Статті в журналах: "Interconnected distribution networks"

1

Singh, Pushpendra, D. P. Kothari, and Mool Singh. "Interconnected Distribution Networks for Climate Change Abatement." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (January 10, 2014): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.247.

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2

TAKAGI, Toshiyuki, and Koji OKAMOTO. "Measurement of Flow Velocity Distribution using Interconnected Networks." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 19, Supplement1 (1999): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.19.supplement1_331.

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3

Ding, Chao, Hong Yao, Jun Du, and Xing Zhao Peng. "Load-induced cascading failures in interconnected network systems." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 08 (August 2018): 1850073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118500730.

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Revealing how the interdependency between different networks affects the load-induced cascading failures is a new interesting topic recently. A new cascading failure model for interconnected network system is introduced in this paper, in which the loads of the failed nodes can be transmitted between different layer networks or among each layer network, the ratio is adjusted with a defined parameter [Formula: see text] which can be viewed as a measure of coupling strength. Based on the proposed model, we find that under different attacking strategies and different value of [Formula: see text], different coupling types have different effects on the robustness of interconnected network systems. We mainly focus on the robustness of interconnected network with random coupling under intentional attack, we find there being a threshold [Formula: see text], when [Formula: see text], the interconnected network systems will be more vulnerable with larger value of [Formula: see text]; however, when [Formula: see text], if the capacity redundancy of interconnected network is low, increasing [Formula: see text] tends to enhance the robustness of interconnected network system. In addition, we also get the conclusion that increasing the total amount of loads in one layer network or the unbalance of load distribution between different layer networks will decline the robustness of the interconnected network system. We hope our work will shed some light on designing high-robust interconnected network systems or improving the robustness of interconnected network systems.

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4

Peidaee, Pejman, Akhtar Kalam, and Juan Shi. "Integration of a Heuristic Multi-Agent Protection System into a Distribution Network Interconnected with Distributed Energy Resources." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 5250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205250.

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In conventional method protection schemes are devised for certain operation conditions with fixed settings throughout their operation life, however, protection systems in interconnected distribution networks rely on a detailed analysis of fault current contribution and variation in operation conditions under real-world scenarios. In fact, the concept of Adaptive Protection System (APS) and possibility of the adjustment for protection settings within modern Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) have introduced desired functionalities for protection systems to cope with complex operation scenarios envisioned within future power system networks. In this paper, a novel protection system based on Multi-Agent System (MAS) and heuristic decision-making is proposed to update protection settings of the protection IEDs with respect to prevailing operation conditions in an interconnected distribution network. The adopted methodology is reliant on real-time simulation of a distribution network interconnected with Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind farms where different fault scenarios are applied to evaluate the functionality and performance of the proposed Multi-Agent Protection System (MAPS). In addition to that, combination of knowledge sharing between different protection IEDs and logic reasoning are integrated to fulfill protection task under real-world operation scenarios. The significance of the proposed MAPS is the improvement in protection system of the interconnected distribution network.

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5

Masuda, Naoki, and Fanlin Meng. "Dynamical stability of water distribution networks." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2230 (October 2019): 20190291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0291.

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Water distribution networks are hydraulic infrastructures that aim to meet water demands at their various nodes. Water flows through pipes in the network create nonlinear dynamics on networks. A desirable feature of water distribution networks is high resistance to failures and other shocks to the system. Such threats would at least transiently change the flow rate in various pipes, potentially undermining the functionality of the whole water distribution system. Here we carry out a linear stability analysis for a nonlinear dynamical system representing the flow rate through pipes that are interconnected through an arbitrary pipe network with reservoirs and consumer nodes. We show that the steady state is always locally stable and develop a method to calculate the eigenvalue that corresponds to the mode that decays the most slowly towards the equilibrium, which we use as an index for resilience of the system. We show that the proposed index is positively correlated with the recovery rate of the pipe network, which was derived from a realistic and industrially popular simulator. The present analytical framework is expected to be useful for deploying tools from nonlinear dynamics and network analysis in the design, resilience management and scenario testing of water distribution networks.

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6

Hu, Dan, Lei Ren, David Howard, and Changfu Zong. "Biomechanical Analysis of Force Distribution in Human Finger Extensor Mechanisms." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/743460.

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The complexities of the function and structure of human fingers have long been recognised. The in vivo forces in the human finger tendon network during different activities are critical information for clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, prosthetic finger design, and biomimetic hand development. In this study, we propose a novel method for in vivo force estimation for the finger tendon network by combining a three-dimensional motion analysis technique and a novel biomechanical tendon network model. The extensor mechanism of a human index finger is represented by an interconnected tendinous network moving around the phalanx’s dorsum. A novel analytical approach based on the “Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy” is used to calculate the forces and deformations throughout the tendon network of the extensor mechanism when subjected to an external load and with the finger posture defined by measurement data. The predicted deformations and forces in the tendon network are in broad agreement with the results obtained by previous experimental in vitro studies. The proposed methodology provides a promising tool for investigating the biomechanical function of complex interconnected tendon networks in vivo.

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7

da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes, Tristan, Nicolas Marchal, Flavio Abreu Araujo, Yenni Velázquez Galván, Joaquín de la Torre Medina, and Luc Piraux. "Magneto-Transport in Flexible 3D Networks Made of Interconnected Magnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010221.

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Electrochemical deposition of interconnected nanowires and nanotubes made of ferromagnetic metals into track-etched polycarbonate templates with crossed nanochannels has been revealed suitable for the fabrication of mechanically stable three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures with large surface area. These 3D networks embedded into flexible polymer membranes are also planar and lightweight. This fabrication technique allows for the control of the geometric characteristics and material composition of interconnected magnetic nanowire or nanotube networks, which can be used to fine-tune their magnetic and magneto-transport properties. The magnetostatic contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of crossed nanowire networks can be easily controlled using the diameter, packing density, or angle distribution characteristics. Furthermore, the fabrication of Co and Co-rich NiCo alloy crossed nanowires with textured hcp phases leads to an additional significant magnetocrystalline contribution to the magnetic anisotropy that can either compete or add to the magnetostatic contribution. The fabrication of an interconnected nanotube network has also been demonstrated, where the hollow core and the control over the tube wall thickness add another degree of freedom to control the magnetic properties and magnetization reversal mechanisms. Finally, three-dimensional networks made of interconnected multilayered nanowire with a succession of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers have been successfully fabricated, leading to giant magnetoresistance responses measured in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration. These interconnected nanowire networks have high potential as integrated, reliable, and stable magnetic field sensors; magnetic devices for memory and logic operations; or neuromorphic computing.

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8

Voronova, Angelika, Martha Rendón-Anaya, Pär Ingvarsson, Ruslan Kalendar, and Dainis Ruņģis. "Comparative Study of Pine Reference Genomes Reveals Transposable Element Interconnected Gene Networks." Genes 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101216.

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Sequencing the giga-genomes of several pine species has enabled comparative genomic analyses of these outcrossing tree species. Previous studies have revealed the wide distribution and extraordinary diversity of transposable elements (TEs) that occupy the large intergenic spaces in conifer genomes. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of TEs in gene regions of the assembled genomes of Pinus taeda and Pinus lambertiana using high-performance computing resources. The quality of draft genomes and the genome annotation have significant consequences for the investigation of TEs and these aspects are discussed. Several TE families frequently inserted into genes or their flanks were identified in both species’ genomes. Potentially important sequence motifs were identified in TEs that could bind additional regulatory factors, promoting gene network formation with faster or enhanced transcription initiation. Node genes that contain many TEs were observed in multiple potential transposable element-associated networks. This study demonstrated the increased accumulation of TEs in the introns of stress-responsive genes of pines and suggests the possibility of rewiring them into responsive networks and sub-networks interconnected with node genes containing multiple TEs. Many such regulatory influences could lead to the adaptive environmental response clines that are characteristic of naturally spread pine populations.

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9

Ge, Le, Limin Lu, Xiaodong Yuan, and Yongzhou Yu. "Optimal Operation Strategy of Flexible Interconnected Distribution Network Based on SES-VSC-MTDC." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 24, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9732378.

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The increasing integration of renewable energy is challenging the secure operation of the power system. System flexibility or the capability to address the significant power fluctuations from renewable energy is becoming more and more relevant. Self-energy storage-based multiterminal back-to-back VSC-HVDC (SES-VSC-MTDC) technology is first proposed, and it can realize the power regulation on both temporal and spatial dimensions, which helps improve the power supply reliability and the capacity to accommodate renewable energy of the interconnected distribution networks. Then, to address the coordination control problem of the energy storage and back-to-back VSC-HVDC, a comprehensive control strategy of SES-VSC-MTDC is proposed based on the optimal power flow preprocessing and state of charge interval division. Then, the power regulation model and the energy-power regulation timing model of SES-VSC-MTDC are established for different control strategies. Then, we use the primal-dual interior-point method to solve the developed optimal operation model of flexible interconnected distribution network. Finally, a 33-bus system with four interconnected feeders is used to test the effectiveness of the SES-VSC-MTDC technology and its operation control strategy.

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10

Zhang, Huang, Yang, and Li. "Multivariable Regression Equivalent Model of Interconnected Active Distribution Networks Based on Boundary Measurement." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122339.

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With the increasing complexity of the active distribution network (ADN) due to distributed generation (DG) integration, together with the electricity market evolution, the traditional ADN is divided into multiple areas to operate independently. Due to technical problems or business privacy, the internal network regional control center cannot grasp the changes of the external regional network in time. In order to accurately reflect the distribution network operation state, a multivariable regression equivalent model is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the external network is made equivalent to a multi-port Norton model. The multivariable linear regression model is then derived based on the equivalent distribution network, and the regression model variables are constructed using boundary node information collected by the measurement equipment. Finally, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is used to estimate the parameters of the multivariable linear regression model. Furthermore, case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method, and detailed information of external ADN is unnecessary, except for the boundary node information. The proposed method can also be applied for three-phase unbalanced ADN efficiently.

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11

Alobaidi, Abdulraheem Hassan, Mahdi Khodayar, Ali Vafamehr, Harsha Gangammanavar, and Mohammad E. Khodayar. "Stochastic expansion planning of battery energy storage for the interconnected distribution and data networks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 133 (December 2021): 107231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107231.

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12

GUAN, YUANYING, and MICAH POLLAK. "CONTAGION IN HETEROGENEOUS FINANCIAL NETWORKS." Advances in Complex Systems 19, no. 01n02 (February 2016): 1650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525916500016.

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In this paper, we use the financial network contagion model of Gai P. and Kapadia S. [Contagion in financial networks, Proc. R. Soc. A 466 (2010) 2401–2423] to investigatethe interaction of several types of heterogeneity found in real world banking systems. The first source of heterogeneity originates in the distribution of assets across banks in the financial system. The second source is in how individual banks then distribute these assets among their neighbors. We characterize how these two sources of heterogeneity interact to affect the probability and extent of financial contagions in three network structures. We find that greater heterogeneity has a stabilizing effect for networks that are sparsely connected and a destabilizing effect for networks that are highly interconnected. Finally, we consider multiple sequential shocks and find that when banks redistribute assets following an initial mild contagion it increases the stability, on average, of the system to subsequent shocks originating at weakened banks.

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13

Ghavasieh, Arsham, and Manlio De Domenico. "Multiscale Information Propagation in Emergent Functional Networks." Entropy 23, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101369.

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Complex biological systems consist of large numbers of interconnected units, characterized by emergent properties such as collective computation. In spite of all the progress in the last decade, we still lack a deep understanding of how these properties arise from the coupling between the structure and dynamics. Here, we introduce the multiscale emergent functional state, which can be represented as a network where links encode the flow exchange between the nodes, calculated using diffusion processes on top of the network. We analyze the emergent functional state to study the distribution of the flow among components of 92 fungal networks, identifying their functional modules at different scales and, more importantly, demonstrating the importance of functional modules for the information content of networks, quantified in terms of network spectral entropy. Our results suggest that the topological complexity of fungal networks guarantees the existence of functional modules at different scales keeping the information entropy, and functional diversity, high.

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14

García-López, Francisco, Manuel Barragán-Villarejo, Alejandro Marano-Marcolini, José Maza-Ortega, and José Martínez-Ramos. "Experimental Assessment of a Centralised Controller for High-RES Active Distribution Networks." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123364.

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This paper assesses the behaviour of active distribution networks with high penetration of renewable energy sources when the control is performed in a centralised manner. The control assets are the on-load tap changers of transformers at the primary substation, the reactive power injections of the renewable energy sources, and the active and reactive power exchanged between adjacent feeders when they are interconnected through a DC link. A scaled-down distribution network is used as the testbed to emulate the behaviour of an active distribution system with massive penetration of renewable energy resources. The laboratory testbed involves hardware devices, real-time control, and communication infrastructure. Several key performance indices are adopted to assess the effects of the different control actions on the system’s operation. The experimental results demonstrate that the combination of control actions enables the optimal integration of a massive penetration of renewable energy.

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15

Adewumi, Olurotimi Babatunde, Georgios Fotis, Vasiliki Vita, Daniel Nankoo, and Lambros Ekonomou. "The Impact of Distributed Energy Storage on Distribution and Transmission Networks’ Power Quality." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 6466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136466.

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This study investigates the effect of distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) on the power quality of distribution and transmission networks. More specifically, this project aims to assess the impact of distributed ESS integration on power quality improvement in certain network topologies compared to typical centralized ESS architecture. Furthermore, an assessment is made to see if the network topology in which an ESS position supports its ability to restore node voltage magnitude within acceptable ranges. The power quality of a benchmark interconnected distribution and transmission network was determined using NEPLAN software. Following that, twelve variants of the benchmark were modeled, each with a different ESS integration architecture and (or) topology. Their power quality performance was compared to that of a benchmark network in addition to several cross analyses to determine the relative impact on power quality within the context of their respective ESS integration methodologies. The findings of this study buttress the understanding that the distributed ESS integration architecture within the distribution network topology, where the majority of consumer loads are connected, provides the strongest case for voltage magnitude power quality compensation, as required by the UK Electrical System Grid Code’s 5% rated node voltage compliance processes regulation.

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16

Zhang, Xin-Jie, Yong Tang, Jason Xiong, Wei-Jia Wang, and Yi-Cheng Zhang. "How Network Topologies Impact Project Alliance Performance: Evidence from the Movie Industry." Entropy 21, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21090859.

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In many industries, partners are interconnected in project alliances that have limited lifespans and clearly-defined boundaries. The transparency of the movie industry provides a unique opportunity to study how alliance network topologies impact the performance of project alliances from the perspectives of social networks and organization theories. In this work, we compiled a massive movie dataset and constructed alliance networks for both movie production and distribution companies. Using the box office as the proxy for the financial performance of a movie project alliance, this research investigates how the two alliance networks impact the box office. We introduce the social network properties of degrees, centralities, and structural holes as alliance network variables into empirical regression models. The results show that alliance networks have a significant influence on the box office. The degrees of production companies and the structural holes of distribution companies are especially important to achieve success in the box office. The results add new evidence for the study of the movie economy and alliance networks. Meanwhile, this work also provides implications for the movie industry by revealing that it is essential to wisely choose partners that are appropriately embedded in alliance networks for the success of a movie project.

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17

Kostyuchenko, Yuriy V. "On the Advanced Methodology of Risk-Based System Resilience Analysis." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 1 (October 29, 2020): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.1.017.

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The modern evolution of technological systems from Hierarchical branching structures purposed to centralized transfer and distribution of limited resources to multi-agent interconnected self-organized networks aimed to produce, transport and consumption of resources are considered. The model of multi-agent interconnected self-organized adaptive networking systems is proposed, the network topology is considered, a system functioning model including transient processes is analyzed. A substantial limitation of the traditional reliability paradigm for a novel type of systems is demonstrated. It was assumed, that optimization approaches in the context of “big data” utilization lead to create a quasi-infinite space of non-structured decisions, which can be characterized as “big decisions”. The modified approach based on the “equally defended networked system” paradigm and the corresponding quantitative risk measure is proposed.

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18

Zhao, Jinli, Zhen Tian, Haoran Ji, Jie Ji, Jinyue Yan, Jianzhong Wu, Peng Li, and Chengshan Wang. "Peer-to-Peer electricity trading of interconnected flexible distribution networks based on Non-Cooperative games." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 145 (February 2023): 108648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108648.

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19

Liu, Jia, Haozhong Cheng, Pingliang Zeng, and Liangzhong Yao. "Rapid assessment of maximum distributed generation output based on security distance for interconnected distribution networks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 101 (October 2018): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.03.018.

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20

Hu, Yajing, Jing Liu, and Xiandong Xu. "Dynamic Interactions between Local Energy Systems Coupled by Power and Gas Distribution Networks." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 8420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228420.

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Supplied with electricity and natural gas, local energy systems (LESs) with gas-fired generations increase the operational flexibility of urban energy supply. However, the increasing usage of these LESs may lead to adverse impacts on the urban energy system supply via power and/or gas distribution networks. Dynamic interactions between the LESs, electricity, and gas networks subject to different disturbances need to be investigated due to the complexity of the problem. To address this issue, this paper first presents the topology and operating mode of the LESs as well as the relationship with power and gas networks. Second, an extended microturbine model is developed to reflect the nonlinear dynamic propagation of disturbances between the two networks. A general model of the interconnected LESs is developed to analyze the mutual impacts between gas and electricity networks under different modes. Finally, an iterative method is proposed to simulate the mechanism of disturbance propagation between the electricity network, gas network, and LESs, incorporating the impacts of loads and renewables. Case studies reveal that simultaneous regulation of multiple gas-fired generators would reduce the minimum pressure to 50% of the steady-state value. The resulted pressure drop is even lower than the case with higher total gas demand but only one gas-fired generator regulated. Moreover, it is shown that state fluctuations of the gas system last 20 times longer than the electricity system within the LESs. The electrical link between LESs, such as soft opening point with shorter response time, could smooth the fluctuations.

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21

Campos, Juan, and Jorge Finke. "Measuring event concentration in empirical networks with different types of degree distributions." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0241790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241790.

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Measuring event concentration often involves identifying clusters of events at various scales of resolution and across different regions. In the context of a city, for example, clusters may be characterized by the proximity of events in the metric space. However, events may also occur over urban structures such as public transportation and infrastructure systems, which are naturally represented as networks. Our work provides a theoretical framework to determine whether events distributed over a set of interconnected nodes are concentrated on a particular subset. Our main analysis shows how the proposed or any other measure of event concentration on a network must explicitly take into account its degree distribution. We apply the framework to measure event concentration (i) on a street network (i.e., approximated as a regular network where events represent criminal activities); and (ii) on a social network (i.e., a power law network where events represent users who are dissatisfied after purchasing the same product).

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22

Quintero-Molina, Vanessa, Ana María Blanco, Miguel Romero-L, Jan Meyer, and Andrés Pavas. "Power Quality in AC Islanded Microgrids: Technical Framework and State of the Art Review." Ingeniería e Investigación 40, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/inginvestig.v40n3.89091.

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In recent years, operation and control strategies in distribution systems have changed due to the increase in the connection of distributed generation sources (DGs). Small local networks with electricity users and DGs are known as microgrids. These microgrids can operate independently (islanded) or in collaboration (interconnected) with the main network or other microgrids. Some advantages of interconnected microgrids include the reduction of losses, an increase in reliability, and decentralized operation under fault conditions. Nevertheless, when a microgrid operates in islanded mode, its electrical characteristics change and, consequently, the severity of power quality disturbances can increase, as well as their negative impact on electronic devices (loads and DG devices). This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of existing studies on power quality disturbances in islanded microgrids and identifies the most relevant needs for future research on this topic. Detailed information is analyzed to compare the differences between disturbance levels in both interconnected and islanded microgrids. In the case of harmonic disturbances, the impact of the different microgrid configurations is also analyzed.

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23

Haines, Robert, Kashif Khan, and John Brooke. "Bringing simulation to engineers in the field: a Web 2.0 approach." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1898 (July 13, 2009): 2635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0047.

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Field engineers working on water distribution systems have to implement day-to-day operational decisions. Since pipe networks are highly interconnected, the effects of such decisions are correlated with hydraulic and water quality conditions elsewhere in the network. This makes the provision of predictive decision support tools (DSTs) for field engineers critical to optimizing the engineering work on the network. We describe how we created DSTs to run on lightweight mobile devices by using the Web 2.0 technique known as Software as a Service. We designed our system following the architectural style of representational state transfer. The system not only displays static geographical information system data for pipe networks, but also dynamic information and prediction of network state, by invoking and displaying the results of simulations running on more powerful remote resources.

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24

Fratty, Ruben, Yuval Saar, Rajnish Kumar, and Shlomi Arnon. "Random Routing Algorithm for Enhancing the Cybersecurity of LEO Satellite Networks." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030518.

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The recent expansion of networks of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites such as Starlink, OneWeb, and Telesat and the evolution of communication systems toward B5G and 6G with densely interconnected devices could generate opportunities for various cyber attacks. As the satellite network offers many crucial services to the public and governmental organizations, cyberattacks pose severe risks to the communication infrastructure. In this study, we propose a random routing algorithm to prevent distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on an LEO satellite constellation network. The routing algorithm utilizes the classical algorithms, i.e., k-DG, k-DS, k-SP, and k-LO, by introducing randomness and selecting one with weighted probability distribution to increase the uncertainty in the algorithm. The study shows that the proposed random routing algorithm improves the average and median cost of the attacker against DDoS attacks while maintaining the functionality of the network. The algorithm is optimized by formulating a Bayesian optimization problem. In addition to providing an additional level of uncertainty in the routing, there is an improvement of 1.71% in the average cost and 2.05% in the median cost in a typical scenario. The algorithm causes the network to be robust to cyber attacks against LEO Satellite Networks (LSNs), however, similar to any other defensive measures, it reduces the network’s goodput.

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Panyukov, Sergey. "Theory of Flexible Polymer Networks: Elasticity and Heterogeneities." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040767.

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A review of the main elasticity models of flexible polymer networks is presented. Classical models of phantom networks suggest that the networks have a tree-like structure. The conformations of their strands are described by the model of a combined chain, which consists of the network strand and two virtual chains attached to its ends. The distribution of lengths of virtual chains in real polydisperse networks is calculated using the results of the presented replica model of polymer networks. This model describes actual networks having strongly overlapping and interconnected loops of finite sizes. The conformations of their strands are characterized by the generalized combined chain model. The model of a sliding tube is represented, which describes the general anisotropic deformations of an entangled network in the melt. I propose a generalization of this model to describe the crossover between the entangled and phantom regimes of a swollen network. The obtained dependence of the Mooney-Rivlin parameters C 1 and C 2 on the polymer volume fraction is in agreement with experiments. The main results of the theory of heterogeneities in polymer networks are also discussed.

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Kalpana, M., R. Dhanalakshmi, and P. Parthiban. "Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks Interconnected to Fixed Network Using Hierarchical Energy Tree Based Routing Algorithm." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/158420.

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This research work proposes a mathematical model for the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSN). It also proposes an energy efficient routing algorithm for WSN called hierarchical energy tree based routing algorithm (HETRA) based on hierarchical energy tree constructed using the available energy in each node. The energy efficiency is further augmented by reducing the packet drops using exponential congestion control algorithm (TCP/EXP). The algorithms are evaluated in WSNs interconnected to fixed network with seven distribution patterns, simulated in ns2 and compared with the existing algorithms based on the parameters such as number of data packets, throughput, network lifetime, and data packets average network lifetime product. Evaluation and simulation results show that the combination of HETRA and TCP/EXP maximizes longer network lifetime in all the patterns. The lifetime of the network with HETRA algorithm has increased approximately 3.2 times that of the network implemented with AODV.

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27

Liu, Jia, Haozhong Cheng, Qian Xu, Zhou Lan, Pingliang Zeng, and Liangzhong Yao. "Stochastic expansion planning of interconnected distribution networks with renewable sources considering uncertainties and power transfer capability." Journal of Engineering 2017, no. 13 (January 1, 2017): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2017.0602.

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28

Gupta, Neeraj, B. Rajanarayan Prusty, Omar Alrumayh, Abdulaziz Almutairi, and Talal Alharbi. "The Role of Transactive Energy in the Future Energy Industry: A Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 8047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218047.

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Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework. By incorporating the prosumers concept and digitalization into energy systems at the transmission and distribution levels, transactive energy systems have the exciting potential to reduce transmission losses, lower electric infrastructure costs, increase reliability, increase local energy use, and lower customers’ electricity bills at the transmission and distribution levels. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of transactive energy concepts, primary drivers, architecture, the energy market, control and management, network management, new technologies, and the flexibility of the power system, which will help researchers comprehend the various concepts involved.

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Allahyari, Nastaran, Amir Kargaran, Ali Hosseiny, and G. R. Jafari. "The structure balance of gene-gene networks beyond pairwise interactions." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): e0258596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258596.

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Despite its high and direct impact on nearly all biological processes, the underlying structure of gene-gene interaction networks is investigated so far according to pair connections. To address this, we explore the gene interaction networks of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae beyond pairwise interaction using the structural balance theory (SBT). Specifically, we ask whether essential and nonessential gene interaction networks are structurally balanced. We study triadic interactions in the weighted signed undirected gene networks and observe that balanced and unbalanced triads are over and underrepresented in both networks, thus beautifully in line with the strong notion of balance. Moreover, we note that the energy distribution of triads is significantly different in both essential and nonessential networks compared to the shuffled networks. Yet, this difference is greater in the essential network regarding the frequency as well as the energy of triads. Additionally, results demonstrate that triads in the essential gene network are more interconnected through sharing common links, while in the nonessential network they tend to be isolated. Last but not least, we investigate the contribution of all-length signed walks and its impact on the degree of balance. Our findings reveal that interestingly when considering longer cycles, not only, both essential and nonessential gene networks are more balanced compared to their corresponding shuffled networks, but also, the nonessential gene network is more balanced compared to the essential network.

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30

Boal, Andrew M., Michael L. Risner, Melissa L. Cooper, Lauren K. Wareham, and David J. Calkins. "Astrocyte Networks as Therapeutic Targets in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration." Cells 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061368.

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Astrocytes are intimately involved in the response to neurodegenerative stress and have become an attractive target for the development of neuroprotective therapies. However, studies often focus on astrocytes as single-cell units. Astrocytes are densely interconnected by gap junctions that are composed primarily of the protein connexin-43 (Cx43) and can function as a broader network of cells. Such networks contribute to a number of important processes, including metabolite distribution and extracellular ionic buffering, and are likely to play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. This review will focus on the pro-degenerative and pro-survival influence of astrocyte Cx43 in disease progression, with a focus on the roles of gap junctions and hemichannels in the spread of degenerative stress. Finally, we will highlight the specific evidence for targeting these networks in the treatment of glaucomatous neurodegeneration and other optic neuropathies.

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31

Luo, Xiao-Yu, Jie Chen, Ming Li, and Mao-Bin Hu. "Traffic dynamics on a double layer coupled network considering physical queuing." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 12 (December 2018): 1850126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118501267.

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The development of modern economy makes the problem of traffic congestion increasingly serious. Many real traffic systems can be abstracted as that a variety of networks coupled and interconnected with each other. In this paper, the traffic dynamics on a double layer coupled network system is studied based on cellular automata model considering physical queuing. We explore the effect of maximal velocities in the two layer networks on the network capacity, and the mean and standard deviation of travel time. The results show that the increase of upper network velocity is beneficial to the traffic capacity and the efficiency of long-distance travel, but will also lead to larger deviation and lower reliability. We explain the phenomena by studying the usage of upper network. Finally, we investigate the vehicle distribution by adopting the Gini coefficient. It is found that the increase of upper network speed will make the traffic load distributed more uniformly in the system.

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32

Nassif, Alexandre B., Sean Ericson, Chad Abbey, Robert Jeffers, Eliza Hotchkiss, and Shay Bahramirad. "Valuing Resilience Benefits of Microgrids for an Interconnected Island Distribution System." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244206.

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Extreme climate-driven events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires are becoming more intense in areas exposed to these threats, requiring approaches to improve the resilience of the electrical infrastructure serving these communities. Long-duration outages caused by such high impact events propagate to economic, health, and social consequences for communities. As essential service providers, electric utilities are mandated to provide safe, economical and reliable electricity to their customers. The public is becoming less tolerant to these more frequent disruptions, especially in view of technological advances that are intended to improve power quality, reliability and resilience. One promising solution is state-of-the-art microgrids and the advanced controls employed therein. This paper presents and demonstrates an approach to technoeconomic analysis that can be used to value the avoided economic consequences of grid resilience investments, as applied to the islands of Vieques and Culebra in Puerto Rico. This valuation methodology can support policies to incorporate resilience value into any investment decision-making process, especially those which serve the public interest.

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33

Cho, Namhun, Myungseok Yoon, and Sungyun Choi. "Impact of Transformer Topology on Short-Circuit Analysis in Distribution Systems with Inverter-Based Distributed Generations." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159781.

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Distributed energy resources (DERs), recently introduced into distribution systems, are mainly inverter-based distributed generations (IBDGs), which have different short-circuit behaviors from conventional synchronous-based distributed generations (SBDGs). Hence, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the short-circuit behaviors of distribution systems with IBDGs, based on sequence networks and superposition, from the perspectives of interconnected transformers, and observes the flow of zero-sequence fault currents with different transformer topologies. Moreover, two- and three-winding transformers with various bank connection types and groundings are investigated. It was concluded that the transformer topology and its grounding influence the fault current contribution in zero-sequence networks, and the high penetration of IBDGs alters the fault current magnitude and phase angles.

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Angelidis, Konstantinos, and Eleni Stavrotheodorou. "Application of Acoustic Survey Method for Leakage Detection and Reduction in Water Distribution Network of Thessaloniki City, Greece." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002069.

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Acoustic survey methods have been used in recent years in Greece due to rapid growth of technology for leakage detection in water distribution networks. The application of the latest methodologies and technologies allowed water authorities to improve the efficiency of their water supply networks. Thessaloniki’s water distribution network is an aging and inefficient one so the use of these methods in the last fifteen years has considerably improved the utility’s capability to reduce the losses of drinking water. The use of acoustic loggers on network fittings that record leakage noise in fixed time steps has a considerable effect in Thessaloniki’s water distribution network, which is characterized by a high level of complexity. A major challenge facing Thessaloniki Water Supply and Sewerage CO S.A. (EYATH S.A.) is how to deal with high levels of water loss, and acoustic survey methods are now seen as having an increasingly wide range of benefits, not only including environmental and water conservation benefits of reducing leak flow rate but also improving its performance in water loss management. The paper presents the implementation of the acoustic survey method for leakage detection and reduction in various field areas of Thessaloniki and the interconnected municipalities. Key parameters have been taken included, such as the complexity of water distribution network, the reliability of available mapping, the established zones with respective flow metering, and the existence of high background noise. Results are analyzed in order to examine the efficiency of the acoustic logging technology.

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SMEU, George-Alexandru, Constantin GHIȚĂ, Aurel Ionuț CHIRILĂ, Dragoș Ioan DEACONU, and Valentin NĂVRĂPESCU. "COMPOSITION OF A DRINKING WATER PUMP GROUP PREPARED FOR IOT TECHNOLOGY." ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS) 2021, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36801/apme.2021.1.14.

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Technological developments in the field of sensors, transducers and data transmission lead to the development of industrial automation. In the field of drinking water distribution networks, this evolution brings a significant value contribution, in the form of savings at the time of implementation, as well as savings in operation. The paper seeks to highlight a method of sizing a pump set prepared for IoT (Internet of Things) technology. In essence, this form of pump group eliminates the need to implement industrial automation for group management and operation. The whole working logic is based on artificial intelligence and the statistics of the data accumulated by the network interconnected by intelligent sensors.

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36

Zhang, Mingyuan, Juan Zhang, Gang Li, and Yuan Zhao. "A Framework for Identifying the Critical Region in Water Distribution Network for Reinforcement Strategy from Preparation Resilience." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 9247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219247.

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Water distribution networks (WDNs), an interconnected collection of hydraulic control elements, are susceptible to a small disturbance that may induce unbalancing flows within a WDN and trigger large-scale losses and secondary failures. Identifying critical regions in a water distribution network (WDN) to formulate a scientific reinforcement strategy is significant for improving the resilience when network disruption occurs. This paper proposes a framework that identifies critical regions within WDNs, based on the three metrics that integrate the characteristics of WDNs with an external service function; the criticality of urban function zones, nodal supply water level and water shortage. Then, the identified critical regions are reinforced to minimize service loss due to disruptions. The framework was applied for a WDN in Dalian, China, as a case study. The results showed the framework efficiently identified critical regions required for effective WDN reinforcements. In addition, this study shows that the attributes of urban function zones play an important role in the distribution of water shortage and service loss of each region.

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37

Novella-Rodriguez, David-Fernando, Emmanuel Witrant, and Christian Commault. "Physical Modeling and Structural Properties of Small-Scale Mine Ventilation Networks." Mathematics 10, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10081253.

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This work is devoted to the modeling and structural analysis of ventilation networks in small-scale mines using a physically oriented modeling method that ensures power conservation. Small-scale mines are common in the mineral extraction industry of underdeveloped countries and their physical characteristics are taken into account in the modeling process. The geometrical topology of the ventilation network in addition with the conservation laws of the fluid distribution along the network are considered in order to obtain a simple modeling methodology. Non-linear characteristics of the interconnected fluid dynamics represent a challenge to determine significant features of the system from a control point of view. Observability and controllability properties are analyzed by considering the structural systems approach. An structural analysis provides information based on the network topology independently of the mine parameters allowing the number of sensors and actuators to be reduced while also preserving the observability and controllability of the ventilation system. Experimental results are provided by building a small-scale ventilation network benchmark to evaluate the proposed model and its properties.

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38

Levi, Albert, and Salim Sarimurat. "Utilizing hash graphs for key distribution for mobile and replaceable interconnected sensorsin the IoT context." Ad Hoc Networks 57 (March 2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.08.013.

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39

Usama, Muhammad, Hazlie Mokhlis, Mahmoud Moghavvemi, Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor, Majed A. Alotaibi, Munir Azam Muhammad, and Abdullah Akram Bajwa. "A Comprehensive Review on Protection Strategies to Mitigate the Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Interconnected Distribution Networks." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 35740–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061919.

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40

Mirzapour-Kamanaj, Amir, Majid Majidi, Kazem Zare, and Rasool Kazemzadeh. "Optimal strategic coordination of distribution networks and interconnected energy hubs: A linear multi-follower bi-level optimization model." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 119 (July 2020): 105925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.105925.

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41

Dubrou, S., J. Konjek, E. Macheras, B. Welté, L. Guidicelli, E. Chignon, M. Joyeux, et al. "Diversity, Community Composition, and Dynamics of Nonpigmented and Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria in an Urban Tap Water Production and Distribution System." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 18 (July 8, 2013): 5498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00900-13.

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ABSTRACTNonpigmented and late-pigmenting rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have been reported to commonly colonize water production and distribution systems. However, there is little information about the nature and distribution of RGM species within the different parts of such complex networks or about their clustering into specific RGM species communities. We conducted a large-scale survey between 2007 and 2009 in the Parisian urban tap water production and distribution system. We analyzed 1,418 water samples from 36 sites, covering all production units, water storage tanks, and distribution units; RGM isolates were identified by usingrpoBgene sequencing. We detected 18 RGM species and putative new species, with most isolates beingMycobacterium chelonaeandMycobacterium llatzerense. Using hierarchical clustering and principal-component analysis, we found that RGM were organized into various communities correlating with water origin (groundwater or surface water) and location within the distribution network. Water treatment plants were more specifically associated with species of theMycobacterium septicumgroup. On average,M. chelonaedominated network sites fed by surface water, andM. llatzerensedominated those fed by groundwater. Overall, theM. chelonaeprevalence index increased along the distribution network and was associated with a correlative decrease in the prevalence index ofM. llatzerense, suggesting competitive or niche exclusion between these two dominant species. Our data describe the great diversity and complexity of RGM species living in the interconnected environments that constitute the water production and distribution system of a large city and highlight the prevalence index of the potentially pathogenic speciesM. chelonaein the distribution network.

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42

Larasati, Nadyanti, Amien Rahardjo, Hanindito Titah Prameswara, and Faiz Husnayain. "Interconnection Study of a 3 MWp Solar Farm on 20 kV Distribution System Considering Power Flow and Short Circuit." ELKHA 12, no. 2 (October 11, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v12i2.41598.

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Currently, renewable energy is under review so that its use can be more widespread in the future. One of the renewable energy sources that are commonly used is solar energy through solar cell technology that can convert solar energy into electrical energy and then becomes one of the components that makes up the solar power plant. The use of the solar power plant can be interconnected with distribution networks in electric power systems, both medium-voltage networks and low voltage networks. In this study, a 3 MWp capacity of solar power plant was conducted with the medium-voltage network system of X City. This interconnection study consisted of power flow and short circuit studies using ETAP 12.6.0 software. The results of the power flow study show the voltage level of each bus has increased by 0.293%-0.926% after interconnection with the solar power plant system, with a value that still matches the SPLN 1:1978 standard of 90% to 105%. Besides, the results of short circuit study show the value of the three-phase short circuit fault current experienced a change in value that is not too significant, with an increase of 1-37 A and a decrease of 1-5 A, with a value that is still according to the protection component rating standard of 25 kA.

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Kheshti, Mostafa, and Xiaoning Kang. "Optimal overcurrent relay coordination in distribution network based on Lightning Flash Algorithm." Engineering Computations 35, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 1140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose Distribution network protection is a complicated problem and mal-operation of the protective relays due to false settings make the operation of the network unreliable. Besides, obtaining proper settings could be very complicated. This paper aims to discuss an innovative evolutionary Lightning Flash Algorithm (LFA) which is developed for solving the relay coordination problems in distribution networks. The proposed method is inspired from the movements of cloud to ground lightning strikes in a thunderstorm phenomenon. LFA is applied on three case study systems including ring, interconnected and radial distribution networks. The power flow analysis is performed in Digsilent Power Factory software; then the collected data are sent to MATLAB software for optimization process. The proposed algorithm provides optimum time multiplier setting and plug setting of all digital overcurrent relays in each system. The results are compared with other methods such as particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm. The result comparisons demonstrate that the proposed LFA can successfully obtain proper relay settings in distribution networks with faster speed of convergence and lower total operation time of relays. Also, it shows the superiority and effectiveness of this method against other algorithms. Design/methodology/approach A novel LFA is designed based on the movements of cloud to ground lightning strikes in a thunderstorm. This method is used to optimally adjust the time multiplier setting and plug setting of the relays in distribution system to provide a proper coordination scheme. Findings The proposed algorithm was tested on three case study systems, and the results were compared with other methods. The results confirmed that the proposed method could optimally adjust the relay settings in the electric distribution system to provide a proper protection scheme. Practical implications The practical implications can be conducted on distribution networks. The studies provided in this paper approve the practical application of the proposed method in providing proper relay protection in real power system. Originality/value This paper proposes a new evolutionary method derived from the movements of cloud to ground lightning strikes in thunderstorm. The proposed method can be used as an optimization toolbox to solve complex optimization problems in practical engineering systems.

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Ullah, Zahid, and Nayyar Hussain Mirjat. "Modeling the Energy Cooperation between Regionally Interconnected Aggregators using Bilateral Agreements." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1008, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1008/1/012016.

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Abstract Traditional centralized power dispatching systems have inherent limitations in dealing with the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy generation in distribution networks. This study presents a flexible energy exchange mechanism for regionally interconnected aggregators in regards to VRE penetration. Direct energy exchange between neighboring aggregators is proposed as a promising method of maximizing social welfare (i.e. maximization of end-users benefits and minimization of energy costs). The main idea of the proposed mechanism is to develop a parallel energy exchange cooperation between physically connected aggregators ensuring operational efficiency of the power systems at a local level. Given that neighboring aggregators may have differences in their energy generation and usage patterns these differences can be utilized to bridge the mismatch of each other’s supply shortage. An operational scenario of regionally interconnected aggregators is presented and investigated. The initial simulation results have illustrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed model and method.

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45

Arunachalam, Viswanathan, Raha Akhavan-Tabatabaei, and Cristina Lopez. "Results on a Binding Neuron Model and Their Implications for Modified Hourglass Model for Neuronal Network." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/374878.

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The classical models of single neuron like Hodgkin-Huxley point neuron or leaky integrate and fire neuron assume the influence of postsynaptic potentials to last till the neuron fires. Vidybida (2008) in a refreshing departure has proposed models for binding neurons in which the trace of an input is remembered only for a finite fixed period of time after which it is forgotten. The binding neurons conform to the behaviour of real neurons and are applicable in constructing fast recurrent networks for computer modeling. This paper develops explicitly several useful results for a binding neuron like the firing time distribution and other statistical characteristics. We also discuss the applicability of the developed results in constructing a modified hourglass network model in which there are interconnected neurons with excitatory as well as inhibitory inputs. Limited simulation results of the hourglass network are presented.

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46

Rho, Dae-Seok, and Eui-Hwan Kim. "A Study on the Voltage Regulation Method Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Distribution Systems Interconnected with Distributed Generation." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2009): 3130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2009.10.11.3130.

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47

Wang, Chao Xian, Chang Yong Sun, Chang Jiang Yu, Yong Xiu Li, Jian Zhao, De Xuan Huang, and Yi Bing Song. "Fabrication of Highly Ordered Carbon Networks as Catalyst Supports for Aerobic Oxidation of Glucose." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1186.

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Highly ordered macro- and meso- porous carbon materials were prepared in a facile nanocasting approach using colloidal crystals silica and SBA-15 as starting template, respectively. The synthesized macroporous carbon templated from colloidal silica shows a honeycomb-like morphology and three-dimensionally interconnected networks of macrospores of about 400 nm in diameter. The resulting mesoporous carbon derived from SBA-15 templates exhibits high specific area (1206m2/g), large pore volume (1.097cc/g) and uniform pore size distribution (3.64 nm). These carbon materials were employed to aerobic oxidation of glucose as support of Au NPs catalyst. 2wt% Au NPs/mesoporous carbon shows high catalytic activity due to highly dispersion of Au NPs resulting from the confinement effects of mesoporous carbon.

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48

Traupmann, Anna, and Thomas Kienberger. "Test Grids for the Integration of RES—A Contribution for the European Context." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 5431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205431.

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A long-term sustainable energy transition can only be achieved by technological advancements and new approaches for efficiently integrating renewable energies into the overall energy system. Significantly increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) within the overall energy system requires appropriate network models of current transmission and distribution grids, which, as limiting factors of energy infrastructures, confine this share due to capacity constraints. However, especially regarding electrical network models, data (e.g., geographical data, load and generation profiles, etc.) is rarely available since it usually includes user-specific information and is, therefore, subject to data protection. Synthetically obtained electrical networks, on the other hand, may not be representative and may fail to replicate real grid structures due to the heterogeneous properties of currently operated networks. To account for this heterogeneity, this paper offers a contribution for the European electrical energy system and presents the development of four synthetic test networks at different voltage levels which are representative and include non-confidential time-series data. The test network development is based on an extensive literature research on a multitude of different network parameters for grids within the ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity) interconnected system in Europe. These parameters are then used to design the networks in NEPLAN®. Then, these networks are provided with load and generation profiles for enabling time-series calculations. To validate the representativeness of the test networks, a short-circuit analysis is conducted and the obtained results are compared to short-circuit parameters common for Austrian and German literature values as well as for value ranges for European ENTSO-E grids. The analysis shows that the presented test networks replicate European electrical network behavior accurately and can, therefore, be utilized for various application purposes to assess technological impacts on European ENTSO-E grids.

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Hemmati, Mohammad, Mehdi Abapour, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, and Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam. "Optimal Operation of Integrated Electrical and Natural Gas Networks with a Focus on Distributed Energy Hub Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 8320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208320.

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Coordinated multi-carrier energy systems with natural gas and electricity energies provide specific opportunities to improve energy efficiency and flexibility of the energy supply. The interdependency of electricity and natural gas networks faces multiple challenges from power and gas flow in corresponding feeders and pipes and connection points between two infrastructures’ points of view. However, the energy hub concepts as the fundamental concept of multi-carrier energy systems with multiple conversion, storage, and generation facilities can be considered as a connection point between electricity and gas grids. Hence, this paper proposes an optimal operation of coordinated gas and electricity distribution networks by considering interconnected energy hubs. The proposed energy hub is equipped with combined heat and power units, a boiler, battery energy storage, a heat pump, and a gas-fired unit to meet the heating and electrical load demands. The proposed model is formulated as a two-stage scenario-based stochastic model aiming to minimize total operational cost considering wind energy, electrical load, and real-time power price uncertainties. The proposed integrated energy system can participate in real-time and day-ahead power markets, as well as the gas market, to purchase its required energy. The AC-power flow and Weymouth equation are extended to describe power and gas flow in feeders and gas pipelines, respectively. Therefore, a realistic model for the integrated electricity and gas grids considering coupling constraints is satisfied. The proposed model is tested on the integrated energy system and consists of a 33-bus electrical network and a 6-node gas grid with multiple interconnected energy hubs, where the numerical results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed model.

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Deines, P., R. Sekar, H. S. Jensen, S. Tait, J. B. Boxall, A. M. Osborn, and C. A. Biggs. "MUWS (Microbiology in Urban Water Systems) – an interdisciplinary approach to study microbial communities in urban water systems." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 3, no. 2 (July 12, 2010): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-3-91-2010.

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Abstract. Microbiology in Urban Water Systems (MUWS) is an integrated project, which aims to characterize the microorganisms found in both potable water distribution systems and sewer networks. These large infrastructure systems have a major impact on our quality of life, and despite the importance of these systems as major components of the water cycle, little is known about their microbial ecology. Potable water distribution systems and sewer networks are both large, highly interconnected, dynamic, subject to time and varying inputs and demands, and difficult to control. Their performance also faces increasing loading due to increasing urbanization and longer-term environmental changes. Therefore, understanding the link between microbial ecology and any potential impacts on short or long-term engineering performance within urban water infrastructure systems is important. By combining the strengths and research expertise of civil-, biochemical engineers and molecular microbial ecologists, we ultimately aim to link microbial community abundance, diversity and function to physical and engineering variables so that novel insights into the performance and management of both water distribution systems and sewer networks can be explored. By presenting the details and principals behind the molecular microbiological techniques that we use, this paper demonstrates the potential of an integrated approach to better understand how urban water system function, and so meet future challenges.

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