performance than the AG electrodes at a density of 1.55 g∙cm−3. The superior rate capability of MNG electrodes can be explained by the following effects: first, their spherical morphology and higher electrode density led to enhanced electrical conductivity. Second, for the MNG sample, favorable electrode tortuosity was retained and thus Li+ transport in the electrode pore was not significantly affected, even at high electrode densities of 1.60 g∙cm−3 and 1.7 g∙cm−3. MNG electrodes also exhibited a similar electrochemical swelling behavior to the AG electrodes.

4

Wu, Qiang, Jim P. Zheng, Mary Hendrickson, and Edward J. Plichta. "Dry Process for Fabricating Low Cost and High Performance Electrode for Energy Storage Devices." MRS Advances 4, no. 15 (2019): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.29.

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AbstractWe report a roll-to-roll dry processing for making low cost and high performance electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, the electrodes for LIBs are made with a slurry casting procedure (wet method). The dry electrode fabrication is a three-step process including: step 1 of uniformly mixing electrode materials powders comprising an active material, a carbonaceous conductor and the soft polymer binder; step 2 of forming a free-standing, continuous electrode film by pressing the mixed powders together through the gap between two rolls of a roll-mill; and step 3 of roll-to-roll laminating the electrode film onto a substrate such as a current collector. Compared with the conventional wet slurry electrode manufacturing method, the dry manufactural procedure and infrastructure are simpler, the production cost is lower, and the process eliminates volatile organic compound emission and is more environmentally friendly, and the ability of making thick (>120µm) electrodes with high tap density results in high energy density of final energy storage device. A prototype LIBs of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)/graphite also has 230 Wh/ kg energy density.

5

Markoulidis, Todorova, Grilli, Lekakou, and Trapalis. "Composite Electrodes of Activated Carbon and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles for High Power Energy Storage." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3040097.

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Composite materials in electrodes for energy storage devices can combine different materials of high energy density, in terms of high specific surface area and pseudocapacitance, with materials of high power density, in terms of high electrical conductivity and features lowering the contact resistance between electrode and current collector. The present study investigates composite coatings as electrodes for supercapacitors with organic electrolyte 1.5 M TEABF4 in acetonitrile. The composite coatings contain high surface area activated carbon (AC) with only 0.15 wt% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) which, dispersed to their percolation limit, offer high conductivity. The focus of the investigations is on the decoration of MWCNTs with silver nanoparticles, where smaller Ag crystallites of 16.7 nm grew on carboxylic group-functionalized MWCNTs, MWCNT–COOH, against 27–32 nm Ag crystallites grown on unfunctionalized MWCNTs. All Ag-decorated MWCNTs eliminate the contact resistance between the composite electrode and the current collector that exists when undecorated MWCNTs are used in the composite electrodes. Ag-decorated MWCNT–COOH tripled the power density and Ag-decorated MWCNT additive doubled the power density and increased the maximum energy density by 6%, due to pseudocapacitance of Ag, compared to composite electrodes with undecorated MWCNTs.

6

Tsai, Shan-Ho, Ying-Ru Chen, Yi-Lin Tsou, Tseng-Lung Chang, Hong-Zheng Lai, and Chi-Young Lee. "Applications of Long-Length Carbon Nano-Tube (L-CNT) as Conductive Materials in High Energy Density Pouch Type Lithium Ion Batteries." Polymers 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071471.

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Lots of lithium ion battery (LIB) products contain lithium metal oxide LiNi5Co2Mn3O2 (LNCM) as the positive electrode’s active material. The stable surface of this oxide results in high resistivity in the battery. For this reason, conductive carbon-based materials, including acetylene black and carbon black, become necessary components in electrodes. Recently, carbon nano-tube (CNT) has appeared as a popular choice for the conductive carbon in LIB. However, a large quantity of the conductive carbon, which cannot provide capacity as the active material, will decrease the energy density of batteries. The ultra-high cost of CNT, compared to conventional carbon black, is also a problem. In this work, we are going to introduce long-length carbon nano-tube s(L-CNT) into electrodes in order to design a reduced-amount conductive carbon electrode. The whole experiment will be done in a 1Ah commercial type pouch LIB. By decreasing conductive carbon as well as increasing the active material in the positive electrode, the energy density of the LNCM-based 1Ah pouch type LIB, with only 0.16% of L-CNT inside the LNCM positive electrode, could reach 224 Wh/kg and 549 Wh/L, in weight and volume energy density, respectively. Further, this high energy density LIB with L-CNT offers stable cyclability, which may constitute valuable progress in portable devices and electric vehicle (EV) applications.

7

Lawrence, Daniel W., Chau Tran, Arun T. Mallajoysula, Stephen K. Doorn, Aditya Mohite, Gautam Gupta, and Vibha Kalra. "High-energy density nanofiber-based solid-state supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 1 (2016): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05552k.

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We have developed binder-free solid-state electric double layer supercapacitors using freestanding porous carbon nanofiber electrodes fabricated using electrospinning and silica-based ionic liquid gel electrolytes.

8

Wang, Jie, Shengyang Dong, Bing Ding, Ya Wang, Xiaodong Hao, Hui Dou, Yongyao Xia, and Xiaogang Zhang. "Pseudocapacitive materials for electrochemical capacitors: from rational synthesis to capacitance optimization." National Science Review 4, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww072.

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Abstract Among various energy-storage devices, electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are prominent power provision but show relatively low energy density. One way to increase the energy density of ECs is to move from carbon-based electric double-layer capacitors to pseudocapacitors, which manifest much higher capacitance. However, compared with carbon materials, the pseudocapacitive electrodes suffer from high resistance for electron and/or ion transfer, significantly restricting their capacity, rate capability and cyclability. Rational design of electrode materials offers opportunities to optimize their electrochemical performance, leading to devices with high energy density while maintaining high power density. This paper reviews the different approaches of electrodes striving to advance the energy and power density of ECs.

9

Park, Chang Won, Jung-Hun Lee, Jae Kwon Seo, Weerawat To A. Ran, Dongmok Whang, Soo Min Hwang, and Young-Jun Kim. "Graphene/PVDF Composites for Ni-rich Oxide Cathodes toward High-Energy Density Li-ion Batteries." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092271.

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Li-ion batteries (LIBs) employ porous, composite-type electrodes, where few weight percentages of carbonaceous conducting agents and polymeric binders are required to bestow electrodes with electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness. However, the use of such inactive materials has limited enhancements of battery performance in terms of energy density and safety. In this study, we introduced graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (Gr/PVdF) composites in Ni-rich oxide cathodes for LIBs, replacing conventional conducting agents, carbon black (CB) nanoparticles. By using Gr/PVdF suspensions, we fabricated highly dense LiNi0.85Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathodes having a uniform distribution of conductive Gr sheets without CB nanoparticles, which was confirmed by scanning spreading resistance microscopy mode using atomic force microscopy. At a high content of 99 wt.% NCA, good cycling stability was shown with significantly improved areal capacity (Qareal) and volumetric capacity (Qvol), relative to the CB/PVdF-containing NCA electrode with a commercial-level of electrode parameters. The NCA electrodes using 1 wt.% Gr/PVdF (0.9:0.1) delivered a high Qareal of ~3.7 mAh cm−2 (~19% increment) and a high Qvol of ~774 mAh cm−3 (~18% increment) at a current rate of 0.2 C, as compared to the conventional NCA electrode. Our results suggest a viable strategy for superseding conventional conducting agents (CB) and improving the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathodes for advanced LIBs.

10

Song, Jiaxing, Guoqiang Ma, Fei Qin, Lin Hu, Bangwu Luo, Tiefeng Liu, Xinxing Yin, et al. "High-Conductivity, Flexible and Transparent PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for High Performance Semi-Transparent Supercapacitors." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020450.

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Herein, we report a flexible high-conductivity transparent electrode (denoted as S-PH1000), based on conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and itsapplication to flexible semi-transparentsupercapacitors. A high conductivity of 2673 S/cm was achieved for the S-PH1000 electrode on flexible plastic substrates via a H2SO4 treatment with an optimized concentration of 80 wt.%. This is among the top electrical conductivities of PEDOT:PSS films processed on flexible substrates. As for the electrochemical properties,a high specific capacitance of 161F/g was obtained from the S-PH1000 electrode at a current density of 1 A/g. Excitingly, a specific capacitance of 121 F/g was retained even when the current density increased to 100 A/g, which demonstrates the high-rate property of this electrode. Flexible semi-transparent supercapacitors based on these electrodes demonstrate high transparency, over 60%, at 550 nm. A high power density value, over 19,200 W/kg,and energy density, over 3.40 Wh/kg, was achieved. The semi-transparent flexible supercapacitor was successfully applied topower a light-emitting diode.

11

Zhang, Feifei, Jie Tang, Norio Shinya, and Lu-Chang Qin. "Hybrid graphene electrodes for supercapacitors of high energy density." Chemical Physics Letters 584 (October 2013): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.021.

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12

Wang, Shouzhi, Yongliang Shao, Weikang Liu, Yongzhong Wu, and Xiaopeng Hao. "Elastic sandwich-type GaN/MnO2/MnON composites for flexible supercapacitors with high energy density." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 27 (2018): 13215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04182b.

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A novel flexible electrode with a sandwich structure consisting of double stabilizing buffer layers is designed and fabricated for the first time, and significant improvement in cycling stability and desired areal capacity is achieved. This strategy will allow large volume change metal oxide electrodes to be applied in energy storage and related fields.

13

Ma, Guofu, Fengting Hua, Kanjun Sun, Enke Fenga, Hui Peng, Zhiguo Zhang, and Ziqiang Lei. "Nanostructure selenium compounds as pseudocapacitive electrodes for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171186.

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The electrochemical performance of an energy conversion and storage device like the supercapacitor mainly depends on the microstructure and morphology of the electrodes. In this paper, to improve the capacitance performance of the supercapacitor, the all-pseudocapacitive electrodes of lamella-like Bi 18 SeO 29 /BiSe as the negative electrode and flower-like Co 0.85 Se nanosheets as the positive electrode are synthesized by using a facile low-temperature one-step hydrothermal method. The microstructures and morphology of the electrode materials are carefully characterized, and the capacitance performances are also tested. The Bi 18 SeO 29 /BiSe and Co 0.85 Se have high specific capacitance (471.3 F g –1 and 255 F g –1 at 0.5 A g –1 ), high conductivity, outstanding cycling stability, as well as good rate capability. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor completely based on the pseudocapacitive electrodes exhibits outstanding cycling stability (about 93% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). Moreover, the devices exhibit high energy density of 24.2 Wh kg –1 at a power density of 871.2 W kg –1 in the voltage window of 0–1.6 V with 2 M KOH solution.

14

Wang, Jian, Yan Zhao, Dong Zhang, Yucai Li, Shiwei Song, and Yunjie Ke. "Emerging NiCo2O4 Electrode Materials Assembled by Nanosheets for High Performance Hybrid Capacitor with High Specific Capacitance." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2760.

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Rational design and construction of hybrid capacitor electrode materials with prominent energy and power density plays an indispensable role for its potential application in energy storage devices. In this work, the nanoflower-like NiCo2O4 samples are successfully prepared on Ni foam via a facile hydrothermal method. The as-fabricated NiCo2O4 samples exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 444.4 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and excellent capacitance retention. In addition, the as-fabricated device presents a high energy density of 0.298 mWh cm–3 at a power density of 5.71 mW cm–3 and excellent cycle stability with the capacitance retention of 75.6% after 10000 cycles, indicating a promising application as electrodes for energy storage device.

15

Tiwari, Arjun Prasad, Tanka Mukhiya, Alagan Muthurasu, Kisan Chhetri, Minju Lee, Bipeen Dahal, Prakash Chandra Lohani, and Hak-Yong Kim. "A Review of Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber-Based Negative Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors." Electrochem 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2020017.

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The development of smart negative electrode materials with high capacitance for the uses in supercapacitors remains challenging. Although several types of electrode materials with high capacitance in energy storage have been reported, carbon-based materials are the most reliable electrodes due to their high conductivity, high power density, and excellent stability. The most common complaint about general carbon materials is that these electrode materials can hardly ever be used as free-standing electrodes. Free-standing carbon-based electrodes are in high demand and are a passionate topic of energy storage research. Electrospun nanofibers are a potential candidate to fill this gap. However, the as-spun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) have low capacitance and low energy density on their own. To overcome the limitations of pure CNFs, increasing surface area, heteroatom doping and metal doping have been chosen. In this review, we introduce the negative electrode materials that have been developed so far. Moreover, this review focuses on the advances of electrospun nanofiber-based negative electrode materials and their limitations. We put forth a future perspective on how these limitations can be overcome to meet the demands of next-generation smart devices.

16

Zhu, Penghui, Hans Jürgen Seifert, and Wilhelm Pfleging. "The Ultrafast Laser Ablation of Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 Electrodes with High Mass Loading." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194067.

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Lithium-ion batteries have become the most promising energy storage devices in recent years. However, the simultaneous increase of energy density and power density is still a huge challenge. Ultrafast laser structuring of electrodes is feasible to increase power density of lithium-ion batteries by improving the lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. The influences of laser processing pattern and film thickness on the rate capability and energy density were investigated using Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 (NMC 622) as cathode material. NMC 622 electrodes with thicknesses from 91 µm to 250 µm were prepared, while line patterns with pitch distances varying from 200 µm to 600 µm were applied. The NMC 622 cathodes were assembled opposing lithium using coin cell design. Cells with structured, 91 µm thick film cathodes showed lesser capacity losses with C-rates 3C compared to cells with unstructured cathode. Cells with 250 µm thick film cathode showed higher discharge capacity with low C-rates of up to C/5, and the structured cathodes showed higher discharge capacity, with C-rates of up to 1C. However, the discharge capacity deteriorated with higher C-rate. An appropriate choice of laser generated patterns and electrode thickness depends on the requested battery application scenario; i.e., charge/discharge rate and specific/volumetric energy density.

17

Gu, Yun, Le-Qing Fan, Jian-Ling Huang, Cheng-Long Geng, Jian-Ming Lin, Miao-Liang Huang, Yun-Fang Huang, and Ji-Huai Wu. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co-Doped NiSe2 Nanowire for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081468.

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Co@NiSe2 electrode materials were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method by using nickel foam in situ as the backbone and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a specific surface area analyzer. Results show that the Co@NiSe2 electrode exhibits a nanowire structure and grows uniformly on the nickel foam base. These features make the electrode show a relatively high specific surface area and electrical conductivity, and thus exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. The obtained electrode has a high specific capacitance of 3167.6 F·g−1 at a current density of 1 A·g−1. To enlarge the potential window and increase the energy density, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled by using a Co@NiSe2 electrode and activated carbon acting as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The prepared asymmetrical supercapacitor functions stably under the potential window of 0–1.6 V. The asymmetric supercapacitor can deliver a high energy density of 50.0 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 779.0 W·kg−1. Moreover, the prepared asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a good rate performance and cycle stability.

18

Yang, Zhe Wei, Xin Fan, Li Ang Guo, and Wang Xing Jiang. "Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Composite Electrodes for High Energy Density Supercapacitor." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.146.

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Polypyrrole/Graphene oxide composite material (PPy/GO) was synthesized using an in-situ chemical polymerization method. The formation of composite had been shown by the analysis of Fourier transfer of infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy clearly showed sheet-like layered structure of graphite oxide surrounded by polypyrrole. Electrochemical properties were characterized by electrochemical station. We demonstrated the intercalation of conducting polypyrrole into the graphite sheets, and that as electrodes for supercapacitor, the PPy/GO composites (GO0.54) with PPy to GO mass ratio of 5:3 showed a competitive capacitance of 337 F g-1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s-1 than that of PPy alone. Given the electrical and electrochemical properties, we prospect that the PPy/GO composites should find applications in supercapacitors.

19

Tran, Tuan T., and M. N. Obrovac. "Alloy Negative Electrodes for High Energy Density Metal-Ion Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158, no. 12 (2011): A1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.083112jes.

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20

Sharma, R. K., A. C. Rastogi, and S. B. Desu. "Pulse polymerized polypyrrole electrodes for high energy density electrochemical supercapacitor." Electrochemistry Communications 10, no. 2 (February 2008): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.12.004.

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21

Song, Lili, Yinghui Han, Feng Guo, Yunpeng Jiao, Yujuan Li, Yunpeng Liu, and Feng Gao. "Mesoporous Nickel-Based Zeolite Capsule Complex with Fe3O4 as Electrode for Advanced Supercapacitor." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (December 19, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9813203.

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A new kind of zeolite capsule complex with ferriferous oxide (Fe3O4) materials was prepared in this work. Its morphology was characterized via the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N2 adsorption analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction, respectively. The mesoporous nickel-based complex electrodes using substrate coating exhibited excellent energy storage properties through electrochemical testing. The high specific capacitance of 739.8 F g−1 was achieved at the current density of 1 A g−1 in a 6 M KOH solution. The good capacitance retention can retain 72.8% after 1000 cycles in a current density of 1 A g−1. The energy storage mechanism of the nickel-based complex electrodes was also analyzed. Furthermore, the asymmetrical supercapacitors (ASCs) were fabricated using the zeolite capsule complex with Fe3O4 as positive electrodes and the AC as negative electrodes, which performs high specific capacitance, outstanding energy density, superb power density, excellent cycle life, and small internal impedance. Those results suggest that the mesoporous nickel-based zeolite capsule complex with Fe3O4 as an electrode would be an ideal candidate material for supercapacitor applications.

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Li, Yucai, Yan Zhao, Dong Zhang, Shiwei Song, Jian Wang, and Yunjie Ke. "Rational Design of Co3O4 Nano-Flowers for High Performance Supercapacitors." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2749.

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Electrochemical performance of the electrode materials is seriously dependent on the structure and morphology of the electrode material. In this work, the nanoflower-like Co3O4 samples are successfully prepared on Ni foam via a facile hydrothermal method. The as-fabricated Co3O4 samples exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 382.6 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 and excellent capacitance retention. In addition, the as-fabricated device presents a high energy density of 23.6 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 508.6 W kg-1 and excellent cycle stability with a capacitance retention of 81.2% after 10000 cycles, indicating a promising application as electrodes for energy storage device.

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de Oliveira, Mário César Albuquerque, and Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira. "Strategies for Development of High-Performance Graphene-Based Supercapacitor." Current Graphene Science 3, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2452273203666190612122535.

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The development of high-performance supercapacitors requires efforts in materials design and nanotechnology to provide more efficient electrodes with higher electrochemical window, capacitance, energy and power density. In terms of candidates for electrodes, the high surface area of graphene (2630 m2g-1) makes this carbon derivative a widely explored building block for supercapacitor electrodes. Herein, it is presented a review about the state-of-art in surface modification of graphene derivatives with the aim of avoiding restacking processes in nanosheets. It allows that Faradaic and non-Faradaic mechanisms can be synergically explored to reach not only superior results in power density but in energy density, a typical drawback in supercapacitors (by comparison with conventional batteries), introducing graphene-based supercapacitors as promising candidates for energy storage devices.

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Han, Fangming, Guowen Meng, Fei Zhou, Li Song, Xinhua Li, Xiaoye Hu, Xiaoguang Zhu, Bing Wu, and Bingqing Wei. "Dielectric capacitors with three-dimensional nanoscale interdigital electrodes for energy storage." Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500605.

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Dielectric capacitors are promising candidates for high-performance energy storage systems due to their high power density and increasing energy density. However, the traditional approach strategies to enhance the performance of dielectric capacitors cannot simultaneously achieve large capacitance and high breakdown voltage. We demonstrate that such limitations can be overcome by using a completely new three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectural electrode design. First, we fabricate a unique nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane with two sets of interdigitated and isolated straight nanopores opening toward opposite planar surfaces. By depositing carbon nanotubes in both sets of pores inside the AAO membrane, the new dielectric capacitor with 3D nanoscale interdigital electrodes is simply realized. In our new capacitors, the large specific surface area of AAO can provide large capacitance, whereas uniform pore walls and hemispheric barrier layers can enhance breakdown voltage. As a result, a high energy density of 2 Wh/kg, which is close to the value of a supercapacitor, can be achieved, showing promising potential in high-density electrical energy storage for various applications.

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Peng, Hui, Guofu Ma, Jingjing Mu, Kanjun Sun, and Ziqiang Lei. "Low-cost and high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors based on polyaniline nanotubes and MoO3 nanobelts." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 27 (2014): 10384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01899k.

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Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) with high energy density are assembled based on the pseudocapacitance of both electrodes, which use polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes as positive electrodes and MoO₃ nanobelts as negative electrodes in a 1 M H₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte.

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Sharma, Tushar, A. Leela Mohana Reddy, T. S. Chandra, and S. Ramaprabhu. "High Power Density from Pt Thin Film Electrodes Based Microbial Fuel Cell." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 4132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.an15.

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Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) are robust devices capable of taping biological energy, converting sugars into potential sources of energy. Persistent efforts are directed towards increasing power output. However, they have not been researched to the extent of making them competitive with chemical fuel cells. The power generated in a dual-chamber MFC using neutral red (NR) as the electron mediator has been previously shown to be 152.4 mW/m2 at 412.5 mA/m2 of current density. In the present work we show that Pt thin film coated carbon paper as electrodes increase the performance of a microbial fuel cell compared to conventionally employed electrodes. The results obtained using E. coli based microbial fuel cell with methylene blue and neutral red as the electron mediator, potassium ferricyanide in the cathode compartment were systematically studied and the results obtained with Pt thin film coated over carbon paper as electrodes were compared with that of graphite electrodes. Platinum coated carbon electrodes were found to be better over the previously used for microbial fuel cells and at the same time are cheaper than the preferred pure platinum electrodes.

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Chuai, Mingyan, Tianye Yang, and Mingzhe Zhang. "Quantum capacitance of CuS:Ce3+ quantum dots as high-performing supercapacitor electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 15 (2018): 6534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01388h.

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The supercapacitor has the energy density of 129.87 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 15584.4 W kg⁻¹ and an energy density of 107.32 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 32196.1 W kg⁻¹.

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Tran, Chau, Daniel Lawrence, Francis W. Richey, Caitlin Dillard, Yossef A. Elabd, and Vibha Kalra. "Binder-free three-dimensional high energy density electrodes for ionic-liquid supercapacitors." Chemical Communications 51, no. 72 (2015): 13760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04359j.

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29

Chowdhury, Ridwanur, Aayan Banerjee, Yan Zhao, Xinhua Liu, and Nigel Brandon. "Simulation of bi-layer cathode materials with experimentally validated parameters to improve ion diffusion and discharge capacity." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 4 (2021): 1103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se01611j.

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Simulation shows that higher electrode utilization (next to current collector) and first discharge capacity can be achieved at high C-rates with bi-layer design compare to conventional electrodes, alongside an increase in energy-power density.

30

Zhu, Yun-Hai, Xu Yang, Di Bao, Xiao-Fei Bie, Tao Sun, Sai Wang, Yin-Shan Jiang, Xin-Bo Zhang, Jun-Min Yan, and Qing Jiang. "High-Energy-Density Flexible Potassium-Ion Battery Based on Patterned Electrodes." Joule 2, no. 4 (April 2018): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.01.010.

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31

Singh, Arvinder, and Amreesh Chandra. "Graphite oxide/polypyrrole composite electrodes for achieving high energy density supercapacitors." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 43, no. 8 (July 9, 2013): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0573-y.

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32

Oyama, N., T. Tatsuma, T. Sato, and T. Sotomura. "Dimercaptan–polyaniline composite electrodes for lithium batteries with high energy density." Nature 373, no. 6515 (February 1995): 598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/373598a0.

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Luo, Jun, Jun Du, Qun Tang, and ChangHui Mao. "Series multilayer internal electrodes for high energy density glass-ceramic capacitors." Science Bulletin 54, no. 15 (August 2009): 2688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0134-2.

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34

Okubo, Masashi, Seongjae Ko, Debasmita Dwibedi, and Atsuo Yamada. "Designing positive electrodes with high energy density for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 12 (2021): 7407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta10252k.

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35

Lu, Qingjie, Shiqiang Zhou, Yumin Zhang, Mingpeng Chen, Bo Li, Haitang Wei, Dongming Zhang, Jin Zhang, and Qingju Liu. "Nanoporous Carbon Derived from Green Material by an Ordered Activation Method and Its High Capacitance for Energy Storage." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061058.

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Carbon materials have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors, while the current carbon precursors are mainly derived from fossil fuels. Biomass-derived carbon materials have become new and effective materials for electrodes of supercapacitors due to their sustainability, low pollution potential, and abundant reserves. Herein, we present a new biomass carbon material derived from water hyacinth by a novel activation method (combination of KOH and HNO3 activation). According to the electrochemical measurements, the material presents an ultrahigh capacitance of 374 F g−1 (the current density is 1 A g−1). Furthermore, the material demonstrates excellent rate performance (105 F g−1 at a higher density of 20 A g−1) and ideal cycling stability (87.3% capacity retention after 5000 times charge–discharge at 2 A g−1). When used for a symmetrical supercapacitor device, the material also shows a relatively high capacity of 330 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 (a two-electrode system). All measurements suggest the material is an effective and noteworthy material for the electrodes of supercapacitors.

36

Shervedani, Reza Karimi, Akbar Amini, and Motahareh Karevan. "Prickly Nickel Nanowires Grown on Cu-Ni Substrate Surface as High Performance Cathodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v18i2.376.

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A new and highly rough nickel electrode is fabricated based on in-situ assembling of prickly nickel nanowires, synthesized by electroless deposition method on a layer of nickel freshly preelectrodeposited on copper, constructing Cu-Ni-PNNWs. Then, the fabricated electrode is studied for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Surface morphology of the electrodes is characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) microanalysis. Kinetics of the HER is studied in 0.5 M H2SO4 on Cu-Ni-PNNWs electrode in comparison with Ni and Cu-Ni electrodes. Evaluation of the electrode activities is carried out by steady-state polarization curves (Tafel plots) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results obtained by electrochemical characterizations have shown that the Cu-Ni-PNNWs electrode benefits of high electrocatalytic activity for the HER. The EIS data are approximated using appropriate equivalent circuit model, and values of the model parameters are extracted. Analysis of the EIS results has revealed that the double layer capacitance (Cdl) and exchange current density (j0) of the Cu-Ni-PNNWs electrode are increased by factors of ~ 47 and ~ 19 times, respectively, compared with Cu-Ni. Up to our knowledge, this is the first finding of this type, reporting synthesis and activity of the Cu-Ni-PNNWs electrode for the HER.

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Zhang, Shewale, and Yun. "Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors Fabricated Using Hierarchical Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 Nanoneedles and MnO2 Nanoflakes on Roughened Ni Wire." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163127.

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Electrostatic capacitors have high power density but low energy density. In contrast, batteries and fuel cells have high energy density but low power density. However, supercapacitors can simultaneously achieve both high power density and energy density. Herein, we propose a supercapacitor, in which etched nickel wire was used as a current collector due to its high conductivity. Two redox reactive materials, MnO2 nanoflakes and NiCo2O4 nanoneedles, were used in a hierarchical structure to cover the roughened surface of the Ni wire to maximize the effective surface area. Thus, a specific capacitance, energy density, and power density of 14.4 F/cm3, 2 mWh/cm3, and 0.1 W/cm3, respectively, was obtained via single-electrode experiments. A fiber-shaped supercapacitor was prepared by twisting two electrodes with solid electrolytes made of KOH and polyvinyl alcohol. Although the solid electrolyte had a low ionic conductivity, the energy density and power density were determined to be 0.97 mWh/cm3 and 49.8 mW/cm3, respectively.

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Yan, Hailong, Kejia Zhu, Xu Liu, Yinghui Wang, Yangbo Wang, Deyang Zhang, Yang Lu, Tao Peng, Yunxin Liu, and Yongsong Luo. "Ultra-thin NiS nanosheets as advanced electrode for high energy density supercapacitors." RSC Advances 10, no. 15 (2020): 8760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09486e.

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39

Deng, Changjian, Miu Lun Lau, Chunrong Ma, Paige Skinner, Yuzi Liu, Wenqian Xu, Hua Zhou, et al. "A mechanistic study of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticle negative electrode materials with varying crystallinity for lithium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 6 (2020): 3333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12499c.

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Nanoscale oxide-based negative electrodes are of great interest for lithium ion batteries due to their high energy/power density, and enhanced safety. The crystallinity effect of mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticle electrode was investigated in this work.

40

Yu, Neng, Kai Guo, Wei Zhang, Xianfu Wang, and Ming-Qiang Zhu. "Flexible high-energy asymmetric supercapacitors based on MnO@C composite nanosheet electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 2 (2017): 804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08330g.

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A flexible asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with novel MnO@C composite nanosheets and Co₃O₄ nanosheets as negative and positive electrodes achieves an exceptional energy density of 59.6 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 1529.8 W kg⁻¹.

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Forsyth, M., G. M. A. Girard, A. Basile, M. Hilder, D. R. MacFarlane, F. Chen, and P. C. Howlett. "Inorganic-Organic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Enabling High Energy-Density Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage." Electrochimica Acta 220 (December 2016): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.134.

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42

Liang, Yunxia, Wei Weng, Junjie Yang, Lianmei Liu, Yang Zhang, Lijun Yang, Xiaogang Luo, Yanhua Cheng, and Meifang Zhu. "Asymmetric fabric supercapacitor with a high areal energy density and excellent flexibility." RSC Adv. 7, no. 77 (2017): 48934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08703a.

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CNT/rGO and PPy were incorporated into tuned porous fabrics, serving as negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The resulting asymmetric supercapacitor possesses a super-high areal energy density of 0.26 mW h cm⁻²and excellent flexibility.

43

Chen, Weiliang, Shuhua Pang, Zheng Liu, Zhewei Yang, Xin Fan, and Dong Fang. "Hierarchical Dendritic Polypyrrole with High Specific Capacitance for High-performance Supercapacitor Electrode Materials." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, no. 4 (October 18, 2017): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v20i4.449.

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Polypyrrole with hierarchical dendritic structures assembled with cauliflower-like structure of nanospheres, was synthesized by chemical oxidation polymerization. The structure of polyryrrole was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance was performed on CHI660 electrochemical workstation. The results show that oxalic acid has a significant effect on morphology of PPy products. The hierarchical dendritic PPyOA(3) electrodes possess a large specific capacitance as high as 744 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g and could achieve a higher specific capacitance of 362 F/g even at a current density of 5.0 A/g. Moreover, the dendritic PPy products produce a large surface area on the electrode through the formation of the channel structure with their assembled cauliflower-like morphology, which facilitates the charge/electron transfer relative to the spherical PPy electrode. The spherical dendritic PPyOA(3) electrode has 58% retention of initial specific capacitance after 260 cycles. The as-prepared dendritic polypyrrole with high performance is a promsing electrode material for supercapacitor.

44

Himanshu, S. Rao, Dinah Punnoose, P. Sathishkumar, Chandu Gopi, Naresh Bandari, Ikkurthi Durga, T. Krishna, and Hee-Je Kim. "Development of Novel and Ultra-High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on a Four Layered Unique Structure." Electronics 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7070121.

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This paper presents an electrode with a core/shell geometry and a unique four-layered porous wrinkled surface for pseudocapacitive supercapacitor applications. To design the electrode, Ni foam was used as a substrate, where the harmonious features of four constituents, ZnO (Z), NiS (N), PEDOT:PSS (P), and MnO2 (M) improved the supercapacitor electrochemical performance by mitigating the drawbacks of each other component. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge measurements confirmed that the ZNPM hybrid electrode exhibited excellent capacitive properties in 2 M KOH compared to the ZNP, ZN, and solely Z electrodes. The ZNPM electrode showed superior electrochemical capacitive performance and improved electrical conductivity with a high specific capacitance of 2072.52 F g−1 at 5 mA, and a high energy density of 31 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 107 W kg−1. Overall, ZNPM is a promising combination electrode material that can be used in supercapacitors and other electrochemical energy conversion/storage devices.

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Coromina, Helena Matabosch, Beatrice Adeniran, Robert Mokaya, and Darren A. Walsh. "Bridging the performance gap between electric double-layer capacitors and batteries with high-energy/high-power carbon nanotube-based electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 38 (2016): 14586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05686e.

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46

Singh, Deepak P., Fokko M. Mulder, and Marnix Wagemaker. "Templated spinel Li4Ti5O12 Li-ion battery electrodes combining high rates with high energy density." Electrochemistry Communications 35 (October 2013): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.08.014.

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47

Wang, Xiaowei, Minxia Li, Yanfang Wang, Bingwei Chen, Yusong Zhu, and Yuping Wu. "A Zn–NiO rechargeable battery with long lifespan and high energy density." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 16 (2015): 8280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01947h.

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The presented battery delivers an average output voltage of 1.75 V and an energy density of 228 W h kg⁻¹ on the basis of the weight of the two electrodes. It is promising for environmentally friendly and low cost batteries with high energy densities and good cycling life.

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Ning, Hailong, James H. Pikul, Runyu Zhang, Xuejiao Li, Sheng Xu, Junjie Wang, John A. Rogers, William P. King, and Paul V. Braun. "Holographic patterning of high-performance on-chip 3D lithium-ion microbatteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 21 (May 11, 2015): 6573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423889112.

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As sensors, wireless communication devices, personal health monitoring systems, and autonomous microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) become distributed and smaller, there is an increasing demand for miniaturized integrated power sources. Although thin-film batteries are well-suited for on-chip integration, their energy and power per unit area are limited. Three-dimensional electrode designs have potential to offer much greater power and energy per unit area; however, efforts to date to realize 3D microbatteries have led to prototypes with solid electrodes (and therefore low power) or mesostructured electrodes not compatible with manufacturing or on-chip integration. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip compatible method to fabricate high energy density (6.5 μWh cm−2⋅μm−1) 3D mesostructured Li-ion microbatteries based on LiMnO2 cathodes, and NiSn anodes that possess supercapacitor-like power (3,600 μW cm−2⋅μm−1 peak). The mesostructured electrodes are fabricated by combining 3D holographic lithography with conventional photolithography, enabling deterministic control of both the internal electrode mesostructure and the spatial distribution of the electrodes on the substrate. The resultant full cells exhibit impressive performances, for example a conventional light-emitting diode (LED) is driven with a 500-μA peak current (600-C discharge) from a 10-μm-thick microbattery with an area of 4 mm2 for 200 cycles with only 12% capacity fade. A combined experimental and modeling study where the structural parameters of the battery are modulated illustrates the unique design flexibility enabled by 3D holographic lithography and provides guidance for optimization for a given application.

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Queirós, Gabriela, Natalia Rey-Raap, Clara Pereira, and Manuel Fernando R. Pereira. "CNT-based Materials as Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.003_0013.

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Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that have received much interest in the past decade. These devices have unique characteristics, such as high energy density, fast charging, extensive life cycle, and excellent stability. Currently, wearable electronic gadgets have appeared as an interesting application for flexible supercapacitors, in which lightness and flexibility of the electrodes are two of the most important properties. In addition, the materials used as electrodes severely affect the behavior of these devices. Carbon nanomaterials are the most proficient and most studied electrode materials in flexible supercapacitors. Among them, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively studied owing to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Therefore, this short review focuses on the new progress in the use of CNT materials as electrodes in flexible energy storage devices.

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Choi, Jonghyun, Camila Zequine, Sanket Bhoyate, Wang Lin, Xianglin Li, Pawan Kahol, and Ram Gupta. "Waste Coffee Management: Deriving High-Performance Supercapacitors using Nitrogen-Doped Coffee-Derived Carbon." C 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5030044.

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In this work, nitrogen-doped activated carbon was produced from waste coffee powder using a two-step chemical activation process. Nitrogen doping was achieved by treating the coffee powder with melamine, prior to chemical activation. The produced nitrogen-doped carbon resulted in a very high surface area of 1824 m2/g and maintained a high graphitic phase as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The elemental composition of the obtained coffee-derived carbon was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated using coffee-waste-derived carbon and analyzed using a three-electrode cell testing system. It was observed that nitrogen-doping improved the electrochemical performance of the carbon and therefore the charge storage capacity. The nitrogen-doped coffee carbon showed a high specific capacitance of 148 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. The symmetrical coin cell device was fabricated using coffee-derived carbon electrodes to analyze its real-time performance. The device showed the highest specific capacitance of 74 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The highest energy and power density for the device was calculated to be 12.8 and 6.64 kW/kg, respectively. The stability test of the device resulted in capacitance retention of 97% after 10,000 cycles while maintaining its coulombic efficiency of 100%. These results indicate that the synthesized nitrogen-doped coffee carbon electrode could be used as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode for energy storage applications, and at the same time manage the waste generated by using coffee.

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