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Книги з теми "Investor protection system"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. The Madoff investment securities fraud: Regulatory and oversight concerns and the need for reform : hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, on how the securities regulatory system failed to detect the Madoff investment securities fraud, the extent to which securities insurance will assist defrauded victims, and the need for reform, January 27, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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The Madoff investment securities fraud: Regulatory and oversight concerns and the need for reform : hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, on how the securities regulatory system failed to detect the Madoff investment securities fraud, the extent to which securities insurance will assist defrauded victims, and the need for reform, January 27, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Enhancing investor protection and the regulation of securities markets: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, on examining what went wrong in the securities markets, how we can prevent the practices that led to our financial system problems, and how to protect investors, March 10, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Enhancing investor protection and the regulation of securities markets: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, on examining what went wrong in the securities markets, how we can prevent the practices that led to our financial system problems, and how to protect investors, March 10, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Van Harten, Gus. The Trouble with Foreign Investor Protection. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866213.001.0001.

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Governments are rightly discussing reform of investment treaties, and of the powerful system of ‘investor–state dispute settlement’ (ISDS) upon which they rest. It is therefore important to be clear about the crux of the problem. ISDS treaties are flawed fundamentally because they firmly institute wealth-based inequality under international law. That is, they use cross-border ownership of assets, mostly by multinationals and billionaires, as the gateway to extraordinary protections, while denying equivalent safeguards to those who lack the wealth required to qualify as foreign investors. The treaties thus have the main effect of safeguarding an awe-inspiring set of rights and privileges for the ultra-wealthy at the expense of countries and their populations. This book shows how ISDS came to explode in a global context of extreme concentration of wealth and of widespread poverty. The history of early ISDS treaties is highlighted to show their ties to decolonization and, sometimes, extreme violence and authoritarianism. Focusing on early ISDS lawsuits and rulings reveals how a small group of lawyers and arbitrators worked to create the legal foundations for massive growth of ISDS since 2000. ISDS-based protections are examined in detail to demonstrate how they give exceptional advantages to the wealthy. Examples are offered of how the protections have been used to reconfigure state decision making and shift sovereign minds in favour of foreign investors. Finally, the ongoing efforts of governments to reform ISDS are surveyed, with a call to go further or, even better, to withdraw from the treaties.

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Gebert, Alexander. Legal Protection for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises through Investor-State Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0012.

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The chapter illustrates the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system, as well as obstacles from pursuing claims under investment treaties with corresponding solutions. SMEs are increasingly investing in foreign countries, and may be subject to state measures violating international law standards afforded under investment treaties. Investment treaties regularly also provide for ISDS as a means to enforce these standards by allowing foreign investors to commence arbitration proceedings against a state in a neutral forum. The chapter reveals that despite the perception as a dispute settlement mechanism accessible exclusively for large multinational corporations, in fact a substantial part of claimants in ISDS proceedings are SMEs. While it is true that high costs and the long duration of ISDS proceedings may be obstacles for SMEs, the flexibility of arbitration proceedings and the availability of external funding provide for opportunities to control time and costs.

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Tietje, Christian, and Kevin Crow. The Reform of Investment Protection Rules in CETA, TTIP, and Other Recent EU FTAs: Convincing? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808893.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the systemic problems that plague provision-dependent investment protection reforms in CETA, TTIP, and other recent EU FTAs. The authors suggest that the current international investment system’s asymmetrical structure precludes effective reforms because reforms that ‘level the playing field’ between state and investor run counter to the logic of a system designed with the purpose of protecting investors and investments, not states. The authors suggest that a new symmetrical international investment dispute settlement structure may provide a more convincing answer to calls for reform. After beginning with a background on the necessity of and problems with ‘vagueness’ in law (both generally and in the international investment system), the chapter analyses the most prominent reforms and reform proposals in the current international investment landscape. The chapter elucidates several of the structural problems that plague these current reform proposals and demonstrates that a symmetrical approach could alleviate these problems.

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Griller, Stefan. Three Salient Issues of the New Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808893.003.0014.

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The author argues that the mega-regionals are incorporating WTO standards on the removal of technical barriers to trade (TBT), but do not go much further. Consequently, domestic policies on consumer or environmental protection are inevitably affected. However, in this regard, the mega-regionals would not result in a substantive change. By contrast, the relationship between the removal of TBT and investment protection standards is qualified as poorly balanced, unclear, and creating fresh problems. This includes the possibility that damages might be awarded even in cases where the party to the agreement has correctly used its ‘right to regulate’. Moreover, a critical account of the investor-state dispute settlement system foreseen is offered. It is presented as unnecessarily complex, and creating unbalanced advantages for investors. The better alternative would be integrating national courts into the system.

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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Intellectual Property and International Investment Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0007.

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This chapter examines selected issues on the scope of intellectual property (IP) protection under international investment law and contrasts this with the approach of the international IP system. It first reviews the extent to which IP amounts to a protected investment. The chapter then analyses the operation of national treatment and most favoured nation (MFN) in international investment agreements (IIAs) and international IP treaties. Some of the absolute standards of treatment owed by a host state to a foreign investor under most IIAs are examined in their application to IP rights. Finally, this chapter scrutinises the extent to which obligations from the international IP system can be subject to investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS).

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Aloysius P, Llamzon. Part III Towards a Jurisprudence Constante in Investment Arbitration Decision-Making on Corruption, 11 Concluding Chapter: Legal and Policy Tensions Underlying Anti-Corruption Decision-making. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714262.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the competing policy goals that vie for supremacy in every decision made by investment arbitrators concerning corruption. It considers all the policies that underpin the system of international investment arbitration — investor protection, good governance, and economic development — vis-à-vis international anti-corruption norms, leading to the proposal of an alternate typology for transnational corruption that may better assist arbitrators in the resolution of difficult corruption-related issues.

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Ranjan, Prabhash. India and Bilateral Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199493746.001.0001.

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Many countries have started contesting international investment treaties that allow foreign corporations to sue sovereign states for alleged treaty breaches at international arbitration forums. This contestation has taken the form of either countries terminating their investment treaties or walking out of the investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) system. India has also jumped on the contestation bandwagon. As a consequence of being sued by more than 20 foreign investors, India terminated close to 60 investment treaties and adopted a new Model bilateral investment treaty (BIT) purportedly to balance investment protection with the host state’s right to regulate. This book critically studies India’s approach towards BITs by tracing the origin, evolution, and the current state of play. The book does so by locating it in India’s economic policy in general and policy towards foreign investment in particular. India’s approach towards BITs and India’s policy towards foreign investment were consistent with each other in the periods of economic nationalism (1947 to 1990) and economic liberalism (1991 to 2010). However, post 2010; India’s approach to BITs has become protectionist while India’s foreign investment policy continues to be liberal. In order to balance investment protection with the state’s right to regulate, India needs to evolve its BIT practice based on the twin framework of international rule of law and embedded liberalism.

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Gabrielle, Kaufmann-Kohler, Antonietti Aurélia, and Potestà Michele. Part V Remedies and Costs, 24 Interim Relief in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0024.

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This chapter reviews the requirements for a party to obtain interim relief from an arbitral tribunal, the measures that can be ordered, their nature, and effects. It also considers whether the parties to the dispute can seek interim relief from domestic courts rather than from the arbitral tribunal. The scope of the interim relief available in the context of investor-state disputes is broad enough to meet the parties’ legitimate needs for temporary protection, subject to limitations which may be found in the relevant treaty, such as the ones contained in NAFTA Article 1134. However, applicants are also faced with a high threshold when seeking to establish that the interim relief requested is urgent and needed. This may explain the reluctance of many tribunals to grant interim relief in the context of investor-state arbitration, whether in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) system or under the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Rules.

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Schillig, Michael. Resolution and Insolvency of Banks and Financial Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703587.001.0001.

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This book provides a detailed analysis and critical assessment of the EU and US resolution regimes for banks and financial institutions on a comparative basis. The book analyses the EU legal framework under the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, and considers the challenges in national implementation through the two largest economies within the EU, Germany and the UK. The very influential laws of the US, (Securities Investor Protection Act 1970, and the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Dodd-Franck) are used as a comparative reference point. Through analysis of the new EU framework and of the more mature system in the US, the book considers whether and to what extent the EU framework and national regimes contribute to ensuring resolvability of financial institutions, how their efficacy may be increased with a view, in particular, to the resolution of cross border groups, and what the future may hold, especially in respect of a single European resolution authority.

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Steinberg, Marc I. Rethinking Securities Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197583142.001.0001.

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Rethinking Securities Law focuses on a very important and timely subject that merits comprehensive analysis: “rethinking” the securities laws, with particular emphasis on the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The system of securities regulation that prevails today in the United States is one that has been formed through piecemeal federal legislation, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) invocation of its administrative authority, and self-regulatory organization episodic action. As a consequence, the presence of consistent and logical regulation all too often is lacking. In both transactional and litigation settings, with frequency, mandates apply that are erratic and antithetical to sound public policy. Over four decades ago, the American Law Institute (ALI) adopted the ALI Federal Securities Code. The Code has not been enacted by Congress and its prospects are dim. Since that time, no treatise, monograph, or other source has comprehensively focused on this meritorious subject. The objective of this book is to identify the deficiencies that exist under the current regimen, address their failings, provide recommendations for rectifying these deficiencies, and set forth a thorough analysis for remediation in order to prescribe a consistent and sound securities law framework. By undertaking this challenge, the book provides an original and valuable resource for effectuating necessary law reform that should prove beneficial to the integrity of the U.S. capital markets, effective and fair government and private enforcement, and the enhancement of investor protection.

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Mattli, Walter, ed. Global Algorithmic Capital Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829461.001.0001.

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This book illustrates and assesses the dramatic recent transformations in capital markets worldwide and the impact of those transformations. ‘Market making’ by humans in centralized markets has been replaced by supercomputers and algorithmic high frequency trading operating in often highly fragmented markets. How do recent market changes impact on core public policy objectives such as investor protection, reduction of systemic risk, fairness, efficiency, and transparency in markets? The operation and health of capital markets affect all of us and have profound implications for equality and justice in society. This unique set of chapters by leading scholars, industry insiders, and regulators sheds light on these and related questions and discusses ways to strengthen market governance for the benefit of society at large.

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Logvinenko, Igor O. Global Finance, Local Control. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759604.001.0001.

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Exploring Russia’s re-entry into global capital markets at the dawn of the twenty-first century, this book shows how economic integration became deeply entangled with a bare-knuckled struggle for control over the vestiges of the Soviet empire. The book reveals how the post-communist Russian economy became a full-fledged participant in the international financial sector without significantly improving the local rule of law. By the end of Vladimir Putin’s second presidential term, Russia was more integrated into the global financial system than at any point in the past. However, the country’s longstanding deficiencies — including widespread corruption, administration of justice, and an increasingly overbearing state — continued unabated. Scrutinizing stock-market restrictions on foreign ownership during the first fifteen years of Russia’s economic transition, the book concludes that financial internationalization allowed local elites to raise capital from foreign investors while maintaining control over local assets. They legitimized their wealth using Western institutions, but they did so on their terms. The book delivers a somber lesson about the integration of emerging markets: without strong domestic rule of law protections, financial internationalization entrenches oligarchic capitalism and strengthens authoritarian regimes.

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858023.001.0001.

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Abstract Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development explains why the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Agenda for ‘Transforming our World’—aimed at realizing ‘the human rights of all’ and seventeen agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—requires transforming the United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) legal systems, as well as international investment law and adjudication. UN and WTO law protect regulatory competition between diverse neo-liberal, state capitalist, European ordo-liberal, and third-world conceptions of multilevel trade and investment regulation. However, geopolitical rivalries and trade wars increasingly undermine transnational rule of law and effective regulation of market failures, governance failures, and constitutional failures. For example, the intergovernmental negotiations in the context of the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have failed to prevent or considerably limit climate change. In order to prevent trade, investment, energy, and climate conflicts, sustainable development requires reforming trade, investment, and environmental rules and dispute settlement systems. The global health pandemics confirm the need for constitutional reforms of multilevel governance of global public goods. Investment law and adjudication must better reconcile governmental duties to protect human rights and decarbonize economies with the property rights of foreign investors. The constitutional, human rights, and environmental litigation in Europe enhances the legal accountability of democratic governments for protecting sustainable development, but European economic constitutionalism has been rejected by Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism, China’s authoritarian state capitalism, and many third-world governments. The more that regional economic orders (like the China-led Belt and Road networks) reveal heterogeneity and power politics block UN and WTO reforms, the more the US-led neo-liberal world order risks disintegrating. UN and WTO law must promote private–public network governance, civil society participation, and stronger judicial accountability in order to stabilize and depoliticize multilevel governance of the SDGs.

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