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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Host cities"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Host cities"

Tabi Amponsah, Christian, Gouher Ahmed, Manoj Kumar, and Samuel Adams. "The business effects of mega-sporting events on host cities: an empirical view." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.26.

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The study is an empirical view of the important issue of the business effects of the mega-sporting events (MSEs), like the Olympic Games, on which there are favorable and unfavorable views, the design of the study is to go through different views and find out the effects from knowing or knowledgeable persons of the event with the help of a sample of 155 respondents drawn randomly from across the continents in the form of opinions on the positive and negative effects of the MSEs through a questionnaire, containing questions on economic development, infrastructure development, environ¬ment, lifestyles, etc., and their favorable and unfavorable responses were elicited. The data collected have been analyzed in terms of the characteristics of respondents and their negative and positive responses on the Olympic and FIFA. The findings on the whole of study show that the hosting of the MSEs has positive effects on the economy and society of the host cities through the influx of tourists, infrastructure development, and image promotion of the country, among others, notwithstanding the certain drawbacks in terms of environmental disturbances, and some inconveniences to the locals.

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Nitsch, Volker, and Nicolai Wendland. "The IOC’s midas touch: Summer Olympics and city growth." Urban Studies 54, no. 4 (September 29, 2016): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015623719.

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Hosting a mega-event is a costly activity of short duration. Still, cities frequently compete to become host of all types of events. This paper examines the effect of staging the largest and most important sporting event in the world, the Summer Olympic Games, on the host city. Applying a difference-in-differences methodology, we analyse the population size of Olympic cities, candidate cities and other large cities in host and candidate countries over the period from 1860 to 2010. We find that, following the Games, host cities do not experience a measurable increase in population size relative to cities in the control group. On the contrary, to the extent that any effect of hosting the Games is identifiable, our results indicate that being awarded the Summer Olympics has a negative impact on cities.

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Xu, Zhuyan, Chengzhong Wu, and Xuefei Li. "Residents’ Perceptions and Behavioral Intentions towards Mega-Sports Events: A Case Study of Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 14955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214955.

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Despite growing research on the impacts of mega-sports events, comparative studies of the value perceptions of residents in host and non-host cities are rare. Residents’ perceptions are effective indicators of their behavioral intentions, which are crucial for the success of events and for the place marketing of hosting cities. To fill this gap, this study constructed a model linking residents’ expected impacts, perceived value and behavioral intentions for mega-sports events. Informed by Social Exchange Theory, this study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze 1527 valid questionnaires collected in mainland China (412 in host cities, 1115 in non-host cities). The results reveal that non-host-city residents have more substantial expectations of impacts, perceptions of value, and behavioral intentions than host-city residents. Residents in Northeast China had the highest perceptions and behavioral intentions toward the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, implying that the geographical location of the non-host cities is an influencing factor. Researchers and practitioners should pay attention to those differences in research design and event planning to promote the sustainable development of mega-sports events.

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Holden, Russell. "Host cities and the Olympics: an interactionist approach." Sport in Society 18, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.939833.

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McNamee, David. "European cities host discussions on science and technology." Lancet 356, no. 9243 (November 2000): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71950-4.

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Cohen, Phil. "Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist approach." Sport in History 34, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2014.942157.

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Kotzen, Benz. "Future cities: Speculation on the case for vertical biophilic cities." Ecocycles 7, no. 2 (2021): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v7i2.192.

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As the world’s population increases and as populations of cities increase there is a real need to find solutions to accommodate these people. Vertical cities may provide a solution. Whilst megastructures have been built as individual buildings, thus far there are no vertical cities, but the existing megastructures indicate this is possible. The skyscrapers of vertical cities can be integrated in the skies as well as below ground as earthscrapers and host all the functions of the city including green spaces such as parks and gardens and urban agriculture. The current model of a central city core area and expansive suburbs does not provide a solution for future growth. Past and future losses in ecosystem services through extensive horizontal development cannot be sanctioned. This is an ‘ideas paper’ which speculates on the forms of future vertical cities and the necessity of integrating biophilia into the vertical city as not only do vertical cities provide an answer to accommodating the world’s burgeoning population, but the compact footprint of the city allows for an increase in nature, access to nature, allowing land that would be swamped by development to be used for farming, water collection, forests and other land uses that host the ecosystem services that are required by people and the planet.

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Lauermann, John. "The Urban Politics of Mega-Events." Environment and Society 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2019.100104.

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This article reviews recent scholarship on the urban politics of mega-events. Mega-events have long been promoted as drivers of urban development, based on their potential to generate beneficial legacies for host cities. Yet the mega-event industry is increasingly struggling to find cities willing to host. Political arguments that promote mega-events to host cities include narratives about mega-event legacy—the potential for events to generate long-term benefits—and mega-event leveraging—the idea that cities can strategically link event planning to other policy agendas. In contrast, the apparent decline in interest among potential host cities stems from two political shifts: skepticism toward the promises made by boosters, and the emergence of new kinds of protest movements. The article analyzes an example of largely successful opposition to mega-events, and evaluates parallels between the politics of mega-events and those of other urban megaprojects.

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Heller, Lauren R., and E. Frank Stephenson. "How Does the Super Bowl Affect Host City Tourism?" Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520959393.

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This paper uses a unique dataset containing more than eight years of daily data to examine the effect of the Super Bowl on hotel room rentals, rates, and room revenue in four recent host cities. The findings include (1) the net gain in rentals is considerably fewer than the gross number of rooms rented, (2) benefits are heterogeneous across cities, (3) the areas that benefit are not always those located close to stadiums, and (4) nearly 90% of hotel room revenue gained is because of increased room rates which means concerns about leakages from host cities’ regional economies are salient.

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Stewart, Allison, and Steve Rayner. "Planning mega-event legacies: uncomfortable knowledge for host cities." Planning Perspectives 31, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2015.1043933.

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Дисертації з теми "Host cities"

Mokrushina, Ksenia. "Sustainability transformations in Olympic host cities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73706.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis. Page 101 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-100).
The Olympic Games represent an unparalleled fast-track urban development opportunity for Olympic host cities. Taking the premise that the transformational effect of the Olympics has a potential to drive long-term urban sustainability, this thesis examines how Olympic host cities can use the Olympic planning process to transition to a more sustainable model of urban development. Presenting the case of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics, this thesis draws planning lessons for Sochi 2014 and other future Olympic host cities and discusses policy implications for the International Olympic Committee. The City of Vancouver's systematic efforts to integrate sustainability principles in Olympic planning created sustainability co-benefits exceeding the initial sustainability commitments of the bid book. The development of the Olympic Village generated a massive amount of urban sustainability learning by the City planning staff, thus majorly accelerating sustainability policies in the areas of energy efficiency, green building, district energy, urban design and agriculture. Taking advantage of an unprecedented opportunity to experiment with the "urban laboratory" of the Olympics, the City fostered improved citizens' perception of public space and transit, which gave rise to a sustained increase in transit ridership, walking and biking after the Games. The City was able to achieve these outcomes through integrating the Games into its long-term urban development strategy, strategic sustainability thinking and visioning, principled approach to planning, building partnerships with key stakeholders and leveraging resources from senior levels of government, ensuring that the interests of the organizing committee and city entrepreneurs do not dominate the planning process, engaging and consulting with community groups and educating the citizens. Lasting sustainability legacies of the Vancouver Olympics arose from a highly collaborative, inclusive and coordinated process involving all levels of government, multiple City agencies, private sector, VANOC, community groups and citizens. The applicability of the policy lessons learned from Vancouver's case is questionable in developing countries, authoritarian regimes and cities with little to no previous experience in urban sustainability. The IOC should play a more active role in preventing sustainability debacles in these policy contexts.
by Ksenia Mokrushina.
M.C.P.

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Hutton, Anne K. "The Olympic Games, lessons for future host cities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63528.pdf.

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Oshanski, Kari Ann. "The Impact of Olympics on Public Open Space in Host Cities." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366293753.

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Erten, Sertac. "Spatial Analysis Of Mega-event Hosting: Olympic Host And Olympic Bid Cities." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609390/index.pdf.

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The aim of this dissertation is to provide a new perspective to the analysis of megaevent / host city relationship. The significance of the research subject depends on the interest in hosting mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the World Fairs, which generate a competition among cities. Turkish cities are recently being involved in this competition. In addition to that, mega-events have large-scale and long-term impacts on the built environment, which has not been thoroughly discussed in urban studies. The methodology which is based on a qualitative analysis comprises three steps: a historical analysis made on the Olympic host cities, and two case studies. The first case is Athens as the 2004 Olympic city, the second case is Istanbul as an Olympic bid city since 1990. This study recognizes but qualifies the concept of megaevent hosting. It is shown that mega-event hosting is a capacity-building process, whilst it has a potential to generate overdose investments problem in the built environment. The most significant conclusion of the study is that the ability of coping with this problem is correlated with the ability of absorbing the investments made.

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Hobbs, Nicholas. "A Review of Olympic Host Cities: Analyzing the Exclusion of South American and African States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1721.

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The Olympic Games are a global phenomenon that focus a spotlight onto the hosting city once every two years. While the athletes are judged on their physical abilities, the host city is judged on its architecture, organization and capabilities. It is a chance to showcase your city and country to the world. But while athletes from all over the world are welcome to compete in the games, becoming a host city has only been granted to a few countries, not reaching all seven continents. One must look into what it takes to host the Olympic Games and what factors are creating an exclusionary trend.

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Königshofer, Franz. "Die österreichischen host cities der UEFA EURO 2008 Städte zwischen Festivalisierung, Inszenierung und nachhaltiger Entwicklung im Zuge des Events unter spezieller Berücksichtigung von Wien." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986581941/04.

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Muthuthantri, Weerawickramage Sakuntala Nayanatara. "Citrus host utilisation by the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Frogatt) (Diptera:Tephritidae) : from individuals to populations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62855/2/Weerawickramage_Muthuthantri_Thesis.pdf.

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Fruit flies are the insects which cause maggots in your backyard fruit and vegetables. They are not just a nuisance to gardeners, but the single greatest insect threat to commercial and subsistence fruit growers throughout Asia, Australia and the Pacific. Queensland fruit fly, the focus of this PhD, costs Australia an estimated $100million per year. I focused specifically on how Queensland fruit fly uses different commercial citrus varieties. I identified specific plant related mechanisms which increase a fruit’s resistance to fruit fly attack. This information can be used by plant breeders to make fruit less prone to fruit fly damage.

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Almeida, Dulce Moreno Marques de. "Pedestrian streets for sustainable cities : highlight on design strategies to control hot summer conditions outdoors." Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489039.

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Zhang, Kai. "Hong Kong citizens' attitude toward hot spot policing." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456345.

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Vantini, Juliana da Silva [UNESP]. "Ativação das vias relacionadas a resistência de Citrus sinensis em resposta a interação com a bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92699.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vantini_js_me_jabo_prot.pdf: 1997059 bytes, checksum: d7a4eb83f1290513e650d32a88072bd9 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A citricultura vem sendo constantemente ameaçada pela bactéria gram negativa Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Gitri (Xac-A) , causadora do cancro cítrico. Esta bactéria, quando em contato com uma planta hospedeira, lesiona folhas, frutos e ramos. Por outro lado, quando este patógeno infecta uma planta não-hospedeira provoca uma reação necrótica no sítio de infecção (reação de hipersensibilidade). Os diversos mecanismos de defesa da planta ao ataque do patógeno, incluem aqueles mediados por genes codificadores da produção de ácido salicílico, ácido jasmônico, fitoalexinas, proteínas PR, dentre outros. Neste trabalho investigou-se a expressão dos genes codificadores de Fenilalanina amônia liase (FAL), Aleno oxido sintase (AOS), Chalcona sintase (CHS) e J3-1,3-glucanase (PR-2) na interação Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii C (Xaa-C)
The production of citrus fruits has being constantly threatened by the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac-A) , the citrus canker disease agent. This bacterium, when in contact with host plants, induce canker lesions on leaves, fruits and branches. On the other hand, when this pathogen infects a non-host plant a necrotic reaction is induced at the infection site as a hypersensitive-like reaction. Plant defense mechanisms to pathogen attack include induction of genes coding to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, phytoalexines and PR proteins. The expression of resistance related genes phenylalanine ammonia Iyase (PAL), aliene oxide syntase (AOS), chalcone syntase (CHS) and 13-1,3-glucanase (PR-2) were investigated on the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii C (Xaa-C)

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Книги з теми "Host cities"

Host cities and the Olympics: An interactionist approach. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012.

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Nguyen, Ru. Catalog of Aleyrodidae on citrus and their natural enemies (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Gainesville, FL: Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1993.

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Borgna, Camilla. Migrant Penalties in Educational Achievement. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462981348.

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The integration of second-generation immigrants has proved to be a major challenge for Europe in recent years. Though these people are born in their host nations, they often experience worse social and economic outcomes than other citizens. This volume focuses on one particular, important challenge: the less successful educational outcomes of second-generation migrants. Looking at data from seventeen European nations, Camilla Borgna shows that migrant penalties in educational achievement exist in each one-but that, unexpectedly, the penalties tend to be greater in countries in which socio-economic inequalities in education are generally more modest, a finding that should prompt reconsideration of a number of policy approaches.

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Benucci, Antonella, Giulia I. Grosso, and Viola Monaci. Linguistica Educativa e contesti migratori. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-570-4.

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The volume, produced within the framework of the COMMIT project “Fostering the Integration of Resettled Refugees in Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain”, concerns the current European situation, and in particular the teaching of L2 in its relations and interdisciplinary exchanges with other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena; therefore, starting from the COMMIT experience, it offers a wide perspective, going beyond the borders of the countries involved in the project and identifying good practices that can be replicated in different territorial and social contexts to ensure successful social inclusion of newly arrived citizens. COMMIT is a project funded by the European Commission (DG HOME), co-financed by the Ministry of Interior and the Project Partners and managed by the Mediterranean Coordination Office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), in Italy. The project was implemented in collaboration with the IOM Missions in Croatia, Portugal and Spain, together with the Communitas Consortium, the Adecco Foundation for Equal Opportunities and the University for Foreigners of Siena (UNISTRASI). The project activities were implemented from 1 January 2019 to 30 April 2021. The project, based on the idea that successful integration of resettled refugees occurs both by putting in place certain structural conditions and by promoting mutual exchange between resettled refugees and their host communities, aimed to support their integration into their new communities, with a special focus on women and young refugees as particularly vulnerable groups. A secure humanitarian migration route to the European Union launched in 2013 is targeted at refugees who are beneficiaries of resettlement. Several Member States, including Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain, have therefore established or strengthened their national resettlement and humanitarian admission programmes for resettled refugees of Syrian, Eritrean, Ethiopian or Sudanese origin. In preparation for resettlement, beneficiaries participate in a series of pre-departure cultural orientation activities. Among them, training in L2 language and culture plays a crucial role. The book hence tries to offer answers to the many challenges that characterise the field of language education in contexts marked by the presence of migrants from an interdisciplinary perspective. It provides for effective solutions for an inclusive language education, attentive to ‘vulnerable’ subjects, paying attention to the interweaving of complex individual, social, cultural and economic contexts, such as school and university training courses and reception and resettlement programmes in host societies. In particular, the current situation in Italy, regarding both teaching L2 in a school context and teaching modern languages to adult foreigners, is still lacking in interdisciplinary relations and exchanges between language teaching and other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena. However, in recent years a particular sensitivity and empathy towards linguistic and cultural contact have developed.

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Hiller, Harry H. Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Hiller, Harry H. Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Hiller, Harry. Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Hiller, Harry H. Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Hiller, Harry H. Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Arata, Isozaki, International Olympic Committee., and International Union of Architects, eds. Olympic games and architecture: The future for host cities : International Conference, Lausanne, 5th and 6th May 2001. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2001.

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Частини книг з теми "Host cities"

Woodward, Kath. "Nations, Host Cities and Opportunities." In Sex Power and the Games, 71–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137023049_4.

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Guyot, Sylvain, and Estienne Rodary. "When Cities Host Parks: When Will Urban Frontiers Become Eco-Frontiers?" In From Urban National Parks to Natured Cities in the Global South, 181–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8462-1_8.

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Szybinski, Z., A. Czyzyk, R. Wasik, H. Dziatkowiak, M. Szurkowska, D. Pach, H. Stanuch, L. Walczycka, A. Zarnecki, and L. Szopinska-Ciba. "Incidence, Seasonal Patterns and Clinical Characteristics of IDDM in the “Three Cities Study” in Poland for the Years 1986–1990." In Standardization of Epidemiologic Studies of Host Susceptibility, 271–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1213-8_34.

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Afzal, Muhammad Hassan Bin. "The Role of Legislative Policy Entrepreneurs in Bridging the Digital Gaps for Immigrants in Host Communities Amidst Global Health Crises." In Mobility for Smart Cities and Regional Development - Challenges for Higher Education, 846–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93907-6_91.

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Tavassoli, Mahmoud. "Typical Historical Cities." In Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments, 59–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7_4.

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Nijskens, Rob, and Melanie Lohuis. "The Housing Market in Major Dutch Cities." In Hot Property, 23–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11674-3_3.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Citrus poonensis Hort." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 812. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_2648.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Citrus tangerine Hort." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 821. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_2659.

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Muellbauer, John. "A Tale of Two Cities: Is Overvaluation a Capital Issue?" In Hot Property, 51–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11674-3_5.

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Dávila-Sacoto, Miguel, Luis Hernández-Callejo, Víctor Alonso-Gómez, Sara Gallardo-Saavedra, and Luis G. González. "Detecting Hot Spots in Photovoltaic Panels Using Low-Cost Thermal Cameras." In Smart Cities, 38–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38889-8_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Host cities"

Neis, Hajo, Briana Meier, and Tomo Furukawazono. "Arrival Cities: Refugees in Three German Cities." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6318.

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Since 2015, the authors have studied the refugee crisis in Europe and the Middle East. The intent of theproject is to not only study the refugee crisis in various spatial and architectural settings and aspectsbut also actively try to help refugees with their problems that they experience in the events fromstarting an escape and to settling in a given host country, city town or neighborhood.In this paper, the authors present three case studies in three different cities in Germany. Refugees areeverywhere in Germany, even in smaller towns and villages. The case study cities are at differentscales with Borken (15,000 people), Kassel, a mid-size city (200,000), and Essen a larger city(600,000) as part of the still larger Ruhr Area Megacity. In these cities we try to understand the life ofrefugees from their original escape country/city to their arrival in their new cities and new countries.Our work focuses on the social-spatial aspects of refugee experiences, and their impact on urbanmorphology and building typology.We also try to understand how refugees manage their new life in partial safety of place, shelter foodand financial support but also in uncertainty and insecurity until officially accepted as refugees.Beyond crisis we are looking at how refugees can and want to integrate into their host countries, citiesand neighborhoods and start a new life. Social activities and physical projects including urbanarchitecture projects for housing and work, that help the process of integration, are part of thispresentation.

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Cacho, Andrea, Frederico Lopes, Luiz Mendes Filho, Cristiano Alves, Daniela Estaregue, Mickael Figueredo, Jose Lucas, et al. "A smart destination initiative: The case of a 2014 FIFA world cup host city." In 2015 IEEE First International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc2.2015.7366223.

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Paolino, Michele, Gino Carrozzo, August Betzler, Carlos Colman-Meixner, Hamzeh Khalili, Shuaib Siddiqui, Teodora Sechkova, and Dimitra Simeonidou. "Compute and network virtualization at the edge for 5G smart cities neutral host infrastructures." In 2019 IEEE 2nd 5G World Forum (5GWF). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5gwf.2019.8911726.

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Hauser, Robert, and Warren N. Smith. "A Look Into the Pinellas County Florida Waste-to-Energy Facility: Host Tour Site." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3180.

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Pinellas County Utilities – Solid Waste Operations was formed in the mid-seventies as a partnership between Pinellas County and the 24 cities within the county. Under this partnership, the County took responsibility for the management and disposal of all solid waste generated within Pinellas County.

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Mełges, Hubert. "Urban expansion and rural spatial chaos in the fringe area." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8075.

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Due to the constant increase in human population, man, citizen of the planet Earth, faces many momentous questions and challenges. First of all, they concern problems of accommodation, sustenance, proper health care, education, leisure, transport, development of technical infrastructure, etc. It seems, however, that the pace of progress and the accumulation of new challenges related to the needs of modernising and developing towns significantly exceed the existing capabilities of planning processes and work. Newer and newer investment projects always seem to be one step ahead of these possibilities. It is also noted that despite the great progress of civilization, life in cities does not become easier, but, on the contrary, more and more difficult. Therefore, city dwellers either fully or partially run away from them, seeking an opportunity to live in hitherto rural areas close to nature. Above all a tempting target for city dwellers have become villages surrounding these cities. As a result of this complex process, the nearest villages become the suburbs of cities with detached houses, in a sense blocking the development of these cities. Thus, existing rural areas cease to be such areas, losing the title of host sites. All of this is a kind of a trap as simultaneously these phenomena become unrestrained and generate spatial chaos. The more so that the chaos also affects interpersonal relationships, the quality of which is influenced by cultural differences as well as lifestyle. Nowadays the problem exists in most Polish cities, but observation in this article is limited to Cracow and Lesser Poland only.

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Orecchini, Fabio, Federico Villatico Campbell, and Adriano Alessandrini. "The HOST Vehicle Concept: Human Oriented Sustainable Transport." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74072.

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HOST is an innovative vehicle concept suitable for the urban transport of both persons and goods. To lower the impact of mobility on the cities, cleaner vehicles are not enough: an integrated passenger and freight strategy must be adopted. Cleaner vehicles must be specifically designed for the purpose to be better than conventional ones under any aspect, including costs. To lower such costs and to start up the Low Polluting Vehicles (LPV) market the versatility of LPVs has to be enhanced. HOST aims at developing a fully versatile low-cost LPV concept. Versatility is achieved by making HOST vehicle modular and cost reduction is obtained by using the same vehicle for different purposes, simply changing different cabins on the same chassis. The main four tasks HOST is conceived for are: • Nocturne collective taxi; • Daytime car sharing services; • Daytime freight collection and distribution; • Nocturne garbage collection. The four mentioned services are not the only ones HOST may be used for, but are those for which it is specifically studied. Such choice is made for one very simple reason: all of the four tasks belong to the same family of “municipal services”. Using the same chassis to operate all the different services is feasible and can finally create the critical mass of final users, so to reach convenient prices. The four services chosen, two addressing passenger mobility and two addressing freight mobility, go all in the way of reducing city mobility impact. Car sharing and nocturne collective taxi systems, if integrated with public transport, can increase its attractiveness, pushing more people to use it. Freight pick-up and delivery and garbage collection need a low polluting alternative to be re-organised, so to become sustainable. The powertrain layout and the possibility to easily vary the platform main dimensions enable HOST to be equipped with very different bodyworks, which let the car manufacturer provides both private and public bodies, such as municipalities or urban mobility authorities. More in detail the energy system is all included in the HOST platform and it is conceived in shaped boxes, so that its modules become inter-exchangeable. A series hybrid configuration let HOST to be equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE) coupled with an energy recovery system (batteries+supercapacitors), anyhow is already designed to utilise fuel cells (FC) powered by pure hydrogen just changing the energy module (and the tank), being this last the final purpose of the concept design. Thanks to these two solutions HOST is able to run as a zero emission vehicle for a limited period (ICE) or for the whole driving cycle (FC). A full drive-by-wire solution is adopted and the only mechanical connections between the cabin and the platform will be a specifically designed mechanical anchorage, these solutions will allow the easy installation/removal of any cabin. The vehicle has four wheel drive capability (4WD), thus featuring a good grip even on slippery roads. The four electric motors (one per wheel) allow an easy traction control, ensuring stability and safety. The chassis has a four wheel total steering (4WS) configuration, that enables the vehicle to rotate around its vertical axis as well as the to shift horizontally. These characteristics give HOST decisive advantages for the missions it has been conceived for. The 4WS capability gives to the vehicle easy manoeuvring in little streets in the cities centres and they are useful for the accurate positioning to be easily accessible by wheel chairs, during freight loading/unloading operations and while it runs as a garbage truck. Only a modular vehicle featuring the reusing concept can cover contemporarily all the selected services: one vehicle chassis with different sizes interchangeable energy generation modules and different bodies, depending on the service it is used for. Such concept, other than abating the environmental impact, will allow: • a reduction of costs: one chassis can fit several bodies compensating the higher cost of a low environmental impact energy and traction system; • a reduction of occupied space: the vehicle is always in use, night and day; • a reduction of waste materials, increasing their lifetime; • an increased life of vehicles, due to the possibility of changing bodies and energy generation modules; • traffic congestion reduction: using and reusing one vehicle for several services.

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Grozdeva, Ralitsa. "SMART HOTELS IN THE AGE OF "SMART" CITIES (GOOD PRACTICES IN GLOBAL HOTEL BRANDS)." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.663.

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From smart cities to smart hotels. The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly changing the way people interact with the urban environment and different accommodation. The introduction of technology in the urban environment now allows us to adapt the experience of residents and collect and analyze user data to make better decisions about efficiency and performance. The use of IoT technology is now making its way into the hospitality industry. Many of the technologies used in smart city management are useful and applicable in the field of tourism, both in terms of improving the quality of services offered and in terms of minimizing costs. As the number of smart cities grows, it will be easier for the hotel industry to adopt technology and become more sustainable. Hotels have long been more than just a place to find a bed for travelers. They are multifunctional sites that provide easy access to food, entertainment, workspace and host the role of business conferences and events. In fact, these are mini-cities that can take advantage of the ubiquity of the smartphone. This article raises the question of how hotels can partner with smart cities by borrowing from them successful practices in order to provide more innovative and modern services and attract more guests and revenue. And all this in parallel with the good practices of global hotel brands.

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Alraouf, Ali. "Towards a New Paradigm in City Branding and Marketing." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nkox7405.

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In rentier countries around the Gulf, a paradigm shift is certainly happening. Gulf States resorted to branding strategies which would secure a global recognition for their cities. The paper analyzes the effectiveness of tools used in Doha, the capital city of Qatar to create its own identity within the Gulf States and the rest of the Middle East. The analyzed tools will include City Uniqueness, Quality of Public Spaces, Signature Architecture, Events, Festivals, Cultural Tourism and Facilities. One of the main strategies used in Doha to articulate its brand is enhancing the ability of the city to host global Events, Festivals, and international sports. Competitions and cultural Carnivals. The research illustrates the use of Interesting Architecture, Cultural Facilities, Unique streets, Public parks, City natural and man-made Uniqueness as a City Marketing and Positive Branding Tools. The paper investigates crucial questions including the impact of the digital paradigm on the competitiveness of cities? How to regionally and globally market a city? What are the sustainable and resilient strategies for branding contemporary city? The paper also articulates a model for the case of Doha city banding and marketing which is based on a balanced approach. Such an approach would consider traditional assets including history and heritage. Also, it will include contemporary and innovative assets resulted from the last decade unprecedented investments in the sectors of education, research, culture and knowledge. Hence, the paper suggests a more holistic approach to city branding which would balance between social equity, economic prospertiy and ecological intergrity.

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Iranmanesh, Nasim. "Lessons from Iranian hot cities for future hot cities." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/coii3874.

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Iran is an ancient country with an old civilization. Most parts of this country have been located in hot and dry region. Many cities of Iran suffer from harsh climate and water scarcity both. But we notice a rich urban planning and architecture in these cities which were adapted with this hard situation. We can survey this adaptation in many aspects of traditional urban planning and architecture in Iran. They could build some building with a good energy saving and prepared some spaces with suitable condition for living. Desert has a harsh climate with hot days and cold nights but Iranians build their houses in such a way to keep warm temperature during nights in their walls and then it had cold walls in days to reduce the temperature of the rooms. Besides they divided their homes to two parts, one part for winter and the second for summer. In summer part they used wind tower to catch and bring the wind into rooms. These houses had central yards which contained pool and plants to reduce the temperature of hot days as well. Briefly, there is a special climatic design in traditional houses of hot cities of Iran. Urban planning of these cities respected some features to reduce the effect hot climate as well. For example, there was a dense urban fabric in these cities with narrow lanes. Also, they could achieve the problem of limitation of water by some intellectual technology which called Qanat. Locating of most of the urban elements of cities obeyed from these Qanats. This Qanat provided drinkable water of city and citizens used water by some traditional hydraulic structures such as water reservoir or baths or ice house and so on. Nowadays sustainable design in architecture and urban planning is an important and essential paradigm. This paradigm emphasized on adapting with nature instead destroying it. Traditional architecture and urban planning of these Iranian cities of hot and dry climate contains a lot of features which can be useful for urban development of future hot cities which will be developed by sustainable urban planning paradigm. This paper reviews some features in traditional urban planning and architecture as some useful lessons for recent and future hot cities. Indeed, there are some aspects in these cities which can lead us a more sustainability in urban planning specially for hot cities.

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Kundu, Ratoola. "The informal syndicate Raj: Emerging urban governance challenges in newly incorporated." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nnxq9422.

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Peri-urban spaces in the Global South are regarded as sites of radical and often violent of transformation of social and spatial structures, of brutal dispossessions of lives and livelihoods to make way for speculative real estate development and the accumulation of capital through the expropriation and commodification of land. What kinds of politics and governance configurations emerge in the peri-urban areas of mega-cities? A host of state and non-state actors such as developers, aspiring middle-class urban dwellers are reimagining these sites. This paper investigates the complex governance and livelihood transformations following the upgradation of Bidhan Municipality to a Corporation in 2015 through the state driven merger of the existing planned satellite township of Salt Lake with the surrounding unplanned rural and urban areas. The paper argues that a new politics of unsteady alliances characterises the messy, unsettled and restless territories of the newly formed Municipal Corporation. A highly contingent, informalised and powerful configuration of non-state actors – locally known as Syndicates control the development dynamics and political fortunes of the periphery

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Звіти організацій з теми "Host cities"

Tumen, Semih, and Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement. The impact of forced displacement on housing and urban settlement in host communities. Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement (JDC), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47053/jdc.300922.

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Findings in the literature suggest that the sudden and often massive nature of refugee inflows, combined with the fact that housing supply is mostly unresponsive in the short-term, has the potential to affect housing prices and generate substantial changes in housing preferences, neighborhood quality/amenities, mobility patterns of hosts, and attitudes toward refugees in receiving areas. The interaction between the location preferences of refugees and the actions taken by hosts in response to refugee inflows may lead to residential segregation, urban poverty, high economic inequality, and unsustainable cities in the long-term. Policy lessons suggest options like transforming camps (that may have become socioeconomically attractive locations) into sustainable settlements, utilizing voucher programs, and incentivizing government-financed housing solutions for refugees.

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Hemmersam, Peter, Håvard Breivik-Khan, Morgan Ip, and Tone Selmer-Olsen. The Role of Urban Public Spaces in Managing Displacement in Norway. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.041.

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Refugees, temporarily displaced people, and migrants who arrive in Norwegian cities would benefit from equitable access to urban public spaces. Research suggests that the design and management of public urban spaces and local neighbourhood centres can improve migrants’ wellbeing and encourage local cross-cultural interactions. Permanent architectural and urban spaces planned and built for emergency purposes should benefit people who are displaced as well as host communities. To achieve this, urban planning, and migration and displacement management – two mostly separate fields of governance – should collaborate and learn from each other.

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Droby, Samir, Tim R. Gottwald, Richard Stange, Efraim Lewinsohn, and T. Gregory McCollum. Characterization of the biochemical basis of host specificity of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587726.bard.

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l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.

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Alves-Nogueira, Ana Cláudia, Ana Carolina Góis, Maria Cristina Canavarro, Cláudia Melo, and Carlos Carona. Examining the associations between physician-patient communication and adjustment outcomes of patients and physicians: A systematic review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0062.

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Review question / Objective: The aims of this systematic review are: first, to critically synthesize current evidence for the associations between physician-patient communication (PPC) and patients’ adjustment outcomes; second, to analyse and describe the associations reported to date between PPC and physicians' adjustment outcomes; and third, to identify needs for future research on the outcomes and correlates of PPC. To this end, the proposed systematic review will address the following question: How is PPC related to patients' and physicians' adjustment outcomes? Information sources: Literature systematic search will be conducted on the following electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO (host: OVID), Embase (host: OVID), SocIndex (host: EBSCO) and Communication Source (host: EBSCO). References cited in articles and in previous systematic reviews will also be further reviewed to locate any additional relevant articles that may have not been retrieved within the primary search.

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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.

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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.

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Aslam, Saba, and Megan Schmidt-Sane. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Recovery in South Asian Urban Informal Settlements. SSHAP, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.012.

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The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.

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Wilson, Charles, and Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.

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The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.

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Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Mark Ryan, Susan Kerrigan, Phillip McIntyre, and Greg Hearn. ‘Creative Hotspots’ in the regions: Key thematic insights and findings from across Australia. Queensland University of Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227753.

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Description The Creative Hotspots project, or as it was officially titled Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis, was an expansive, four-year project funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant (LP160101724). This comprehensive national study investigated the contemporary dynamics of cultural and creative activity in largely regional and non-capital cities and towns across Australia before the outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020. In total, the project conducted fieldwork in 17 creative and cultural hotspots across five states: Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, and South Australia, examining what makes each hotspot “hot”, identifying the dynamics that underpinned their high concentrations of creative and cultural employment and activity. This White Paper outlines the project's findings and outcomes.

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Dawson, William O., and Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.

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Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.

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Kreofsky, Tess. Isn’t Citizen Science a Hoot? A Case-study Exploring the Effectiveness of Citizen Science as an Instrument to Teach the Nature of Science through a Local Nocturnal Owl-Monitoring Project. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2641.

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