Статті в журналах: "Hydrolysed feathers"

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Fitriyanto, N. A., Y. Ramadhanti, Rismiyati, I. Rusyadi, A. Pertiwiningrum, R. A. Prasetyo, and Y. Erwanto. "Production of poultry feather hydrolysate using HCl and NaOH as a growth medium substrate for indigenous strains." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012064.

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Abstract The poultry feathers have a very high protein content due to it consists of 90% of crude protein, and it is an ideal material to obtain keratin protein. Due to Keratin’s difficulties and time-consuming decomposition, further processing is needed to degrade Keratin into simpler proteins that can be used as an alternative N-source. This study was aimed to evaluate the keratin hydrolysate from poultry feathers prepared by acidic (HCl) and alkaline (NaOH) compound utilization and its potency as the substrate medium for growth keratinolytic bacteria at a laboratory scale. Poultry feathers, including kampung (local breed) chicken feathers, layer chicken feathers, and local goose treat with HCL 12% and NaOH 20%. The results of the hydrolysate of poultry feathers using 12% HCl showed no significant changes. Visually, the feathers of birds that have been treated with 12% HCl show a colour change to brownish-yellow. The results of hydrolysis using NaOH showed better results than HCl for producing feather meals. The highest yield has occurred at local goose feathers at 95.7%, followed by Kampung and Layer chicken feathers at 93.17% and 78,75%. Based on the viability test, three indigenous strains (Bacillus cereus TD5B, B. cereus LS2B and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) grew in a medium with a substrate of kampung chicken feathers, layer chickens, and local goose feathers. It can be concluded that the hydrolysed poultry feathers made by NaOH 20% preparation had a potency as N-source in the bacterial growth medium.

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Fitriyanto, N. A., Y. Ramadhanti, Rismiyati, I. Rusyadi, A. Pertiwiningrum, R. A. Prasetyo, and Y. Erwanto. "Enzymatic activity and amino acid production by indigenous keratinolytic strains on the various poultry feather substrate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012026.

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Abstract This study aims to evaluate the capability of extracellular protease to hydrolyze keratin substrates of local poultry feathers and observing the amino acid profile. The indigenous strains (Bacillus cereus TD5B, Bacillus cereus LS2B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) were used in this study, and the obtained data were analysed descriptively. Bacillus cereus TD5B has a maximum activity at 0.003849062 unit/ml and 0.000310042 unit/ml on casein and commercial keratin substrates. Each hydrolyzed consisted of Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Glycine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Ileucine, Leucine, and Lysine. The differences between the three feather meals were on the amino acid’s concentration, the specific amino acid (Threonine) in the hydrolyzed kampung chicken feather meals, and the amino acid Alanine in the hydrolyzed layer feathers and also the goose feather meals. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of keratinase in the three hydrolyzed feather meals was observed at 100 kDa. In this study, the highest substrate degradation was observed by Bacillus cereus TD5B at chicken layer feathers (21.25%). During 21 days, Bacillus cereus LS2B could hydrolyze kampung feather at 38.8% during 23 days, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 hydrolyzed kampung feather at 39.8% for 24 days.

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Kormanjos, Sandor, Slavko Filipovic, Vera Radovic, Djordje Okanovic, and Zvonko Njezic. "Influence of the applied pressure of processing upon bioactive components of diets made of feathers." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120223044k.

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The feathers gained by slaughtering fattening chickens can be processed into protein meal for feeding certain animals, as indicated by its chemical characteristics. However, raw feather proteins (keratin) are faintly digestible (cca. 19%), even inert in digestive tract. Digestion of feather proteins could be improved by hydrolysis (alkaline, enzymatic, microbiological or hydrothermal). Practically, hydrothermal processing of raw feathers is mostly applied. The influence of hydrothermal processing under the pressures of 3.0, 3.5 or 4.0 bar on the nutritive value of the resulting meal is presented in this paper. For the hydrolysis of raw feathers, semi continuous procedure was applied. Semi continuous procedure of feathers processing comprise hydrolysis of raw wet feathers followed by partial drying of hydrolyzed mass that has to be done in a hydrolyser with indirect heating. Continuous tubular dryer with recycled air was used during the final process of drying. Protein nitrogen decreased by 3.46% and 4.80% in comparison with total protein nitrogen content in raw feathers under the pressure of 3.0 and 3.5 bar, respectively. The highest applied hydrolysis pressure caused the greatest loss of protein nitrogen up to 9.52%. Hydrothermal hydrolysis under pressure has increased in vitro protein digestibility significantly. Under pressure of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 bar digestibility of proteins increasing from 19.01 to 76.39, 81.71 and 87.03%, respectively. Under pressure of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 bar cysteine content decreased from 6.44 to 4.17% (loss 35.25%), 3.94 (loss 38.825%) and to 3.75% (loss 41.77%), respectively. These decreases are statistically significant. It can be concluded that the hydrolysis carried out under the pressure of 3.5 bar, during the period of 25 minutes, and with the content of water in raw feathers of cca. 61% is the optimal technological process for converting raw feathers into diets for certain animal diets.

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Pedrosa, Nely de Almeida, Cristiano José de Andrade, José Carlos Cunha Petrus, and Alcilene Rodrigues Monteiro. "Sequential Hydrolysis of Chicken Feathers Composed of Ultrasound and Enzymatic Steps: An Enhanced Protein Source with Bioactive Peptides." Biomass 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass2040016.

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Chicken feather is a massive by-product. Its incorrect disposal can lead to serious environmental impacts. However, chicken feather is a promising low-cost keratin source. Keratin products have a wide application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Mostly, chicken feathers are hydrolyzed by hydrothermal processes, and then applied into animal feed formulations. Despite the low cost, the hydrothermal hydrolysis leads to uncontrolled and low hydrolysis yield. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and optimize a sequential strategy of chicken feathers hydrolysis composed of ultrasound and enzymatic hydrolysis (savinase®) steps. In the first research step an experimental design was built and the optimum hydrolysis condition was obtained at 50 °C and 12.5% (enzyme/chicken feather), using three integrated rectors containing enzyme/substrate and sodium disulfite. Then, the ultrasound probe was added in the experimental apparatus in order to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment led to high concentrations of peptides, including a dipeptide (245.1868 m/z). Thus, the sequential hydrolysis strategy composed by two green technologies proposed in this study, enhanced the degree of hydrolysis of chicken feathers, producing bioactive peptides that can be used as ingredients in food products and other sectors.

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Choi, Jong-Myung, and Paul V. Nelson. "Developing a Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer from Organic Sources: II. Using Poultry Feathers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.634.

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The structure of feather keratin protein was modified in attempts to develop a slow-release N fertilizer of 12 weeks duration or longer by steam hydrolysis to break disulfide bonds, enzymatic hydrolysis with Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) to break polypeptide bonds, and steam hydrolysis (autoclaving) to hasten mineralization followed by cross-linking of the protein by a formaldehyde reaction to control the increased rate of mineralization. Release of N in potting substrate within elution columns from ground, but otherwise untreated, raw feathers occurred mainly during the first 5 weeks with a much smaller release occurring from weeks 8 to 12. Steam hydrolysis resulted in an increase of N during the first 5 weeks and a decrease during weeks 8 to 11. Cumulative N release over 11 weeks increased from 12% in raw feathers to 52% for feathers steam hydrolyzed for 90 minutes. This favored an immediately available fertilizer but not a slow-release fertilizer. Microbial hydrolysis with B. licheniformis resulted in a modest reduction of N release during the first 5 weeks and a small increase during weeks 8 to 11. Both shifts, while not desirable for an immediately available fertilizer, enhanced the slow-release fertilizer potential of feathers but not sufficiently to result in a useful product. Steam hydrolyzed feathers cross-linked with quantities of formaldehyde equal to 5% and 10% of the feather weight released less N during the first 5 weeks, more during weeks 6 and 7, and less during weeks 9 to 12 compared to raw feathers. The first two shifts were favorable for a slow-release fertilizer while the third was not.

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Machado, Geruza Silveira, Ana Paula Folmer Correa, Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires, Letícia Marconatto, Adriano Brandelli, Alexandre de Mello Kessler, and Luciano Trevizan. "Determination of the Nutritional Value of Diet Containing Bacillus subtilis Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Adult Dogs." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123553.

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Feathers are naturally made up of non-digestible proteins. Under thermal processing, total tract digestibility can be partially improved. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis (Bs) has shown a hydrolytic effect In vitro. Then, a Bs FTC01 was selected to hydrolyze enough feathers to produce a meal, and then test the quality and inclusion in the dog’s diet to measure the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC) in vivo and the microorganism’s ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. A basal diet was added with 9.09% hydrolyzed Bs feather meal (HFMBs) or 9.09% thermally hydrolyzed feather meal (HFMT). Nine adult dogs were randomized into two 10-day blocks and fed different diets. Microbial counts were performed on feather meal, diets and feces. The Bs was less effective in digesting the feathers, which reduced the ATTDC of dry matter, crude protein, energy and increased the production of fecal DM, but the fecal score was maintained (p > 0.05). The digestible energy of HFMT and HFMBs was 18,590 J/kg and 9196 J/kg, respectively. Bacillus subtilis showed limitation to digest feather in large scale, but the resistance of Bs to digestion was observed since it grown on feces culture.

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Goldstein, Gerald, Kelly R. Flory, Beth Ann Browne, Samia Majid, Jann M. Ichida, and Edward H. Burtt Jr. "Bacterial Degradation of Black and White Feathers." Auk 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.3.656.

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Abstract When feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis is grown in culture, it secretes a keratinase that hydrolyzes the β-keratin matrix of a feather, thereby releasing oligopeptides that dissolve into the medium surrounding the feather and feather-degrading bacilli. These peptides absorb light passed through a sample of medium from which feather fragments, melanin granules, and bacteria have been removed by centrifugation. Samples of medium in which white, nonmelanic feathers are degrading absorb more light than samples of medium in which black, melanic feathers are degrading, which indicates that more oligopeptides are dissolved in medium surrounding white feathers than in medium surrounding black feathers. The differential absorption of light supports the conclusion that B. licheniformis degrades white feathers more rapidly than black feathers.

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Dąbrowska, Małgorzata, Agata Sommer, Izabela Sinkiewicz, Antoni Taraszkiewicz, and Hanna Staroszczyk. "An optimal designed experiment for the alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 16 (November 25, 2021): 24145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17649-2.

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AbstractFeathers, burdensome waste from the poultry industry, can be a cheap source of keratin, a protein with excellent physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Acid and alkaline hydrolyses are usually adopted for isolation of keratin from its natural resources. This study aimed at assessing the statistically significant effect of input variables in the alkaline hydrolysis of keratin from chicken feathers on the process yield and on the molecular weight of peptides obtained. The effect of the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass, the hydrolysis time, and the shaking speed of the reaction mixture on the process yield were analyzed. The use of statistical analysis at the design step of experiment allowed reducing the trial number from 27 to 9. Among the input variables analyzed, only the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass had a significant effect on the process yield, while none of them significantly affected the molecular weight of the peptides obtained. All hydrolysates were dominated by two peptides’ fractions, with molecular weights of ca. 130 and 250 kDa, and mixture of many peptides of weight close to 10 kDa and smaller. Alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin yielded protein hydrolysates soluble over a wide pH range.

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Choi, Jong-Myung, and Paul V. Nelson. "Developing a Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer from Organic Sources: III. Isolation and Action of a Feather-degrading Actinomycete." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (July 1996): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.639.

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An actinomycete designated Streptomyces cn1 with a high proteolytic activity and capacity to degrade feather keratin was isolated and its effectiveness for altering feathers to yield a slow-release N fertilizer was evaluated. The pattern of N release in column elution tests from feathers ground to a particle size ≤1 mm, but otherwise unaltered, was characterized by a first period of release from weeks 2 through 5 with a high peak at week 3 and a second period of release from 14 to 20 weeks. The release of N during the first period was 10.5% and during the second period it was 7.3% for a total of only 17.8% of the N contained in these feathers. Grinding feathers to a finer particle size ≤0.5 mm caused increases in N release during the two periods to 14.7% and 15.8% N, respectively, for a total of 30.5% and second period N release began 5 weeks earlier at week 9. Microbial hydrolysis with Streptomyces cn1 for 1 though 5 days resulted in an adverse reduction in total N released, due in part to drying of feathers after hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of feathers for 7 days resulted in 42.6% of total N released over 20 weeks with 77.0% of this released during weeks 6 through 20. The second period of release began at week 8. Hydrolysis of feathers for 9 days was best for purposes of a slow-release fertilizer. Forty five percent of total N was released over 20 weeks with 89.3% of this released during the second period that began in week 7. Root substrate pH was increased in all treatments where feathers were applied. This would require a reduction in the rate of limestone incorporated into a commercial substrate when feather N is used. Pepsin digestibility and ninhydrin tests provided some insight into the N release mechanism but did not effectively predict N release from the feather products.

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Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.

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The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.

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Sergey, Zinoviev, Volik Victor, and Ismailova Dilaram. "Efficiency of feeding broilers with feather meal, obtained by the method of short-term hydrothermic exposure." Poultry and Chicken Products 24, no. 1 (2022): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2022-24-1-65-68.

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In the poultry industry, animal flour is often used, which is prepared from a mixture consisting of the remains of bones, soft tissues and feathers. They are rarely processed separately, especially for feathers, which have a very low digestibility. The technology of short-term high-temperature hydrolysis of feathers in a thin layer leads to the destruction of the keratin structure and increases the availability of its amino acids. This processing method achieves 86–88% of protein digestibility. The efficiency of using this feather meal (PM) in feeding makes it possible to reduce the cost of rations and improve zootechnical indicators.

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Mézes, Lili, Tibor Bíró, János Tamás, and Mihály Petis. "Heat treatment and microbial digestion of poulty feather for biogas production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3128.

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The aim of this research was the elaboration of the technological parameters of heat pre-treatment and microbial digestion of poultry feathers for biogas production. Feathers were treated at 70, 100, 140 °C, and subsequently digested by Bacillus licheniformis, or keratin disintegrator bacteria. Investigations focused on the optimalization of parameters influencing poultry feather biodegradation. The optimal range of pH, temperature,feather size and bacillus:feather ratio were determined in the experiments, as well as the analysis of relationship between the examined parameters. In order to be able to track the dynamics of the biodegradation, we determined the extinction level of the liquid phase of the biodegraded material in the different experimental treatments. The results showed that the rate of hydrolysis was significantly higher in the treatments with bacteria than in the treatments without it. Regarding the pretreatments at 70, 100 and 140 °C, the digestion of feather was the most intensive at 70 °C. The most extensive digestion was observed in case of 1:3 feather:water ratio. The highest intensity of feather digestion wasdetected in the treatment with 1% microbe ratio.

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Mandal, Arpita, Tanmay Paul, and Keshab Chandra Mondal. "Bioremediation of melanised poultry feather waste for production of mosquitocidal keratinase." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1702rjbt2230.

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Melanised chicken feather wastes are great resources of amino acids and oligopeptides which can be biodegradable by the bacterial keratinase enzyme. Biodegradation of melanised chicken feathers waste directed by P. woosongensis TKB2 cells was successfully carried out in 8 L EYELA-MBF-800ME laboratory scale fermentor. The fermentation processes were conducted at 30 °C, 700 rpm agitation speed and 0.7 vvm air flow rate in a basal medium (%, w/v, 0.05% K2HPO4; 0.025% MgSO4; 0.02% CaCO3 and 5% NaCl) containing 1.0 % (w/v) melanised feathers. Highest net levels of released feathers hydrolysis end products like soluble proteins of 4.15 mg/mL and an adequate level of free amino acids (isoleucine>serine>alanine>arginine>histidine>vali ne>phenylealanine>leucine>tyrosine), keratinolytic protease activity (71.68 UmL-1) and 98.8 % feather degradation capability in the fermentor were greatly comparable to those of shake flasks. The crude enzyme showed optimum activity against Anopheles stephensi larvae in native water at pH 8.0 and 50 °C (LD50-0.60 UmL-1 at 48 h). Therefore, the studied keratinase can be used as an effective mosquitocidal agent.

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Solcova, Olga, Jaroslav Knapek, Lenka Wimmerova, Kamila Vavrova, Tomas Kralik, Milena Rouskova, Stanislav Sabata, and Jiri Hanika. "Environmental aspects and economic evaluation of new green hydrolysis method for waste feather processing." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, no. 6 (April 9, 2021): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02072-5.

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Abstract In recent years, an increase in the chicken meat process industry has been growing quickly, which brings a large amount of difficult to process waste, chicken feathers. These billions of kilograms create a serious waste problem over the world, furthermore, poultry feather processing is not only particularly difficult but also relatively expensive. In fact, there is no technology suitable for processing such huge quantities of feathers to guarantee sustainable development of the chicken meat industry together with processing of waste feathers. This article introduces a newly designed and original, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method of physicochemical hydrolysis of waste feathers. The hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a weak organic carboxylic acid; thus, the resulting hydrolysate does not contain any salts or ashes. Therefore, a resulting hydrolysate, which includes a mixture of amino acids, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and free fatty acids, is suitable for a variety of applications; e.g. as a chondroprotective agent in the treatment of joint diseases, nutrients for crop plants or targeted biostimulants for agriculture. This paper is focused not only on the process scale-up but also on environmental aspects and economic evaluations to bring general view of the process. Graphic abstract

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AI, Ogbonna. "Keratin Degradation by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium purpurogenum Isolated from Nigerian Soil." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000173.

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Keratin degrading Aspergillus niger and Penicillium purpurogenum were isolated from soils collected from human hair dumping ground using skim milk agar screening method. These fungi hydrolyzed skim milk casein indicated by halo zones of hydrolysis of 62mm and 64mm produced by them respectively. The fungal species also utilized keratin of ground human hair and chicken feather and hydrolyzed them to reducing sugars and proteins with P. purpurogenum being a better degrader of chicken feather and human hair producing 13.5 and 12.0 U/ml respectively than A. niger.

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Avdiyuk, K. V., V. A. Ivanytsia, and L. D. Varbanets. "Screening of Enzyme Producers with Keratinase Activity among Marine Actinobacteria." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 2 (April 17, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.02.012.

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About 2 million tons of feathers are produced annually around the world as a by-product of poultry farming. Due to the lack of funds and the complexity of processing, they have become one of the main environmental pollutants. The biodegradation of feathers by keratinolytic microorganisms has proven to be an effective, environmentally friendly and cost-effective method of bioconverting feather waste into a nutritious, balanced and easily digestible product that contains free amino acids, peptides and ammonium ions. Aim. To investigate the ability of marine actinobacteria to synthesize enzymes with keratinolytic activity and to study some of the physicochemical properties of the most active enzyme preparation. The object of the study was 10 strains of actinobacteria isolated from bottom sediments in the area of the Pradneprovsky trench of the Black Sea shelf. Methods. Caseinolytic (general proteolytic) activity was determined by the Anson method modified by Petrova, based on the quantitative determination of tyrosine, which is formed during the enzymatic hydrolysis of casein. Keratinase activity was determined by UV absorption at 280 nm of the hydrolysis products of keratin-containing raw materials. The cultivation of actinobacteria was carried out in a liquid nutrient medium with the addition of defatted chicken feathers as the main source of carbon and nitrogen. Results. The ability to hydrolyze keratin was found in five cultures. Moreover, all the strains studied were practically unable to break down casein. The Acty 9 strain (12 U/ml) showed the highest keratinase activity. Additional introduction of NaCl to the nutrient medium did not have a positive effect on the enzymes synthesis. The study of the physicochemical properties of the enzyme preparation Acty 9 showed that the pH and thermooptimum were 9.0 and 60°C, respectively. It retained 100% of the initial activity in the range of pH 7.0–10.0 after 3 h and 95% activity at pH 8.0 after 24 h of incubation. The studied enzyme preparation was thermostable, since it remained active for 3 h at 50°C and 1 h at 60°C. Conclusions. The extracellular keratinase synthesized by actinobacterium Acty 9 is promising for further research, since the enzyme is pH and thermostable and is not inferior in its physicochemical properties to those previously described in the literature.

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Rodríguez-Clavel, Isis S., Silvia P. Paredes-Carrera, Sergio O. Flores-Valle, Eri J. Paz-García, Jesús C. Sánchez-Ochoa, and Rosa M. Pérez-Gutiérrez. "Effect of Microwave or Ultrasound Irradiation in the Extraction from Feather Keratin." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (December 6, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1326063.

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The extraction of feather keratin biopolymer structures was studied using chicken feathers as a biomass material by the cold acid hydrolysis reaction; the recrystallization stage was performed using microwave or ultrasound irradiation, and conduction heating was used as a reference. The microwave or ultrasound irradiation modified the texture and the morphology of the obtained materials, and they can be controlled depending on the time exposure and the power of the irradiation; this has high relevance in the design of new materials to obtain nanostructures depending on the specific application. It was found that the microwave irradiation promotes the growth of the beta sheet over the alpha helix, and in the case of ultrasound irradiation, the growth is reversed being similar to the conduction heating; the porosity properties remain invariant, modifying the particle sizes depending on the exposure time and power of irradiation. Therefore, the feather keratin biopolymer, when modified by microwaves and ultrasound in the recrystallization stage, is a fibrous protein that has good mechanical, structural, morphological, and thermal properties with potential applications such as development of biocompatible materials with cellular interaction and in catalysis as catalytic and enzymatic support to mention just a few.

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Yin, Wenjun, Zhonghua Zhang, Tongcai Liu, Jiao Xu, Shaoze Xiao, and Yao Xu. "N-Doped Animal Keratin Waste Porous Biochar derived from Trapa Natans Husks." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040987.

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Animal-keratin-wastes (AKWs), horns (HN), hair (HR), puffed waterfowl feathers (PF), hydrolyzed waterfowl feathers (HF), hydrolyzed fish meal (HM), crab meat (CM), feathers (FR), shrimp chaff (SC), fish scales (FS), and waste leather (WL) were used as modifiers to prepare animal-keratin-wastes biochars (AKWs-BC) derived from Trapa natans husks (TH). AKWs-BC have a well-developed microporous structure with a pore size mainly below 3 nm. Due to the doping of AKWs, the surface chemical properties of AKWs-BC (especially N functional groups) were improved. The utilization of APWs not only realizes the resource utilization of waste, but also can be used to prepare high-performance biochars.

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Vavrova, Kamila, Lenka Wimmerova, Jaroslav Knapek, Jan Weger, Zdenek Keken, Frantisek Kastanek, and Olga Solcova. "Waste Feathers Processing to Liquid Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture—LCA, Economic Evaluation, and Case Study." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122478.

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The poultry meat industry generates about 60 million tons of waste annually. However, such waste can serve as a cheap material source for sustainable liquid fertilizers or biostimulant production. Moreover, its practical potential associated with the circular economy is evident. One of the options for waste feather reprocessing is to use a hydrolysis process, whose operating parameters vary depending on the waste material used. The better the quality of the waste feathers, the less energy is needed; moreover, a higher yield of amino acids and peptides can be achieved. These are the main operational parameters that influence the overall environmental and economic performance of the hydrolysis process. The assessment of process operational environmental aspects confirmed that the environmental impacts of hydrolysate production are highly dependent on the amount of electricity required and its sources. This fact influences the midpoint and the endpoint impacts on the observed environmental impact categories. It also minimizes the pressure associated with fossil resource scarcity and the related impact on climate change. During an economic evaluation of the process, it was found that the option of processing more fine waste, such as CGF, provided a 5% saving in energy costs related to the reduction in the cost per liter of hydrolysate of 4.5%. Finally, a case study experiment confirmed the fertilizing effect of the hydrolysate on pepper plants (biometric parameters, yield). Thus, the hydrolysate produced from the waste feathers can serve as a substitute for nitrate fertilizing, which is commonly drawn from raw fossil materials.

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Suparmaniam, Uganeeswary, Man Kee Lam, Jun Wei Lim, Hemamalini Rawindran, Yee Ho Chai, Inn Shi Tan, Bridgid Lai Fui Chin, and Peck Loo Kiew. "The potential of waste chicken feather protein hydrolysate as microalgae biostimulant using organic fertilizer as nutrients source." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012028.

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Abstract High costs associated with chemical triggers to promote microalgae productivity when waste-based sources are used as nutrients source has diverted the attention of microalgae growers to seek for sustainable substitute for synthetic triggers. On the other note, vast disposal of chicken feather waste cause severe environmental pollution due to its low decomposition characteristics. Following the call for rigid regulations on its disposal and in attempt to valorize this waste, chicken feathers were subjected to hydrolysis process using 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and precipitated by 1M hydrochloric acid (HCL) to produce chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH). The prepared CFPH was further tested for its feasibility as biostimulant for Chlorella vulgaris grown in organic fertilizer as nutrients source. From the data obtained via elemental analysis, the protein content of CFPH was determined as 73.56%. The biomass and lipid productivities of C. vulgaris cultures were significantly improved by 30.4 and 34.3 to 44.6%, respectively compared to control cultures. This research work indicated that CFPH may serve as a potential low-cost biostimulant for simultaneous augmentation of microalgae biomass and lipid. Characterization of physicochemical properties of the produced CFPH is an essential step in identifying possible avenues for its application in microalgae cultivation.

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Alvarez-Vera, Manuel, Jacinto Vázquez, Daniel Fernández, and Rosalía Reinoso. "Poultry feathers and offal treatment by using beneficial microorganisms." BioResources 17, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.64-74.

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Poultry waste can be hydrolyzed using microorganisms to obtain useful amino acids for agriculture processes. This research treated poultry waste by applying beneficial microbial consortia. Microorganisms were obtained from Brassica oleracea (commonly known as cabbage) and Jungia rugosa (widely known as matico de puna) plants. Each sample was sent to the laboratory for gender, species, and concentration identification. Poultry waste (feathers, offal, blood) and a liquid solution made up of water, molasses, and microorganisms were placed inside plastic tanks. Four treatments were established (T1, T2, T3, and T4). T1 and T3 were composed of 80% water, 10% molasses, and 10% microorganisms; T2 and T4 were composed of 70% water, 20% molasses, and 10% microorganisms. The contents in each tank were periodically stirred for one month. Sixteen microorganisms were identified in each sample. In each treatment, nine essential and nine non-essential amino acids were found in different concentration levels. It is assumed that indigenous microbial consortia benefit the hydrolysis of poultry waste. Furthermore, the type and content of amino acids are related to the microbial activity of each consortium.

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Raguraj, Sriharan, Susilawati Kasim, Noraini Md Jaafar, and Muhamad Hazim Nazli. "Growth of Tea Nursery Plants as Influenced by Different Rates of Protein Hydrolysate Derived from Chicken Feathers." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020299.

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The conversion of chicken feathers, generated annually worldwide on a large scale as a by-product of the poultry industry into value-added products, has economic and environmental benefits. Protein hydrolysate produced from feathers has attracted significant attention in agriculture as a potential plant growth stimulant. Therefore, a study was established with the aim to produce and characterize chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and investigate the effects of this product on the early growth of nursery tea plants. Alkaline hydrolysis was used to produce CFPH with the yield of 165 mg amino acids per gram of feathers. Then, the produced CFPH was applied on nursery tea plants as a soil drench at different doses (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g L−1) in 2-week intervals until the 10th application. Commercially available fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was included as a treatment to compare the effects with CFPH. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications. CFPH and FPH significantly improved the shoot and root growth parameters. Plant height (+98%), leaf number (+61%), shoot dry biomass (+128%), root length (+94%), root surface area (+15%), and root dry biomass (+152%) were significantly increased by the application of CFPH (2 g L−1 dose) compared to control. Although the highest CFPH dosage (4 g L−1) showed a reduction in growth parameters, the values obtained were similar or higher than the untreated control plants. The chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) was enhanced by the CFPH dosage of 1 g L−1, whereas the highest photosynthetic rate was recorded in the CFPH 3 g L−1 treatment. The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) did not positively influence stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorous, manganese, and copper were positively affected by the CFPH application. The effect of CFPH on growth parameters was more pronounced than FPH. Our findings reveal that CFPH produced by alkaline hydrolysis could be used as a growth booster in raising vigorous tea nursery plants, which are most suitable for field planting and subsequently higher yields.

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Adegbenjo, A. A., O. O. Oluwatosin, O. A. Osinowo, A. O. Oso, O. M. Sogunle, A. O. Fafiolu, A. V. Jegede, and A. O. Lala. "Response of exotic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) poults to diets substituted with varying levels of hydrolysed feather meal or blood meal as partial replacement for fish meal." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.107.

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Recent concerns over the seasonal availability and high cost of conventional protein sources has necessitated the search for alternative feed protein with lesser feed-food competitive properties yet desirable and appropriate to poults. A study was designed to determine the response of exotic turkey poults (Meleagris gallopavo) to diets substituted with varying levels of hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) or blood meal (BLM) as partial replacement for fishmeal for 112days. One hundred and ninety-two British United Turkeys BUT) were allotted to eight dietary treatments comprising four replicates and six birds per replicate. The birds were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of two protein sources (Hydrolysed feather meal or Blood meal) included at 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%). Diets 1-4 were formulated such that fish meal in control was replaced by feather meal, protein for protein. Diets 5-8 wereformulated such that fish meal in control was replaced by blood meal, protein for protein and included at 0, 10, 20 and 30%. Treatments 1 and 5 were the control groups. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance using SAS. Turkeys fed test ingredients at 20% substitution level recorded higher (p<0.05) final weight and weight gain and best FCR at starter phase. Cost of feed/kg diet reduced (p<0.05) as the substitution level of test ingredientincreased. Nutrient digestibility and energy metabolisability increased with increased substitution levels of test ingredients at the starter phase. Starter turkeys fed hydrolysed feather meal recorded higher energy metabolisability. It can be concluded from this study that substituting turkey diets with Hydrolysed feather meal and Blood meal at 20% inclusion level improves performance, nutrient digestibility and energy metabolisability.

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Setyaningrum, Sinta, Regina J. Patinvoh, Ronny Purwadi, and Mohammad Taherzadeh. "Evaluation of Biological Degraded Keratin for Biogas Production Using Dry Anaerobic Digestion System." Current Journal: International Journal Applied Technology Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ijatr.v2i2.49.

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Anaerobic digestion is a methane gas production process that can be used as sustainable alternative energy. Anaerobic digestion utilized various types of organic waste as substrate for the reaction process. Keratin waste is an organic waste mainly produced from the poultry and farming industry. Pretreatment is usually required to hydrolyzed keratin protein complex as the amino acid is easily used as the substrate in anaerobic digestion reaction. Biological pretreatment was selected because it more energy saver and generating diverse types of amino acid monomers. Three types of keratins used in this research were feathers, wool, and hair. Culture of Bacillus sp. C4 were inoculated into keratins and incubated for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. The chicken feathers produce the soluble protein as much as 7.23 mg/ml, 32.59 mg/ml and 45.99 mg/ml respectively, while the sheep wool produce 24.08 mg/ml, 36.73 mg/ml and 38.75 mg/ml respectively according to incubation time. Meanwhile, keratin hair cannot be degraded by Bacillus sp. C4 at all. Free ammonia formed by hydrolysis of proteins is suspected to be an inhibitor in the methanogenesis process, as total methane produced from degraded keratin only 256,6 ml C4/gr VS in 36 days retention time.

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Evans, Kristie L., Jamie Crowder, and Eric S. Miller. "Subtilisins ofBacillusspp. hydrolyze keratin and allow growth on feathers." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-085.

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Keratinase is a serine protease produced by Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 that effectively degrades keratin and confers the ability to grow on feathers to a protease-deficient B. subtilis strain. Studies presented herein demonstrate that B. licheniformis Carlsberg strain NCIMB 6816, which produces the well-characterized serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg, also degrades and grows on feathers. The PWD-1 and Carlsberg strains showed a similar time-course of enzyme production, and the purified serine proteases have similar enzymatic properties on insoluble azokeratin and soluble FITC-casein. Kinetic analysis of both enzymes demonstrated that they have high specificity for aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids in the P1 substrate position, although keratinase discriminates more than subtilisin Carlsberg against charged residues at this site. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the serine protease genes from B. licheniformis strains PWD-1, Carlsberg NCIMB 6816, ATCC 12759, and NCIMB 10689 showed that the kerA-encoded protease of PWD-1 differs from the others only by having V222, rather than A222, near the active site serine S220. Further, high-level expression of subE-encoded subtilisin from B. subtilis (78% similar to subtilisin Carlsberg) also confers growth on feathers on a protease-deficient B. subtilis strain. While strain PWD-1 and the kerA protease efficiently degrade keratin, keratin hydrolysis and growth on feathers is a property that can be conferred by appropriate expression of the major subtilisins, including the industrially produced enzymes.Key words: keratin hydrolysis, Bacillus, subtilisin, keratinase.

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Board, Editorial. "IN MEMORY OF VASIL GRIGOROVICH KEBKO." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.20.

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On June 21, 2019, at the 82nd year, died a leading researcher, candidate of biological sciences, academician of the International Academy of Sciences of Ecological Safety, deserveded inventor of Ukraine Vasil Grigorovigh Kebko. G. Kebko was born on February 4, 1938 in the village of Homutets, Myrhorod district, Poltava region. In 1961 he graduated from the zootechnical faculty of the Poltava Agricultural Institute. From 1961 to 1963 he worked a state inspector of the Ruzaevsky Inspection by Provision of Agricultural Products, a senior zootechnician of the pedigree business and chief zootechnician of the supporting and exponential state farm "Victory of Illich" of the Ruzaevsky district of the Kokshetau region of Kazakhstan. In 1963–1968 he was the chief zootechnician of the collective farm named after Kirov city of Sambir, Lviv region. From 1968 to 1970 – post-graduate student of the cathedra of feeding of agricultural animals of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy. V. G. Kebko defended his dissertation for the get at scientific degree of candidate of biological sciences in the specialty "Feeding of agricultural animals and feed technology" in 1971, and in 1977 he was awarded the scientific title of senior researcher in the specialty of biochemistry. Vasil Grigorovich's fruitful scientific researches are marked by versatility and practical importance for the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine. He engage in studied the nutritional value of feeds and the development of nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes for growing and fattening cattle according to detailed norms of feeding, carried out the prophylaxis of acidic disturbance of acid-alkaline balance and normalization of metabolic processes in organism of the cattle when fattening on rations with a high content acid gram-equivalents, carried out scientific securement of transaction branch of the meat cattle breeding and production of ecological friendly beef in the areas contaminated with radionuclides, developed new technology production feeds of animal origin. According to the results of scientific researches, Vasil Grigorovich has published more than 250 scientific works alone and in creative co-authorship. His scientific developments are widely implemented in the production of agroindustrial sector different forms property of Ukraine, in particular SPE "Biokor-Argo" (ecological energy-saving technology for the production of feeds from wastes processing of fish, poultry and hydrolysed feathers raw material), CAE "Svitanok" Obuhiv district (nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes in animal feeding), SPE "Shupyky" of Boguslav district (mineral-vitamin preparations for balancing rations of cows and young animals) and others. For the development of 38 authorial certificates and patents for inventions and useful models Vasil Grigorovich was awarded the honorary title of deserved inventor of Ukraine. The personality of Vasil Grigorovich, who was able to inspire his foresight and constructiveness of approaches, originality of thinking and ability to realize his ideas, will forever remain in our memory and our hearts.

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Reddy, Narendra, Lihong Chen, and Yiqi Yang. "Biothermoplastics from hydrolyzed and citric acid Crosslinked chicken feathers." Materials Science and Engineering: C 33, no. 3 (April 2013): 1203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.011.

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Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, Teresa. "Studies on the decomposition of keratin wastes by saprotrophic microfungi. II. Sulphur and nitrogen balance." Acta Mycologica 32, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1997.007.

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In the present work the products of hydrolysis and mineralization of keratin proteins were determined. In addition nitrogen and sulphur balance in the cultures of saprotrophic keratinolytic fungi decomposing keratin wastes (feathers) was carried out.

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Tsuda, Yuichi, and Yoshihiro Nomura. "Properties of alkaline-hydrolyzed waterfowl feather keratin." Animal Science Journal 85, no. 2 (July 19, 2013): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12093.

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Beketov, Sergei V., Alexander V. Kozlov, Dmitry L. Nikiforov-Nikishin, and Artem M. Platonov. "Qualitative characteristics of blood meal and feather meal in connection with the possibility of its use in fish feed." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700155.

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The article considers the groundlessness of the analysis of free fatty acids in dry animal feed through the example of blood meal and feather meal. The joint use of methods for determining ammonia and total volatile nitrogen to assess the degree of hydrolysis of feather meal used in aquaculture is proposed.

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Machuca Loja, Geanina, Braulio Absalón Madrid Celi, Diana SanMartin Galvan, and Jhonny Perez Rodriguez. "Queratina a partir de la hidrólisis enzimática de harina de plumas de pollo, utilizando queratinasas producidas por Bacillus subtilis / Getting keratin from feather meal using keratinases produced by Bacillus subtilis." Ciencia Unemi 9, no. 20 (December 20, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol9iss20.2016pp50-58p.

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El objetivo de la presente investigación fue hidrolizar harina de plumas de pollo para la obtención de queratina. El diseño metodológico de la investigación fue experimental; se realizaron cuatro fermentaciones correspondientes a un diseño experimental completamente al azar, resultantes de considerar factores [concentración de sustrato (18 g/L y 23 g/L) y concentración del inóculo (2 y 3 g/L), dos niveles para cada factor]. La determinación de la concentración de nitrógeno total se efectuó mediante espectrofotometría UV-Visibles, el método utilizado fue la digestión de persulfato de potasio (K2S2O8), la concentración máxima de nitrógeno se alcanzó en el tratamiento 2 (1,5 %), lo cual multiplicado por el factor proteico 6,25 dio un porcentaje de proteína de 9,4% de queratina en el hidrolizado, presentando diferencia significativa (p<0,05) del resto de tratamientos, al cabo de 24 horas de retención hidráulica. En conclusión, es posible la hidrólisis enzimática de harina de plumas de pollo utilizando el Bacillus subtilis como productor de proteasas. ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was hydrolyzed feather meal of chicken for the production of keratin. The methodological research design was experimental; four fermentations, corresponding to a completely randomized experimental design, resulting from considering factors [substrate concentration (18 g / L and 23 g / L) and concentration of inoculum (2 and 3 g / L), two levels was performed for each factor]. Determining the total nitrogen concentration was performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, the method used is the persulfate potassium digestion (K2S2O8), the maximum concentration of nitrogen is reached in the treatment 2 (1.5%) which multiplied by the factor protein 6.25 gives a percentage of 9.4% protein in the hydrolyzed keratin, showing significant difference (p<0.05) from other treatments at 24 hours hydraulic retention. In conclusion the enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken feather meal is possible using the Bacillus subtilis as a producer of proteases.

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Ben Hamad Bouhamed, Sana, and Nabil Kechaou. "Kinetic study of sulphuric acid hydrolysis of protein feathers." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 40, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1737-7.

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Moritz, J. S., and J. D. Latshaw. "Indicators of nutritional value of hydrolyzed feather meal." Poultry Science 80, no. 1 (January 2001): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.1.79.

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Lin, X., J. Shih, and H. E. Swaisgood. "Hydrolysis of feather keratin by immobilized keratinase." Applied and environmental microbiology 62, no. 11 (1996): 4273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.11.4273-4275.1996.

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Di Domenico Ziero, Henrique, Larissa Castro Ampese, William G. Sganzerla, Paulo C. Torres-Mayanga, Michael T. Timko, Solange I. Mussatto, and T. Forster-Carneiro. "Subcritical water hydrolysis of poultry feathers for amino acids production." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 181 (February 2022): 105492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105492.

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Mokrejs, Pavel, Petr Svoboda, Josef Hrncirik, Dagmar Janacova, and Vladimir Vasek. "Processing poultry feathers into keratin hydrolysate through alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis." Waste Management & Research 29, no. 3 (May 18, 2010): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10370378.

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Hosmani, Sujata S., Dattu Singh, Vandana Rathod, Ravi M, Krishna Rayudu, Narmada S, Roopa N, and Shajji Dawood. "Keratinase Production by Endophytic Bacteria Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus VRCS-4 Isolated from Xerophytic Plant Opuntia ficus - indica (Prickly pear)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 6 (January 11, 2022): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(6).p725-732.

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Bacterial endophytes colonize an ecological niche which is unexplored site makes them suitable to produce pharmacologically active substances with vast biotechnological potential therefore, xerophytes were chosen to isolate the endophytes. In the present study forty endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from xerophytic plants grown near poultry farms and feather dumping sites. Of them eight isolates showed zone of hydrolysis and the maximum zone of hydrolyisis of 36mm was with VRCS-4 on skimmed milk agar. This isolate exhibited efficient feather degradation and was identified as Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus based on its morphological, biochemical test and molecular sequencing method. The isolate was deposited in NCBI with an accession number MW227423.The isolate showed maximum en-zyme activity of 140.24U/ml at 72h, pH 7.5 and 40º C at 140 rpm. Chicken feather 1% (w/v) used as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Feather deg-radation by A.aneurinilyticus VRCS-4 showed 90% degradation in feather meal broth. Ours appears to be the first report on keratinase production by endophytic bacteria from xerophytic plant (Opuntia ficus -indica).

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Goedeken, F. K., T. J. Klopfenstein, R. A. Stock, and R. A. Britton. "Hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein source for growing calves." Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 9 (1990): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1990.6892945x.

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Endo, Rie, Kaeko Kamei, Ikuho Iida, and Yutaka Kawahara. "Dimensional stability of waterlogged wood treated with hydrolyzed feather keratin." Journal of Archaeological Science 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.08.011.

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Ciurko, Dominika P., Wojciech Łaba, Michał Piegza, Piotr Juszczyk, Anna Choińska-Pulit, and Justyna Sobolczyk-Bednarek. "Enzymatic bioconversion of feather waste with keratinases of Bacillus cereus PCM 2849." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2019-0030.

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Abstract Enzymatic preparation from culture of keratinolytic Bacillus cereus PCM 2849 was applied for hydrolysis of whole chicken feathers, after sulphitolytic pretreatment. This process was optimized using a three-factor Box-Behnken design, where the effect of substrate concentration, sulphite concentration during pretreatment and reaction temperature was evaluated on the release of amino acids. Obtained results revealed the highest impact of reaction temperature, followed by substrate content and sulphite during pretreatment. Optimal process conditions were established, i.e. temperature 44.4°C, feathers 4.7% and treatment with 25.3 mM sulphite. Amino acid composition of the obtained hydrolysate was analyzed. Glutamic acid (9.21 g·kg−1) and proline were dominant, however significant amount of branched-chain amino acids was also observed. The FTIR analysis of residual substrate revealed the cleavage of disulphide bonds in keratin through the presence of thioester residues. The absence of reduced cysteine residues was confirmed, along with minor changes in proportions of keratin substructures.

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Tong, Yuxin, Ying Lin, Bin Di, Guofeng Yang, Jiayi He, Changkang Wang, and Pingting Guo. "Effect of Hydrolyzed Gallotannin on Growth Performance, Immune Function, and Antioxidant Capacity of Yellow-Feather Broilers." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212971.

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Tannins were traditionally considered as anti-nutritional factors in poultry production. Recent studies found that the addition of hydrolyzed gallotannin (HGT) could improve animal health; however, the proper dosage of HGT in chickens’ diet is still unknown. Hence, our study aims to recommend its optimal dose by exploring the effects of HGT from Chinese gallnuts on the growth performance, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feather broilers. A total of 288 male yellow-feather broilers (34.10 ± 0.08 g) were randomly allocated to four diet treatments, the basal diet with 0 (CON), 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg HGT for 63 days, respectively, with six replications per treatment and 12 birds per replication. The growth performance, slaughter performance, immune organ index, liver antioxidant-related indicators, and serum immune-related factors were evaluated. Results show that HGT supplementation did not influence the growth performance of broilers, but the diets supplemented with 300 and 450 mg/kg HGT increased the semi-eviscerated rate. Furthermore, HGT increased the content of liver T-AOC and the ratio of GSH/GSSG, which can protect against oxidative damage of birds. Additionally, supplementing HGT raised the contents of serum IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, IgA, and IgM. In conclusion, diet supplemented with 450 mg/kg HGT may be the optimal to the health of yellow-feather broilers on the whole.

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Alshehri, Wafa A., Ashjan Khalel, Khaled Elbanna, Iqbal Ahmad, and Hussein H. Abulreesh. "Bio-plastic Films Production from Feather Waste Degradation by Keratinolytic Bacteria Bacillus cereus." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.17.

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Plastic materials have become a necessity of human life especially in the packaging of food commodities and biomedical procedures. Bioplastic is emerging as an effective alternative to fossil oil-based materials to avoid the environmental hazards of the plastic industry. During this study, chicken feathers were used as a substrate to isolate keratin degrading bacteria. Among 14 identified isolates, Bacillus sp BAM3 was found to be the most promising isolate. Partial 16S rDNA analysis-based molecular characterization revealed it is a strain of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus sp BAM3 can grow and produce keratinase in feathers containing basal medium as the sole carbon and energy source. The maximum keratinase production (730U/ml) was achieved within 24 h under optimum reaction conditions. The optimized reaction pH and temperature were noted as 9.0 and 50 °C for crude keratinase activity, respectively. The chicken feathers were used as a substrate in 2, 5, and 10 wt% glycerol to synthesize keratin-based bioplastic with keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus cereus BAM3. Bioplastic prepared from keratin with 2% of glycerol was found to possess good mechanical properties. Therefore, the results present a novel keratinolytic isolate of Bacillus cereus BAM3, which may have potential biotechnological applications in keratin hydrolysis processes. The development of keratin-based bioplastics possessing superior crystalline morphology requires further investigations to substitute fossil oil-based materials.

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Sangali, S., and A. Brandelli. "Feather keratin hydrolysis by a Vibrio sp. strain kr2." Journal of Applied Microbiology 89, no. 5 (November 2000): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01173.x.

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Hartz, T. K., and P. R. Johnstone. "Nitrogen Availability from High-nitrogen-containing Organic Fertilizers." HortTechnology 16, no. 1 (January 2006): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.1.0039.

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Limited soil nitrogen (N) availability is a common problem in organic vegetable production that often necessitates in-season fertilization. The rate of net nitrogen mineralization (Nmin) from four organic fertilizers (seabird guano, hydrolyzed fish powder, feather meal, and blood meal) containing between 11.7% and 15.8% N was compared in a laboratory incubation. The fertilizers were mixed with soil from a field under organic management and incubated aerobically at constant moisture at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Nmin was determined on samples extracted after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Rapid Nmin was observed from all fertilizers at all temperatures; within 2 weeks between 47% and 60% of organic N had been mineralized. Temperature had only modest effects, with 8-week Nmin averaging 56% and 66% across fertilizers at 10 and 25 °C, respectively. Across temperatures, 8-week Nmin averaged 60%, 61%, 62%, and 66% for feather meal, seabird guano, fish powder, and blood meal, respectively. Cost per unit of available N (mineralized N + initial inorganic N) varied widely among fertilizers, with feather meal the least and fish powder the most expensive.

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Divakala, K. C., L. I. Chiba, R. B. Kamalakar, S. P. Rodning, E. G. Welles, K. A. Cummins, J. Swann, F. Cespedes, and R. L. Payne. "Amino acid supplementation of hydrolyzed feather meal diets for finisher pigs1,2." Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1121.

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Said, Muhammad Irfan, Effendi Abustam, Farida Nur Yuliati, and Muhammad Zain Mide. "Characteristics of Feather Protein Concentrates Hydrolyzed Using Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0059." OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2018.138.146.

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Avdiyuk, K. V., and A. O. Roy. "Selection of Optimal Conditions for Cultivation of Bacillus megaterium UCM B-5710 – Producer of Keratinase." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.06.032.

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Every year the volume of production of poultry products all over the world is growing steadily. This contributes to a constant increase in the amount of by-products of poultry processing in the form of down and feather waste, which are dangerous for the environment due to the hard-to-degrade keratin protein and a large number of microbial pathogens. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly methods for the destruction of keratin substrates due to keratinases of microorganisms is an urgent area of research. The aim of this work was to select the optimal cultivation conditions for the Bacillus megaterium strain UCM B-5710 to increase the activity of the keratinase synthesized by it. Methods. The culture was grown at 28°C, 201 rpm for 7 days on a basic nutrient medium containing defatted chicken feathers as the only source of carbon and nitrogen. The selection of optimal cultivation conditions was carried out according to the following parameters: temperature (21°C, 28°C, 42°C), stirring speed (201 rpm, 212 rpm), amount of inoculum (5%, 10%, 15% , 20%, 25%), the initial pH value of the nutrient medium (4.0–11.0), concentration of keratin-containing substrate (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%), additional carbon source (glucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, potato and corn starch, soluble starch, soybean meal) and nitrogen (NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, urea, peptone, tryptone, yeast extract and soybean meal) at a concentration of 1%. Keratinase activity was assessed by the UV absorption at 280 nm of the hydrolysis products of keratin-containing raw materials. Protein was determined by the Lowry method. Results. The dynamics of the enzyme synthesis showed that the culture of B. megaterium UCM B-5710 exhibited the highest keratinase activity on the 3rd day, and complete splitting of feathers was observed on the 4–5th days. The selection of the concentration of the keratin-containing substrate showed that 0.5% is the optimal concentration. The study of the influence of the initial pH value of the nutrient medium indicates that the culture grew well at pH 6.0–7.0 and pH 9.0–11.0, but at pH 8.0 its growth was very weak. The culture exhibited the maximum keratinase activity at pH 10.0. In addition, at this pH value, complete splitting of feathers was visually observed. The influence of such a key factor as temperature on the growth and synthesis of the enzyme by B. megaterium UCM B-5710 culture demonstrated complete splitting of feathers already on the 2nd day of cultivation at 42°C, at 21°C the culture split feathers very poorly. The introduction of the inoculum into the composition of the nutrient medium in an amount of 15% of the volume of the medium and the mixing intensity of 212 rpm turned out to be optimal. Besides, it was shown that the introduction of an additional source of carbon or nitrogen had an ambiguous effect on the level of keratinase activity of B. megaterium UCM B-5710. Complete inhibition of enzyme synthesis was observed when ammonium sulfate was added to the nutrient medium, and partial inhibition was observed in the case of glucose, lactose, and maltose. Potato, corn, and soluble starch stimulated keratinase synthesis. The majority of inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride and nitrate) did not affect the synthesis of B. megaterium UCM B-5710 keratinase, while organic sources (urea, peptone, tryptone, yeast extract) increased the level of keratinase activity by 20–50%. However, the most effective result was obtained using soybean meal, the addition of which to the nutrient medium increased the keratinase activity by 2.5 times. Conclusions. As a result of the studies, the optimal conditions for cultivation of the B. megaterium UCM B-5710 strain were selected: the optimum temperature for the growth and development of the culture is 42°C, the initial pH value is 10.0, the stirring speed is 212 rpm and the amount of inoculum introduced is 15%, an additional source of carbon and nitrogen in the form of soybean meal at a concentration of 0.5%. This made it possible to increase the activity of keratinase by 4 times.

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Li, Menghe H., Edwin H. Robinson, Brian G. Bosworth, Daniel F. Oberle, and Penelope M. Lucas. "Evaluation of Hydrolyzed Poultry Feathers as a Dietary Ingredient for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish." North American Journal of Aquaculture 75, no. 1 (January 2013): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2012.732675.

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Chen, Jinyang, Siyuan Ding, Yimei Ji, Junying Ding, Xuanyu Yang, Mihua Zou, and Zhilian Li. "Microwave-enhanced hydrolysis of poultry feather to produce amino acid." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 87 (January 2015): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2014.11.017.

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50

Kuncaka, A., Munawir Ramadhan Rambe, Hisyam Pratama Islam, Suherman, A. Suratman, and Muslem. "Preparation and Characterization of Composite from Poly(vinyl chloride) Hydrochar and Hydrolyzate of Keratin from Chicken Feather by Hydrothermal Carbonization." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 10 (2021): 2483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22969.

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Poly(vinyl chloride) and chicken feather wastes considered as the dangerous wastes. This study aimed to characterize the prepared composite from poly(vinyl chloride) hydrochar and keratin hydrolyzate from chicken feather to get possibility the usage of this composite as soil amendment. The poly(vinyl chloride) hydrochar-keratin hydrolyzate composites (HKHC) had been produced with the hydrothermal carbonization process. The composites were made from different composition of poly(vinyl chloride):chicken feather (5:95% (HKHC5), 10:90% (HKHC10) and 15:85% (HKHC15)). The hydrothermal carbonization process would break and fracture the CHCl bond of poly(vinyl chloride). Moreover, this process would also hydrolyze keratin from chicken feather into small protein. The composite structure was formed from aromatic carbon and amino acids aggregate along with other organic substances. The solid composites and liquid residues formed in this process. The composites were characterized by FTIR, XRD and TEM and the composite of char-Fe3O4 was characterized by SEM. Meanwhile, the liquid residues were analyzed for its organochlorine by GC-MS and amino acid contents by HPLC. The results showed that all products have similar properties but the composite with ratio 5:95% (HKHC5) had the highest aromatic structure, paramagnetic (Fe3O4) crystallinity and amino acid contents.

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