Статті в журналах: "Immuno-Epidemiological"

1

Bhattacharya, Souvik, and Maia Martcheva. "An immuno-eco-epidemiological model of competition." Journal of Biological Dynamics 10, no. 1 (January 2016): 314–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2016.1186291.

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2

Banerjee, Malay, Alexey Tokarev, and Vitaly Volpert. "Immuno-epidemiological model of two-stage epidemic growth." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 15 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2020012.

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Epidemiological data on seasonal influenza show that the growth rate of the number of infected individuals can increase passing from one exponential growth rate to another one with a larger exponent. Such behavior is not described by conventional epidemiological models. In this work an immuno-epidemiological model is proposed in order to describe this two-stage growth. It takes into account that the growth in the number of infected individuals increases the initial viral load and provides a passage from the first stage of epidemic where only people with weak immune response are infected to the second stage where people with strong immune response are also infected. This scenario may be viewed as an increase of the effective number of susceptible increasing the effective growth rate of infected.

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3

Gupta, Churni, Necibe Tuncer, and Maia Martcheva. "A network immuno-epidemiological model of HIV and opioid epidemics." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 2 (2022): 4040–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023189.

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<abstract><p>In this paper, we introduce a novel multi-scale network model of two epidemics: HIV infection and opioid addiction. The HIV infection dynamics is modeled on a complex network. We determine the basic reproduction number of HIV infection, $ \mathcal{R}_{v} $, and the basic reproduction number of opioid addiction, $ \mathcal{R}_{u} $. We show that the model has a unique disease-free equilibrium which is locally asymptotically stable when both $ \mathcal{R}_{u} $ and $ \mathcal{R}_{v} $ are less than one. If $ \mathcal{R}_{u} > 1 $ or $ \mathcal{R}_{v} > 1 $, then the disease-free equilibrium is unstable and there exists a unique semi-trivial equilibrium corresponding to each disease. The unique opioid only equilibrium exist when the basic reproduction number of opioid addiction is greater than one and it is locally asymptotically stable when the invasion number of HIV infection, $ \mathcal{R}^{1}_{v_i} $ is less than one. Similarly, the unique HIV only equilibrium exist when the basic reproduction number of HIV is greater than one and it is locally asymptotically stable when the invasion number of opioid addiction, $ \mathcal{R}^{2}_{u_i} $ is less than one. Existence and stability of co-existence equilibria remains an open problem. We performed numerical simulations to better understand the impact of three epidemiologically important parameters that are at the intersection of two epidemics: $ q_v $ the likelihood of an opioid user being infected with HIV, $ q_u $ the likelihood of an HIV-infected individual becoming addicted to opioids, and $ \delta $ recovery from opioid addiction. Simulations suggest that as the recovery from opioid use increases, the prevalence of co-affected individuals, those who are addicted to opioids and are infected with HIV, increase significantly. We demonstrate that the dependence of the co-affected population on $ q_u $ and $ q_v $ are not monotone.</p></abstract>

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4

Gupta, Churni, Necibe Tuncer, and Maia Martcheva. "Immuno-epidemiological co-affection model of HIV infection and opioid addiction." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 4 (2022): 3636–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022168.

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<abstract><p>In this paper, we present a multi-scale co-affection model of HIV infection and opioid addiction. The population scale epidemiological model is linked to the within-host model which describes the HIV and opioid dynamics in a co-affected individual. CD4 cells and viral load data obtained from morphine addicted SIV-infected monkeys are used to validate the within-host model. AIDS diagnoses, HIV death and opioid mortality data are used to fit the between-host model. When the rates of viral clearance and morphine uptake are fixed, the within-host model is structurally identifiable. If in addition the morphine saturation and clearance rates are also fixed the model becomes practical identifiable. Analytical results of the multi-scale model suggest that in addition to the disease-addiction-free equilibrium, there is a unique HIV-only and opioid-only equilibrium. Each of the boundary equilibria is stable if the invasion number of the other epidemic is below one. Elasticity analysis suggests that the most sensitive number is the invasion number of opioid epidemic with respect to the parameter of enhancement of HIV infection of opioid-affected individual. We conclude that the most effective control strategy is to prevent opioid addicted individuals from getting HIV, and to treat the opioid addiction directly and independently from HIV.</p></abstract>

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5

GULBUDAK, HAYRIYE. "AN IMMUNO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VECTOR–HOST MODEL WITH WITHIN-VECTOR VIRAL KINETICS." Journal of Biological Systems 28, no. 02 (June 2020): 233–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339020400021.

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A current challenge for disease modeling and public health is understanding pathogen dynamics across scales since their ecology and evolution ultimately operate on several coupled scales. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases, where within-vector, within-host, and between vector–host populations all play crucial roles in diversity and distribution of the pathogen. Despite recent modeling efforts to determine the effect of within-host virus-immune response dynamics on between-host transmission, the role of within-vector viral dynamics on disease spread is overlooked. Here, we formulate an age-since-infection-structured epidemic model coupled to nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing within-host immune-virus dynamics and within-vector viral kinetics, with feedbacks across these scales. We first define the within-host viral-immune response and within-vector viral kinetics-dependent basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] Then we prove that whenever [Formula: see text] the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable, and under certain biologically interpretable conditions, globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, if [Formula: see text] it is unstable and the system has a unique positive endemic equilibrium. In the special case of constant vector to host inoculum size, we show the positive equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and the disease is weakly uniformly persistent. Furthermore, numerical results suggest that within-vector-viral kinetics and dynamic inoculum size may play a substantial role in epidemics. Finally, we address how the model can be utilized to better predict the success of control strategies such as vaccination and drug treatment.

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6

Barfield, Michael, Maia Martcheva, Necibe Tuncer, and Robert D. Holt. "Backward bifurcation and oscillations in a nested immuno-eco-epidemiological model." Journal of Biological Dynamics 12, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 51–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2017.1401676.

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7

Welker, Jonathan Shane, and Maia Martcheva. "A novel multi-scale immuno-epidemiological model of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs." BIOMATH 8, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 1901026. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2019.01.026.

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected and emerging disease prevalent in Mediterranean and tropical climates. As such, the study and development of new models are of increasing importance. We introduce a new immuno-epidemiological model of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. The within-host system is based on previously collected and published data, showing the movement and proliferation of the parasite in the skin and the bone-marrow, as well as the IgG response. The between-host system structures the infected individuals in time-since-infection and is of vector-host type. The within-host system has a parasite-free equilibrium and at least one endemic equilibrium, consistent with the fact that infected dogs do not recover without treatment. We compute the basic reproduction number R0 of the immuno-epidemiological model and provide the existence and stability results of the population-level disease-free equilibrium. Additionally, we prove existence of an unique endemic equilibrium when R0 > 1, and evidence of backward bifurcation and existence of multiple endemic equilibria when R0 < 1.

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8

Abo-Sheishaa, Gamal A., Morsy R. M. Geneedy, and Anwar H. Abu-Hashim. "House Dust Mites in Eastern Part of the Delta Immuno - Epidemiological Study." Al-Azhar Medical Journal 42, no. 4 (October 2013): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0015736.

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9

Gulbudak, Hayriye, Vincent L. Cannataro, Necibe Tuncer, and Maia Martcheva. "Vector-Borne Pathogen and Host Evolution in a Structured Immuno-Epidemiological System." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 79, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 325–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-016-0239-0.

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10

Dang, Yan-Xia, Xue-Zhi Li, and Maia Martcheva. "Competitive exclusion in a multi-strain immuno-epidemiological influenza model with environmental transmission." Journal of Biological Dynamics 10, no. 1 (January 2016): 416–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2016.1217355.

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11

Struik, Siske S., Fakhreldin M. Omer, Katerina Artavanis-Tsakonas, and Eleanor M. Riley. "Uninfected erythrocytes inhibit Plasmodium falciparum–induced cellular immune responses in whole-blood assays." Blood 103, no. 8 (April 15, 2004): 3084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2867.

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Abstract Whole-blood assays (WBAs) have been successfully used as a simple tool for immuno-epidemiological field studies evaluating cellular immune responses to mycobacterial and viral antigens. Rather unexpectedly, we found very poor cytokine responses to malaria antigens in WBAs in 2 immuno-epidemiological studies carried out in malaria endemic populations in Africa. We have therefore conducted a detailed comparison of cellular immune responses to live (intact) and lysed malaria-infected erythrocytes in WBAs and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. We observed profound inhibition of both proliferative and interferon-γ responses to malarial antigens in WBAs as compared with PBMC cultures. This inhibition was seen only for malaria antigens and could not be overcome by increasing either antigen concentration or responder cell numbers. Inhibition was mediated by intact erythrocytes and occurred early in the culture period, suggesting that failure of antigen uptake might underlie the lack of T-cell responses. In support of this hypothesis, we have shown that intact uninfected erythrocytes specifically inhibit phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by peripheral blood monocytes. We propose that specific biochemical interactions with uninfected erythrocytes inhibit the phagocytosis of malaria-infected erythrocytes and that this may impede T-cell recognition in vivo. (Blood. 2004; 103:3084-3092)

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12

Mendis, Chandana, Asoka C. Gamage-Mendis, Kamini N. Mendis, T. A. Abhayawardena, Pushpa R. J. Herath, Arjuna P. K. De Zoysa, and Richard Carter. "Characteristics of Malaria Transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: A Focus for Immuno-Epidemiological Studies." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.298.

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13

Sagna, André, Mabo Yobo, Emmanuel Elanga Ndille, and Franck Remoue. "New Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Aedes Vector Bites: From Concept to Applications." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030080.

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Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) are the most important ‘emerging pathogens’ because of their geographic spread and their increasing impact on vulnerable human populations. To fight against these arboviruses, vector control strategies (VCS) remain one of the most valuable means. However, their implementation and monitoring are labour intensive and difficult to sustain on large scales, especially when transmission and Aedes mosquito densities are low. To increase the efficacy of VCS, current entomological methods should be improved by new complementary tools which measure the risk of arthropod-borne diseases’ transmission. The study of human–Aedes immunological relationships can provide new promising serological tools, namely antibody-based biomarkers, allowing to accurately estimate the human–Aedes contact and consequently, the risk of transmission of arboviruses and the effectiveness of VCS. This review focuses on studies highlighting the concept, techniques, and methods used to develop and validate specific candidate biomarkers of human exposure to Aedes bites. Potential applications of such antibody-based biomarkers of exposure to Aedes vector bites in the field of operational research are also discussed.

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14

Mobisa, B., G. O. Lawi, and J. K. Nthiiri. "An immuno-epidemiological model for HIV/AIDS incorporating viral and cellular transmission with antiretroviral treatment." Applied Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 23 (2019): 1129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2019.910142.

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15

Traoré, Dipomin F., André B. Sagna, Akré M. Adja, Dounin D. Zoh, Kouassi N. Lingué, Issa Coulibaly, Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi, et al. "Evaluation of Malaria Urban Risk Using an Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Anopheles Bites." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, no. 5 (May 9, 2018): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0231.

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16

Gulbudak, Hayriye, and Cameron J. Browne. "Infection severity across scales in multi-strain immuno-epidemiological Dengue model structured by host antibody level." Journal of Mathematical Biology 80, no. 6 (March 10, 2020): 1803–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-020-01480-3.

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17

Arama, Charles, Bakary Maiga, Amagana Dolo, Bourèma Kouriba, Boubacar Traoré, Peter D. Crompton, Susan K. Pierce, Marita Troye-Blomberg, Louis H. Miller, and Ogobara K. Doumbo. "Ethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria: What have we learned from immuno-epidemiological studies in West Africa?" Acta Tropica 146 (June 2015): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.023.

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18

Cai, Liming, Necibe Tuncer, and Maia Martcheva. "How does within-host dynamics affect population-level dynamics? Insights from an immuno-epidemiological model of malaria." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 40, no. 18 (June 14, 2017): 6424–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.4466.

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19

Tuncer, Necibe, Hayriye Gulbudak, Vincent L. Cannataro, and Maia Martcheva. "Structural and Practical Identifiability Issues of Immuno-Epidemiological Vector–Host Models with Application to Rift Valley Fever." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 78, no. 9 (September 2016): 1796–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-016-0200-2.

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20

Qesmi, Redouane, Jane M. Heffernan, and Jianhong Wu. "An immuno-epidemiological model with threshold delay: a study of the effects of multiple exposures to a pathogen." Journal of Mathematical Biology 70, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2014): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-014-0764-0.

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21

Urdaneta, Haydeé, Antonio Rangel, Maria Sonia Martins, Jose Francisco Muñoz, and Manuel Hernández M. "Entamoeba histolytica: fecal antigen capture immunoassay for the diagnosis of enteric amebiasis by a monoclonal antibody." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 38, no. 1 (February 1996): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651996000100008.

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Amebiasis continues to be of epidemiological importance in underdeveloped countries. Clinical diagnosis and epidemiological setting in a region are based on the fecal microscopic identification of cysts or trophozoites. This procedure requires well trained personnel, is laborious, of low sensitivity and frequently yields false-positives results. The present study was designed to develop an immuno-enzymatic fecal 96 kDa antigen capture test (COPROELISA-Eh) more sensitive and specific than microscopic diagnosis of amebiasis. Triplicates of 177 stool samples processed by the formol-ether concentration method, were defined as positive or negative by three experienced microscopic observers. Another aliquot was submitted to the antigen capture test by a monoclonal antibody against a specific membrane antigen of pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Optical densities were interpreted as positive when they exceeded the mean value of negative samples plus two standard deviations. COPROELISA-Eh showed a 94.4% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity, 96.2% positive predictive value and 97.6% negative predictive value for the detection of E. histolytica in feces. COPROELISA-Eh is more sensitive and specific than microscopic examination, does not require specially trained personnel and allows the simultaneous processing of a large number of samples.

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22

Otranto, D., G. Testini, R. Sottili, G. Capelli, and V. Puccini. "Screening of commercial milk samples using ELISA for immuno-epidemiological evidence of infection by the cattle grub (Diptera: Oestridae)." Veterinary Parasitology 99, no. 3 (August 2001): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00463-0.

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23

V., Srividya, and Kruthika N. "Clinico-epidemiological profile of dengue cases in a Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170928.

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Background: Medical college hospital being a tertiary care center receives a significant number of dengue cases from within and outside the catchment area and provides a good opportunity to study the clinical and epidemiological features of dengue infection, its prognosis and outcome so as to institute prompt preventive and control measures. The objective was to describe the clinico-epidemiological features of dengue cases admitted to pediatric ward at a Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.Methods: Cross-sectional study of 140 cases positive for NS1Ag, IgM and/or IgG by dengue rapid immuno-chromatographic card test, admitted in pediatric ward during June to August 2013 at Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital.Results: Majority of the patients were from rural area. Fever was present in all 140 cases. Vomiting followed by headache were the common presenting symptoms. Of the 140, 50% cases were classified as dengue fever without warning signs, 46.4% as dengue fever with warning signs and 3.6% as severe dengue. Thrombocytopenia was present in 77.1%, leucopenia in 47.9%, and raised haematocrit in 52.1% of cases. Mortality rate was 0.71%.Conclusions: Children above 5 years of age were most commonly affected age group. About 5 (3.6%) of the patients belonged to severe dengue category according to revised WHO Dengue Case Classification.

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24

Bundy, D. A. P., and G. F. Medley. "Immuno-epidemiology of human geohelminthiasis: ecological and immunological determinants of worm burden." Parasitology 104, S1 (June 1992): S105—S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075284.

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SUMMARYThe morbidity and transmission dynamics of geohelminthiases are determined by the patterns of infection intensity in the community. Understanding the determinants of these patterns requires a combination of field, laboratory and theoretical study. Studies of age-specific reinfection, and of the phenomenon of predisposition, indicate that the major determinant of convex age-intensity profiles and of heterogeneity in infection intensity is the rate of establishment of infection, rather than the rate of adult worm mortality. The rate of establishment is, in turn, determined by exposure to, and protection from, infection. The evidence indicates that exposure, at least to the orally-transmitted geohelminths, varies with age and is highly heterogeneous between hosts. The immune response in geohelminthiasis is vigorous, parasite-specific, hetero geneous between hosts, and both age and infection dose dependent, but has yet to be convincingly shown to be protective. Since the immune response is itself a function of exposure, unravelling the interaction between ecology and immunology as determinants of geohelminth worm burden will require simultaneous assessment of both processes via immuno epidemiological study.

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25

Hafiz, Taghreed A., Alaa Albloshi, Ohoud S. Alhumaidan, Murad A. Mubaraki, Ahmed S. Alyami, Reem Alrashoudi, Mona A. Alrabiah, and Fawzia Alotaibi. "The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Enterobacter cloacae: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030312.

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Objectives: E. cloacae is an opportunistic organism that causes serious infections, particularly in immuno-compromised and hospitalized patients, along with the emergence of resistance traits. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the epidemiological pattern and resistance traits of E. cloacae infections as well as those of other bacteria. The study aims to assess the epidemiological patterns, resistance characteristics and clinical outcomes of E. cloacae in Saudi Arabia and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh provided the data between January 2019 and December 2021 for the retrospective study of 638 isolates of E. cloacae. The clinical outcome of an E. cloacae infection was also determined by collecting and statistically analyzing the clinical records of 153 ICU patients. Results: The total percentage of resistant E. cloacae isolates decreased from 48.36% in 2019 to 38% in 2020 and 37.6% in 2021. The overall mortality rate among ICU patients was 40.5%, with an adult age group having a substantial relative risk value of 1.37. Conclusion: E. cloacae is a prevalent nosocomial infection in which adult age is a significant risk factor for mortality. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of comparing E. cloacae resistance trends before and throughout the pandemic period in order to better understand the bacteria’s behaviour.

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26

CIMINO, R. O., M. MONJE RUMI, P. RAGONE, J. LAUTHIER, A. ALBERTI D'AMATO, I. R. LÓPEZ QUIROGA, J. F. GIL, et al. "Immuno-enzymatic evaluation of the recombinant TSSA-II protein ofTrypanosoma cruziin dogs and human sera: a tool for epidemiological studies." Parasitology 138, no. 8 (April 26, 2011): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000540.

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SUMMARYThe rTSSA-II (recombinant Trypomastigote Small Surface II) antigen was evaluated by ELISA to detect anti-Trypanosoma cruziantibodies in sera from naturally infected dogs and humans. For this evaluation ELISA-rTSSA-II was standardized and groups were classified according to the results obtained through xenodiagnosis, ELISA and PCR. Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Kappa index (KI) and area under curve (AUC) were determined. The Se was determined by using 14 sera from dogs infected withT. cruziVI (TcVI) whereas Sp was determined by using 95 non-chagasic sera by xenodiagnosis, ELISA-Homogenate and PCR. The performance of ELISA-rTSSA-II in dog sera was high (AUC=0·93 and KI=0·91). The Se was 92·85% (1 false negative) and Sp was 100%. Two sera from dogs infected with TcI and 1 with TcIII were negative. For patients infected withT. cruzi, reactivity was 87·8% (36/41), there was only 1 indeterminate, and Sp was 100%. Fifty-four sera from non-chagasic and 68 sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis did not react with rTSS-II. ELISA-rTSSA-II showed a high performance when studying sera from naturally infected dogs and it also presented 100% Sp. This assay could be an important tool to carry out sero-epidemiological surveys on the prevalence ofT. cruzicirculating lineages in the region.

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27

Ghosh, Samiran, Vitaly Volpert, and Malay Banerjee. "An Epidemic Model with Time Delay Determined by the Disease Duration." Mathematics 10, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10152561.

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Immuno-epidemiological models with distributed recovery and death rates can describe the epidemic progression more precisely than conventional compartmental models. However, the required immunological data to estimate the distributed recovery and death rates are not easily available. An epidemic model with time delay is derived from the previously developed model with distributed recovery and death rates, which does not require precise immunological data. The resulting generic model describes epidemic progression using two parameters, disease transmission rate and disease duration. The disease duration is incorporated as a delay parameter. Various epidemic characteristics of the delay model, namely the basic reproduction number, the maximal number of infected, and the final size of the epidemic are derived. The estimation of disease duration is studied with the help of real data for COVID-19. The delay model gives a good approximation of the COVID-19 data and of the more detailed model with distributed parameters.

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28

Pritchard, D. I., R. J. Quinnell, A. F. G. Slater, P. G. McKean, D. D. S. Dale, A. Raiko, and A. E. Keymer. "Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea: humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens." Parasitology 100, no. 2 (April 1990): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061333.

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SUMMARYBaseline data from an immuno-epidemiological study of hookworm infection in a rural village in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea are reported. Necator americanus was found to be the commonest helminth infection, with a prevalence of near 100% and intensity of 40 worms per host in adults. Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were also present, at prevalences of 53, 10 and 3% respectively; Ancylostoma duodenale was absent. The frequency distribution of N. americanus was highly over-dispersed, and was well described by a negative binomial distribution with aggregation parameter, k, of 0·370. Intensity of infection was significantly related to host age, but did not differ between the sexes. Haemoglobin levels and haematocrit values were indicative of anaemia in the community, but were unrelated to hookworm infection. Levels of antibodies (IgG, IgA and 1gM combined) against adult Necator cuticular collagen and excretory-secretory (ES) products were determined.

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29

Skowronski, Danuta M., Catharine Chambers, Suzana Sabaiduc, Gaston De Serres, Anne-Luise Winter, James A. Dickinson, Jonathan B. Gubbay, et al. "Beyond Antigenic Match: Possible Agent-Host and Immuno-epidemiological Influences on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During the 2015–2016 Season in Canada." Journal of Infectious Diseases 216, no. 12 (October 4, 2017): 1487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix526.

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30

Welker, Jonathan Shane, and Maia Martcheva. "Analysis and simulations with a multi-scale model of canine visceral leishmaniasis." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 15 (2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2020026.

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Visceral leishmaniasis in dogs is believed to have an impact on the prevalence of the disease in human populations. Here, we continue the analysis of the nested immuno-epidemiological model of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs, including a proof of well-posedness using functional analytical methods. Once well-posedness is established, we continue stability analysis of the endemic equilibria and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the presence of backward bifurcation, and prove the instability of the lower endemic equilibrium in the presence of backward bifurcation. Lastly, we provide a number of simulations of the model using a number of control strategies. Control measures currently in use attempt to reduce the parasite load in the host, reduce the vector population, reduce the vector biting rate, and remove infected hosts. We examine various combinations of these strategies and conclude that a strategy combining culling infected dogs and removing vectors from the population by means such as insecticide will be the most effective.

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31

Baghel, Nekram, Sankalp Awasthi, and Sweta S. Kumar. "Epidemiological study of herpes zoster in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 10 (September 28, 2017): 4550. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174594.

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Background: Herpes Zoster, which presents as a localized, painful cutaneous eruption is a common clinical problem, caused by reactivation of latent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) and is usually self- limiting in healthy adults. In this era of HIV infection, HIV seropositive patients are at increased risk of severe or disseminated cutaneous or visceral involvement. Aim was to analyse the clinical pattern and epidemiological factors of Herpes Zoster and to know the HIV prevalence among patients with Herpes Zoster.Methods: A total of 110 patients with Herpes Zoster attending dermatology department at Uttar Pradesh university of medical sciences (UPUMS), Saifai, Etawah, India from a period of July 2015 to July 2017 were included in the study.Results: Out of 110 patients, 79 were males 31 were females. Age group varied from 8-80 years. Most common dermatomes involved were thoracic followed by ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve. 33.6% of patients showed HIV seropositivity. Most commonly observed complication was post herpetic neuralgia which was encountered in 36% of the patients and most of these patients were above the age of 60 years. Post herpetic neuralgia was more commonly seen in seropositive individuals as compared to seronegative individuals.Conclusions: Disseminated zoster and multi-dermatomal involvement were encountered in immuno-compromised individuals. Post herpetic neuralgia was seen in elderly patients, especially in case of ophthalmic zoster.

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Poinsignon, Anne, Badara Samb, Souleymane Doucoure, Papa-Makhtar Drame, Jean Biram Sarr, Cheikh Sow, Sylvie Cornelie, et al. "First attempt to validate the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide as an immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating human exposure to Anopheles funestus bites." Tropical Medicine & International Health 15, no. 10 (August 17, 2010): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02611.x.

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Tagajdid, Mohamed Rida, Safae Elkochri, Hicham Elannaz, Rachid Abi, and Idriss Lahlou Amine. "Epidemiological, Clinical and Virological Characteristics of Patients with Hepatitis C in Morocco." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.126.

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Objectives: In Morocco, the exact and recent prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is not well-known, due to the lack of recent epidemiological studies of the general Moroccan population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCV and to describe the epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of patients infected with HCV diagnosed at the Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital in Rabat, Morocco. Methods: This was a prospective study, spread over a period of 3 years (April 2015 - April 2018). All patients with a positive anti-HCV serology were included in the study except those on hemodialysis. In addition to HCV serology, all patients included benefited from HIV serology as well as the Hbs antigen by a Chemiluminescent type Microparticle Immuno-Assay technique (Architect®, Abbott). RNA viral load and HCV genotyping was carried out using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: We collected 14,944 samples, of which 269 had positive anti-HCV antibodies (1.8%). The average age of patients with positive HCV serology was 61 years, the sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.4. Dental care was identified in 53% of the cases. Viral hepatitis C was identified in 82% of cases during a systematic check up. The main clinical signs reported in our series were asthenia (25% of cases) and subicterus (7% of cases). Conclusion and Implications for Translation: In Morocco, the exact prevalence of HCV infection is not well known, due to the lack of recent epidemiological studies of the general Moroccan population. Our study showed a prevalence of about 1.8% which is in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimation of between 1% and 2.49%.Our Epidemiological study provides important on the extent of the problem in Morocco, it raises the interest of mass screening and describes the populations at risk that will need to be identified as a priority. Key words: • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Hepatitis C • Morocco • Risk factor • Military Hospital • Virology Copyright © 2020 Tagajdid et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Okoh, G. R., H. M. Kazeem, G. S. N. Kia, and S. Mailafia. "Evaluation of Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay and Rapid Immuno-Diagnostic Test for Rabies Antigen Detection in Archived Dog Brain Tissues." Folia Veterinaria 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2018-0003.

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Abstract Rabies urgently requires strengthening of new and existing diagnostic methodology in order to overcome the threat it poses. We evaluated the Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test (RIDT) in detecting rabies viral antigens, comparing both tests with the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) which is the gold standard in rabies diagnosis. Fifty dog brain tissues collected from the archives of the Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria, were utilized for this study. ELISA performed better than RIDT and recorded equivalent result with DFAT as compared with RIDT. There was a 96 % agreement between ELISA and DFAT for rabies antigen detection (concordance coefficient 78 % : 95 % C. I. 0.6366 to 0.8654) while there was a 54 % agreement between RIDT and DFAT (concordance coefficient 17 % : 95 % C. I. 0.05138—0.2752). Compared to DFAT, the sensitivities of ELISA and RIDT were 95.5 % and 47.6 %, respectively, and the specificities of ELISA and RIDT were 100 % and 87.5 % respectively. The simple Cohen’s kappa coefficient for ELISA related to the DFAT was found to be 0.834 (95 % C. I. 0.613—1.0). For RIDT, the Kappa value was 0.170 (95 % C. I. 0.003—0.337). The ELISA is as reliable a diagnostic method as the DFAT which is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. It has an advantage of being able to analyse large number of samples at the same time, making it more suitable for epidemiological studies and for laboratories that cannot perform the DFAT. The unsatisfactory result of RIDT in this study reiterates the need to perform an adequate test validation before it can be used in the laboratory for rabies diagnosis.

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Varghese, Tintu, Shainey Alokit Khakha, Sidhartha Giri, Nayana P. Nair, Manohar Badur, Geeta Gathwala, Sanjeev Chaudhury, et al. "Rotavirus Strain Distribution before and after Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine in India." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040416.

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In April 2016, an indigenous monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced to the National Immunization Program in India. Hospital-based surveillance for acute gastroenteritis was conducted in five sentinel sites from 2012 to 2020 to monitor the vaccine impact on various genotypes and the reduction in rotavirus positivity at each site. Stool samples collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus using a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus at the five sites declined from a range of 56–29.4% in pre-vaccine years to 34–12% in post-vaccine years. G1P[8] was the predominant strain in the pre-vaccination period, and G3P[8] was the most common in the post-vaccination period. Circulating patterns varied throughout the study period, and increased proportions of mixed genotypes were detected in the post-vaccination phase. Continuous long-term surveillance is essential to understand the diversity and immuno-epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination.

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Arthamin, Maimun Zulhaidah, Nyi R. Wahidah, and Boy A. Sihite. "MIELOMA MULTIPEL NONSECRETORY (Nonsecretory Multiple Myeloma)." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 22, no. 1 (April 14, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v22i1.1231.

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The incidence of non-secretory multiple myeloma ranged between 1−5% cases of plasma cell dyscrasia (PCD). In the developedcountries like in Europe, cases of MM ranged from 4.5 up to 6.0/100.000 population/year with a median age at diagnosis between63 and 70 years. A very rare disease with difficulties in diagnosis in the clinical practice is the main reason for reporting this case.A nonsecretory MM (MMNS) case was reported in a 36–year-old male with multiple osteolytic lesions and bone pain; whereas renalinsufficiency as well as anemia was not found. The protein electrophoresis result showed a presence of hypoglobulinemia. On bone marrowaspiration (BMA) there was an infiltration of about 40% of plasma cells. Nonsecretory was due to a disruption of immunoglobulinsecretion, so M protein was not found in immuno-fixation electrophoresis. Epidemiological data showed that the incidence of MM inyoung age is very low. The diagnosis of MMNS is established when a plasmocyte neoplasm is not accompanied by renal insufficiency,hypercalcemia and decreased levels of normal immunoglobulin.

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Mohanty, Purabi. "HIV / AIDS at a glance – Legal and ethical aspects and scenario in the state of Odisha." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 7, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2022.017.

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Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a lethal epidemic which alarmingly decreases the body’s ability to combat disease resulting in susceptibility to infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ AIDS have now moved from being viewed solely as a public health issue to a human rights issue. The goal in this regard is now to strengthen the anti-discrimination and other protective laws that safeguard the vulnerable group. To ensure confidentiality and privacy of people living with AIDS, legal and ethical implications for the medical profession are discussed here.In this article, many aspects of HIV / AIDS are discussed in general along with some ethical issues. Odisha is a state with low prevalence of AIDS, and attempts have been made at various levels to make it a zero prevalence state. In this regard, a study of the epidemiological scenario & steps taken by Odisha State AIDS Control Society (OSACS) and to reduce the prevalence in the state and ensure every person living with HIV has access to quality care and is treated with dignity.

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Arndts, Kathrin, Tayseer E. M. Elfaki, Michael J. Doenhoff, Gnatoulma Katawa, Ibtisam A. Goreish, Misk El Yemen A. Atti El Mekki, Achim Hoerauf, Manuel Ritter, and Laura E. Layland. "Distinct Schistosoma mansoni-Specific Immunoglobulin Subclasses Are Induced by Different Schistosoma mansoni Stages—A Tool to Decipher Schistosoma mansoni Infection Stages." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010019.

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Despite the existence of an effective medication against schistosomiasis, the disease remains a major health problem in affected areas, especially for those lacking appropriate sanitary facilities. Moreover, treatment cannot prevent re-infection since it is only effective on adult schistosome worms. Previous retrospective studies in the Sudan have discovered unique immuno-epidemiological profiles in uninfected individuals and those positive for Schistosoma mansoni via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but egg-negative and those with eggs in their stool. Expanding on these data, serum samples from these individuals were further investigated for the presence of cercarial (SmCTF)-specific antibodies, which would indicate immune responses at the early stages of infection. Indeed, SmCTF IgG1, 2, 3 and 4 levels were significantly elevated in SmPCR+ individuals when compared to egg+ patients. Following multivariable regression analysis, including SmCTF-specific Igs, Schistosoma egg antigen (SEA)-specific and Schistosoma worm antigen (SWA)-specific immunoglobulins revealed a specific immunoglobulin (Ig) profile of individuals presenting different states of infection, which may be a useful future tool in order to identify egg− individuals and thereby prevent unnecessary treatments.

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Otu, Akaninyene A., Ubong A. Udoh, Okokon I. Ita, Joseph P. Hicks, Ido Ukpeh, and John Walley. "Prevalence of Zika and malaria in patients with fever in secondary healthcare facilities in south-eastern Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 50, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475519872580.

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We describe the frequency of Zika and malaria among patients presenting with fever to secondary health facilities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional, stratified survey design, we randomly selected nine facilities and consecutively recruited 100 participants (aged ≥ 1 year) who presented with fever. On testing blood samples using Biocan qualitative lateral flow immuno-chromatographic cassettes for Zika IgG and IgM, 10% were seropositive for Zika virus (ZIKV) IgM, 12% for ZIKV IgG and 20% for ZIKV IgM, IgG or both. Following microscopy of thick films stained with Giemsa for malaria parasites, 55% were positive for malaria and 15% were positive for both malaria and ZIKV IgM, IgG or both. A moderately negative association between urban and rural household location and seropositivity for ZIKV IgM or IgG was found on logistic regression. Our results clearly indicate a high rate of probable ZIKV and malaria co-incidence in Cross River State. Given the high risk of serious fetal outcomes following ZIKV infection, further epidemiological research and surveillance systems for ZIKV are clearly required.

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McKAY, D. M. "The beneficial helminth parasite?" Parasitology 132, no. 1 (September 21, 2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200500884x.

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There is unequivocal evidence that parasites influence the immune activity of their hosts, and many of the classical examples of this are drawn from assessment of helminth infections of their mammalian hosts. Thus, helminth infections can impact on the induction or course of other diseases that the host might be subjected to. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that world regions with high rates of helminth infections consistently have reduced incidences of autoimmune and other allergic/inflammatory-type conditions. Here I review and assess the possible ways by which helminth infections can block or modulate concomitant disease processes. There is much to be learned from careful analysis of immuno-regulation in helminth-infected rodents and from an understanding of the immune status of acutely and chronically infected humans. The ultimate reward from this type of investigation will likely be a more comprehensive knowledge of immunity, novel ways to intervene in the immune response to alleviate autoimmune and allergic diseases (growing concerns in economically developed areas), and perhaps the development of helminth therapy for patients suffering from specific inflammatory, autoimmune or allergic disorders.

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Drame, Papa M., Vincent Foumane, Patrick Besnard, Pierre Carnevale, Maria A. Dos-Santos, Jean-Claude Toto, Anne Poinsignon, et al. "Human Antibody Response to Anopheles gambiae Saliva: An Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker to Evaluate the Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Malaria Vector Control." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0684.

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van Dorp, Christiaan H., Michiel van Boven, and Rob J. de Boer. "Immuno-epidemiological Modeling of HIV-1 Predicts High Heritability of the Set-Point Virus Load, while Selection for CTL Escape Dominates Virulence Evolution." PLoS Computational Biology 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2014): e1003899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003899.

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Weir, R. E., A. R. Morgan, W. J. Britton, C. R. Butlin, and H. M. Dockrell. "Development of a whole blood assay to measure T cell responses to leprosy: a new tool for immuno-epidemiological field studies of leprosy immunity." Journal of Immunological Methods 176, no. 1 (November 1994): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(94)90353-0.

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Petitjeans, Fabrice, Alain Geloen, Cyrille Pichot, Sandrine Leroy, Marco Ghignone, and Luc Quintin. "Is the Sympathetic System Detrimental in the Setting of Septic Shock, with Antihypertensive Agents as a Counterintuitive Approach? A Clinical Proposition." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 4569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194569.

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Mortality in the setting of septic shock varies between 20% and 100%. Refractory septic shock leads to early circulatory failure and carries the worst prognosis. The pathophysiology is poorly understood despite studies of the microcirculatory defects and the immuno-paralysis. The acute circulatory distress is treated with volume expansion, administration of vasopressors (usually noradrenaline: NA), and inotropes. Ventilation and anti-infectious strategy shall not be discussed here. When circulation is considered, the literature is segregated between interventions directed to the systemic circulation vs. interventions directed to the micro-circulation. Our thesis is that, after stabilization of the acute cardioventilatory distress, the prolonged sympathetic hyperactivity is detrimental in the setting of septic shock. Our hypothesis is that the sympathetic hyperactivity observed in septic shock being normalized towards baseline activity will improve the microcirculation by recoupling the capillaries and the systemic circulation. Therefore, counterintuitively, antihypertensive agents such as beta-blockers or alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, dexmedetomidine) are useful. They would reduce the noradrenaline requirements. Adjuncts (vitamins, steroids, NO donors/inhibitors, etc.) proposed to normalize the sepsis-evoked vasodilation are not reviewed. This itemized approach (systemic vs. microcirculation) requires physiological and epidemiological studies to look for reduced mortality.

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Aubele, Michaela, Martin Werner, and Heinz Höfler. "Genetic Alterations in Presumptive Precursor Lesions of Breast Carcinomas." Analytical Cellular Pathology 24, no. 2-3 (2002): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/371680.

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The hypothetical multistep model of breast carcinogenesis suggests a transition from normal epithelium to invasive carcinoma via intraductal hyperplasia (without and with atypia) andin situcarcinoma. These presumptive precursor lesions are currently defined by their histological features, and their prognosis is imprecisely estimated from indirect epidemiological evidence. Cytogenetic and molecular‐genetic analysis of these lesions give evidence for an accumulation of various genetic alterations during breast tumorigenesis. Using immuno‐histochemistry overexpression of the c‐erbB‐2 oncogene was found in ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS), but not in atypical intraductal hyperplasia (AIDH) and intraductal hyperplasia (IDH). An expression of mutant p53 tumor suppressor gene as well as expression of cyclin D1 was identified in DCIS. In IDH lesions loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at various loci could be identified, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) studies delivered evidence for DNA amplification on chromosomal region 20q13 in the early stage of IDH. However, little is currently known about genetic alterations in those premalignant lesions, and the chronology of genetic alterations and histopathological changes during carcinogenesis is mainly undiscovered. Figure 1 can be viewed in colour onhttp://www.esacp.org/acp/2002/24‐23/aubele.htm

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BOURKE, C. D., R. M. MAIZELS, and F. MUTAPI. "Acquired immune heterogeneity and its sources in human helminth infection." Parasitology 138, no. 2 (October 15, 2010): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010001216.

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SUMMARYSimilarities in the immunobiology of different parasitic worm infections indicate that co-evolution of humans and helminths has shaped a common anti-helminth immune response. However, recentin vitroand immuno-epidemiological studies highlight fundamental differences and plasticity within host-helminth interactions. The ‘trade-off’ between immunity and immunopathology inherent in host immune responses occurs on a background of genetic polymorphism, variable exposure patterns and infection history. For the parasite, variation in life-cycle and antigen expression can influence the effector responses directed against them. This is particularly apparent when comparing gastrointestinal and tissue-dwelling helminths. Furthermore, insights into the impact of anti-helminthic treatment and co-infection on acquired immunity suggest that immune heterogeneity arises not from hosts and parasites in isolation, but also from the environment in which immune responses develop. Large-scale differences observed in the epidemiology of human helminthiases are a product of complex host-parasite-environment interactions which, given potential for exposure to parasite antigensin utero, can arise even before a parasite interacts with its human host. This review summarizes key differences identified in human acquired immune responses to nematode and trematode infections of public health importance and explores the factors contributing to these variations.

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Sparwasser, Tim, Venkateswaran Ganesh, and Mannan Baru. "Immune mechanisms mediated by Salmonella in ameliorating airway inflammation (P6031)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 120.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.120.16.

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Abstract Epidemiological data suggest protection from allergic diseases when exposed to infectious agents during early stages of life. As allergies are mainly characterized as an unchecked Th2 response, modulation of the immune responses by pathogens have been considered to be a major factor in mediating the protection. Recent evidences implicate a key role staged by immuno-regulatory mechanisms induced upon infection in ameliorating these allergic disorders. A longitudinal study had demonstrated the reduced frequency and incidence of asthma in children, who had a prior infection from Salmonella typhi. A subsequent investigation demonstrated reduced airway inflammation in mice infected with Salmonella; however the mechanism still remained obscure. In this study, we aimed to delineate the potential mechanisms induced upon Salmonella typhimurium infection which resulted in the amelioration of allergic airway inflammation in mice. We report a significant increase in CD11b+ Gr1+ myeloid cell population in those mice that had been infected with Salmonella. Using in vitro and in vivo analysis we suggest that these myeloid cells could potentially ameliorate airway inflammation by affecting the stability of Th2 cells. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, regulatory T cells were not involved in the protective effect of salmonella infection.

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Lyudmila D. Panova, Lyudmila D. Panova Lyudmila D. Panova. "The role of multistraine probiotics in non-specific seasonal prevention of acute respiratory infections in children with recurrent URTI in organized teams." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-220-226.

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Introduction. A broad evidence base of numerous randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses asserts the role of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the development of various diseases, including those of infectious origin, in infancy and later stages of life.Purpose. Assessment of the efficacy of a multi-strain immuno-probiotic during rehabilitation of frequently ill children visiting organized groups during the period of epidemiological distress for acute respiratory diseases.Materials and methods.93 children older than 3 years of age were enrolled in an open comparative prospective clinical observation during the high-risk respiratory infection period – November, December. Children were observed for 1.5 months during administration of the multi-strain probiotic and 1 month after discontinuation of the probiotic. The subjects were randomized into two groups: the treatment group (60 children) received the multi-strain probiotic in the maximum age-specific dosage variances (children aged 3 to 12 years old – 1 capsule, older than 12 years of age – 2 capsules) once a day in the morning for 14 days and the comparison group (33 children) did not receive the multi-probiotic for the same period.Results and discussion. It was found that the incidence of disease in children receiving the multi-probiotic (the treatment group – 60 children) was statistically lower, and the disease severity was milder than in the group of children, who did not receive the probiotic (the comparison group – 33 children). Not a single child who received the multi-probiotic in the course of disease did not require antibiotic therapy during the entire observation period. Moreover, the incidence of respiratory infections in the treatment group within a month after discontinuation of the probiotic was 4.6 times lower than in the comparison group. No side effects were reported.Conclusions. The study results allowed the author to recommend the use of a multi-strain immuno-probiotic as a nonspecific immunomodulatory supplement for the seasonal prevention of acute respiratory infections, especially in frequently ill children at a high risk of infections.

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Kitts, David D. "Bioactive substances in food: identification and potential uses." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-062.

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Bioactive substances in foods can represent "extranutritional" constituents naturally present in small quantities in the food matrix, produced upon either in vivo or industrial enzymatic digestion, the latter being a result of food-processing activities. Bioactive constituents of food evoke physiological, behavioral, and immunological effects. Evidence from both epidemiological and animal studies has suggested chemopreventative roles for phytochemicals in certain forms of cancers and in the control of hyperlipidemia. Secondary products of plant metabolism can modulate xenobiotic metabolizing and cholesterol synthetic enzymes. Unique physicochemical properties of food-derived peptides with characteristic amino acid composition and sequences have been reported to influence intestinal transit, modify nutrient absorption and excretion, and exhibit immuno-stimulating and antihypertensive activity. Biologically active peptides derived from casein, fish muscle, and plant protein hydrolysates have been isolated, purified, and identified in peptide sequence studies. Therapeutic proteins (e.g., specific antibodies) derived from animal products such as milk may offer the potential for developing specialized food products with prophylactic as well as nutritive quality. This paper discusses the physicochemical mechanism of action of specific bioactive substances naturally present in or derived from foods. The biotechnologies employed to develop these products and the issues concerning acceptance by consumer and regulatory bodies are also addressed.Key words: bioactive substances, food, biotechnology, nutrition.

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Kao, Cheng-Yuan, Li-Yin Hung, Ching-Yun Chang, Jae-Hyang Lim, Jian-Dong Li, and Reen Wu. "Enhancing host defense against bacterial pore-forming toxin by suppressing HMG-CoA reductase pathway in airway epithelial cells (112.13)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2012): 112.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.112.13.

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Abstract Pneumolysin and α-hemolysin are the main pore-forming toxins known to play critical roles in bacterial pneumonia caused by the infections of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Airway epithelia are the initial and the primary targets of these air-borne bacterial infections. Several epidemiological studies have linked the use of statin to the improvement in pneumonia outcomes, but the nature of the mechanism is still unknown. Using primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and an immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cell line, HBE1, we confirmed the effects of simvastatin pre-treatment in enhancing host defense against these bacterial toxins. The protective effects could be further demonstrated in vivo with simvastatin administration prior to intra-tracheal instillation of these toxins. We further found that the protection requires protein synthesis and is calcium dependent. Using siRNA gene silencing, pharmacological treatment with inhibitors, immuno fluorescence microscopy, Western blot and qRT-PCR approaches, we have delineated the protection mechanisms in airway epithelial cells through HMG-CoA-Reductase pathways. Our results also suggest that the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase pathway may enhance host defense molecule synthesis in airway epithelium. It is plausible that this study may lead to the development of an adjuvant therapy against pore-forming toxin-related bacterial infections in lung.

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