Статті в журналах: "Initial Public Offerings firms"

1

Prasad, Sameer, David C. Porter, and Linda Yu. "Modeling Internet Operations Using Initial Public Offerings." American Journal of Business 20, no. 2 (October 28, 2005): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/19355181200500009.

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In this research we test the generalizability of an existing model for classifying information‐intensive services that can be globally disaggregated to Internet services. This categorization allows us to judge which types of Internet Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are likely to have superior performance. Specifically, we hypothesize that Internet firms with higher information intensity, lower physical presence and lower customer contact needs will have a greater probability of generating larger risk‐adjusted returns. We test these hypotheses on 340 Internet IPOs and find partial support for the model. In particular, Internet firms with high information intensity and low customer contact need yield superior performance. However, firms with low physical presence underperform in our sample.

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2

DERRIEN, FRANÇOIS, and AMBRUS KECSKÉS. "The Initial Public Offerings of Listed Firms." Journal of Finance 62, no. 1 (January 11, 2007): 447–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01212.x.

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3

Finkle, Todd A. "The Relationship between Boards of Directors and Initial Public Offerings in the Biotechnology Industry." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 22, no. 3 (April 1998): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879802200301.

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Utilizing the entire population of public biotechnology firms from 1980-1994, three models were tested to determine If a relationship exists between the size and composition of the board of directors and performance. Results indicate significant positive relationships between director expertise and the size of a firm's initial public offering. Going public during hot markets and larger firms were also related to larger Initial public offerings. These findings will benefit practitioners in the formation of boards within the biotechnology Industry. Managers of firms within the biotechnology industry who are contemplating a public offering will be able to proactively address the composition of their boards.

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4

Prasad, Dev, George S. Vozikis, Garry D. Bruton, and Andreas Merikas. "“Harvesting” through Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): The Implications of Underpricing for the Small Firm." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 20, no. 2 (January 1996): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879602000204.

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The existence of the phenomenon of “underpricing” has been well established for common stock initial public offerings (CSIPOs). However, the extent of underpricing varies from firm to firm. An examination of the prospectuses of different firms reveals that the motivation for going public varies, and that there are three types of offerings: pure primary offerings; pure secondary offerings; and mixed offerings. This study compares the average level of underpricing for pure primary offerings with that of mixed offerings for small firms in the over-the counter (OTC) capital market. The results of the study suggest that there are Implications of the type of offering for both the firm and the selling “harvesting” shareholders as well as the incoming investors.

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5

Batool, Zahira. "Long Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Pakistan." Business and Management Horizons 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v6i2.14195.

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This study is aimed to analyze long run performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Pakistan by taking the sample of 15 firms for the period of 2006 to 2011. We took secondary data for our research from KSE, SBP, and Brecorder. Stock returns of IPO firms are considered as dependent variables and firm size, firm age, profitability and leverage ratios are considered as explanatory variables for the long run performance of IPOs. Previous literature on IPOs indicates that IPOs underperform in the long run. Firm’s size and profitability have some significant positive correlation with the IPOs long run performance. All the findings of this research paper depend upon the background of the different industry sectors, the perspective of the study and sample distribution. And the Leverage ratio and Age of the firms are negatively correlated with the long run performance of the IPOs.

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6

Helwege, Jean, and Nellie Liang. "Initial Public Offerings in Hot and Cold Markets." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000004026.

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AbstractThe literature offers many explanations for why the IPO market cycles from hot to cold. These include theories in which hot markets represent clusters of IPOs in a new industry, and signaling models that predict that hot markets draw in better quality firms. Others suggest hot market IPOs' stock returns reflect their poor quality. We compare IPOs over cycles during 1975–2000 and find that hot and cold IPO markets do not differ so much in the characteristics of the firms that go public as in the quantity of firms that go public. Both hot and cold IPOs are largely concentrated in the same narrow set of industries and they have few distinctions in profits, age, or growth potential. Our results suggest that hot markets are not driven primarily by changes in adverse selection costs, managerial opportunism, or technological innovations, but more likely reflect greater investor optimism.

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7

Andreas, Enni Savitri, Tatang Ary Gumanti, and Nurhayati. "Earnings management and initial public offerings among Indonesian manufacturing companies." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(3).2021.03.

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Earnings management (EM) refers to the common use of accounting techniques in various economic settings, such as Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), to produce financial statements. This study, therefore, analyzes the effect of firm size, operating cash flow, the used IPO proceeds, earnings changes, and leverage on EM of manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 1989 to 2013. This sector comprises the essential chemical industry, miscellaneous organizations, and consumer goods, with 63 firms being used to meet the selection criteria. The regression analysis showed that the intended use of funds and leverage had a negative and significant impact on EM. Furthermore, the process is measured using Friedlan’s (1994) Discretionary Current Accruals model with similar results found in each industry group and their insignificant differences used to regulate the level of discretionary accruals between the three sectors. This study implies that the EM level is qualitatively similar among IPO companies in the three sub-sectors examined. AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful to the audience for their comments during the 11th Environmental and Sustainability Management Accounting Network-Asia Pacific (EMAN-AP) Conference held at the Danang University of Economics, Danang, Vietnam, 12-13 August 2019. The early draft was titled “Earnings Management and Initial Public Offerings on Manufacturing Sectors Companies”.

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8

Luo, Yan, Xiaolin Qian, and Jinjuan Ren. "Initial public offerings and air pollution: evidence from China." Journal of Asia Business Studies 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-08-2014-0056.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of firms’ financing activities on the environment. Faced with a deteriorating global environment, both corporations and regulatory bodies have become more responsive to environmental conservation problems. However, existing literature has not adequately addressed the question of whether and how firms’ business activities influence the environment. Design/methodology/approach – Using the daily air pollution indices of 120 Chinese cities from 2001 to 2012, this study found that air pollution is alleviated after firms’ initial public offerings (IPOs). This paper proposes that firms’ IPOs influence the ambient air pollution through three channels: production scale, technical reform and corporate governance effects. Findings – The authors of this study found that the proceeds acquired in IPOs result in enlarged production scales that increase pollution, while the investment of these proceeds in social responsibility-related technical reform and enhanced corporate governance reduce pollution. Moreover, the authors discover that firms with a higher state ownership emit fewer pollutants, thus supporting the positive monitoring role of the Chinese government. Originality/value – Although this study investigates the impact of IPOs on air quality in China, the proposed analytical framework also applies to studies of other financing activities in global markets. This study has important policy implications for government regulations in environmental controls.

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9

Nagata, Kyoko, and Toyohiko Hachiya. "Earnings Management and the Pricing of Initial Public Offerings." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 10, no. 04 (December 2007): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091507001197.

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This study investigates whether the extent of earnings management has any impact on offer price in initial public offering (IPO). Using a sample of 581 JASDAQ IPO firms, we find that offer price reflects earnings management to some extent. Firms with conservative earnings management tend to have higher offer prices, and firms managing earnings aggressively tend to be discounted when they fail to exhibit smooth earnings growth. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that underwriters adjust for the effect of earnings management to appropriately pricing the issues. Overall, our evidence could lead to another explanation for IPO underpricing.

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10

Eyssell, Thomas H., and Donald R. Kummer. "Signalling, Insider Trading, And Post-Offering Performance: The Case Of Initial Public Offerings." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, no. 3 (September 29, 2011): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i3.6040.

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Previous IPO studies have concluded that, on average, (1) the shares of firms going public are underpriced at the time of the offering, (2) prices adjust rapidly in the aftermarket, and (3) IPOs are generally poor performers over the longer-term. This study reevaluates the IPO pricing phenomenon utilizing more recent data and empirically tests the signaling models of Leland and Pyle (1977) and Gale and Stiglitz (1989), which imply that both first-day and aftermarket returns may be related to insiders transactions. Our results suggest that initial returns are inversely related to the proportion of the offering representing insiders share and that corporate insiders are, on average, net sellers in the year subsequent to the initial public offering. We also find that the greatest volume of post-offering insider sales occurs in those firms in which insiders are sold shares at the offering.

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11

Gumanti, Tatang Ary. "AN INVESTIGATION OF EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAN MANUFACTURING INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 5, no. 3 (August 12, 2003): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5628.

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This paper examines whether the issuers of Indonesian manufacturing initial public offerings (IPOs) manage the firm's reported earnings by making income increasing discretionary accruals. The absence of market-determined prices for IPO shares prior to the offering has made issuers and underwriters to use nonprice information. The test was performed on a sample of 45 IPOs that went public during the period of July1991 through December 1994. The model used in this study follows the one developed by Friedlan (1994). The results show that there is no evidence that earnings management occurs among the sample firms. In other words, this study is unable to reject the null hypothesis that the issuers of Indonesian IPOs exercise accounting discretion that increases the reported earnings in the periods prior to the offering. In contrast, the study finds strong evidence of earnings management in the period after the offering, which could be interpreted as issuers trying to maintain the firm's performance after the offering by making income increasing discretionary accruals.

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12

Miloud, Tarek. "Earnings Management And Initial Public Offerings: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i1.8288.

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This paper studies the presence of earnings management in initial public offerings (IPOs) of French firms. When the aim of earnings management is to increase the attractiveness of the offered shares it needs to go undetected by market participants. This invisibility makes earnings management difficult to detect in the income statement and the balance sheet, thus investors would benefit from other information that reveals the probability of earnings management. Managers and owners incentives for managing earnings are used to assess the likelihood that earnings management is used before the IPO. Earnings management is tested by observing time-series profiles of accruals. The sample consists of French firms that went public in the years 1995 to 2008 on the Euronext Paris Exchange. The results suggest that IPO firms with the highest discretionary current accruals significantly underperformed, compared to equivalent companies in the third year following the IPOs.

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13

Rafique, Amir, Muhammad Umer Quddoos, Irfan Khadim, and Muhammad Tariq. "Financial and Operating Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan." iRASD Journal of Economics 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2020.0101.0014.

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This study examines the relationship between prior IPO demands and post-IPO financial and operating performance of ﬁrms listed in the Pakistan Stock Exchange. A sample of 51 listed firms, covering a period of ten years, is examined. Predominantly, the investors' demand has been analyzed from two perspectives including oversubscription (a high demand from investors as compared to shares offered by firms) and under subscription (a low demand from investors as compared to shares offered by the firm). Multiple regression analysis has been applied, where the findings revealed that investors demand IPO bring no significant change in the financial and operating performance of IPO firms. Moreover, the analysis reveals that firm size, issue size, and leverage bring no notable change in the operating performance of IPO firms. The findings are important for the investors, portfolio managers, and underwriters.

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14

Gumanti, Tatang Ary, Ari Sita Nastiti, and Ayu Retsi Lestari. "Good corporate governance and earnings management in Indonesian initial public offerings." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 4 (2016): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i4c4p5.

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This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings management (as measured by discretionary current accruals) for Indonesian IPO firms. Previous studies have mainly focused on an examination of the effect of corporate governance on the earnings management of publicly traded firms, whilst this study examines newly listed firms. It employs a modified Jones model to measure earnings management as developed by Tykvova (2006). The hypothesis predicts that Indonesian IPO firms with good corporate governance will engage in less earnings management in the periods prior to the IPO year. The sample consists of 75 IPOs and the results show that the proportion of board of commissioners, public ownership, institutional ownership and managerial ownership constrain the extent of earnings management of IPO firms. This study contributes to the literature in showing that corporate governance mechanism is an important determinant in earnings management practices for Indonesian IPO firms.

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15

Alhadab, Mohammad M. "Real and Accrual Earnings Management around Initial Public Offerings in Jordan." International Business Research 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n1p204.

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This study examines whether Initial Public Offering (IPO) firms in Jordan utilize real activities and accruals accounting during the offering year to manipulate income. To date the current study is the first to examine real activities and accrual earnings management that undertaken by IPO firms in Jordan. Using a Jordanian sample of 41 IPO firms over the period between 2000 and 2011, this study provides new evidence to the literature that IPO firms in Jordan utilize real activities and accruals accounting to inflate net income that is reported during the offering year. In particular, the findings of current study show that IPO firms report a higher level of earnings manipulation during the offering year that conducted via accrual-based earnings management, sales-based, discretionary expenses-based, and the aggregated measure-based of real activities.

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16

송치승 and 이영주. "Earnings Management of Venture Firms around Initial Public Offerings." KOREAN JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 34, no. 2 (June 2017): 201–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22510/kjofm.2017.34.2.008.

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17

Martowidjojo, Yanthi Hutagaol, and Felita Widyanto. "Earnings quality of Indonesian firms surrounding initial public offerings." International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation 14, no. 1 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaape.2018.089413.

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18

Hutagaol Martowidjojo, Yanthi, and Felita Widyanto. "Earnings quality of Indonesian firms surrounding initial public offerings." International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation 14, no. 1 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaape.2018.10010457.

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19

Ragozzino, Roberto, and Jeffrey J. Reuer. "Initial public offerings and the acquisition of entrepreneurial firms." Strategic Organization 5, no. 2 (May 2007): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127007079139.

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20

JOHNSON, WILLIAM C., and JEFFREY E. SOHL. "INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS AND PRE-IPO SHAREHOLDERS: ANGELS VERSUS VENTURE CAPITALISTS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500227.

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At the time of an initial public offering, shares in a firm are typically held by venture capitalists, insiders, corporate investors and angel investors. We examine the role of angel investors in the IPO process. We find that angel investors provide equity capital in industries venture capitalists are less likely to serve and that shareholders in angel backed IPO firms are more likely to sell their shares at the time of the offering. Where venture capital backed IPO firms have higher underpricing, angel backed IPO firms do not, implying that angels may be the preferred investors for early-stage firms.

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21

Cheng, C. S. Agnes, Jing Wang, and Steven X. Wei. "State Ownership and Earnings Management around Initial Public Offerings: Evidence from China." Journal of International Accounting Research 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51193.

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ABSTRACT This study investigates earnings management by firms around their initial public offerings (IPOs) in domestic Chinese equity markets. Using a sample of 437 IPO firms, we find that Chinese firms tend to inflate earnings around their IPOs. We also show that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) manage earnings to a lesser degree than non-state-owned enterprises (NSOEs) do around IPOs. Furthermore, using path analysis, we find that two incentive factors, CEO shareholding and accessibility to bank loans, explain 48 percent of the correlation between state ownership and earnings management for IPO firms. In particular, accessibility to bank loans is a more important incentive factor that leads to less earnings management for SOEs than NSOEs.

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22

Lee, Hei Wai, Yan Alice Xie, and Jian Zhou. "Role Of Underwriters In Restraining Earnings Management In Initial Public Offerings." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 4 (June 28, 2012): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i4.7054.

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We investigate the relationship between underwriter reputation and earnings management of IPO firms over the period of 1991-2005. We find that IPO firms engage in less earnings management if they are underwritten by prestigious investment bankers. Furthermore, the role of prestigious underwriters in restraining earnings management of IPO issuers do not change during the Internet Bubble period or after the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). The findings support the certification role of underwriters in the IPO process. We also document that firms going public in the post-SOX period engage in less earnings management compared to firms going public in the pre-SOX period. Further findings suggest that the changing objectives of venture capitalists may explain the reduction in the level of earnings management of IPO firms following the passage of SOX.

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23

Kovermann, Jost, and Patrick Velte. "Net deferred tax assets and the long-run performance of Initial Public Offerings." Corporate Ownership and Control 16, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv16i4art10.

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On average, firms’ going public severely underperform compared to the market, a phenomenon which is widely known in the literature as IPO underperformance. Though there is no generally accepted theory on the reasons, information asymmetries and the scarcity of information on the issuers is generally considered to contribute to the phenomenon. Accounting data provided by issuers in the offering prospectuses is mostly backward-looking information that is of limited use in forming expectations of future performance. This problem becomes even more pressing, given the increasing fraction of loss firms among IPOs. Net deferred tax assets (NDTA), however, are a balance sheet item that can be expected to include forward-looking information on future earnings. Reporting under IFRS, firms may recognize NDTA only to the extent, that positive income will be available in future periods. We, therefore, expect NDTA to be positively associated with the long-run performance of IPOs. Investigating a sample of firms going public in Germany between 2005 and 2015, we find that NDTA are positively associated with long-run stock price performance. The association is particularly strong among loss firms. Our findings are relevant especially to investors, who regularly have difficulties valuing loss firms. We show that firms which recognized NDTA perform much better in the aftermarket than those that do not have NDTA on the balance sheet. The most important lesson to be learned is that IPO firms that did not recognize NDTA will likely be very poor investments.

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24

Miloud, Tarek. "The Venture Capital Certification Role In Initial Public Offerings." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i2.9590.

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Using high frequency Euronext Paris data, the paper examines the market microstructure trading characteristics of venture backed initial public offerings (IPOs) in the French market. Previous North American market studies approve the role played by venture capital (VC) firms for the certification of IPOs and their role in reducing the asymmetric information between investors. The study sample is composed of IPOs realized during the period 2000–2013 both with and without VC firm involvement. The results present no significant price difference between both IPO types. The cost of asymmetric information and of price volatility is higher for the VC-backed operations. Moreover, the study shows that underpricing is positively correlated to the cost of the information asymmetry. Contrary to previous studies, the results show that the effects of VC firm certification and monitoring are not perceived by IPO investors in the French market.

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25

Houston, Joel, Christopher James, and Jason Karceski. "What a Difference a Month Makes: Stock Analyst Valuations Following Initial Public Offerings." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 41, no. 1 (March 2006): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000002441.

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AbstractWe examine how analysts establish target prices for IPO firms and whether comparable firms used to support target prices are helpful in explaining IPO offer prices. During the bubble period of 1999 to 2000, the average offer price was set at a discount relative to comparable firm valuations. In contrast, the average offer price was set at a small premium relative to comparables in the pre-bubble period. This shift appears to hold even after controlling for the differences in the types of firms going public during the bubble period. Moreover, target prices of IPO firms were set at a higher premium relative to comparables during the bubble period. While our results suggest that underwriters systematically discounted offer prices during the bubble period, an alternative explanation is that the shift arose because underwriters and analysts faced different incentives and legal exposures during the bubble period.

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26

Dalbor, Michael C., and Michael J. Sullivan. "The Initial Public Offerings of Restaurant Firms: The Case of Industry-Specific Micromarket Capitalization Offerings." Journal of Small Business Management 43, no. 3 (June 7, 2005): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2005.00135.x.

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27

J. Amoruso, Anthony, and Joseph D. Beams. "CEO compensation and the reported value of stock options in initial public offerings." Review of Accounting and Finance 13, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-09-2012-0094.

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Purpose – This paper aims to test the effects that different compensation policies have on managerial discretion with regard to stock options. Design/methodology/approach – Hand-collected data from Securities and Exchange Commission registration statements are used to analyze the effects of chief executive officer (CEO) compensation policies on managerial discretion used in valuing stock options. Findings – This paper provides evidence that during the height of the initial public offering (IPO) bubble, CEO pay was associated with the undervaluation of stock options by IPO firms. The discretion varies with the relative mix of cash vs stock-based compensation. Firms with higher cash compensation tend to undervalue the unobservable market price of pre-IPO shares, leading to lower option values and a lower likelihood of reporting in-the-money options. Firms with greater stock-based compensation understate stock volatility, resulting in lower measures of the time-value component of options. Practical implications – The results provide evidence that firms attempted to disguise the true value of CEO pay when making IPOs. By disguising the value of options granted to the CEO, outsiders were not aware of the actual cost incurred and the true value of the company. Originality/value – This paper is the first to document that IPO firms understate the non-observable market price of pre-IPO shares to manipulate the value of stock options. It also documents the effect of discretion in estimates of volatility on stock options and the link between this discretion and CEO compensation.

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28

Hutagaol, Yanthi, and Felita Wdiyanto. "Accrual Quality of Indonesian Firms Before and After Initial Public Offerings." Advanced Science Letters 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5911.

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Changing from a private to a public firm will change the financial reporting environment of a company. More stakeholders and regulations demand high-quality financial reports. Using Indonesian quoted non-finance and related industry IPO firms, this study purports to examine the change in reported earnings quality, measured by accrual quality, before and after the IPOs. Based on the discretionary-accrual model, we find that there is no difference of accrual quality before and after IPO. However, as we hypothesized, based on cash-flow model, the result shows that accrual quality increases after IPO due to diminishing of unintentional accrual estimation errors after IPO.

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29

Saade, Samer. "Investor sentiment and the underperformance of technology firms initial public offerings." Research in International Business and Finance 34 (May 2015): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.02.005.

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30

THAYER, ANN. "STOCK MARKET Biotech firms drop initial public offerings amid economic upheaval." Chemical & Engineering News 86, no. 45 (November 10, 2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n045.p009a.

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31

Matsuda, Shuichi, Pieter Vanderwerf, and Paul Scarbrough. "A comparison of Japanese and U.S. firms completing initial public offerings." Journal of Business Venturing 9, no. 3 (May 1994): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90030-2.

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32

Alpalhão, Rui. "The Pricing of Portuguese Privatisation Second Initial Public Offerings." ISRN Economics 2014 (May 21, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/652712.

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The paper studies the pricing of PSIPOs (privatization second initial public offerings) PIPOs of companies that had been public in the past. A dataset comprising all the Portuguese companies nationalized in 1975 and privatized in the late eighties and nineties is used. Findings on short- and long-run pricing of IPOs and PIPOs are summarized, and implications for the pricing of PSIPOs are discussed. Short- and long-run returns are computed, using three alternative methods (buy and hold abnormal returns, wealth relatives, and cumulative abnormal returns) in the long-run analysis. Short-run overpricing is identified, unlike the underpricing pattern revealed by most IPO research. This initial overpricing is essentially found to be corrected in the first trading month. In the long-run, no evidence of overpricing is found, again unlike the usual conclusion of the IPO literature, and more in line with empirical evidence on second IPOs. Results provide support to the conclusion that privatization IPOs tend to be less underpriced than standard IPOs and that firms coming back to the market for a second IPO tend to be less underpriced than pure IPOs and provide a good rating for the performance of the Portuguese Republic pricing stocks in the Portuguese privatization program.

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Ghorbel, Hanen, and Hela Elleuch. "Determinants of intellectual capital disclosure in initial public offerings: case of Canadian firms." International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies 4, no. 1 (April 20, 2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijaes.v4i1.6007.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of intellectual capital information’s of firms that went through IPO. Our sample includes 43 firms that IPOs listed in the Toronto Stock Exchange in 2012 of which the prospectuses for the initial public offering are available. Our study, unlike other studies focuses on the issuing prospectuses. The paper applied a disclosure index comprising of 78 items (Bukh and al (2005)) to quantify the amount of information regarding intellectual capital included in the IPO prospectuses of canadian firms. Multiple regression model and Correlation is used. The results revealed that the managerial ownership, the presence of an audit committee and industry are significantly associated with the voluntary disclosure of information about the intellectual capital in prospectuses. While firm size, age, the audit committee’ activity and audit quality do not affect disclosure. The results are interpreted in the light of the increasing importance of disclosing information on intellectual capital to the capital market a in case of IPO and constitute a contribution to the ongoing debate on corporate reporting practices.

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Strauß, Nadine, and Toni G. L. A. van der Meer. "News media coverage and initial public offerings in Germany: explaining flotation performance." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-04-2017-0028.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships of news media coverage and the performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Germany. The aim is to find out how media attention, media sentiment, corporate information, and recency of news are related to the flotation performance of firms that go public. Design/methodology/approach 50 IPOs that went public in Germany between January 2011 and December 2015 were investigated. In total, 3,644 German speaking articles dealing with the IPOs were manually analyzed. Hierarchical OLS regressions were performed to find out how news media variables relate with the flotation performance of German IPOs (cf. underpricing, share price percentage gain after second day of trading). It was furthermore distinguished between news media coverage six days prior to the IPO and coverage on the day of the IPO itself. Findings While more media attention devoted to the IPOs on the day of their flotation might lead to a share price percentage gain after the second day of trading, negativity in the news media and information about new products and products of the IPO firm might be negatively related with their flotation performance. However, information about the strategy change of the IPO firms seems to be positively related with the underpricing of IPOs. Furthermore, news media coverage on the day of the IPO itself seems to be more influential for the flotation performance with regard to negative sentiment and information about new products. Practical implications Financial communication professionals should manage media representations of IPO firms before and on the day of the IPO itself. In this vein, negative media coverage should be prevented and information about new products and products of the IPO firm should be considered with caution. Instead, talking about the strategy of the IPO firm might be advantageous for the flotation performance. Originality/value This study evolved from a lack of empirical research on the interrelationships between news media and stock market prices in communication science, particularly with regard to IPOs. The study contributes to previous research in paying attention to corporate information and the recency of news when trying to explain IPO performances. The findings of this study provide implications for strategic financial communication and the role of managing news media of firms that go public.

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Rasheed, Abdul, Muhammad Khalid Sohail, Shahab-Ud Din, and Muhammad Ijaz. "How Do Investment Banks Price Initial Public Offerings? An Empirical Analysis of Emerging Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6030077.

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This study investigates that how investment banks select alternative valuation models to price Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and examine the value-relevance of each valuation model using the data of 88 IPOs listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) during 2000–2016. This study investigates that investment banks used Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and comparable multiples valuation models on the basis of firm-specific characteristics, aggregate stock market returns and volatility before the IPOs. In this study, a binary logit regression model is used to estimate the cross-sectional determinants of the choice of valuation models by investment banks. The results reveal that underwriters are more likely to use DDM to value firms that have dividends payout trail. The investment banks select DCF when valuing the younger firms, that have more assets-in-tangible, firms that have negative sales growth and positive market returns before the IPO; while comparable multiples are used for mature firms and firms that have less assets-in-tangible. Furthermore, this study also used OLS regressions to examine the value-relevance of each valuation model and Wald-test to examine the predictive power of cross-sectional variation in the market values. The findings unveil that P/B ratio has highest but DCF has lowest predictive power to market values. The Wald-test results depict that none of the valuation methods produces an unbiased estimate of market values.

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Poulsen, Annette B., and Mike Stegemoller. "Moving from Private to Public Ownership: Selling Out to Public Firms versus Initial Public Offerings." Financial Management 37, no. 1 (March 2008): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053x.2008.00005.x.

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Naoko, Matsuda, and Matsuo Yutaka. "Governing board interlocks: As an indicator of an IPO." Corporate Board role duties and composition 12, no. 3 (2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv12i3art2.

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Using comprehensive data of Japanese firms, including small-sized and unlisted firms, this paper empirically analyzes how a governing board composition impacts initial public offerings (IPOs). The results show that board size, interlocks with other firms, and interlocks with other listed firms are all positively related to the probability of an IPO. They imply that a firm’s intention to conduct an IPO can be estimated by the size and interlocks, and that knowledge diffusion of an IPO occurs among firms.

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Morsfield, Suzanne G., and Christine E. L. Tan. "Do Venture Capitalists Influence the Decision to Manage Earnings in Initial Public Offerings?" Accounting Review 81, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 1119–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.5.1119.

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Prior studies suggest that venture capitalists (VCs) play a monitoring role. We predict and find that IPO-year abnormal accruals are lower in the presence of VCs for a sample of 2,630 IPO firms during 1983–2001. Our findings are robust to controls for the endogenous choice of VC financing. We consistently find that the VC effect holds even when controlling for IPO lock-up provisions, VC partial cashing out subsequent to the IPO, and alternative proxies for earnings management. In addition, our findings do not support the claims of critics that VCs inflated earnings during the Internet IPO bubble. Finally, we provide some evidence that the lower earnings management associated with VC monitoring partially explains the superior post-IPO returns of VC-backed firms.

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Komenkul, Kulabutr, Mohamed Sherif, and Bing Xu. "Prospectus disclosure and the stock market performance of initial public offerings (IPOs): the case of Thailand." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 4 (December 29, 2016): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(4-1).2016.02.

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This study examines if the prospectus disclosure of the motives for an initial public offering (IPO) explains the long-run performance of equity issuers using hand-collected data for 245 IPOs from the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), and also the Market for Alternative Investments (MAI), in the 12-year period between 2001 and 2012. The stock returns of the IPOs were investigated using cumulative abnormal return (CAR) and buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR). The authors find a significant impact for the level of use-of-proceeds disclosure on IPO underpricing, and further that the ex-ante uncertainty and signalling hypotheses explain the IPO underpricing phenomenon in the Thai IPO market. Furthermore, Thai firms citing investment needs show significant positive abnormal returns after the offering, but issuers that state general corporate purposes and debt payments motives underperform. The authors provide evidence that the offering size and bull-market conditions significantly affect the IPO pricing and the strategic disclosure of information in the prospectus. Our results are robust, having been subjected to a wide range of sensitivity checks. Keywords: Prospectus disclosure, IPO performance, Thailand. JEL Classification: G14, G30, G32

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Gumanti, Tatang Ary, Ayu Retsi Lestari, and Siti Sofia Abdul Manan. "UNDERPRICING AND NUMBER OF RISK FACTORS OF INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS IN INDONESIA." Business: Theory and Practice 18 (August 25, 2017): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2017.019.

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This study examines the effect of number of risk factors, use of proceeds for investment, size of issue and the level of ownership retained on initial returns of firm making Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Indonesian capital market. A sample of 290 Indonesia IPOs that went public between 1989 and 2005 were examined. The number of risk factors is found to be positively related to the level of average positive initial returns (underpricing). The level of ownership retention has negative but insignificant relationship with the level of underpricing. Firms that use the proceeds from the offering for investment or expansion purposes are less underpriced than their counterparts that use the funds for operating purposes. Size of issue is negatively associated with the level of underpricing.

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Rizwan, Muhammad Faisal, and Safi-Ullah Khan. "Long-run Performance of Public vs. Private Sector Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.421-433.

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The private sector had its major share in the economic development of the country in the early years of its independence in the 1950s. However, the private sector suffered a set back in the early 1970s, when a huge process of nationalisation of a large number of private industrial units was undertaken by the then government. Over the decades these enterprises were not professionally managed and the political influences in the management and running of these enterprises played havoc with them and consequently the experiment proved to be a failure. Attending to the weaknesses and inefficiencies inherent in the public sector enterprises, privatisation was systematically initiated by the then government in the early 1990s. Various privatisation commissions were set up in subsequent years and the privatisation process got some momentum during the present government and many large and profitable firms were privatised in the last few years, particularly at a time when the overall climate in the country was responsive and conducive for investment. The government, however, privatised many enterprises through public offerings on individual-case basis.

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Hua, Wei. "Specialist CEOs versus Generalist CEOs: CEO Type and Firm Performance Following Initial Public Offerings on the Chinese Market." Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 9, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajeer.v9i2.4260.

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This study focuses on the effect of Chief Executive Officer (CEO)-level characteristics on a firm’s survival following initial public offerings (IPOs). Specifically, it looks at the impact of generalist CEOs between July 2009 and July 2021 on the likelihood of firm failure and IPO survival. This study uses principal component analysis to create a generalist skills index based on CEO work experience, including the number of roles that the CEO has held, the number of firms in which the CEO has worked, the number of industries in which the CEO has worked, whether the CEO has taken a CEO position in other firms, whether the CEO has worked in a conglomerate, and whether the CEO holds a professional title. The results of the Cox proportional hazards model reveal that companies with a generalist CEO have a higher probability of failing than companies with a specialist CEO, which suggests that generalist CEOs pursue higher salaries and higher reputations through switching between different industries and firms. Performance-related compensation and CEO turnover in companies with generalist CEOs explain the higher probability of firm failure. The main results still hold after controlling for CEO power, board and firm characteristics, and testing using the logit model. This research on the connection between generalist CEOs and a firm’s failure risk also offers insight into a company's CEO hiring choice and job market activities.

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Jain, Neeta, and C. Padmavathi. "Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings in Indian Capital Market." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 37, no. 1 (January 2012): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120107.

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This paper is an attempt to empirically explore the determinants of underpricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in the Indian Capital Market. IPOs are one of the largest sources of capital for the firms to invest in the growth opportunities. It encourages investment activities in the economy by mobilizing funds from low growth opportunities to high growth opportunities. It has been observed that IPOs are underpriced in most of the countries (Loughran, Ritter and Rydqvist 1994). Underpricing is the pricing of the issue at lesser price than the true value of the issue. The degree of underpricing varies from country to country and issue to issue in the same country. The underpriced IPO leaves money on the table which is a cost (loss of capital) for the company and the same becomes a gain for the investors in the form of positive initial returns on the underpriced shares. Though underpricing is a cost for the issuing company, the issuing company underprices the issue. There are many theoretical explanations for underpricing of IPOs. This is an empirical study which aims to find out the factors which are causing underpricing in India. The underpricing of IPOs is a serious problem for any economy. On the one hand, high underpricing tendency in the primary market discourages IPOs issued by those companies which cannot afford or do not want underpricing (leaving money on the table). On the other hand, it creates arbitrage activities in the secondary market and in the grey market. The underpricing of IPOs thus hampers the growth opportunities and creates instability in the secondary market. In India, introduction of book building mechanism of IPOs in 1998 aimed to reduce underpricing because in the book building mechanism, offer price of the issue is determined on the basis of market feedback. The present study on 227 book-built IPOs for the period of 2004 to 2009 found that the average underpricing during this period was 28 per cent while the maximum underpricing was around 242 per cent. Thus underpricing of IPOs is still an issue of concern.

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Cai, Kelly, and Heiwai Lee. "Stock Price Reactions To Debt Initial Public Offering Announcements." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 1 (December 27, 2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i1.7556.

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We examine the valuation effect of initial public debt offers on issuing firms common stock for the period 1970 to 2010. In contrast to findings for seasoned debt offerings, we find a statistically significant cumulative abnormal return of -0.24 percent over the three-day announcement period for the overall sample of 1,207 debt IPOs. Consistent with the prediction of the adverse selection model of Myers and Majluf (1984), the significant negative valuation effect of debt IPOs is only associated with risky issues that are assigned a high-yield bond rating. The announcements of low-risk investment grade debt IPO issues are associated with insignificant positive stock price reaction. In addition to the certifying effect of investment grade rating, the market also reacts favorably to successful debt IPOs issued under challenging conditions.

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Abbas, Dirvi Surya, Abdul Rauf, Imam Hidayat, and Djenny Sasmita. "Determinan on Underpricing at The Initial Public Offering: Evidence Indonesia Stock Exchange." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 3, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems852.

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The purpose of this study is to see how company size, earnings per share, profitability, financial leverage, and underwriter reputation affect underpricing during the initial public offering of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study's object was selected utilizing a purposive sample approach with numerous provisions. Non-banking firms that conducted initial public offerings (IPOs) on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2015 and 2019 were researched. Ninety-eight non-banking firms were collected as study samples from a total of 141. This is due to the fact that there are six banking businesses, sixty-two companies do not meet the requirements for inclusion in this study data, and thirteen companies do not exhibit underpricing. Two firms were relisted and delisted. Based on the findings of data analysis research, low earnings per share will also make investors not interested in buying shares of the company. So the company's level of uncertainty will increase. Underwriters also know more and more complete information about the market so that issuers are needed to determine primary market prices and investors to consider investing in the capital market. Meanwhile, the level of underpricing cannot be measured by the level of ROA generated by a company and the distrust of investors towards the financial statements produced by companies that conduct IPOs. DER cannot be used as a benchmark in considering the initial return expected by investors based on the findings of data analysis research. the author assumes investors' incompetence in analyzing a company's performance and relies solely on the stock price offered. The phenomenon of stock price underpricing caused by limited information about companies conducting initial public offerings (IPOs) motivates the authors to conduct this research to determine whether the information available in financial statements and information surrounding investors can be used as benchmarks in determining investment decisions. and calculate a stock's initial rate of return.

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Chen, Sheng-Syan, Kim Wai Ho, Chia-Wei Huang, and Yanzhi Wang. "Buyback behavior of initial public offering firms." Journal of Banking & Finance 37, no. 1 (January 2013): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.08.006.

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47

Liu, Yang, Peng Cheng, Zhe OuYang, and Ao Wang. "Information Asymmetry and Investor Valuations of Initial Public Offerings: Two Dimensions of Organizational Reputation as Stock Market Signals." Management and Organization Review 16, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 945–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2019.28.

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ABSTRACTThe uncertainty and information asymmetry that surround initial public offering firms (IPOs) often introduce difficulties for potential investors to discern organizational value, thereby leading to ‘underpricing’. Using the signaling theory, we investigate the role of organizational reputation in the underpricing of IPOs. We analyze 463 initial public offerings in China from the period of 2010 to 2016 and find that being known for quality and generalized favorability dimensions of reputation are negatively related with underpricing on the first day of trading. In addition, we find that the negative effects of organizational reputation on underpricing are mediated by investor attention.

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Sosnowski, Tomasz. "Motives and effects of the initial public offerings on the Warsaw Stock Exchange." Equilibrium 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.020.

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This paper empirically investigates the links between the motives for going public and changes in the market value and efficiency of new stock companies. Using a sample of 200 firms from Warsaw Stock Exchange between 2005 and 2012 I find that the principal purpose of initial public offering is raising additional capital by the company but divestment grounds of initial shareholders are also important. I find evidence that the sale of secondary shares in the initial public offering may be seen as a negative signal at aftermarket performance of the firm. The data reveal that the most adverse long-term changes in the market value and business efficiency are observed for those companies, where in the initial public offering both primary and secondary shares were sold.

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Hossain, Md Sajib, and Muhammad Saifuddin Khan. "POST‐IPO OPERATING PERFORMANCE IN BANGLADESH." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v7i1.1149.

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This study attempts to investigate the change in the operating performance of firms as they go from private to public ownership. Using the data of all the non-financial firms, which floated initial public offerings (IPOs) from 2008 to 2015, this study finds that there is a significant decline in operating performance as measured by ROA, asset turnover, ROS, and OCFTA after the IPO and the decline continues for next two to three years with the highest deterioration of operating performance being observed in the immediate next year of IPO. Moreover, when the study uses age, debt ratio, sales, capital expenditure, and IPO event to explain the variation of the operating performance of IPO firms over time, it finds that IPO event negatively affects all measures of operating performance. Finally, the study finds that deterioration of the post-IPO operating performance is more pronounced for firms offering their securities with premium than firms offering securities without premium. JEL Classification Codes: G11, G12, G32.

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50

Filsaraei, Mahdi, Alireza Azarberahman, and Jalal Azarberahman. "An Empirical Analysis for Abnormal Returns from Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): evidence of Iranian oil and chemical industries." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v3i1.3048.

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Purpose: The core purpose of this paper empirically study of the initial public offerings (IPOs) of companies accepted in oil and chemical industries. The paper attempts to answer the question of is there any abnormal return from IPOs in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).Design/methodology/approach: This research is an applied research, and its design is empirical, which is done by the method of post-event (past information). For the purpose of the study the t-statistic, regression and variance analyses are applied to examine the hypotheses. We use in the analyses a sample of 29 newly accepted Iranian oil and chemical companies listed on TSE for the period of 2001 to 2012. This paper has studied abnormal return and three abnormal phenomena have been considered in capital market. These phenomena consist: (1) underpricing or overpricing of the firm's stock, (2) lower or higher stock return of the firms and (3) Particular period in market for stock transactions volume.Findings: The results support the hypothesis that there is a positive abnormal return to investing in the newly accepted oil and chemical firms for stockholders. It also shown the firm size is the only factor that can affect the stock abnormal return. With considering significance level, investors have to give attention sequentially to other variables such as stock ownership centralization, going public time and stock offering volume.

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