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Статті в журналах з теми "Infections à Orthopoxvirus":
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Shchelkunov, S. N., and G. A. Shchelkunova. "We should be prepared to smallpox re-emergence." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 64, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-206-214.
The review contains a brief analysis of the results of investigations conducted during 40 years after smallpox eradication and directed to study genomic organization and evolution of variola virus (VARV) and development of modern diagnostics, vaccines and chemotherapies of smallpox and other zoonotic orthopoxviral infections of humans. Taking into account that smallpox vaccination in several cases had adverse side effects, WHO recommended ceasing this vaccination after 1980 in all countries of the world. The result of this decision is that the mankind lost the collective immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. The ever more frequently recorded human cases of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections force to renew consideration of the problem of possible smallpox reemergence resulting from natural evolution of these viruses. Analysis of the available archive data on smallpox epidemics, the history of ancient civilizations, and the newest data on the evolutionary relationship of orthopoxviruses has allowed us to hypothesize that VARV could have repeatedly reemerged via evolutionary changes in a zoonotic ancestor virus and then disappeared because of insufficient population size of isolated ancient civilizations. Only the historically last smallpox pandemic continued for a long time and was contained and stopped in the 20th century thanks to the joint efforts of medics and scientists from many countries under the aegis of WHO. Thus, there is no fundamental prohibition on potential reemergence of smallpox or a similar human disease in future in the course of natural evolution of the currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Correspondingly, it is of the utmost importance to develop and widely adopt state-of-the-art methods for efficient and rapid species-specific diagnosis of all orthopoxvirus species pathogenic for humans, VARV included. It is also most important to develop new safe methods for prevention and therapy of human orthopoxvirus infections.
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Douglas, Kirk Osmond, Claire Cayol, Kristian Michael Forbes, Thelma Alafia Samuels, Olli Vapalahti, Tarja Sironen, and Marquita Gittens-St. Hilaire. "Serological Evidence of Multiple Zoonotic Viral Infections among Wild Rodents in Barbados." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060663.
Background: Rodents are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens that can cause human infectious diseases, including orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses. Evidence exists for these viruses circulating among rodents and causing human infections in the Americas, but much less evidence exists for their presence in wild rodents in the Caribbean. Methods: Here, we conducted serological and molecular investigations of wild rodents in Barbados to determine the prevalence of orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections, and the possible role of these rodent species as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Using immunofluorescent assays (IFA), rodent sera were screened for the presence of antibodies to orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus—LCMV) and orthopoxvirus (Cowpox virus—CPXV) infections. RT-PCR was then conducted on orthohantavirus and mammarenavirus-seropositive rodent sera and tissues, to detect the presence of viral RNA. Results: We identified antibodies against orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus, and orthopoxvirus among wild mice and rats (3.8%, 2.5% and 7.5% seropositivity rates respectively) in Barbados. No orthohantavirus or mammarenavirus viral RNA was detected from seropositive rodent sera or tissues using RT–PCR. Conclusions: Key findings of this study are the first serological evidence of orthohantavirus infections in Mus musculus and the first serological evidence of mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections in Rattus norvegicus and M. musculus in the English-speaking Caribbean. Rodents may present a potential zoonotic and biosecurity risk for transmission of three human pathogens, namely orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses in Barbados.
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Shchelkunova, G. A., and S. N. Shchelkunov. "40 Years without Smallpox." Acta Naturae 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2017-9-4-4-12.
The last case of natural smallpox was recorded in October, 1977. It took humanity almost 20 years to achieve that feat after the World Health Organization had approved the global smallpox eradication program. Vaccination against smallpox was abolished, and, during the past 40 years, the human population has managed to lose immunity not only to smallpox, but to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections as well. As a result, multiple outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in several continents have been reported over the past decades. The threat of smallpox reemergence as a result of evolutionary transformations of these zoonotic orthopoxviruses exists. Modern techniques for the diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections are being developed today.
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Tregubchak, T. V., T. V. Bauer, R. A. Maksyutov, and E. V. Gavrilova. "Cases of Orthopoxviral Infections around the World over a Period of 2008–2018." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-3-33-39.
The eradication of smallpox has become one of the greatest successes of modern health science. This great achievement was made possible thanks to the widespread vaccination of the population. The last case of human infection with smallpox virus occurred in 1977. In 1980, at the 33rd session of the World Health Assembly, routine vaccination against that infection was recommended to be discontinued due to severe post-vaccination complications. However, humanity remains vulnerable to other orthopoxvirus infections closely related to smallpox virus. Recently, the cases of human infection with ortopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus have become more frequent. Also, cases of infection of people with previously unknown orthopoxvirus species are recorded. Zoonotic orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, circulating in nature, require a detailed study and monitoring of the emergence of new strains. Their occurrence against the background of the cessation of planned vaccination of the population against smallpox virus can lead to the emergence of new highly pathogenic viruses. This review contains information on cases of human infection with orthopoxviruses around the world for the period 2008–2018. It also describes epidemiological anamnesis and the relations between cases of human infection in different countries due to the spread of viruses over a wide area, the movement of people between countries, population contacts with domestic and wild animals. Also, this paper provides information on the infection of people with previously unknown strains of orthopoxviruses.
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Khlusevich, Ya A., A. L. Matveev, E. P. Goncharova, I. K. Baykov, and N. V. Tikunova. "Immunogenicity of recombinant fragment of orthopoxvirus p35 protein in mice." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 4 (July 7, 2019): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.508.
Despite the elimination of smallpox, orthopoxviruses continue to be a source of biological danger for humans, as cowpox and monkey pox viruses circulate in nature and the last virus can cause both sporadic cases of human diseases and outbreaks of smallpox-like infection. In addition, periodic vaccination is necessary for representatives of some professions (scientists studying pathogenic orthopoxviruses, medical personnel, etc.). Vaccination against smallpox virus with live vaccinia virus, which was widely used during the elimination of smallpox, induces the formation of long-term immunity in vaccinated people. However, providing a high level of protection, the vaccination is often accompanied by serious post-vaccination complications, the probability of which is particularly great for individuals with compromised immunity. In this regard, the development of preparations for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by orthopoxviruses remains important today. The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity in the mouse model of recombinant protein р35Δ12, designed previously on the base of the cowpox virus protein p35. It was previously shown that the protein р35Δ12 was recognized by fully human neutralizing anti-orthopoxviral antibody with high affinity. In this work, recombinant protein р35Δ12 produced in E. coli cells XL1-blue and purified by chromatography was used for two-time immunization of mice. Two weeks after the second immunization, blood samples were taken from mice and serum antibodies were analyzed. It was shown by ELISA and Western-blot analysis that immunized mice sera contained IgG antibodies specific to recombinant protein р35Δ12. Confocal microscopy showed that antibodies induced by the р35Δ12 protein were able to recognize Vero E6 cells infected with the LIVP-GFP vaccinia virus. In addition, the antibodies in the serum of immunized mice were able to neutralize the infectivity of the vaccinia virus LIVP-GFP in the plaque reduction neutralization test in vitro. These experiments have demonstrated promising properties of the р35Δ12 protein if it were used as a component of vaccine for prophylaxis of orthopoxvirus infections.
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Scaramozzino, Natale, Audrey Ferrier-Rembert, Anne-laure Favier, Corinne Rothlisberger, Stéphane Richard, Jean-Marc Crance, Hermann Meyer, and Daniel Garin. "Real-Time PCR to Identify Variola Virus or Other Human Pathogenic Orthopox Viruses." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.068635.
Abstract Background: Variola virus (family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus) and the closely related cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses can infect humans. Efforts are mounting to replenish the smallpox vaccine stocks, optimize diagnostic methods for poxviruses, and develop new antivirals against smallpox, because it is feared that variola virus might be used as a weapon of bioterrorism. Methods: We developed an assay for the detection of variola virus DNA. The assay is based on TaqMan chemistry targeting the 14-kD protein gene. For the 1st stage of the assay we used genus consensus primers and a mixture of 2 probes (14-kD POX and 14-kD VAR) spanning the 14-kD protein-encoding gene for detection of all human pathogenic orthopoxviruses. We then tested positive samples with the specific orthopoxvirus-specific probe 14-kD POX to identify monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses and with the 14-kD VAR probe to identify variola viruses. The assay was established on 4 different PCR cycler platforms. It was assessed in a study with 85 different orthopoxvirus species and strains that included variola, camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/L to 1 μg/L. Results: The assay detected as little as 0.05 fg of DNA, corresponding to 25 copies of DNA, and enabled differentiation of variola virus from the other orthopoxviruses. Conclusions: This real-time PCR assay provides a rapid method for the early detection and differentiation of smallpox and other human pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections.
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Smith, Scott K., Victoria A. Olson, Kevin L. Karem, Robert Jordan, Dennis E. Hruby, and Inger K. Damon. "In Vitro Efficacy of ST246 against Smallpox and Monkeypox." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 3 (December 15, 2008): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01044-08.
ABSTRACT Since the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of routine childhood vaccination for smallpox, the proportion of the world's population susceptible to infection with orthopoxviruses, such as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) and monkeypox virus, has grown substantially. In the United States, the only vaccines for smallpox licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been live virus vaccines. Unfortunately, a substantial number of people cannot receive live virus vaccines due to contraindications. Furthermore, no antiviral drugs have been fully approved by the FDA for the prevention or treatment of orthopoxvirus infection. Here, we show the inhibitory effect of one new antiviral compound, ST-246, on the in vitro growth properties of six variola virus strains and seven monkeypox virus strains. We performed multiple assays to monitor the cytopathic effect and to evaluate the reduction of viral progeny production and release in the presence of the compound. ST-246 had 50% effective concentrations of ≤0.067 μM against variola virus and <0.04 μM against monkeypox virus. In a dose-dependent manner, plaque size and comet tail formation were markedly reduced in the presence of the drug at low, noncytotoxic concentrations between 0.015 and 0.05 μM. Our in vitro phenotype data suggest that ST-246 inhibits variola and monkeypox viruses similarly by reducing the production and release of enveloped orthopoxvirus and support the development of ST-246 as an antiviral therapeutic compound for the treatment of severe systemic orthopoxvirus infections.
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Prichard, Mark N., Kathy A. Keith, Debra C. Quenelle, and Earl R. Kern. "Activity and Mechanism of Action of N-Methanocarbathymidine against Herpesvirus and Orthopoxvirus Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 4 (April 2006): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1336-1341.2006.
ABSTRACT N-Methanocarbathymidine [(N)-MCT] is a conformationally locked nucleoside analog that is active against some herpesviruses and orthopoxviruses in vitro. The antiviral activity of this molecule is dependent on the type I thymidine kinase (TK) in herpes simplex virus and also appears to be dependent on the type II TK expressed by cowpox and vaccinia viruses, suggesting that it is a substrate for both of these divergent forms of the enzyme. The drug is also a good inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis in both viruses and is consistent with inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase once it is activated by the viral TK homologs. This mechanism of action explains the rather unusual spectrum of activity, which is limited to orthopoxviruses, alphaherpesviruses, and Epstein-Barr virus, since these viruses express molecules with TK activity that can phosphorylate and thus activate the drug. The compound is also effective in vivo and reduces the mortality of mice infected with orthopoxviruses, as well as those infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 when treatment is initiated 24 h after infection. These results indicate that (N)-MCT is active in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action suggests that the molecule may be an effective therapeutic for orthopoxvirus and herpesvirus infections, thus warranting further development.
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Shchelkunov, S. N., T. V. Bauer, S. N. Yakubitskiy, A. A. Sergeev, A. S. Kabanov, and S. A. Pyankov. "Mutations in the A34R gene increase the immunogenicity of vaccinia virus." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.017.
Vaccination is the most simple and reliable approach of protection to virus infections. The most effective agents are live vaccines, usually low-virulence organisms for humans and closely related to pathogenic viruses or attenuated as a result of mutations/deletions in the genome of pathogenic virus. Smallpox vaccination with live vaccinia virus (VACV) closely related to smallpox virus played a key role in the success of the global smallpox eradication program carried out under the World Health Organization auspices. As a result of the WHO decision as of 1980 to stop smallpox vaccination, humankind has lost immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic, orthopoxviruscaused human infections. This new situation allows orthopoxviruses to circulate in the human population and, as a consequence, to alter several established concepts of the ecology and range of sensitive hosts for various orthopoxvirus species. Classic VACV-based live vaccine for vaccination against orthopoxvirus infections is out of the question, because it can cause severe side effects. Therefore, the development of new safe vaccines against orthopoxviral infections of humans and animals is an important problem. VACV attenuation by modern approaches carried out by targeted inactivation of certain virus genes and usually leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of VACV in vivo propagation. As a result, it can cause a diminishing of the immune response after administration of attenuated virus to patients at standard doses. The gene for thymidine kinase is frequently used for insertion/inactivation of foreign genes and it causes virus attenuation. In this research, the effect of the introduction of two point mutations into the A34R gene of attenuated strain LIVP-GFP (ТК–), which increase the yield of extracellular enveloped virions (EEV), on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of VACV LIVP-GFP-A34R administered intranasally to laboratory mice were studied. It was shown that increase in EEV production by recombinant strain VACV LIVP-GFP-A34R does not change the attenuated phenotype characteristic of the parental strain LIVP-GFP, but causes a significantly larger production of VACV-specific antibodies.
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Maksyutov, R. A., S. N. Yakubitskyi, I. V. Kolosova, and S. N. Shchelkunov. "Comparing New-Generation Candidate Vaccines against Human Orthopoxvirus Infections." Acta Naturae 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2017-9-2-88-93.
The lack of immunity to the variola virus in the population, increasingly more frequent cases of human orthopoxvirus infection, and increased risk of the use of the variola virus (VARV) as a bioterrorism agent call for the development of modern, safe vaccines against orthopoxvirus infections. We previously developed a polyvalent DNA vaccine based on five VARV antigens and an attenuated variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV) with targeted deletion of six genes (VAC6). Independent experiments demonstrated that triple immunization with a DNA vaccine and double immunization with VAC6 provide protection to mice against a lethal dose (10 LD50) of the ectromelia virus (ECTV), which is highly pathogenic for mice. The present work was aimed at comparing the immunity to smallpox generated by various immunization protocols using the DNA vaccine and VAC6. It has been established that immunization of mice with a polyvalent DNA vaccine, followed by boosting with recombinant VAC6, as well as double immunization with VAC6, induces production of VACV-neutralizing antibodies and provides protection to mice against a 150 LD50 dose of ECTV. The proposed immunization protocols can be used to develop safe vaccination strategies against smallpox and other human orthopoxvirus infections.
Perino, Julien. "Implication de facteurs lipidiques (DPPG, sulfatide) et protéique (SP-D) dans un modèle d’infection respiratoire par les poxvirus." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV047.
Après l'éradication de la variole déclarée par l'OMS en 1980 grâce à la vaccination, la réémergence de la variole dans un contexte de menace bioterroriste est possible, ainsi une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes d'infection par les orthopoxvirus est nécessaire. Ainsi ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un programme de « développement de contre-mesures médicales contre la variole », par l'étude des mécanismes d'infection et d'immunité. La transmission du virus de la variole ayant lieu par voie respiratoire, il est primordial d'étudier les mécanismes d'entrée du virus dans les poumons et les facteurs protéiques et lipidique impliqués lors de ce mécanisme d'entrée. La fonction d'immunité innée, portée par certains phospholipides présents dans le surfactant pulmonaire, a d'abord été étudiée. La découverte de cette fonction antivirale in vitro pour le DiPalmitoyl PhosphatidylGlycerol (DPPG) a conduit à l'évaluation de son activité in vivo dans un modèle d'infection pulmonaire chez la souris, ce lipide entraînant une protection importante dans un modèle létal. Par ailleurs, l'étude de l'interaction entre le virus de la vaccine et certains lipides présents dans les membranes cellulaires a permis de mettre en évidence un récepteur membranaire secondaire potentiel du virus de la vaccine assurant des fonctions similaires à celles des glycosaminoglycanes : le sulfatide. Enfin, l'étude des protéines de l'immunité innée, spécifiques du surfactant pulmonaire, a permis de mettre à jour l'existence d'une forte interaction entre la protéine SP-D et le virus de la vaccine. Cette interaction entraîne une inhibition de l'infection. Résultat qui reste à être confirmé lors de l'utilisation d'un modèle murin recombinant, KO pour cette protéine. Ces travaux démontrent l'intérêt à consacrer aux facteurs protéiques et lipidiques du surfactant et des membranes cellulaires et suggèrent la possibilité de l'utilisation de ces molécules, modifiées ou non, dans le développement et l'amélioration d'outils thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques pour traiter les infections par les poxvirus Variola virus was declared eradicated in 1980 after a worldwide vaccination campaign. A better understanding of the infection process of orthopoxviruses is nevertheless necessary because of the potential release of variola by bioterrorists. Here we report potential counter-measures against Variola virus that could result from studying mechanisms of viral entry and immunity against Variola virus. The purpose of this work was to study multiple factors in vaccinia virus entry in the lung and thus gain a better understanding of the infectious process that could be used to stop infection by Orthopoxvirus. The innate immune functions displayed by some phospholipids (DiPalmitoyl PhosphatidylGlycerol) in lung surfactant were studied. The discovery of the ability of DPPG to inhibit vaccinia virus infection in cell culture led to the evaluation of its in vivo activity during a lethal vaccinia virus infection. Furthermore, the analysis of the interaction between vaccinia virus and plasma membrane lipids (sulfatide) enabled the definition of a secondary receptor for vaccinia virus in addition to glycosaminoglycans that were characterized previously. Finally, examination of the specific innate immunity provided by proteins in lung surfactant allowed us to highlight interactions between one surfactant protein (Surfactant protein D) and vaccinia virus. These interactions were then characterized as inhibitory interactions for vaccinia virus infection. Our findings underline the importance of lipids and proteins inlung surfactant as well as lipids in the plasma membrane in the Poxvirus infection and suggest that these molecules may be potential new targets for the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic products to efficiently treat poxvirus infection
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Jackson, Matthew Christopher. "The use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as antiviral treatments against Orthopoxvirus infection." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487158.
Complications with the current smallpox vaccine and the threat of a new smallpox epidemic have dramatically increased efforts to identify new antiviral compounds against orthopoxviruses. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides were investigated here for their ability to confer protection against vaccinia virus (VACV) in a model of orthopoxvirus infection in pre- and post-exposure settings. Intranasal delivery of the B-class CpG 7909, prior to intranasal challenge with VACV, previously resulted in complete protection in a Balb/C mouse model of infection. Immunological analysis found that pre-stimulation with CpG resulted in the local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-a, IFN-y, TNF-a and IL-6 along with chemptactic messengers such as CCL2. In addition, activated innate effector cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells were identified in high numbers in the lungs of CpG treated mice prior to infection. This heightened immune response persisted throughout early VACV infection in CpG-treated animals compared to that observed in un-stimulated control mice. Mice treated with CpG-B 7909 also initiated a second wave of immune activation late in infection indicative of a more rapidly formed adaptive response. Treatment and infection of B-cell Knock-out (KO) mice and neutrophil ablated mice suggested neither B-cells nor neutrophils alone were crucial in conferring CpGmediated protection against VACV. The success of CpG-B 7909 as a prophylactic against VACV led to its investigation as a post-exposure therapeutic. Intranasal treatment with CpG-B
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Fogg, Christiana Nichols. "Active and passive immunization strategies for protection of mice and monkeys against Orthopoxvirus infection." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4084.
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006. Thesis research directed by: Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Gan, Li Lin Verfasser], Christiane [Akademischer Betreuer] Stahl-Hennig, Claus-Peter [Gutachter] [Czerny, Stephan [Gutachter] Becker, and Stefan [Gutachter] Pöhlmann. "Pathogenesis of orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in common CM and identification of immune correlates after vaccination with differently attenuated vaccines / Li Lin Gan ; Gutachter: Claus-Peter Czerny, Stephan Becker, Stefan Pöhlmann ; Betreuer: Christiane Stahl-Hennig." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156008336/34.
Gan, Li Lin. "Pathogenesis of orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in common CM and identification of immune correlates after vaccination with differently attenuated vaccines." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E3B1-C.
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Vaccinia virus (VV) is the prototypical member of the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, and is currently being evaluated as a vector for vaccine development and cancer cell-targeting therapy. Despite the importance of studying poxvirus effects on the human immune system, reports of the direct interactions between poxviruses and primary human leukocytes (PHLs) are limited. We studied the specific molecular events that determine the VV tropism for major PHL subsets including monocytes, B cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and T cells. We found that VV exhibited an extremely strong bias towards binding and infecting monocytes among PHLs. VV binding strongly co-localized with lipid rafts on the surface of these cell types, even when lipid rafts were relocated to the cell uropods upon cell polarization. In humans, monocytic and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have so far only been reported to exhibit abortive infections with VV. We found that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-polarized M1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-polarized M2, were permissive to VV replication. The majority of virions produced in MDMs were extracellular enveloped virions (EEV). Visualization of infected MDMs revealed the formation of VV factories, actin tails, virion-associated branching structures and cell linkages, indicating that infected MDMs are able to initiate de novo synthesis of viral DNA and promote virus release. Classical activation of MDMs by LPS plus IFN-γ stimulation caused no effect on VV replication, whereas alternative activation of MDMs by IL-10 or LPS plus IL-1β treatment significantly decreased VV production. The IL-10-mediated suppression of VV replication was largely due to STAT3 activation, as a STAT3 inhibitor restored virus production to levels observed without IL-10 stimulation. In conclusion, our data indicate that PHL subsets express and share VV protein receptors enriched in lipid rafts. We also demonstrate that primary human macrophages are permissive to VV replication. After infection, MDMs produced EEV for long-range dissemination and also form structures associated with virions which may contribute to cell-cell spread.
Книги з теми "Infections à Orthopoxvirus":
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Fenner, Frank. The orthopoxviruses. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.
The poxviruses are a large family of complex viruses infecting many species of vertebrates as well as arthropods, and members of the three genera Orthopoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus and Parapoxvirus are the cause of sporadic zoonotic infections originating from both wildlife and domestic livestock. Infections of humans are generally associated with localized lesions, regarded as inconvenient rather than life-threatening, although severe illnesses have occurred, particularly in immunologically compromised individuals.The most celebrated of the orthopoxvirus infections is cowpox — a zoonotic infection which has been exploited to the enormous benefit of mankind as it had a pivotal role in the initiation of vaccination strategies that eventually led to the eradication of smallpox. Cowpox occurs only in Eurasia and in recent years it has become evident that infection of cattle is fortuitous and the reservoir of infection is in wild rodents. Monkeypox is another orthopoxvirus causing zoonotic infections in central and west Africa resembling smallpox and is the most serious disease in this category. While monkeypox does not readily spread between people, the potential of the virus to adapt to man is of concern and necessitates sustained surveillance in enzootic areas.The third orthopoxvirus zoonoses of importance is buffalopox in the Indian subcontinent, which is probably a strain of vaccinia that has been maintained in buffalo for at least 30 years following the cessation of vaccination of the human population. Likewise in Brazil, in recent years widespread outbreaks of vaccinia have occurred in milkers and their cattle.Orf virus, the most common of the parapoxviruses to cause zoonotic infection, is largely restricted to those in direct contact with domestic sheep and goats. Generally, infection is associated with a single localized macule affecting the hand which resolves without complications. Infection would appear to be prevalent in all sheep and goat populations and human orf is a relatively common occupational hazard. Sporadic parapoxvirus infections of man also occur following contact with cattle infected with pseudocowpoxvirus, and wildlife, in particular seals.A final serious consideration with the poxvirus zoonoses is the clinical similarity of such infections with smallpox. In view of the potential for smallpox virus to be employed by bio-terrorists there can be an urgency for laboratory confirmation of unexplained zoonotic poxvirus infections. Thus there is a requirement to maintain the capacity for rapid confirmation of poxvirus infections by molecular technique. As representatives of the known poxviruses have all been sequenced, generic and virus specific Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) can readily be performed to ensure rapid confirmation of any suspect infection.
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(Contributor), S. N. Shchelkunov, S. S. Marennikova (Contributor), and R. W. Moyer (Contributor), eds. Orthopoxviruses Pathogenic for Humans. Springer, 2005.
Schriewer, Jill, R. Mark L. Buller, and Gelita Owens. "Mouse Models for Studying Orthopoxvirus Respiratory Infections." In Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology, 289–307. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-789-0:289.
Jordan, Robert. "CHAPTER 4. Discovery and Development of Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of Pathogenic Human Orthopoxvirus Infections." In Drug Discovery, 81–110. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737814-00081.
Romero, José R. "Orthopoxviruses." In The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes, 151–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_9.
Petersen, Brett W., Kevin L. Karem, and Inger K. Damon. "Orthopoxviruses: Variola, Vaccinia, Cowpox, and Monkeypox." In Viral Infections of Humans, 501–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_21.
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DAMON, INGER K. "Orthopoxviruses." In Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 1923–32. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00133-8.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Infections à Orthopoxvirus":
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Filatov, P. V., A. G. Poltavchenko, A. V. Ersh, N. D. Ushkalenko, K. S. Kungurtsev, and A. K. Gunger. "DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ACCOUNTING OF RESULTS OF PRIMARY SCREENING AND SEROMONITORING OF ORTHOPOXVIRAL INFECTIONS." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-225.
