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1
Thomas, John M. "Advanced Catalysts: Interfaces in the physical and biological sciences." Advanced Materials 1, no. 8-9 (1989): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19890010803.
2
Thomas, John M. "Advanced Catalysts: Interfaces in the Physical and Biological Sciences." Angewandte Chemie 101, no. 8 (January 13, 2006): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19891010849.
3
Thomas, John M. "Advanced Catalysts: Interfaces in the Physical and Biological Sciences." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28, no. 8 (August 1989): 1079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198910791.
4
Morey, Julien, Jean-Bernard Ledeuil, Lénaïc Madec, and Hervé Martinez. "Methodological developments to expose and analyse buried interfaces in lithium solid-state batteries using ex situ, in situ and operando cycling." EPJ Web of Conferences 273 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227301007.
Анотація:
Lithium solid-state batteries (SSBs) are a promising technology for electrochemical energy storage systems. So far, the performance of SSBs are mainly governed by the electro-chemo-mechanical properties of the diverse solid/solid interfaces and their evolution upon cycling. However, as these interfaces are buried in the battery stack, their comprehensive understanding remains a challenge. Here, we thus provide some advances in methodological developments for ex situ, in situ and operando cycling/analysis of these buried interfaces. It is showed that noble gaz ion milling at liquid nitrogen temperature is a suitable and reproducible method to prepare cross-section without any chemical/physical change even for polymer-based SSBs. In addition, innovative operando cycling using Auger analysis was proposed for the first time on a model Li/Li6PS5Cl stack. The interest of this approach is to be able to proceed without a dedicated electrochemical cell and to use the fully adjustable electron beam of the auger to create a surface potential difference followed by lithium migration then SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) formation and Li plating. Overall, this work should greatly benefits to all researchers working on buried interfaces study in lithium solid-state batteries.
5
Sarikaya, Mehmet. "Organic-inorganic interfaces in biological composites." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169869.
Анотація:
Biological hard tissues, such as bone, dentin, and mollusk shells, are composite materials incorporating an organic matrix and inorganic crystallites in a complex nano- and micro-architectural forms. The interest of physical sciences in biological composites stems from the fact that these materials are self assembled in an hierarchical fashion from molecular to macro scale, and that the resulting assemblies have properties that far exceed those of current synthetic materials of similar elemental or phase compositions. The objective of biomimetics is to either mimick structures of biological composites, biomimicking, or use the synthesis methodologies of organisms to produce new materials, bioduplication. In a biocomposite, substructure and crystallography of the inorganic component are highly ordered, its morphology and shape are species specific; these are all thought to be regulated by the organic matrix. The understanding of ructural relationship between the organic and ceramic components of a biological composite, therefore, is fundamental both to the understanding of mechanisms of biomineralization and to biomimetic design and synthesis of novel engineering materials. These issues will be addressed in the present paper.
6
van den Hoven, Elise, and Ali Mazalek. "Grasping gestures: Gesturing with physical artifacts." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 25, no. 3 (July 11, 2011): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060411000072.
Анотація:
AbstractGestures play an important role in communication. They support the listener, who is trying to understand the speaker. However, they also support the speaker by facilitating the conceptualization and verbalization of messages and reducing cognitive load. Gestures thus play an important role in collaboration and also in problem-solving tasks. In human–computer interaction, gestures are also used to facilitate communication with digital applications, because their expressive nature can enable less constraining and more intuitive digital interactions than conventional user interfaces. Although gesture research in the social sciences typically considers empty-handed gestures, digital gesture interactions often make use of hand-held objects or touch surfaces to capture gestures that would be difficult to track in free space. In most cases, the physical objects used to make these gestures serve primarily as a means of sensing or input. In contrast, tangible interaction makes use of physical objects as embodiments of digital information. The physical objects in a tangible interface thus serve as representations as well as controls for the digital information they are associated with. Building on this concept, gesture interaction has the potential to make use of the physical properties of hand-held objects to enhance or change the functionality of the gestures made. In this paper, we look at the design opportunities that arise at the intersection of gesture and tangible interaction. We believe that gesturing while holding physical artifacts opens up a new interaction design space for collaborative digital applications that is largely unexplored. We provide a survey of gesture interaction work as it relates to tangible and touch interaction. Based on this survey, we define the design space of tangible gesture interaction as the use of physical devices for facilitating, supporting, enhancing, or tracking gestures people make for digital interaction purposes, and outline the design opportunities in this space.
7
Stevenson, C., and C. Prior. "Microscopic Analysis in Archaeology." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 3 (March 1989): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063132.
Анотація:
The papers in this edition of the MRS BULLETIN were among those presented during a workshop entitled “SAS Interfaces '87: Microscopy for the Archaeologist.” The workshop was sponsored by the Society for Archaeological Sciences at the 52nd annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology held in Toronto, Ontario, May 1987. The Society for Archaeological Sciences is an interdisciplinary professional society for researchers involved in the broad spectrum of physical science applications to archaeology in order to promote interaction among scientists interested in different aspects of common research problems.Archaeometry, i.e., “archaeological science,” is concerned with the physical analysis of archaeological materials and the application of techniques from the laboratory sciences to the objectives and needs of archaeology. It includes such activities as compositional analysis, reconstruction of past technologies and processes, remote sensing, paleo-environmental reconstruction, and of course, isotopic and other chronometric dating methods. Such techniques alone, however, yield results that mean little without appropriate application to anthropological problems. The chief concern of archaeologists is to choose the most appropriate analysis method to achieve results that are useful in interpreting cultural behavior. To that end, laboratory analysts need to be aware of the interests and concerns of archaeologists, and archaeologists need to be able to understand the technical advances in archaeometry to incorporate them into their research.
8
Xiao, Jian Zhuang, Qiong Liu, Jiang Tao Du, and Chuan Zeng Zhang. "Micro-Damage Mechanisms and Property Fluctuation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.61.
Анотація:
In this paper, the basic damage mechanisms and the primary reasons for the property fluctuation of recycled aggregate concrete are investigated experimentally. By a comprehensive literature study and systematic laboratory tests, the interactions between the old and the new interfaces in recycled aggregate concrete are analyzed. In particular, the damage initiation and evolution mechanisms on the old and the new interfaces are studied in details. The essential factors affecting the fluctuation and its extent are investigated from the point of view of material sciences. The present results imply that the qualitative and quantitative changes of the old and the new interfaces during the loading process induce a notable fluctuation of the mechanical and the physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. To reduce the fluctuation and improve the mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate concrete, effective controlling and processing measures are suggested and discussed.
9
Kitaev, Yu E., A. S. Krylov, and T. I. Maksimova. "Soft mode mechanism of the transition into the low-temperature ferroelastic phase in K-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-Na(CrO-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- crystals." Физика твердого тела 58, no. 12 (2016): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2016.12.43867.187.
Анотація:
The sequence of phase transitions P3m1 -> C2/m -> C2/c in K3Na(CrO4)2 crystals and existence of the intermediate phase have been studied both experimentally by the Raman scattering method and theoretically by programs and retrieval tools of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server. A zone-edge soft mode responsible for a transition from the intermediate C2/m to a low-symmetry C2/c phase at T=210 K has been discovered experimentally for the first time. The symmetry of the soft mode has been established theoretically to be A2+. The temperature interval of the intermediate monoclinic phase has been determined to be 239-210 K. This work was supported by a grant from the Department of Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of the program "Basic Optical Spectroscopy and Its Applications."
10
Bartlett, P. N. "Electrified interfaces in physics, chemistry and biology, NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and physical sciences vol. 355, R. Guidelli (Ed.)." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 347, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(93)80114-w.
11
Barker, W. W., and J. F. Banfield. "Zones of Chemical and Physical Interaction at Interfaces Between Microbial Communities and Minerals: A Model." Geomicrobiology Journal 15, no. 3 (July 1998): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490459809378078.
12
Laouina, Zineb, Lynda Ouchaouka, Mohamed Moussetad, Soumia Mordane, and Mohamed Radid. "Remote Lab Experiments in Mechanic: The Compound Pendulum." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 19, no. 02 (February 16, 2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v19i02.37061.
Анотація:
In the teaching of experimental sciences, practical work plays a crucial role since it allows learners to transfer the knowledge acquired in theoretical courses into practical skills. For this purpose, laboratories allow learning by experience and aim at involving students, which reinforces learning receptivity. Recent years have seen an increasing use of online labs, including both virtual and remote labs, Remote labs, providing online interfaces to physical labs, allow students to conduct experiments with real-world equipment anywhere and at any time. This paper proposes a model of design, development and implementation of a remote manipulation in an E-Lab. It is the compound pendulum which is part of the handling offered to the students of the 1st year of university in the field of physical sciences. The aim of this paper is to make this approach available to allow more experiments on a digital platform in order to allow learning for all, independently of time and place.
13
Washington, Peter, Karina G. Samuel-Gama, Shirish Goyal, Ashwin Ramaswami, and Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse. "Interactive programming paradigm for real-time experimentation with remote living matter." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (March 1, 2019): 5411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815367116.
Анотація:
Recent advancements in life-science instrumentation and automation enable entirely new modes of human interaction with microbiological processes and corresponding applications for science and education through biology cloud laboratories. A critical barrier for remote and on-site life-science experimentation (for both experts and nonexperts alike) is the absence of suitable abstractions and interfaces for programming living matter. To this end we conceptualize a programming paradigm that provides stimulus and sensor control functions for real-time manipulation of physical biological matter. Additionally, a simulation mode facilitates higher user throughput, program debugging, and biophysical modeling. To evaluate this paradigm, we implemented a JavaScript-based web toolkit, “Bioty,” that supports real-time interaction with swarms of phototacticEuglenacells hosted on a cloud laboratory. Studies with remote and on-site users demonstrate that individuals with little to no biology knowledge and intermediate programming knowledge were able to successfully create and use scientific applications and games. This work informs the design of programming environments for controlling living matter in general, for living material microfabrication and swarm robotics applications, and for lowering the access barriers to the life sciences for professional and citizen scientists, learners, and the lay public.
14
Rofallski, Robin, and Thomas Luhmann. "An Efficient Solution to Ray Tracing Problems in Multimedia Photogrammetry for Flat Refractive Interfaces." PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science 90, no. 1 (March 2022): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41064-022-00192-1.
Анотація:
AbstractUnderstanding and considering refraction effects are important parts of the demanding task of multimedia photogrammetry, especially with planar interfaces, so-called ”flat ports”. Yet, it remains challenging to determine reliable calibration results that are both quickly acquired and physically interpretable. In this contribution, a novel object-based optimization algorithm, relying on ray tracing methods, is introduced. It enables calibrating physical parameters of all involved refractive properties with reduced computational effort, compared to other standard algorithms in ray tracing. We show that this solution produces equally accurate results as other ray tracing approaches while improving processing speed by a factor of approximately ten and providing a statistical metric in object space. Furthermore, we show in a laboratory investigation that explicit calibration of refractive properties is crucial even with orthogonally aligned bundle-invariant interfaces for highest accuracy, as accuracy in object space is decreased by about 10% with implicit calibration. With deviation from orthogonality by about ten degrees this decreases even further to almost no useful results and accuracy loss of more than 50% compared to explicit calibration results.
15
Everitt, Aluna, Anne Roudaut, Kasper Hornbæk, Mike Fraser, and Jason Alexander. "Investigating pointing performance for tangible surfaces with physical 3D targets." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, ISS (November 14, 2022): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3567736.
Анотація:
One of the most fundamental interactions –pointing– is well understood on flat surfaces. However, pointing performance on tangible surfaces with physical targets is still limited for Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs). We investigate the effect of a target’s physical width, height, and distance on user pointing performance. We conducted a study using a reciprocal tapping task ( n =19) with physical rods arranged in a circle. We compared our data with five conventional interaction models designed for 2D/3D tasks rather than tangible targets. We show that variance in the movement times was only satisfactorily explained by a model established for volumetric displays ( r 2 =0.954). Analysis shows that movement direction and height should be included as parameters to this model to generalize for 3D tangible targets. Qualitative feedback from participants suggests that pointing at physical targets involves additional human factors (e.g., perception of sharpness or robustness) that need to be investigated further to understand how performance with tangible objects is affected.
16
Brown, P. D., H. K. Edwards, and M. W. Fay. "Microscopy at the life sciences / physical sciences interface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 241 (July 1, 2010): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012019.
17
Fermeglia, Maurizio, Marek Maly, Paola Posocco, and Sabrina Pricl. "Multiscale Molecular Modeling of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites of Type I and II." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.265.
Анотація:
A current challenge of physical, chemical and engineering sciences is to develop theoretical tools for predicting structure and physical properties of hybrid organic inorganic nanocomposite from the knowledge of a few input parameters. However, despite all efforts, progress in the prediction of macroscopic physical properties from structure has been slow. Major difficulties relate to the fact that (a) the microstructural elements in multiphase material are not shaped or oriented as in the idealizations of computer simulations, and more than one type can coexist; (b) multiple length and time scales are generally involved and must be taken into account, when overall thermodynamic and mechanical properties wish to be determined, and finally (c) the effect of the interphases/interfaces on the physical properties is often not well understood and characterized. As a consequence, their role is often neglected in the development of new theoretical tools or they are treated in a very empirical way. In this work, we focused on issues (b) and (c) in a multiscale molecular simulation framework, with the ultimate goal of developing a computationally-based nanocomposite designing tool. In particular, we developed a hierarchical procedure in which lower scale (i.e., QM, MD and /or MC) simulations are performed to obtain parameters for higher scale (i.e., mesoscopic and/or finite element) calculations, from which the bulk properties of the hybrid nanocomposite material can be ultimately estimated.
18
Perica, Tina, Yasushi Kondo, Sandhya P. Tiwari, Stephen H. McLaughlin, Katherine R. Kemplen, Xiuwei Zhang, Annette Steward, Nathalie Reuter, Jane Clarke, and Sarah A. Teichmann. "Evolution of oligomeric state through allosteric pathways that mimic ligand binding." Science 346, no. 6216 (December 18, 2014): 1254346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254346.
Анотація:
Evolution and design of protein complexes are almost always viewed through the lens of amino acid mutations at protein interfaces. We showed previously that residues not involved in the physical interaction between proteins make important contributions to oligomerization by acting indirectly or allosterically. In this work, we sought to investigate the mechanism by which allosteric mutations act, using the example of the PyrR family of pyrimidine operon attenuators. In this family, a perfectly sequence-conserved helix that forms a tetrameric interface is exposed as solvent-accessible surface in dimeric orthologs. This means that mutations must be acting from a distance to destabilize the interface. We identified 11 key mutations controlling oligomeric state, all distant from the interfaces and outside ligand-binding pockets. Finally, we show that the key mutations introduce conformational changes equivalent to the conformational shift between the free versus nucleotide-bound conformations of the proteins.
19
You, Hoydoo, and Zoltán Nagy. "Applications of Synchrotron Surface X-Ray Scattering Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940005171x.
Анотація:
Aqueous-solution/solid interfaces are ubiquitous in modern manufacturing environments as well as in our living environment, and studies of such interfaces are an active area of science and engineering research. An important area is the study of liquid/solid interfaces under active electrochemical control, which has many immediate technological implications, for example, corrosion/passivation of metals and energy storage in batteries and ultracapacitors. The central phenomenon of electrochemistry is the charge transfer at the interface, and the region of interest is usually wider than a single atomic layer, ranging from a monolayer to thousands of angstroms, extending into both phases.Despite the technological and environmental importance of liquid/solid interfaces, the atomic level understanding of such interfaces had been very much hampered by the absence of nondestructive, in situ experimental techniques. The situation has changed somewhat in recent decades with the development of the largely ex situ ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science, modern spectroscopic techniques, and modern surface microscopy.However in situ experiments of electrochemical interfaces are difficult, stemming from the special nature of these interfaces. These are so-called buried interfaces in which the solid electrode surface is covered by a relatively thick liquid layer. For this reason, the probe we use in the structural investigation must satisfy simultaneously two conditions: (1) the technique must be surface/interface sensitive, and (2) absorption of the probe in the liquid phase must be sufficiently small for penetration to and from the interface of interest without significant intensity loss.
20
Leone, Davide. "U’Game – a toolkit for urban gaming." Interaction Design and Architecture(s), no. 40 (April 15, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-040-004.
Анотація:
This paper is about a pervasive game factory based in Palermo. The main issue is to highlight the main features of these productions in generating new interfaces and new access keys to the heritage. The paper describes the point of view of this small society focuses about the connection between real world and world of games using both physical an digital supports. The text focuses on three games produced inside a participatory process arguing the role of urban and pervasive games as a citizenship tool.
21
Battistella, Cinzia, Alberto De Toni, and Elena Pessot. "Framing Open Innovation in Start-Ups’ Incubators: A Complexity Theory Perspective." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 4, no. 3 (August 7, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4030033.
Анотація:
Recently, concepts and principles from the Complexity Theory (or, generally speaking, the complexity sciences) have been applied as a perspective for capturing the influence of the context, interaction, and adaption in the innovation processes, such as the ones enabled in the business incubators. The purpose of this paper is to implement a frame of reference for understanding the start-ups’ incubator as a complex system where innovation, learning, and self-organization take place. We build on the interfaces between the Complexity Theory (i.e., complexity sciences) and Open Innovation literature to identify principles, patterns, and conditions that frame the incubation practices as simple rules aimed to sustain the innovation process towards the creation of new ventures. Results from the multiple case studies conducted in five incubators show that the features of variety, nonlinear interaction, interdependence, autonomy, and emergence of the incubation process framed as a complex system are enabled in different ways by the combination of the open innovation practices and services provided by the start-ups’ incubators, including the provision of physical infrastructure, access to funding streams, experts/entrepreneurs networking, education/workshops, mentorship, and advice.
22
Van Den Berg, Hugo A. "Inceptions of Biomathematics from Lotka to Thom." Science Progress 100, no. 1 (March 2017): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685017x14858831042682.
Анотація:
Mathematical biology occupies a special place at the interface between the physical, mathematical and life sciences. Is this interface merely a meeting point for dabblers venturing out of their own proper domains to work on problems of mutual interest? Or is it an incipient science in its own right, with its own particular character, principles, and practices? The past century has seen vast advances in the application of mathematical and physical ideas and techniques to biological problems, in the process transforming many of them almost beyond recognition. Nonetheless, the question of a biomathematics as a new kind of science remains open, despite several fascinating, if sometimes problematic, attempts.
23
Kögel, Johannes, and Gregor Wolbring. "What It Takes to Be a Pioneer: Ability Expectations From Brain-Computer Interface Users." NanoEthics 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-020-00378-0.
Анотація:
AbstractBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are envisioned to enable new abilities of action. This potential can be fruitful in particular when it comes to restoring lost motion or communication abilities or to implementing new possibilities of action. However, BCIs do not come without presuppositions. Applying the concept of ability expectations to BCIs, a wide range of requirements on the side of the users becomes apparent. We examined these ability expectations by taking the example of therapeutic BCI users who got enrolled into BCI research studies due to particular physical conditions. Some of the expectations identified are quite explicit, like particular physical conditions and BCI “literacy”. Other expectations are more implicit, such as motivation, a high level of concentration, pain tolerance, emotion control and resources. These expectations may produce a conception of the human and a self-understanding among BCI users that objectify the body in favour of a brain-centred, cerebral notion of the subject which also plays its part in upholding a normality regime.
24
Tooth, Stephen. "Arid geomorphology: emerging research themes and new frontiers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 2 (April 2009): 251–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309338135.
Анотація:
Research conducted at the interfaces between traditionally disparate academic disciplines can provide fresh perspectives that catalyse novel research approaches and themes. With particular reference to publications from the last few years, this report focuses on a selection of emerging research themes that highlight the growing links between arid geomorphology and other disciplines, including ecology and soil science, sedimentology and petroleum geology, and planetary science. Three themes are addressed: (1) the role of fire in arid geomorphological systems, characterized by investigations that tend to focus on surface processes and landforms at relatively small spatial scales (plot to short channel reach) and short timescales (hours to years); (2) arid fluvial sedimentary systems, characterized by investigations that commonly focus on processes, landforms and sedimentary products at larger spatial scales (channel reach to basin) and longer timescales (years to millions of years); and (3) arid geomorphology on Mars, commonly characterized by process-landform investigations at very large spatial scales (entire physiographic regions to full planetary contexts) and yet longer timescales (millions to billions of years). For each theme, research gaps are identified, which provides an indication of where the research frontier currently lies. In particular, geomorphological research on Mars and other planetary bodies represents a new physical and intellectual frontier that offers great potential for further interplay with Earth landscape studies in arid and other climatic regions. While there are concerns about the present health and direction of geomorphology and physical geography, this rich diversity of themes provides evidence for vigorous and focused research in arid geomorphology.
25
de Jonge, L. W., P. Moldrup, and P. Schjønning. "Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces and Translocation Processes in Inner Space (''Soil-it-is''): towards a road map for the constraints and crossroads of soil architecture and biophysical processes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (March 25, 2009): 2633–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-2633-2009.
Анотація:
Abstract. Soil functions and their impact on health, economy and the environment are evident at the macro scale but determined at the micro scale, based on interactions between soil micro-architecture and the transport and transformation processes occurring in the pore and particle networks and at their interfaces. Soil structure formation and its resilience to disturbance are highly dynamic features affected by management (energy input), moisture (matric potential), and solids composition and complexation (organic carbon, OC, and clay interactions). In this paper we review and put into perspective preliminary results of the newly started research program ''Soil-it-is'' on functional soil architecture. To identify and quantify biophysical constraints on soil structure changes and resilience, we claim that new paradigms are needed to better interpret processes and parameters measured at the bulk soil scale and their links to the seemingly chaotic soil inner space behavior at the micro scale (soil self-organization). As a first step, we revisit the soil matrix (solids phase) and pore system (water and air phases), constituting the complementary and interactive networks of soil infrastructure. For a field-pair with contrasting soil management, we suggest new ways of data analysis on measured soil-gas transport parameters at different moisture conditions to evaluate controls of soil matrix and pore network formation. Results imply that some soils form sponge-like pore networks (mostly healthy soils in terms of environmental functions), while other soils form pipe-like structures (poorly functioning soils), with the difference related to both complexation of organic matter and degradation of soil structure. The recently presented Dexter threshold (ratio of clay to organic carbon of 10 g g−1) is found to be a promising constraint for a soil's ability to maintain or regenerate functional structure. Next, we show the Dexter threshold may also apply to hydrological and physical-chemical interface phenomena including soil-water repellency and sorption of volatile organic vapors (gas-water-solids interfaces) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (water-solids interfaces). However, data for differently-managed soils imply that energy input, soil-moisture status, and vegetation (quality of eluded organic matter) may be equally important constraints together with the complexation and degradation of organic carbon in deciding functional soil architecture and interface processes. Finally, we envision a road map to soil inner space where we search for the main controls of particle and pore network changes and structure build-up and resilience at each crossroad of biophysical parameters, where, for example, complexation between organic matter and clay, and moisture-induced changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface conditions can play a role. We hypothesize that each crossroad (e.g. between OC/clay ratio and matric potential) may initiate breakdown or activation of soil self-organization at a given time as affected by gradients in energy and moisture from soil use and climate. The road map may serve as inspiration for renewed and multi-disciplinary focus on functional soil architecture.
26
Shaapur, F. "Feature enhancement by non-uniform ion-milling for SEM of integrated circuits." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100147016.
Анотація:
A variety of techniques has been developed to enhance the image contrast of EM specimens in both physical and biological sciences. In SEM of materials, feature enhancement is mainly based on augmentation of surface topography by non-uniform material removal from different structural elements and preferential erosion at adjoining interfaces. The enhanced surface topography, in turn, translates into better response to the probing beam resulting in higher image contrast.In cross-sectional imaging by SEM (XSEM) of ICs, feature enhancement has been carried out by chemical or mechanical, i.e., ion-milling, surface treatments. Ion-milling has been used to clean surfaces and to enhance their topography. The non-uniform material removal from the surface, in this case, merely relies on an inherent characteristic of the structural elements, i.e., their relative erosion rates during the ion-thinning. An additional factor, i.e., minimization of the “shadowing” effect by adjusting the orientation of ion incidence may also be used to elevate the non-uniform ion-milling even further.
27
Li, Da, Yun Luo, Delphine Onidas, Li He, Ming Jin, Florence Gazeau, Jean Pinson, and Claire Mangeney. "Surface functionalization of nanomaterials by aryl diazonium salts for biomedical sciences." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 294 (August 2021): 102479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102479.
28
Kassen, Stefan, Holger Tammen, Maximilian Zarte, and Agnes Pechmann. "Concept and Case Study for a Generic Simulation as a Digital Shadow to Be Used for Production Optimisation." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081362.
Анотація:
Optimising an existing production plant is a challenging task for companies. Necessary physical test runs disturb running production processes. Simulation models are one opportunity to limit these physical test runs. This is particularly important since today’s fast and intelligent networking opportunities in production systems are in line with the call of Industry 4.0 for substantial and frequent changes. Creating simulation models for those systems requires high effort and in-depth knowledge of production processes. In the current literature, digital twins promise several advantages for production optimisation and can be used to simulate production systems, which reduce necessary physical test runs and related costs. While most companies are not able to create digital twins yet, companies using enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have the general capability to create digital shadows. This paper presents a concept and a case study for a generic simulation of production systems in AnyLogic™ to create digital shadows as the first step towards a full digital twin. The generic simulation visualises production systems automatically and displays key performance indicators (KPIs) for the planned production program, using representational state transfer (REST) interfaces to extract product and production data from an ERP system. The case study has been applied in a learning factory of the University of Applied Life Sciences Emden/Leer. The results prove the presented concept of the generic simulation and show the limits and challenges of working with generic simulation models.
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Yang, Ying, Tim Dwyer, Michael Wybrow, Benjamin Lee, Maxime Cordeil, Mark Billinghurst, and Bruce H. Thomas. "Towards immersive collaborative sensemaking." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, ISS (November 14, 2022): 722–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3567741.
Анотація:
When collaborating face-to-face, people commonly use the surfaces and spaces around them to perform sensemaking tasks, such as spatially organising documents, notes or images. However, when people collaborate remotely using desktop interfaces they no longer feel like they are sharing the same space. This limitation may be overcome through collaboration in immersive environments, which simulate the physical in-person experience. In this paper, we report on a between-groups study comparing collaborations on image organisation tasks, in an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environment to more conventional desktop conferencing. Collecting data from 40 subjects in groups of four, we measured task performance, user behaviours, collaboration engagement and awareness. Overall, the VR and desktop interface resulted in similar speed, accuracy and social presence rating, but we observed more conversations and interaction with objects, and more equal contributions to the interaction from participants within groups in VR. We also identified differences in coordination and collaborative awareness behaviours between VR and desktop platforms. We report on a set of systematic measures for assessing VR collaborative experience and a new analysis tool that we have developed to capture user behaviours in collaborative setting. Finally, we provide design considerations and directions for future work.
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Santos, Ana C., Carolina Ferreira, Francisco Veiga, António J. Ribeiro, Abhishek Panchal, Yuri Lvov, and Anshul Agarwal. "Halloysite clay nanotubes for life sciences applications: From drug encapsulation to bioscaffold." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 257 (July 2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2018.05.007.
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Thomas, Gareth. "Role of EM in interface science and engineering." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121442.
Анотація:
The world of materials is a world of interfaces. Indeed many technologically significant materials have properties both physical and mechanical which are determined by the structure, composition, and bonding of the interfaces within these materials. Thus, electron microscopy and microanalysis, with its high resolution and specificity of information, is one of the key methods needed for characterization. Imaging can be done by amplitude contrast but is limited by the factor g • R (where R is a displacement vector), or resolution in phase contrast, and in today's modern instruments atomic arrangements can be imaged directly, both in plan and cross-sectional views. Beautiful examples are now being published. However so far, few developments to utilize this information for materials design have been forthcoming. On the other hand, interface or intergranular phases are very important in many metallurgical and ceramic systems. In fact many materials are composites of one kind or another and composites involving intergranular phases are an important group of such materials.
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Dardzinski, Derek, Maituo Yu, Saeed Moayedpour, and Noa Marom. "Best practices for first-principles simulations of epitaxial inorganic interfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 23 (April 1, 2022): 233002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac577b.
Анотація:
Abstract At an interface between two materials physical properties and functionalities may be achieved, which would not exist in either material alone. Epitaxial inorganic interfaces are at the heart of semiconductor, spintronic, and quantum devices. First principles simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) can help elucidate the electronic and magnetic properties of interfaces and relate them to the structure and composition at the atomistic scale. Furthermore, DFT simulations can predict the structure and properties of candidate interfaces and guide experimental efforts in promising directions. However, DFT simulations of interfaces can be technically elaborate and computationally expensive. To help researchers embarking on such simulations, this review covers best practices for first principles simulations of epitaxial inorganic interfaces, including DFT methods, interface model construction, interface structure prediction, and analysis and visualization tools.
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Chen, Min-Bo. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 11 (January 1, 2005): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20057711iv.
Анотація:
The 17th International Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC-17) is the latest event in a regular IUPAC-sponsored series, and took place in Shanghai, China on 15ñ20 August 2004 under the local auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Chemical Society.About 200 delegates attended ICPOC-17 from 21 countries, to participate in a scientific program comprising 14 plenary and 17 invited lectures, 41 contributed lectures, and 53 posters. The ongoing importance of the conference theme is reflected in a range of topics that serve to underpin fundamental principles of the subject, whilst also addressing new and evolving challenges posed by the growing interdisciplinary interfaces. This interdependence is exemplified by the centrality of mechanistic insight in modern synthesis, the interpretive and predictive power of theoretical studies, and the indispensable role of physical organic principles in studies of organized matter and biological systems, all of which featured prominently in the program.Proceedings of this series of conferences are traditionally published in Pure and Applied Chemistry, and it is pleasing to introduce a representative selection of outstanding works based upon plenary lectures delivered at ICPOC-17. Mechanistic studies form the subject of papers by H. Mayr (Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany), V. D. Parker (Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA), and M. Eckert-Maksic (Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia), whilst those of F. Diederich (ETH, Zurich, Switzerland) and C. J. Easton (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) address fundamental aspects of materials sciences. Biological themes feature in works by F. M. Menger (Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA), Zhong-Li Liu (Lanzhou University, China), and A. Pross (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel).Collectively, these papers exemplify the vigor and topicality of the overall scientific proceedings of ICPOC-17, and convey something of the diversity of themes that characterize current and future challenges in physical organic chemistry. This important forum will reconvene in Warsaw on 20ñ25 August 2006 for the 18th International Conference on Physical Organic Chemistry (ICPOC-18), and it is confidently expected that this record will serve the needs of practicing scientists, and offer inspiration and insight for future advances that may be reported on that occasion.Min-Bo ChenConference Editor
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Hedley, Nicholas R., Mark Billinghurst, Lori Postner, Richard May, and Hirokazu Kato. "Explorations in the Use of Augmented Reality for Geographic Visualization." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, no. 2 (April 2002): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1054746021470577.
Анотація:
In this paper, we describe two explorations in the use of hybrid user interfaces for collaborative geographic data visualization. Our first interface combines three technologies: augmented reality (AR), immersive virtual reality (VR), and computer vision-based hand and object tracking. Wearing a lightweight display with an attached camera, users can look at a real map and see three-dimensional virtual terrain models overlaid on the map. From this AR interface, they can fly in and experience the model immersively, or use free hand gestures or physical markers to change the data representation. Building on this work, our second interface explores alternative interface techniques, including a zoomable user interface, paddle interactions, and pen annotations. We describe the system hardware and software and the implications for GIS and spatial science applications.
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Bermejo, Carlos, Lik Hang Lee, Paul Chojecki, David Przewozny, and Pan Hui. "Exploring Button Designs for Mid-air Interaction in Virtual Reality: A Hexa-metric Evaluation of Key Representations and Multi-modal Cues." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, EICS (May 27, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457141.
Анотація:
The continued advancement in user interfaces comes to the era of virtual reality that requires a better understanding of how users will interact with 3D buttons in mid-air. Although virtual reality owns high levels of expressiveness and demonstrates the ability to simulate the daily objects in the physical environment, the most fundamental issue of designing virtual buttons is surprisingly ignored. To this end, this paper presents four variants of virtual buttons, considering two design dimensions of key representations and multi-modal cues (audio, visual, haptic). We conduct two multi-metric assessments to evaluate the four virtual variants and the baselines of physical variants. Our results indicate that the 3D-lookalike buttons help users with more refined and subtle mid-air interactions (i.e. lesser press depth) when haptic cues are available; while the users with 2D-lookalike buttons unintuitively achieve better keystroke performance than the 3D counterparts. We summarize the findings, and accordingly, suggest the design choices of virtual reality buttons among the two proposed design dimensions.
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Weiss, François, Marc Audier, Ausrine Bartasyte, Daniel Bellet, Cécile Girardot, Carmen Jimenez, Jens Kreisel, Stéphane Pignard, Mathieu Salaun, and Céline Ternon. "Multifunctional oxide nanostructures by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 8 (July 31, 2009): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-08-10.
Анотація:
The development of thin films, in the context of ongoing reduction in the size of electronic systems, poses challenging questions for the materials sciences of multifunctional nanostructures. These include the limits of size reduction, integration of heterogeneous functions, and system characterization or process control at an atomic scale. We present here different studies devoted to perovskite oxide materials (or materials with derived structure), where in specific directions of the crystal structure the atomic organization decreases down to a few nanometers, thus building nanostructures. In these materials, very original physical phenomena are observed in multilayers or superlattices, nanowires (NWs) or nanodots, mainly because strain, surfaces, and interfaces play here a predominant role and can tune the physical properties. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) routes have been used for the synthesis of oxide materials. We first introduce the basic rules governing the choice of metal-organic precursors for the MOCVD reaction. Next we discuss the principles of the pulsed injection MOCVD system. A laser-assisted MOCVD system, designed to the direct growth of 2D and 3D photonic structures, will also be described. Selected case studies will finally be presented, illustrating the powerful development of different oxide nanostructures based on dielectric, ferroelectric, or superconducting oxides, manganites, and nickelates, as well as first results related to the growth of ZnO NWs.
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Kashapov, Ruslan, and Lucia Zakharova. "The Self-Assembly and Design of Polyfunctional Nanosystems." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042223.
Анотація:
The current task of the molecular sciences is to create unique nanostructured materials with a given structure and with specific physicochemical properties on the basis of the existing wide range of molecules of natural and synthetic origin. A promising and inexpensive way to obtain nanostructured materials is the spontaneous self-assembly of molecular building blocks during random collisions in real dispersive systems in solution and at interfaces. This editorial aims to summarize the major points from the 11 scientific papers that contributed to the special issue “The Self-Assembly and Design of Polyfunctional Nanosystems”, assessing the modern self-assembly potential and strategies for maintaining sustainable development of the nanoindustry.
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Bochsler, P., M. A. Lee, R. Karrer, L. K. Jian, L. Ellis, C. J. Farrugia, A. B. Galvin, et al. "Diagnostics of corotating interaction regions with the kinetic properties of iron ions as determined with STEREO/PLASTIC." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (February 9, 2010): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-491-2010.
Анотація:
Abstract. STEREO/PLASTIC determines three-dimensional distributions of solar wind iron ions with unprecedented time resolution. Typically 300 to 1000 counts are registered within each 5 min time interval. For the present study we use the information contained in these distributions to characterize CIRs (Corotating Interaction Regions) in two test cases. We perform a consistency test for both the derived physical parameters and for the analytical model of CIRs of Lee (2000). At 1 AU we find that apart from compositional changes the most indicative parameter for marking the time when a CIR passes a spacecraft is the angular deflection of the flow vector of particles. Changes in particle densities and the changes in magnitudes of speeds are apparently less reliable indicators of stream interfaces.
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Kawasaki, Haruhiko. "Multi-Fingered Haptic Interface Robot and its Application Systems." Solid State Phenomena 144 (September 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.144.1.
Анотація:
Haptic interfaces that represent force and tactile feeling have been utilized in the areas of telemanipulation, interaction with microscale and nanoscale phenomena, and medical training and evaluation, to mention only some applications. A multi-fingered haptic interface has greater potential for these kinds of applications than does a singlepoint haptic interface. We developed a five-fingered haptic interface robot named HIRO II, which consists of a hand with 15 dof and an arm with 6 dof. The following research issues are presented: the design method of mechanism, an interface control that takes the redundancy of the mechanism into consideration, physical simulation including frictional force and moment, a haptic rendering with a deformable object, the system architecture and two application systems--a future science encyclopedia and a VR breast palpation system.
40
Kogelbauer, I., and W. Loiskandl. "Characterization of sediment layer composition in a shallow lake: from open water zones to reed belt areas." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2014): 12627–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-12627-2014.
Анотація:
Abstract. Lake sediment characterization, a pre-requirement for the vulnerability assessment of lake ecosystems, demands reliable in situ methods for the characterization of the sediment layer composition. A unified characterization of lake sediments within different lake ecotopes (open water, open water patches within the reed, and the reed) is still a challenge. Each ecotope is covered by different classical scientific disciplines (hydrography and terrestrial remote sensing to soil physics) with their specific characterization methods. However, a complementary tool that bridges the gap between land- and hydrographic surveying methods is still missing. Therefore a combination of soil physical sensors (a capacitive sensor and a cone penetrometer) in a measuring system (CSPS) was introduced. CSPS is a non-acoustic device for the rapid in situ delineation of water-mud-consolidated lakebed interfaces. The system was successfully applied across the different ecotopes at the Neusiedler See, a well-mixed shallow lake rich in fine-grained sediments. The geo-referenced vertical CSPS profiles show ecotope-specific layer composition. The effect of wind induced turbidity, particle size, and electrical conductivity were analysed. The water–mud interface was precisely delineated at the open water due to a persistent high water content gradient, equivalent to a lutocline. The penetration resistance for open water showed either a shallow and highly-compacted consolidated lakebed or a consolidated lakebed with a partially compacted layer above; while in the reed the penetration resistance smoothly increased until reaching the deepest penetration depths.
41
Romanov, O. I., I. V. Svyd, N. I. Korniienko, and A. O. Romanov. "Optical Network Management by ONOS-Based SDN Controller." Radiotekhnika, no. 210 (September 28, 2022): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2022.3.210.16.
Анотація:
The possibilities to manage the optical network with a logically centralized SDN control plane based on the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) are investigated. The structure of the controller and its main functional blocks are considered ensuring the collection of information about the state of network elements, the solution of the main control tasks, interaction of control systems built on different technological bases, are considered. The role and place of the open network operating system in the controller structure are shown, the description of the ONOS multilevel architecture in the form of a set of functional modules is given, the purpose and functions of the ONOS subsystems are analyzed, protocols and interfaces making it possible to present the SDN network as a model are described. The peculiarity of the model is that the managed network can be represented as a set of virtual network functions. Therefore, the control process becomes independent of which vendor's equipment was used to build the network, as well as whether the network is built on real physical elements or virtual ones. Using the ONOS allows you to build a logical centralized control plane in the SDN networks. The existing set of functional modules, services and interfaces in the ONOS allows you to perform optical network management tasks. For the further development of the ONOS, it is necessary to develop mathematical models and methods for the optimal solution of control problems in various operating conditions, which will become application-level software modules in the future.
42
Williams, David B. "Impact of Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry in Materials Science Microanalysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, no. 6 (December 1998): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927698980540.
Анотація:
X-ray microanalysis of materials using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) has made the greatest impact in studies of compositional changes at atomic-level interfaces. The small physical dimensions of the silicon detector make EDS the X-ray analyzer of choice for analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM). X-ray analysis of thin foils in the AEM has contributed to our understanding of elemental segregation to interphase interfaces and grain boundaries, as well as other planar defects. Measurement of atomic diffusion on a small scale close to interphase interfaces has permitted determination of substitutional atomic diffusivities several orders of magnitude smaller than previously possible and has also led to the determination of low-temperature equilibrium phase diagrams through the measurement of local interface compositions. Elemental segregation to grain boundaries is responsible for such deleterious behavior as temper embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and other forms of intergranular failure. On the other hand, segregation can bring about improvement in behavior: sintering aids in ceramics and de-embrittlement of intermetallics. EDS in the AEM has been responsible for quantitative analysis of all aspects of the segregation process and, more recently, in combination with electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) has given insight into why boundary segregation results in such significant macroscopic changes in properties.
43
Grunthaner, F. J. "Fundamentals of X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 6 (September 1987): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067245.
Анотація:
AbstractRapid progress in the development of new electronic materials and the steady maturation of silicon-based technologies has resulted in a host of novel electronic devices in which the active region of the structure is confined to an interface or a surface. The chemical, electronic, and physical characterization of surfaces and interfaces in semiconductors and insulators is of critical importance to manufacturing process control as well as to the fundamental electron physics and materials science which support microelectronic device research.
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Bonci, Andrea, Simone Fiori, Hiroshi Higashi, Toshihisa Tanaka, and Federica Verdini. "An Introductory Tutorial on Brain–Computer Interfaces and Their Applications." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050560.
Анотація:
The prospect and potentiality of interfacing minds with machines has long captured human imagination. Recent advances in biomedical engineering, computer science, and neuroscience are making brain–computer interfaces a reality, paving the way to restoring and potentially augmenting human physical and mental capabilities. Applications of brain–computer interfaces are being explored in applications as diverse as security, lie detection, alertness monitoring, gaming, education, art, and human cognition augmentation. The present tutorial aims to survey the principal features and challenges of brain–computer interfaces (such as reliable acquisition of brain signals, filtering and processing of the acquired brainwaves, ethical and legal issues related to brain–computer interface (BCI), data privacy, and performance assessment) with special emphasis to biomedical engineering and automation engineering applications. The content of this paper is aimed at students, researchers, and practitioners to glimpse the multifaceted world of brain–computer interfacing.
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Stolz, Bernadette J., Jared Tanner, Heather A. Harrington, and Vidit Nanda. "Geometric anomaly detection in data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 3, 2020): 19664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001741117.
Анотація:
The quest for low-dimensional models which approximate high-dimensional data is pervasive across the physical, natural, and social sciences. The dominant paradigm underlying most standard modeling techniques assumes that the data are concentrated near a single unknown manifold of relatively small intrinsic dimension. Here, we present a systematic framework for detecting interfaces and related anomalies in data which may fail to satisfy the manifold hypothesis. By computing the local topology of small regions around each data point, we are able to partition a given dataset into disjoint classes, each of which can be individually approximated by a single manifold. Since these manifolds may have different intrinsic dimensions, local topology discovers singular regions in data even when none of the points have been sampled precisely from the singularities. We showcase this method by identifying the intersection of two surfaces in the 24-dimensional space of cyclo-octane conformations and by locating all of the self-intersections of a Henneberg minimal surface immersed in 3-dimensional space. Due to the local nature of the topological computations, the algorithmic burden of performing such data stratification is readily distributable across several processors.
46
Das, Prodip. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Tuning Gas-Diffusion-Layer Surface Wettability for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381709mtgabs.
Анотація:
In the present scenario of a global initiative toward securing global net-zero by mid-century and keeping 1.5 degrees within reach, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are considered to play an important role in the energy transition, particularly for the decarbonization of transit buses, trucks, rail transport, ships and ferries, and the residential heating sector. However, PEFCs are not economically competitive with the internal combustion engine powertrains [1]. Moreover, their durability standards in widely varying conditions have yet to be established and water management remains a critical issue for performance degradation and durability [1-3]. Thus, the mission of my research team is to conduct original research to make PEFCs economically viable and optimize their performance and durability [4,5]. In this talk, I will highlight our research on PEFC’s gas diffusion layer (GDL), as its interfaces with the flow channel and microporous layer play a significant role in water management. This research was aimed at selectively modifying GDL surfaces with a hydrophobic pattern to improve water transport and water removal from flow channels; thus, improving the durability and performance of PEFCs. Sigracet® GDLs were used as a base substrate and two different monomers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) added with fumed silica (Si) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) were used to print a selective pattern on the GDL surfaces [6]. Both the additive manufacturing and spray coating techniques were utilized for creating the hydrophobic pattern on the GDL surfaces. The results of this study demonstrated a novel but simple approach to tune GDL surfaces with selective wetting properties and superhydrophobic interfaces that would enhance water transport. I will discuss some of these results and highlight how these results will benefit the water management of next-generation high-power PEFCs. This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P03098X/1) and the STFC Batteries Network (ST/R006873/1) and was supported by SGL Carbon SE (www.sglcarbon.com). References [1] A.Z. Weber et al., "A critical review of modeling transport phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1254-F1299, 2014. [2] A.D. Santamaria et al., "Liquid-water interactions with gas-diffusion layers surfaces," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 161, pp. F1184-F1193, 2014. [3] P.K. Das and A.Z. Weber, "Water management in PEMFC with ultra-thin catalyst-layers," ASME 11th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference, Paper No. FuelCell2013-18010, pp. V001T01A002, 2013. [4] L. Xing et al., "Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: A review of functional graded design and optimization," Energy, vol. 177, pp. 445-464, 2019. [5] L. Xing et al., "Inhomogeneous distribution of platinum and ionomer in the porous cathode to maximize the performance of a PEM fuel cell," AIChE J., vol. 63, pp. 4895-4910, 2017. [6] D. Thumbarathy et al., "Fabrication and characterization of tuneable flow-channel/gas-diffusion-layer interface for polymer electrolyte fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage, vol. 17, pp. 011010, 2020.
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Cassidy, Paul J., and George K. Radda. "Molecular imaging perspectives." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2, no. 3 (May 10, 2005): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2005.0040.
Анотація:
Molecular imaging is an emerging technology at the life science/physical science interface which is set to revolutionize our understanding and treatment of disease. The tools of molecular imaging are the imaging modalities and their corresponding contrast agents. These facilitate interaction with a biological target at a molecular level in a number of ways. The diverse nature of molecular imaging requires knowledge from both the life and physical sciences for its successful development and implementation. The aim of this review is to introduce the subject of molecular imaging from both life science and physical science perspectives. However, we will restrict our coverage to the prominent in vivo molecular imaging modalities of magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging and nuclear imaging. The physical basis of these imaging modalities, the use of contrast agents and the imaging parameters of sensitivity, temporal resolution and spatial resolution are described. Then, the specificity of contrast agents for targeting and sensing molecular events, and some applications of molecular imaging in biology and medicine are given. Finally, the diverse nature of molecular imaging and its reliance on interdisciplinary collaboration is discussed.
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Misra, Veena, Gerry Lucovsky, and Gregory Parsons. "Issues in High-ĸ Gate Stack Interfaces." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 3 (March 2002): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.73.
Анотація:
AbstractWe address current challenges in the fundamental understanding of physical and chemical processes that occur in the fabrication of the transistor gate stack structure. Critical areas include (1) the interface between bulk silicon and high-dielectric-constant (high-ĸ) insulators, (2) the interface between high-ĸ insulators and advanced gate electrodes, and (3) the internal interfaces that form within dielectric stacks with nonuniform material and structure compositions. We approach this topic from a fundamental understanding of bonding and electronic structure at the interfaces, and of film-growth kinetics in comparison with thermodynamics predictions. Implications for the dielectric/electrode interface with metallic gates and issues with integration will also be presented.
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Stutzmann, Grace E., and Ian Parker. "Dynamic Multiphoton Imaging: A Live View from Cells to Systems." Physiology 20, no. 1 (February 2005): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00028.2004.
Анотація:
Leaps in scientific technology often occur at the interface of seemingly disparate disciplines. This holds true with the recent application of multiphoton microscopy to the biological sciences, leading to a new generation of imaging-based studies extending from the tracking of individual molecules within living cells to the observation of whole organisms.
50
McPherron, R. L., L. Kepko, T. I. Pulkkinen, T. S. Hsu, J. W. Weygand, and L. F. Bargatze. "Changes in the response of the AL Index with solar cycle and epoch within a corotating interaction region." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 8 (August 14, 2009): 3165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3165-2009.
Анотація:
Abstract. We use observations in the solar wind and on the ground to study the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field with Earth's magnetosphere. We find that the type of response depends on the state of the solar wind. Coupling functions change as the properties of the solar wind change. We examine this behavior quantitatively with time dependent linear prediction filters. These filters are determined from ensemble arrays of representative events organized by some characteristic time in the event time series. In our study we have chosen the stream interface at the center of a corotating interaction region as the reference time. To carry out our analysis we have identified 394 stream interfaces in the years 1995–2007. For each interface we have selected ten-day intervals centered on the interface and placed data for the interval in rows of an ensemble array. In this study we use Es the rectified dawn-dusk electric field in gsm coordinates as input and the AL index as output. A selection window of width one day is stepped across the ensemble and for each of the nine available windows all events in a given year (~30) are used to calculate a system impulse response function. A change in the properties of the system as a consequence of changes in the solar wind relative to the reference time will appear as a change in the shape and/or the area of the response function. The analysis shows that typically only 45% of the AL variance is predictable in this manner when filters are constructed from a full year of data. We find that the weakest coupling occurs around the stream interface and the strongest well away from the interface. The interface is the time of peak dynamic pressure and strength of the electric field. We also find that coupling appears to be stronger during recurrent high-speed streams in the declining phase of the solar cycle than it is around solar maximum. These results are consistent with the previous report that both strong driving (Es) and high dynamic pressure (Pdyn) reduce the coupling efficiency. Although the changes appear to be statistically significant their physical cause cannot be uniquely identified because various properties of the solar wind vary systematically through a corotating interaction region. It is also possible that the quality of the propagated solar wind data depends on the state of the solar wind. Finally it is likely that the quality of the AL index during the last solar cycle may affect the results. Despite these limitations our results indicate that the Es-AL coupling function is 50% stronger outside a corotating interaction region than inside.