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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 19 жовтня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydraulic conductivity measurements":

Olsen, Per Atle. "Estimation and Scaling of the Near-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity." Hydrology Research 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1999.0010.

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The hydraulic conductivity in structured soils is known to increase drastically when approaching saturation. Tension infiltration allows in situ infiltration of water at predetermined matric potentials, thus allowing exploration of the hydraulic properties near saturation. In this study, the near saturated (ψ≥-0.15 m) hydraulic conductivity was estimated both in the top- and sub-soil of three Norwegian soils. A priory analysis of estimation errors due to measurement uncertainties was conducted. In order to facilitate the comparison between soils and depths, scaling analysis was applied. It was found that the increase in hydraulic conductivity with increasing matric potentials (increasing water content) was steeper in the sub-soil than in the top-soil. The estimated field saturated hydraulic conductivity was compared with laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The geometric means of the laboratory measurements was in the same order of magnitude as the field estimates. The variability of the field estimates of the hydraulic conductivity from one of the soils was also assessed. The variability of the field estimates was generally smaller than the laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity.

Rovey, Charles W., and Douglas S. Cherkauer. "Scale Dependency of Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements." Ground Water 33, no. 5 (September 1995): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00023.x.

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Al, Tom A., and David W. Blowes. "Identification of preferential flow effects on hydraulic conductivity measurements using a fluorescent tracer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-113.

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Core samples were collected from fractured and unfractured zones within fine-grained, unconsolidated mine tailings. The hydraulic conductivity of the core samples was measured in a constant-head permeameter. A fluorescent dye tracer was added to the constant-head reservoir in the permeameter. The tests were run for approximately 48 h, then the cores were sectioned to observe the distribution of dye. Flow through the fractures results in hydraulic conductivity measurements up to one order of magnitude greater than that of unfractured tailings. Observations of the dye distribution in samples following permeameter measurements are used to identify cases where preferential flow in fractures has influenced the hydraulic conductivity measurements. The dye tracer distribution also indicates where measurement errors may be suspected due to flow leakage around the core sample.Key words: tracers, hydraulic conductivity, fractures, tailings.

Siemens, Greg, and James A. Blatz. "Development of a hydraulic conductivity apparatus for bentonite soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 8 (August 2007): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-025.

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Measurement and interpretation of hydraulic conductivity in porous media is a complicated process, and many laboratory apparatuses exist for different soil types and conditions. To use models for interpretation and prediction of hydraulic conductivity, accurate test measurements are required. A new hydraulic conductivity apparatus is presented that includes simultaneous control of volume and stress states. The apparatus includes the ability to automatically control volume to apply selected displacement boundary conditions while imposing radial flow conditions. The capabilities of the system are displayed using two selected hydraulic conductivity tests on an unsaturated sand–bentonite mixture, which is a swelling soil. Hydraulic conductivity on the order of 10−13 m/s was measured using the new system and compared closely with previously measured values using a similar material. Post-test measurements displayed internal water content, density, and saturation changes that occurred during testing.

Rab, MA, ST Willatt, and KA Olsson. "Hydraulic properties of a duplex soil determined from in situ measurements." Soil Research 25, no. 1 (1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870001.

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The hydraulic conductivity characteristics of a duplex soil profile were determined in the field from in situ measurements. For a given soil water suction, hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil was generally lower than the surface soil. Hydraulic conductivity characteristics calculated using the equations of Marshall and Millington and Quirk were in good agreement with field-measured hydraulic conductivity after matching at low soil water suctions. Implications of hydraulic properties for crop production and water management are noted.

Jung, Yong, Ranji S. Ranjithan, and G. Mahinthakumar. "Subsurface characterization using a D-optimality based pilot point method." Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, no. 4 (October 28, 2010): 775–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.111.

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Detailed hydraulic conductivity estimation is a difficult problem as the number of direct measurements available at a typical field site is relatively few and sparse. A common approach to estimate hydraulic conductivity is to combine direct hydraulic conductivity measurements with secondary measurements such as hydraulic head and tracer concentrations in an inverse modeling approach. Even with secondary measurements this may constitute an underdetermined (or over-parameterized) inverse problem giving rise to ‘non-unique’ and incorrect estimates. One approach to reduce over-parameterization is to estimate hydraulic conductivity at a few carefully chosen points called ‘pilot points’ (i.e. reduction in parameter space). This paper develops a D-optimality based criterion method (DBM) for pilot point selection and tests its effectiveness for estimating hydraulic conductivity fields using several synthetic cases. Results show that the selected pilot points using this approach lead to a more accurate hydraulic conductivity characterization than either random or sequential pilot point location selection methods.

SUGIE, Shinsuke, and Renji NARUSE. "Measurements of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of snow." Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 62, no. 2 (2000): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.62.117.

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COEN, G. M., and C. Wang. "ESTIMATING VERTICAL SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM SOIL MORPHOLOGY IN ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-001.

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Vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity, as an important soil characteristic, should be part of the information displayed on soil survey maps. As rigorous measurement techniques are relatively slow and cumbersome, a rapid procedure for estimating vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils using soil morphology was tested for Prairie conditions. Morphological estimates of vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity were compared to field measurements using an air entry permeameter for 36 sites representing 25 soil series. Eighty-three percent of the estimated values were within one saturated hydraulic conductivity class of the mean measured value. It was concluded that morphological observations are sufficiently accurate to allow field characterization of pedons. In Alberta, in Chernozemic areas, management procedures do not appear to modify strongly the saturated hydraulic conductivity. This in turn allows useful predictions of saturated hydraulic conductivity to be related to soil series concepts and therefore allows extrapolation to manageable tracts of land using map unit concepts. Key words: Saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil morphology, Alberta, estimating

Fallico, C., E. Migliari, and S. Troisi. "Characterization of the field saturated hydraulic conductivity on a hillslope: measurement techniques, data sensitivity analysis and spatial correlation modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 4 (July 28, 2005): 1247–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-1247-2005.

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Abstract. In the context of studies aiming at the estimation of effective parameters for unsaturated zone modelling, this work tackles the problem of experimental data quality, considering the large collection of data gathered at an experimental site equipped for unsaturated zone hydraulic monitoring in the alluvial basin of a Calabrian river, in the South of Italy. Focusing attention on field saturated hydraulic conductivity, the in-site measurement techniques by tension disc and pressure ring infiltrometers are considered, pointing out the main indications for the correct use of each measuring approach; laboratory techniques are also considered. Statistical data analysis showed that the measurements performed by tension disc infiltrometer supplied values of hydraulic conductivity which are on average lower and more homogeneous than the values provided by the other measurement techniques considered. Sensitivity analysis was then carried out by Monte Carlo simulation on the parameter sampling achieved by field measurement techniques in order to evaluate the influence of any possible small measurement errors on the data. Sensitivity analysis showed that both ring and disc infiltrometer are tools reliable enough for the in situ measurements of field saturated hydraulic conductivity. Finally, after a data merging procedure giving origin to different sets of data, the spatial correlation structure of field saturated hydraulic conductivity is investigated, using well-known geostatistical techniques.

Bird, TL, TM Willis, and GJ Melville. "Subsoil hydraulic conductivity estimates for the Lower Macquarie Valley." Soil Research 34, no. 2 (1996): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960213.

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Field saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured in situ, at two depths in the B horizon, on irrigated soils in the Lower Macquarie Valley. Measurements were made with constant head well permeameters, using the single-head method, and water of moderate sodicity and high salinity. The hydraulic conductivity data were log-normally distributed for all soil groups and there were significant differences between some of these soil groups in mean hydraulic conductivity. Three soils exhibited significant differences in mean hydraulic conductivity between depths. Hydraulic conductivity measurements ranged up to 3 orders of magnitude within a soil. Variation in hydraulic conductivity estimates, both between and within soil groups, confirmed the variation observed in previous predictions of deep drainage, which were obtained using a semi-empirical model. A cluster analysis on hydraulic conductivity indicated that similar morphological soil properties did not necessarily reflect similar hydrologic properties. There was a strong relationship between hydraulic conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), hydraulic conductivity and clay content, and ESP and clay content. A model was developed to predict field saturated hydraulic conductivity from ESP and clay content data. Hydraulic conductivity measured in this study may not have been representative of percolation rates which would occur with low salinity irrigation water, but can be used to assess the risk of recharge from irrigation on different soils in the lower Macquarie Valley. Shallow watertables may potentially develop when the application of irrigation water greatly exceeds crop water requirements. Quantification of groundwater recharge will allow the likelihood of shallow watertable development in the Lower Macquarie Valley to be assessed.

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Дисертації з теми "Hydraulic conductivity measurements":

Petroutson, William D., Jeffery B. Bennett, Roderic A. Parnell, and Abraham E. Springer. "Hydraulic-Conductivity Measurements of Reattachment Bars on the Colorado River." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296453.

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From the Proceedings of the 1995 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 22, 1995, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona

Andrén, Jakob. "An Overview of State-of-the-art Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements in Coarse Grained Materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445699.

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Embankment dams are made from soil materials of varying sizes and widely used all over the world.When constructing these, knowing the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the soil materials is a keyparameter in order to construct safe embankment dams. A knowledge gap regarding K measurementsin coarse grained soils has been identified. This thesis aims to provide a theoretical overview ofpresent day state-of-the-art methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity and the controllingcharacteristics for K. Coarse grained soils refers to a soil with the coarsest grain fraction being > 20mm and/or have a K > 10-4m/s. It was found that the fixed wall permeameter is the most suitable laboratory method. In the field, itis possible to estimate K using tracer methods, these however show more potential for leakagepathway detection. Common for all K measurement methods are the controlling characteristics of K,grain size distribution, pore geometry, degree of compaction, particle movement and flow regime.These need to be considered when testing to produce useful measurements. If the relationshipbetween flow velocity and hydraulic head is non-linear, Darcy's law is not valid for calculating K.
Fyllnadsdammar är uppbyggda av jord och sprängsten av olika storlekar och finns över hela världen.Att känna till den hydrauliska konduktiviteten (K) av de olika lagren är viktigt för att kunna byggadessa på ett säkert och hållbart sätt. Det har identifierats en bristande kunskap angående K mätningar igrovkorniga jord- och stenmaterial. Målet med denna uppsats är att presentera en teoretisk översikt avden senaste kunskapen inom K mätningar i grovkorniga jord- och stenmaterial och vilka egenskapersom avgör ett materials K. Grovkorniga jord- och stenmaterial syftar till material där den grövstakornstorleken är > 20 mm och/eller har ett K > 10-4m/s. För laboratorie mätningar är en permeameter med en solid vägg den mest lämpliga metoden. Förfältmätningar är det möjligt att mäta K med hjälp av spårämnen, men dessa har mer potential för attupptäcka läckage vägar i fyllnadsdammar. De faktorer som avgör ett materials K ärkornstorleksfördelningen, geometrin av porerna, graden av kompaktering, partikelrörelse ochflödestyp. För att producera mätningar som är användbara behöver dessa faktorer kontrolleras. Omsambandet mellan hydrauliskt huvud och flödeshastighet är icke linjärt kan K inte beräknas genomDarcy´s lag.

McKenzie, Colette R. "Measurements of hydraulic conductivity using slug tests in comparison to empirical calculations for two streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2008/c_mckenzie_041408.pdf.

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Hussen, Akif Ali. "Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field." FIND on the Web, 1991.

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Hussen, Akif Ali 1957. "Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191170.

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Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was measured using four different methods. Tension permeameters were used to measure unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the field, using a single disc method, which depends on the measurements of sorptivity, steady state flow rate, initial and final water content (White and Perroux, 1987, 1989). Also, a double disc method was used which utilizes Wooding's (1968) equation for two different disc radii at the same tension for steady state flow rates. Undisturbed and disturbed soil cores were used to measure unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the lab, using water retention curves with van Genuchten's equations. There were no significant differences in the mean of hydraulic conductivity between single and double disc methods in all the tensions used (0, 5, 10 and 15 cm). There were significant differences between the field methods and undisturbed soil cores in zero cm tension, and disturbed soil cores in 10 and 15 cm tension. The effect of land preparation on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was studied using the double disc method. Tilling has significant effects on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at all tensions used. The spatial variation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and steady state flow in different tensions using the double disc method was studied. We found exponential variogram models for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at 5, 10 and 15 cm tensions and a random model for zero cm tension. Also, exponential models were best fitted for steady state flow corresponding to pores radii of 0.03 - 0.015 cm, 0.015 - 0.010 cm and steady state flow at 10 cm tension. A Michaelis-Menton model was used for steady state flow at 5 cm and 15 cm tension. Disc permeameters were also used to add 5 cm depth of water, bromide and dye solution at 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm tensions with three replicates. A comparison was made between field data and simulated model under the same boundary and initial conditions as in the field. Results showed that the water and bromide move deeper than the prediction of the simulated model in all tensions used. The differences were larger between simulated model and field data for both water and bromide concentrations in the lower tension and smaller in the higher tension as a result of elimination of some preferential flow paths. An equation was developed for cumulative infiltration valid for both small and large time. The parameters calculated using the developed equation closely matched the measured infiltration, and fit better than a three term series similar to the Philip equation for one-dimensional flow.

Lien, Bob Kuochuan 1959. "Field measurement of soil sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192028.

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Four methods were applied at four experimental sites following a two-factor completely randomized design for field soil infiltration measurements at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center. The Cassel ring and the disc permeameter at a 2 cm positive head provided saturated measurements whereas the 10 cm and the 5 cm tension disc permeameters provided unsaturated measurements which excluded pores ^ 0.03 and 0.06 cm in diameter, respectively. Sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity and characteristic mean pore size were calculated by the method given by White, Sully and Perroux (1989). Both sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity showed dependence on the method applied. The high sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity values obtained by saturated measurements were associated with the unavoidable presence of root channels and cracks at field hence provided large variation and poor repeatability. On the contrary, the disc permeameter at 5 cm tension demonstrated reliable repeatability and reasonable results.

Gomes, Maria Carolina Villaça. "Análise da influência da condutividade hidráulica saturada dos solos nos escorregamentos rasos na bacia do rio Guaxinduba (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-09112012-123744/.

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A previsão de áreas suscetíveis a escorregamentos translacionais rasos tem como fundamental etapa a investigação dos fatores condicionantes e dos mecanismos de ruptura. Algumas destas propriedades, como os parâmetros físicos e hidrológicos dos solos, são determinantes para a instabilização de encostas que estão sujeitas a eventos pluviométricos intensos. Uma destas propriedades é a condutividade hidráulica saturada, cujo comportamento pode influenciar no desenvolvimento de poro-pressão positiva ou levar à perda de sucção dos solos, ocasionando rupturas. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi analisar a distribuição lateral e vertical da condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ksat) dos solos e sua influência nos escorregamentos translacionais rasos na Serra do Mar (SP). Para tanto, foi selecionada uma bacia representativa da Serra do Mar e nela foram escolhidas três cicatrizes acessíveis e com limites bem preservados para a realização dos ensaios in situ. As profundidades onde foram realizados os ensaios foram definidas a partir da caracterização morfológica dos mantos de alteração nas trincheiras abertas no topo, no centro e na lateral das cicatrizes (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 e 2.50 m). Finamente, foram realizados os ensaios in situ utilizando-se o Permeâmetro de Guelph, utilizando-se duas cargas hidráulicas H para a que fosse possível calcular a Ksat empregando-se as equações de Richards, Laplace e a análise de Elricket al. (1989), embora tenha sido utilizada esta última para a análise da variação dos valores. A partir dos valores de Ksat, das propriedades físicas dos materiais (distribuição granulométrica, micro e macroporosidade, porosidade total. Além disso, foi analisada a tendência de variação entre 10-4 e 10-7 m/s, predominando da Ksat com a profundidade. Foram obtidos 41 valores de Ksat, os quais variaram entre as ordens de grandeza 10-5 e 10-6 m/s (82,5% dos valores), que mostraram a pequena variabilidade da Ksat nos perfis de alteração investigados, se comparada às diferenças observadas nas propriedades dos solos e corroboram com os trabalhos desenvolvidos na Serra do Mar. Quando confrontado com as propriedades físicas dos materiais (por exemplo, granulometria e porosidade total), observou-se, principalmente, a correlação positiva com a fração areia. De forma geral, foi possível identificar uma tendência de aumento da Ksat com a profundidade, assim como a existência de algumas descontinuidades hidráulicas significativas, tanto de redução quanto de aumento brusco da Ksat em uma pequena profundidade.
The prediction of landslides-prone areas has as fundamental step researching controlling factors and failure mechanisms. Some of these properties, such as the physical and hydrological soil properties are crucial to the instability of slopes subject to intense rainfall events. One of these properties is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, whose behavior can influence and lead to the development of positive pore-pressure or the loss of soil suction, causing failures. The main objective of this research was to analyze the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of soils and their influence on shallow landslides in the Serra do Mar (SP). Therefore, we selected a representative basin in the Serra do Mar and there three accessible scars, well preserved, were chosen for in situ measurements. Was also performed the topographical characterization of the scars (slope angle, curvature and orientation and contributing area). The depths where the measurements were performed were defined from the morphological characterization of soil profiles in opened trenches at the top, at the lateral and inside the scars (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 m). At last, were performed the in situ measurements using the Guelph Permeameter, using two heads H for calculating Ksat using Richards equations, Laplace equations and Elrick et al. (1989) analysis, although the latter has been used to analyze the range of values. From the Ksat values and physical soil properties (e. g. grain size distribution, micro and macroporosity, total porosity) we discussed the role played by them in Ksat values. Moreover was analyzed the trend of Ksat variation with depth. We obtained 41 Ksat values, which varied between 10-4 e 10-7 m/s, mostly among the orders of magnitude 10-5 e 10-6 m/s (82.5% values), that showed the small variability of Ksat in the soil profiles if compared to the observed differences in soil properties, and corroborate with studies developed in the Serra do Mar. When confronted with the physical properties of materials (eg, grain size and total porosity), we observed mainly the positive correlation with the sand content. In general, we observed a tendency of increase of Ksat with depth, as well as the existence of some significant hydraulic discontinuities, both the sudden decrease as the increase in Ksat in a small depth.

Špongrová, Kamila. "Design of an automated tension infiltrometer for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurement." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1420.

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A tension infiltrometer for field use, where both water level changes measurement and tension settings could be automated, was built in-house. Differential pressure transducers were used to automate the water level measurement in the reservoir. The Mariotte bottle was automated by a set of solenoid valves which were connected via tubing to pre-defined depths in the Mariotte bottle. Based on design parameters tested in the laboratory (sensor sensitivity, water reservoir diameter, and bubbling rate) three identical tension infiltrometers connected to a single Mariotte bottle were built. A new reservoir system made of two plexiglass tubes of different diameter slotted in each other was found to reduce the measurement fluctuations caused by the disturbance created to rising bubbles in the reservoir. The new system was tested on a uniform sandy loam profile prepared in the soil bin laboratory and different analytical and numerical data analysis methods were compared. The measured steady state data were used to determine K(h) at different suctions using the analytical method proposed by Reynolds and Elrick (1991). The K(h) points obtained were fitted with the van Genuchten’s equation (van Genuchten, 1980) using the RETC program to calculate the best fit parameters Ks,  and n. These parameters were used as initial estimates of the soil hydraulic parameters in the numerical models HYDRUS 1D and 2D, in which transient cumulative flow data was used to determine the soil hydraulic functions via inverse modelling. The analysis of variance determined significantly higher K(h) values calculated by HYDRUS 1D while the other methods did not differ from each other. Finally, the tension infiltrometer was used in the field on a sandy loam soil to characterise five different tillage treatments (conventional plough, shallow plough, minimum tillage, direct drill, and no-tillage). The effect of wheel traffic was also evaluated by measuring the infiltration rates in the wheel-marks. The fully automated system allowed the measurement of infiltration rates for 8 tensions in triplicate per day with hardly any human intervention apart for refilling the reservoir. The results show that the tillage practices and wheel-traffic have a significant influence on the soil hydraulic function K(h).

Murray, Gordon Bruce. "The development of an estimation method for the saturated hydraulic conductivity of selected Nova Scotia soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59983.

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An estimation method for predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the soil was developed for common Nova Scotia soil types by examination of historical Ksat records. Detailed statistical analysis was performed to develop useful predictive models for Ksat based on soil physical properties and to determine the confidence limits for specific horizon-soil type combinations. Sensitivity analysis of the Hooghoudt equation was then performed to establish Ksat classes to which the confidence limits could be assigned to complete the development of the estimation method.
Model development processes proved unsuccessful due to the influence of factors not considered by the model due to their qualitative nature. Independent field testing of the estimation method with respect to core and Guelph permeameter measurement techniques produced measured values within the same class as the estimated value 34% of the time for both techniques and values within one estimated class or less 70 and 76% of the time for core and permeameter techniques respectively.

Johnejack, Kent Robert 1958. "Measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity with a sealed double ring infiltrometer at Page Ranch, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278186.

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A sealed double ring infiltrometer (SDRI) was used at Page Ranch, Arizona to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat in a test clay pad, as well as to characterize preferential flow and transport mechanisms. Ksat varied from 3.5 x 10⁻⁹ to 2.2 x 10⁻¹⁰ cm/sec depending on treatment of matric potential at the wetting front. These in-situ Ksat values were about one order of magnitude less than the laboratory values that ranged from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁹ cm/sec. Although the pad was not instrumented to detect a shallow wetting front, the dye front and water content data indicated that flow penetrated 4 to 6 cm by the end of the 75 day test. Tracer data suggested that bromide moved to 18 or 20 cm by diffusion and that the effective diffusion coefficient was 15 to 21 x 10⁻¹⁰ m²sec. Preferential flow, as judged by the uniformity of the dye front and bromide tracer movement, was insignificant.

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Книги з теми "Hydraulic conductivity measurements":

Hannula, Steven R. Temporal and spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity in a stream bed in Golden, Colorado. Fort Collins, Colo: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1995.

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Molz, Fred J. Measurement of hydraulic conductivity distributions: A manual of practice. Ada, OK: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.

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Chemeda, Desalegn. A study of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soils as determined by aid of TDR. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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American Society of Civil Engineers. Standard guideline for the geostatistical estimation and block-averaging of homogeneous and isotropic saturated hydraulic conductivity. Reston, Va: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.

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Faye, Robert E. Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-solids concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Thomas, Carole L. Use of air-pressurized slug tests to estimate hydraulic conductivity at selected piezometers completed in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Albuquerque area, New Mexico. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Dassargues, Alain. "Hydraulic conductivity measurements." In Hydrogeology, 107–53. First Edition. | Boca Raton, Florida : Taylor & Francis, A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429470660-5.

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Angulo-Jaramillo, Rafael, Vincenzo Bagarello, Massimo Iovino, and Laurent Lassabatere. "Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity." In Infiltration Measurements for Soil Hydraulic Characterization, 43–180. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31788-5_2.

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Ankeny, Mark D., R. Horton, and T. C. Kaspar. "Field Estimates of Hydraulic Conductivity from Unconfined Infiltration Measurements." In Field-Scale Water and Solute Flux in Soils, 95–100. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9264-3_11.

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Miller, Stanley M. "Geostatistical Simulation for Upscaling Field Measurements of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity." In Geostatistics Wollongong’ 96, 1098–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5726-1_40.

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Li, Xu, Yang Wu, Jiankun Liu, and Lihong Chen. "Comparison of Wetting Front Advancing Method and Instantaneous Profile Method for the Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Multi-physics Processes in Soil Mechanics and Advances in Geotechnical Testing, 47–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0095-0_5.

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Klute, A. "Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soil." In Agronomy Monographs, 253–61. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c16.

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Klute, A. "Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soil." In Agronomy Monographs, 210–21. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c13.

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Boersma, L. "Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Below a Water Table." In Agronomy Monographs, 222–33. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c14.

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Boersma, L. "Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Above a Water Table." In Agronomy Monographs, 234–52. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c15.

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Dijkema, M. R. "In-Situ Measurement of Permeability Using a ‘Hydraulic Conductivity Probe’." In Field Screening Europe, 65–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1473-5_15.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hydraulic conductivity measurements":

Parsekian, Andrew D., Rosemary Knight, Elliot Grunewald, David O. Walsh, and Jim Butler. "Calibrating surface NMR hydraulic conductivity estimates using logging NMR and direct hydraulic conductivity measurements." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-1183.1.

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Borner, F., M. Gruhne, and O. Kemmesies. "Using Complex Conductivity Measurements to Monitor Multiphase Hydraulic Lab Tests." In 1st EEGS Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201407488.

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Gnecchi, Jose Antonio Gutierrez, Gerardo Marx Chavez Campos, and Alberto Gomez Tagle Chavez. "Data Acquisition System for Steady-State Hydraulic Soil Conductivity Measurements." In 2009 Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cerma.2009.58.

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Dlugosch, R., M. Müller-Petke, T. Günther, and U. Yaramanci. "An Extended Model for Predicting Hydraulic Conductivity from NMR Measurements." In Near Surface 2011 - 17th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144437.

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Shevnin, V. A., S. A. Erokhin, and A. M. Pavlova. "Anisotropy of Hydraulic Conductivity Investigations with Azimuthal Self Potential Measurements." In Near Surface Geoscience 2012 – 18th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143434.

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Wang, G., W. A. Byers, M. Y. Young, J. Deshon, Z. Karoutas, and R. L. Oelrich. "Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Simulated PWR Crud." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16655.

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This paper describes a laboratory test program to measure the thermal conductivity of corrosion product deposits on the surface of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) fuel rod under a variety of thermal hydraulic conditions. This thermal conductivity information is necessary to allow more accurate predictions of fuel rod surface temperatures in the presence of fuel deposits, commonly known as crud. In this paper, a four regime theory and methodology are proposed and utilized for crud thermal conductivity measurements and calculations. The relevant measurements were performed at the Westinghouse Advanced Loop Tester (WALT) facility, which is a single rod crud thermal-hydraulic test loop built at the Westinghouse Science and Technology Center (STC). This facility is described and then selected experiments and calculated results of this study are presented and discussed.

Zhang, Junjing, D. Zhu, and A. D. Hill. "Water-Induced Fracture Conductivity Damage in Shale Formations." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173346-ms.

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Abstract Shale fracture conductivity can be reduced significantly due to shale-water interactions. Factors that may influence shale fracture conductivity include shale mineralogy, proppant embedment, shale fines migration, proppant fines migration, brine concentration, longer term rock creep, and residual water in the fracture. The study of excessive proppant embedment has been reported in our previous work (Zhang et al. 2014a). This paper presents the studies of the rest of these factors. Laboratory experiments were run to understand each of these factors. To study the effect of rock mineralogy, recovered fracture conductivities after water damage for the Barnett Shale, the Eagle Ford Shale, and Berea Sandstone were measured. During conductivity measurements, water flow directions were switched to study the effect of shale fines migration. The size of shale fines was measured by microscopic imaging techniques, and scanning electron microscopic observations are also presented. Proppant fines migration was examined by placing two colors of sand on each half of the fracture surface and a microscope was used to identify the migrated crushed sands of one color mixed in the other color sand. Fresh water and 2% KCl were injected to study the effect of brine concentration. After water injection, the proppant pack was either fully dried or kept wet to investigate the damage by residual water. Results showed that clay content determines the fracture conductivity damage by water. Fines generated from the shale fracture due to fracture face spalling, slope instability, and clay dispersion can migrate inside the fracture and are responsible for approximately 20% of the conductivity reduction. There is no evidence of crushed proppant particle migration in this study. Longer term rock creep accounts for a 20% reduction of the fracture conductivity. Fresh water does not further damage the fracture conductivity when initial conductivities are above 65 md-ft. Removal of the residual water from the fracture by evaporation helps recover the fracture conductivity to a small extent. A theoretical model of propped fracture conductivity was extended to include the effects of water damage on fracture conductivity. An empirical correlation for the damage effects in the Barnett shale was implemented in this model.

Branagan, P. T., R. E. Peterson, and R. Wilmer. "Measurements of Well-to-Well Conductivity Through a Propped Hydraulic Fracture." In SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/38375-ms.

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Jansen, T., D. Zhu, and A. D. Hill. "The Effect of Rock Mechanical Properties on Fracture Conductivity for Shale Formations." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173347-ms.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracture treatments are used in low permeability shale reservoirs in order to provide conductive pathways from the reservoir to the wellbore. The success of these treatments is highly reliant on the created fracture conductivity. Optimizing fracture designs to improve well performance requires knowledge of how fracture conductivity is affected by rock and proppant characteristics. This study investigates the relationship between rock characteristics and laboratory measurements of propped and unpropped fracture conductivity of outcrop sample from the Eagle Ford shale and the Fayetteville shale. Triaxial compression tests were performed on core specimens in order to determine the Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of the outcrop samples. Profilometer surface scans were also performed to characterize the fracture topography. The results from this study show that the main factors affecting fracture conductivity are closure stress and proppant characteristics (concentration, size, and strength). For unpropped fractures, the fracture topography is the main factor in determining fracture conductivity. The topography interaction of the two surfaces determines the fracture width. Higher Young's Modulus helps maintain fracture width by resisting deformation as closure stress increases compared with lower Young's Modulus. For propped fractures, the more influential factor in determining fracture conductivity is proppant characteristics (concentration, size, and strength). At a proppant monolayer placement, the major mechanism for conductivity loss is proppant embedment, leading to decreased fracture width. A higher Young's Modulus reduces the proppant embedment and better maintains fracture conductivity as closure stress increases. For a multilayer proppant pack concentration, the effect of rock characteristics is negligible compared to the effect of proppant pack characteristics.

Zhang, Junjing, Anton Kamenov, Ding Zhu, and A. Daniel Hill. "Propped Fracture Conductivity in Shales." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11603.

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The successful development of the major shale gas plays in North America hinges upon the creation of complicated fracture networks by pumping low viscosity fracturing fluid with low proppant concentrations at high flow rate. Direct laboratory measurement of hydraulic fracture conductivity created in the networks is needed for reliable well performance analysis and fracture design optimization. A series of experiments were conducted under realistic hydraulic fracturing conditions to measure the conductivity using a modified API conductivity cell. Natural fractures were preserved and fracture infill was kept for initial conductivity measurement. Fractures were also induced along the natural bedding planes to obtain fracture surface asperities. Proppants of various sizes were placed between rough fracture surfaces at realistic concentrations. The two sides of the rough fractures were either aligned or displaced with a 0.1 inch offset. Results show that the hydraulic fracture conductivity of shale samples with rough surfaces can be accurately measured in a laboratory with appropriate experimental procedures and good control on experimental errors. The unpropped offset fracture can create conductivity as much as poorly cemented natural fracture, while the conductivity of unpropped matched fracture is minor. The presence of proppants can elevate the fracture conductivity by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Propped fracture conductivity increases with larger proppant size and higher proppant concentration. This study also indicates that within 20 hours propped fracture conductivity can be reduced by as much as 24% as shown in the longer term fracture conductivity measurements.

Звіти організацій з теми "Hydraulic conductivity measurements":

Gribb, Molly M. Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement in Unsaturated Soils with a Modified Cone Penetrometer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada369932.

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Conca, J., and T. J. Mockler. Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the Bandelier Tuff at Los Alamos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/245577.

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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.

Conca, J. L. Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and chemical transport in Yucca Mountain Tuff: Milestone Report 3044-WBS1.2.3.4.1.4.1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/140400.

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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.