Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Internal measure"

Fluke Calibration is accredited for gas flow measurements in the range of 0.1 sccm to 6000 slm in nitrogen and air. Traceability is maintained directly through a gravimetric f low standard but only recently from 1 sccm to 10 sccm. The traceability of flow in the range of 0.1 sccm to 1 sccm is based on extrapolation of the use of laminar flow elements (LFE) below 1 sccm. This part of the range has never been completely verified through interlaboratory comparisons, proficiency testing or other means of measurement assurance. In an internal document from DH Instruments in the early 1990s it was suggested that a piston gauge might improve traceability for very low gas flows. In order to prove out traceability in this range an attempt was made to use a piston gauge using a piston-cylinder size of 35 mm diameter as a reference. One reason for choosing a piston gauge as a reference is its pressure control. This is crucial when measuring gas flow through a LFE in this design and range. In addition, the effective area is known to within 0.001 %, leaving the vertical displacement of the piston to dominate the uncertainty of the dimensional part of the flow test. This was a challenge because the measurements required absolute mode and the internal piston position sensor supplied with the piston gauge did not have sufficient precision. This paper describes the theory and design of the gas flow measurement system, the current results, and improvements desired or suggested. Two different designs are discussed, one with a single piston gauge as a reference and one with two piston gauges measuring flow on either side of the laminar flow element. Note: sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) is an industry accepted alternative to kg/s [1]. It is used out of convenience to normalize flow rates of gases with significant differences in density.

The evaluation of the efficiency of investments relies on a system of measures based on actuarial techniques that consider the time value of money. One of the common measures used is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Commonly, by applying of the efficiency evaluation criteria, result consistent outcomes. In this paper, the author tries to highlight that, based on its theoretical assumptions and practical drawbacks, considering of this measure in evaluation of the investments decisions may lead to erroneous decision. Despite the fact that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) has never had a favorable academic press, the surveys outline that financial managers seem just to enjoy this measure. The aim of this paper is to summarize the drawbacks of this indicator and to offer a presentation of the Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), as a solution to express a project performance by using of a percentage measure concomitant to discard the unrealistic assumption of reinvestment of cash flow stream just at the value of the IRR, allowing a straightforward calculation.

The physical model of the spectral responsivity of trap detectors consists of multiple parameters such as the internal quantum efficiency and the spectral reflectance. In some measurement models, the spectral reflectance of trap detectors is approximated by fitting a wavelength dependence equation which does not consider the effect of the oxide thickness of the silicon photodiode. To analyze the uncertainty due to the oxide thickness variation, a thin film reflectance model is set up in the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for the evaluation of the spectral reflectance of trap detectors. The model is based on the Fresnel coefficients of a three-layer thin-film structure which consists of air and a thin-film oxide layer on a silicon substrate. The reflectance model was implemented as user-defined functions to calculate the spectral reflectance at different oxide thicknesses. It was also integrated with the SCL’s MCM program to evaluate the uncertainty of the spectral responsivity of trap detectors.

Purpose – This study aims to understand the effect of brand citizenship behaviors of hospitality employees on customers’ relation with the brand. A model, which links employee behaviors to customers’ evaluation of brand performance, brand trust and brand commitment, is proposed to provide further insight into how customers form their relation with a brand. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from both customer-contact employees and passengers of a corporate airline company. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model by using both employee and customer data in the same research model. Findings – The results showed that even brand citizenship behaviors of employees did not affect brand commitment of customers directly; these behaviors explain customers’ commitment to a brand through influencing perceived brand performance of customers and their trust toward a brand. Overall, this study provided support for the impact of employees’ brand-related behaviors on consumers’ relation with the brand. Research limitations/implications – The results suggest that hospitality employees contribute to the brand success through their behaviors. This helps organizations to enhance brand-related behaviors of their employees to ensure long-term relationships not only with customers but also with their employees in a labor-intensive and high customer contact industry. Originality/value – This research was one of the first to analyze the effects of employees’ brand supporting behaviors on consumers by using both employee and consumer data in the same research model within the hospitality context.

The paper reports the major results of a study of performance measurement of internal auditing in various organizations operating in Poland in 2013 and prospects for development. The research implies that many internal audit departments formally do not measure performance, while others do measure, but only informally. Many times satisfaction indicators of key internal audit stakeholders are not identified, the information on performance is not reported to anyone apart from the internal audit staff, and the information is not used for continues improvement. The most often used performance measures in practice are focused on measuring effectiveness of audit processes and impact of internal audit services on organizations' performance. In addition there are internal audit efficiency and output measured. Quality measures are less common. Stakeholders, scope and usage of performance measurement are related to various organizational characteristics. Many respondents have declared that in future will start and formalize performance measurement and based on it they will improve internal audit performance. In future performance measurement will be more focused on internal audit quality and value added.