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1
Dedoussis, Vagelis. "Japanese-firms in Australia: How ‘Japanese’ can their management style be?" Japanese Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1993): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399308521873.
2
Shadur, Mark A., and Greg J. Bamber. "Toward lean management? international transferability of Japanese management strategies to Australia." International Executive 36, no. 3 (May 1994): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060360307.
3
Findlay, James D., Colleen M. Cross, and Andrew G. Bodsworth. "Marlin fisheries management in Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01261.
Анотація:
Australia has a relatively long history with respect to management of fishery interactions with marlins. Sectoral conflict has been, and remains, the main driver of management action. Whilst constrained by verified catch and effort data from both recreational and commercial sectors, a range of management actions including limited entry, non-retention, non-targeting, closed areas and gear restrictions are reviewed. The review of management performance shows that the effectiveness of management actions varies considerably. Some measures such as voluntary non-retention policies have had little impact, whereas others such as closed areas have had a marked impact on fishery interactions and sectoral conflict. Relatively small areaclosures reduced the interactions of Japanese longliners with black marlin by 85%. On a per unit-of-effort basis marlinsare currently afforded greater protection than ever from overfishing; however, effort from all sectors continues to increase and sectoral conflict with respect to marlins is expected to continue to result in calls for further management action.
4
Beeson, Mark. "Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan." Competition & Change 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200201.
Анотація:
This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.
5
VAN DER ENG, PIERRE. "Turning Adversity into Opportunity: Philips in Australia, 1945-1980." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.12.
Анотація:
Philips Australia, the Australian subsidiary of Dutch MNE Philips Electronics, experienced difficulties during 1942–1943, when it came close to being nationalized as enemy property. In response, the company set out to improve its reputation in the local radio parts and electronics industry and in Australian markets. Its strategy of embedding itself in Australian society served the purpose of improving company performance and influencing the government policies that guided the rapid development of Australia’s postwar electronics industry. With this strategy, Philips Australia minimized the risks and maximized the commercial opportunities it faced. The firm localized senior management, maximized local procurement and local manufacturing, took a leading role in industry associations, engaged politically influential board members, and used marketing tools to build a strong brand and a positive public profile in Australia. However, the company became aware of the limitations of this strategy in 1973, when a new Labor government reduced trade protection. Increasing competition from Japanese electronics firms forced Philips Australia to restructure and downsize its production operations. Despite increasing reliance on imports from the parent company’s regional supply centers and efforts to specialize production on high-value added products, the firm saw its profitability and market share in Australia decrease.
6
Kinugasa, Tatsuo. "Australia's Future in the Asian—Pacific Economy: A Japanese View." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400209.
Анотація:
Australia's economic future depends on policies to achieve economic allies and prosperity within the Asia—Pacific region. To do this more than expanding primary exports is needed, because the growth rate of primary industry is relatively low. There are already countries in the Asia—Pacific region who have specialised in secondary industry, but Australia is well placed to specialise in leisure and tourism and also in the information industry, meaning not computing but consulting work and research.
7
Purcell, William, and Stephen Nicholas. "Japanese tourism investment in Australia: entry choice, parent control and management practice." Tourism Management 22, no. 3 (June 2001): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00055-8.
8
Van Hoa, Tran, Lindsay Turner, and Jo Vu. "Economic impact of Chinese tourism on Australia." Tourism Economics 24, no. 6 (April 23, 2018): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618769077.
Анотація:
China’s trade, tourism and limited foreign direct investment (FDI) to Australia have been regarded as playing an important part in Australia’s growth and prosperity in recent years. In spite of the fact that these activities are the three principal growth determinants in modern economic integration theory, growth studies based on this theory’s structural framework, while highly appropriate, have hardly been undertaken. This article proposes to fill the gap by formally developing an endogenous causal model of simultaneous growth and tourism for policy analysis. In this model, trade, FDI and tourism are specified as the main contributing factors to growth. Simultaneously, gravity theory (including growth) and the Ironmonger–Lancaster new consumer demand theory determine tourism, while ‘economic conditionality’ potentially affecting both growth and tourism in the sense of Johansen is recognized and incorporated. The model is then applied to Australian and Chinese data for the important post-Japanese tourist boom period 1992–2015, to provide substantive findings on three questions: the impact of Chinese tourism to Australia, Chinese tourism determination and the effects of Chinese trade and key macroeconomic indicators on Australian economic growth. Significant policy implications are then developed for use by government tourism planners and policymakers.
9
Shnukal, Anna. "A Failed Experiment: Okinawan Indents and the Postwar Torres Strait Pearlshelling Industry, 1958–1963." International Labor and Working-Class History 99 (2021): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000307.
Анотація:
AbstractThroughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.
10
Griffiths, Andrew. "Sociotechnical Interventions and Teams in Australia: 1970s-1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 6, no. 1 (June 1995): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469500600106.
Анотація:
This paper sets out to highlight some of the major sociotechnical and team interventions in Australia from the seventies through to the nineties. The review notes that teamwork interventions have changed over the last two decades and argues that this may be attributed partly to the popularity and influence of Japanese management approaches during the eighties along with changes to the industrial relations institutions. Team interventions associated with earlier sociotechnical and participant design approaches, undertaken in the seventies, concentrated on changing work and jobs as a way to address quality of work life concerns. In contrast, many Australian organisations which are presently implementing teams are linking them to broader organisational design issues, taking into account product flows, customer and supplier focus, product innovation and support systems. It is noted that later-style team interventions are linked closer to an organisation's strategic goals.
11
Jin, Chun Jiu, Hai Feng Lu, Yi Zhang, Ajay Kumar Jha, and Shu Li Liu. "Study on Advanced Management of Water Resource." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1046.
Анотація:
This work introduced water resource management of some developed countries such as the USA, Australia, Japan, Germany, France, etc. The countries developed individual water resources management models based on their own conditions. In America, a coordinative mode between region and river basin was formed. The Japanese muti-flood control mode which clarified the responsibilities of the administration and local government enhanced the management. Singapore owns a unique management mode, which effectively guaranteed the implementation of water resource management. This work offers references to the formation of water resource management modes suitable for different countries.
12
Hall, Derek. "Environmental Change, Protest, and Havens of Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Asia." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15263800260047808.
Анотація:
This paper explores the relevance for the debate on “pollution havens” of two cases from the international political economy of Japan-Southeast Asia relations. It begins by suggesting that the typical focus of the pollution havens literature is too narrow, and concentrates instead on the broader question of the extent to which the environmental transformations associated with particular sectors influence their international siting patterns. The first case—the changes in Japanese FDI to Asia in the 1970s—demonstrates that Japanese firms and the Japanese state consciously attempted to relocate highly-polluting industry in order to escape anti-pollution protest in Japan. The second case—the effort to create in Asia and the Pacific an export-oriented industrial tree plantation (ITP) sector supplying regional pulp and paper markets—shows, somewhat counterintuitively, that political contestation related to the environmental problems caused by ITPs has encouraged Japanese companies to concentrate their tree planting activity not in Southeast Asia but in Australia.
13
CHEN, Ming-Chi, Hsiu-Jung TSAI, Tien-Foo SING, and Chih-Yuan YANG. "CONTAGION AND DOWNSIDE RISK IN THE REIT MARKET DURING THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2014.974724.
Анотація:
This study empirically tests the contagion effects in stock and real estate investment trust (REIT) markets during the subprime mortgage crisis by using daily stock- and REIT-markets data from the following countries and international bodies: the United States, the European Union, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, and the global REIT market. We found a significant and positive dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) coefficient between stock returns and REIT returns. The results revealed that the REIT markets responded early to market shocks and that the variances were higher in the post-crisis period than in the pre-crisis period. Evidence supporting the contagion effects includes increases in the means of the DCC coefficients during the post-crisis period. The Japanese and Australian REIT markets possess the lowest time-varying downside systematic risks. We also demonstrated that the “DCC E-beta” captures more significant downside linkages between market portfolios and expected REIT returns than does the standard CAPM beta.
14
Bell, Catherine, Peter Shaughnessy, Margie Morrice, and Bob Stanley. "Marine mammals and Japanese long-line fishing vessels in Australian waters: operational interactions and sightings." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060031.
Анотація:
Observers from the Australian Fisheries Management Authority worked on randomly chosen Japanese long-line vessels in the Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ) between 1980 and 1997. Observer reports (n = 451) were inspected for interactions or sightings of marine mammals. An operational interaction was defined as an activity or behaviour that involved direct contact between a marine mammal and fishing gear, bait, target fish or bycatch, or indications that the marine mammal was feeding. A sighting was defined as the recording of marine mammals that passed the vessel without changing course and/or did not appear to interact with the vessel or its gear. Observers witnessed 23 interactions and made another 44 sightings of marine mammals. A further 24 interactions and sightings were relayed by crew members. Killer whales were reported most frequently: most incidences of fish being damaged, taken or frightened away were attributed to them. Eleven marine mammals were caught: two died, seven were released, and the fate of two others was not recorded. Between 1991 and 1996, when observer coverage was 11.5% overall in the AFZ, the incidence of interactions was 1.71 per million hooks set. The estimated number of interactions in that seven-year period was 157 in the AFZ. Since 1997, the long-line fishery has been conducted by Australian vessels, primarily off the east coast of mainland Australia in warm-temperate waters. A higher proportion of interactions can be expected with killer whales and short-finned pilot whales in these waters, and fewer with seals.
15
Takeda, Atsushi. "Weblog narratives of Japanese migrant women in Australia: Consequences of international mobility and migration." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 37, no. 4 (July 2013): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.04.006.
16
Nelson, Kim, and Amie Louise Matthews. "Foreign presents or foreign presence? Resident perceptions of Australian and Chinese tourists in Niseko, Japan." Tourist Studies 18, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797617717466.
Анотація:
Over the past decade Niseko, a small ski resort in Japan, has experienced rapid growth in international tourism. Informed by a small-scale qualitative study, this article provides an account of Niseko residents’ perceptions of tourism and, more specifically, compares their responses to two key groups of inbound tourists, those from Australia and China. Where increases in the number of Australian tourists and tourism business owners have had significant influence on this previously homogeneous town, the reaction of residents to Australians is generally more positive than the response reserved for the more recent arrival of Chinese tourists. Although the former group is associated with increased living costs, leakage of profits and inappropriate behaviour, Australians were generally characterised by research participants as ‘friendly’ and ‘relaxed’ and relations were typically described as ‘harmonious’. Conversely, Chinese tourists were viewed by residents as being pushy and demanding, and these host–guest interactions were described as ‘difficult’. Drawing on Japanese notions of hospitality and residents’ discussions of cultural difference, this article explores the different reactions engendered by foreign presence, pointing as it does so to the ambivalence and contingency that underpins many host–guest relationships.
17
Purcell, William, Stephen Nicholas, David Merrett, and Greg Whitwell. "The transfer of human resource and management practice by Japanese multinationals to Australia: do industry, size and experience matter?" International Journal of Human Resource Management 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095851999340648.
18
Matloob, Amar, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Utilization of the neighborhood design to evaluate suitable cover crops and their density for Echinochloa colona management." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254584.
Анотація:
Summer weed species, including Echinochloa colona, are becoming problematic in the eastern grain region of Australia, but cover crops can be useful to suppress weeds during the summer fallow period. The present study evaluated the growth and seed production of E. colona grown alone or with four and eight cover crop plants per pot (i.e., 80 and 160 plants m-2). Four legume (cowpea, lablab, pigeonpea, and soybean) and two grass (forage sorghum and Japanese millet) cover crops were used. Interference by cover crops reduced the height, the number of leaves and tillers, inflorescence number, seed production, and biomass of this weed than when it was grown alone. Cover crops differed in their ability to suppress the growth and seed production of E. colona. The effect of cover crop density on the studied attributes was non-significant in most cases. Pigeonpea as a cover crop was the least effective in suppressing the growth and seed production of E. colona. In general, leguminous cover crops exhibited less suppression of E. colona than grasses. Forage sorghum was most efficient in reducing the growth of this weed. Forage sorghum and Japanese millet reduced E. colona leaf and tiller numbers per plant by 90 and 87%, respectively. These cover crops reduced E. colona leaf number to only 17 per plant as against 160 per plant recorded without cover crops. Inflorescence number per E. colona plant growing alone was as high as 48. However, it was reduced by 20–92% when this weed was grown with cover crop plants. E. colona’s seed production was significantly suppressed by all the cover crops, except pigeonpea. Biomass of E. colona was suppressed largely by forage sorghum and Japanese millet compared to other cover crops. Among the cover crops, pigeonpea produced the lowest biomass of 11 g pot-1, and the highest biomass (114 g pot-1) was produced by forage sorghum. The study demonstrated the usefulness of cover crops, especially forage sorghum and Japanese millet, to suppress the growth and seed output of E. colona.
19
Austen, Dick. "Foreword to 'Producing and Processing Quality Beef from Australian Cattle Herds'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav41n7_fo.
Анотація:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
20
Bindon, B. M., and N. M. Jones. "Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01052.
Анотація:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
21
Crossman, Joanna, and Hiroko Noma. "Sunao as Character: Its Implications for Trust and Intercultural Communication Within Subsidiaries of Japanese Multinationals in Australia." Journal of Business Ethics 113, no. 3 (April 18, 2012): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1321-7.
22
Nakane, Ikuko, Chihiro Kinoshita Thomson, and Satoko Tokumaru. "Negotiation of power and solidarity in email." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 24, no. 1 (April 18, 2014): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.24.1.04nak.
Анотація:
The issue of e-politeness has been attracting increasing attention in the field of foreign language teaching and learning. This article examines how students of Japanese as a foreign language in Australia negotiated power and solidarity in their email correspondence with ‘facilitators’ in Japan who provided support in essay writing tasks. Their relationships, which were neither completely status-unequal nor status-equal, offer a unique social context for an examination of politeness. The study examines whether and how power and solidarity shifted over the 12 weeks of email exchanges. The results show varying levels of rapport and orientations to politeness developing over time, as well as evidence of students applying implicit input from the facilitators’ email messages. The article also considers the impacts, on the politeness phenomena in the data, of students’ cultural backgrounds and prior exposure to casual Japanese. The findings are discussed in relation to the question of ‘appropriateness’ in fostering foreign language learner ability to negotiate power and solidarity in intercultural communication.
23
Kinoshita, Yukio, Suzanne O'Keefe, and Nobuo Kimura. "A Case Study on Farm Business Management Styles: A Survey of Rice Farm Businesses in New South Wales, Australia, Applied to the Japanese Context." Japanese Journal of Rural Economics 17 (2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18480/jjre.17.52.
24
Ben_Youssef, Kais, and Yasuo Hoshino. "The influence of firm-specific advantages and entry mode choice on performance: the case of Japanese foreign direct investment in Australia." International Journal of Services Technology and Management 8, no. 4/5 (2007): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijstm.2007.013923.
25
Golab, Anna, Ferry Jie, Robert Powell, and Anna Zamojska. "Cointegration between the European Union and the selected global markets following Sovereign Debt Crisis." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(1).2018.05.
Анотація:
The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical analysis of cointegration between Europe and the other significant trading partners, namely US, China, Japan and Australia, for the period from January 1, 2010 to December 30, 2016. This captures the impact of the sovereign European debt crisis and the Greek crisis. A range of parametric techniques were adopted including Johansen cointegration analysis, Vector Error Correction Model and Granger causality. The results of the crisis Granger causality test during the European sovereign crisis implies the highest influence to be that of the US and Japanese stock market over the other four markets. Overall, found that the Asia-Pacific region plus the US stay closely related to each other, while European countries influence all the studied markets except each other. For the post-crisis sub-period, the Granger causality is slightly different. It is observable that the UK and Germany are influencing all the markets. This is probably due to the recent Brexit referendum outcome and potential consequences not only for the EU, but also for the rest of the world too. Overall, the Granger outcome shows the dependence between Europe and other global markets, but there is no European interdependence during the sovereign debt crisis period. It may be concluded that there is a separation of Asian markets from the European markets and even though cointegration exists, the relationship is rather weak.
26
Deveson, Ivan A. "Japanese management — Some lessons for the Australian management style." Japanese Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1993): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399308521877.
27
Morri, Giacomo, and Federico Romito. "An international analysis of time varying beta risk in listed real estate securities." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 35, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2016-0052.
Анотація:
Purpose Listed real estate securities have historically been used to achieve an exposure to the real estate asset class and to obtain a broad spectrum of other specific features such as return enhancement, but whether they must be associated to the direct property or to the broad stock market is deceptive on a merely theoretical basis. Moreover, the global financial crisis (GFC) has questioned their risk/return characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to asses if listed real estate securities are still enough dissimilar from the broad stock market to provide remarkable diversification benefits for a long term investor. Design/methodology/approach The analysis has been developed on the FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Developed Index and at country level (USA, UK, France, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia) from November 2001 to October 2013. The authors analysed the real estate index over a broad market index and adjusted for a possible bias related to heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation, using a least squared regression with Newey-West HAC Correction. A Recursive Least Squares (RLS) was also used to test the stability of the parameters with the CUSUM squared test and the Chow test. Finally the authors tested for cointegration with the Augmented Dickey Fuller and the Engle Granger tests. Findings The authors found that after the GFC the Beta-risk related to the stock market has witnessed a sharp increase, but with differences among country. While the USA, the UK and France have experienced a trend similar to the one described for the FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Developed Index, Asian Markets depict a quite stable Beta over the full sample (gradual increase for the Australian market). Evidence of a structural break in conjunction with 2008 crisis has been found only in USA, UK and France. Practical implications Listed real estate securities, even if characterised by time varying Beta-risk and partially reduced diversification benefits, are still worth to be included in long term horizon portfolios. However, more wary considerations should be drafted before investing in the Asian markets where evidence of cointegration was found only for the Japanese market. Originality/value Analysis of post GFC effect on direct property investment vs indirect listed investment worldwide.
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Nemoto, Hiroyuki. "The cross-cultural academic communication and study management of Japanese exchange students." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2004): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.1.08nem.
Анотація:
This paper deals with the cross-cultural academic communication of Japanese exchange students who are enrolled at an Australian university. In particular, it reports on an investigation of their study management processes, focusing on their responses to assigned tasks, including written assignments, examinations, and oral presentations, and the relationship between such tasks and their prior academic experiences in Japan. On the basis of a conceptual model that integrates the language management framework with the two types of concepts involving situated learning and genres, an exploration is made of the deviations from Australian academic norms found in the conduct of the Japanese exchange students, their awareness and evaluations of these deviations, their planning and implementation of management strategies to rectify or avoid the deviations.
29
Saragih, Harriman Samuel, and Peter Jonathan. "Views of Indonesian consumer towards medical tourism experience in Malaysia." Journal of Asia Business Studies 13, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-04-2018-0135.
Анотація:
Purpose Indonesians are known for their unique behaviour and willingness to travel abroad for healthcare treatments. More than half of the healthcare “tourists” who travel to Malaysia come from Indonesia, followed in numbers by those in India, Japan, and China, Libya, the UK, Australia, USA, Bangladesh and the Philippines. Malaysia is also geographically located near two Indonesian main islands, i.e. North Sumatera and North Kalimantan. These reasons contribute to making Indonesia one of the most productive healthcare consumers in Malaysia. This study aims to examine these Indonesian consumers’ through the use of behavioural lenses to examine their medical tourism experiences in Malaysia, its neighbouring country. Design/methodology/approach The theory of planned behaviour is used as the basis of these analyses and hypotheses development. In total, 7 variables and 18 indicators that built both the exogenous and endogenous variables were developed from previous literature. Through a purposive sampling technique, the authors collected 200 samples of individuals where each respondent must at least have been to Malaysia once for medical treatments related to a general check-up, cardiovascular, cancer, orthopaedics, nervous systems or dental problems. A partial least squares – structural equation modelling analysis was carried out to examine both the measurement model and the structural model. Findings Behavioural belief positively affects the attitude of Indonesian patients and their intentions to visit Malaysia for medical treatment, i.e. attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Results show that as individuals, Indonesians have a strong belief that undergoing medical treatment in Malaysia will be more favourable than having that same medical treatment in Indonesia. The study also shows that people who are considered important to patients, e.g. family members or relatives, significantly influence their intention to visit Malaysian medical institutions. The authors also found that patients’ resources and capabilities – e.g. financial strength, supporting infrastructures and time availability – are essential factors for Indonesian patients to choose medical tourism and to visit Malaysia as their venue for medical services. Research limitations/implications The results of this study are consistent with the previous research, which has shown that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control positively affect visit intention. The results also suggest new interesting theoretical findings that Indonesia’s medical tourist intention to visit Malaysia is most strongly caused by subjective norms followed by individual attitudes and perceived behavioural control, all reasons that are identical to Japanese medical tourists’ visiting South Korea for similar purposes. Indeed, there are similar behavioural practices and beliefs among both Indonesian and Japanese medical tourists, despite the gap existing in these two countries’ economies. Practical implications The study proposes two managerial implications using its findings. First, this study can be a basis for the Malaysian medical tourism business to better understand Indonesian medical tourists’ behaviour when visiting their country. The study explicitly suggests that it is both collective and individual beliefs that drive Indonesian patients, who have the sufficient resources, to visit Malaysia because of better quality and affordability available there compared to Indonesian medical services. Second, this study raises a fundamental question about Indonesian stakeholders in the medical industry. In the near future, this type of medical tourism behaviour will, without a doubt, affect the Indonesian economy at large. Originality/value The contributions of this study are twofold. First, compared to previous studies that focussed specifically on the developed countries, this study focusses on Indonesian consumers’ point of view as an emerging country towards Malaysia’s medical tourism business. Second, this study provides quantifiable insights on the Indonesia-Malaysia medical tourism phenomenon, which previously has been frequently discussed, but only using a qualitative exploratory approach.
30
Pasfield-Neofitou, Sarah E. "Learners’ language management in internet-based communication with Japanese peers." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.08pas.
Анотація:
This paper reports on an empirical analysis of the language management strategies of Australian learners of Japanese in Internet communication with their Japanese native-speaking peers, in order to evaluate the interpersonal and technological factors that contribute to learner noting processes. The paper makes use of the language management model, including the concept of “noting”, to explore learners’ Internet communication, not only in terms of occurrence of noting and perceptions of norm deviations on the micro-level, but also the impact of macro-level language planning in Internet communities.
31
Bamber, Greg J., Mark A. Shadur, and Faith Howell. "The International Transferability of Japanese Management Strategies: An Australian Perspective." Employee Relations 14, no. 3 (March 1992): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425459210013869.
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Nemoto, Hiroyuki. "Noting and evaluating contact between Japanese and Australian academic cultures." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.07nem.
Анотація:
This paper reports on a case study of Japanese exchange students that investigated the ways such students note and evaluate various types of contact between native and host academic cultures while participating in new communities of practice at an Australian university. In this study, language management theory (Jernudd & Neustupný, 1987; Neustupný, 1985, 1994, 2004) was employed in conjunction with Lave and Wenger’s (1991) concept of legitimate peripheral participation in order to investigate the sociocultural influence on cognitive processes of language management. The findings illustrate that not only norm deviations but also the phenomena relating to norm universality and compatibility generated processes of noting and evaluation. This study also provides an insight into mechanisms of self- and other-noting, as well as negative evaluations of norm deviations, and sheds light on positive evaluations of common disciplinary knowledge and cross-cultural situational similarities. Based on the findings, this paper indicates that noting and evaluation in language management processes should be considered in relation to students’ social positionings, their power relations with other community members, their perceptions of self, and the context where the management occurs.
33
Sasaki, Yusuke, and Evan Ortlieb. "Investigating why Japanese students remain silent in Australian university classrooms." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 27, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.27.1.05sas.
Анотація:
Abstract While Australian academic contexts generally prioritize verbal participation, Japanese educational environments expect students to participate silently. This research project explored why Japanese students remain silent in Australian classrooms despite knowing the expectations of western universities. Contrary to prevailing conceptions of silence in classroom contexts, findings revealed that some participants’ silent in-class behavior does not necessarily suggest reluctance or inability. Rather, participants assumed that verbally contributing to the class would impede the teacher’s lecture and their peers’ learning. Additional findings indicated that while cultural, identity traits, and previous education in Japan may have shaped their silent in-class behavior, some participants acknowledged the need to participate verbally to satisfy their teachers and peers in Australian classrooms. Peripheral factors such as the size of classrooms and lack of genuine rapport between classmates also influenced their classroom behavior. The findings expand upon existing literature which shows that Japanese students’ silence in Australian classrooms is often juxtaposed with teacher and student expectations.
34
Marriott, Helen. "Japanese students’ management processes and their acquisition of English academic competence during study abroad." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.2.08mar.
Анотація:
This paper deals with Japanese students who enroll in a postgraduate program at an Australian university. Using the language management model, I analyse the types of difficulties they experience in the English academic context in terms of deviations from the norm, and then examine the various types of adjustment processes through which they develop their English academic competence.
35
Benson, John. "Strategic labour relations: Management practices in Japanese and Australian manufacturing enterprises." Japanese Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1993): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371399308521872.
36
Yoshimitsu, Kuniko. "Japanese home-background students at an Australian university." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2004): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.1.09yos.
Анотація:
This paper deals with Japanese home-background students who enrolled in a full degree undergraduate program at an Australian university during 2000 to 2001. The study aims to identify and characterize the types of Japanese home-background students and establish a suitable classification of these students based on the findings. This study is an essential step in understanding the problems and the needs of these students in university learning. The findings are from a case study of 17 students, which are made up of seven local students and 10 international students.
37
Marriott, Helen. "Language management in intercultural business networks." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.04mar.
Анотація:
This paper deals with language management within a transnational business network, with a specific focus on the process of noting. In an analysis of one business encounter involving one Japanese and one Australian business representative, language management is found to occur at the grammatical, (non-grammatical) communicative and also sociocultural/socioeconomic levels. Furthermore, the language management involves not just individual acts but also occurs at the level of the speech event, as seen through an analysis of how the participants perceive the function of the encounter and their respective roles vis-à-vis their own institutional networks. The data consists of a video-tape recording in conjunction with follow-up (stimulated recall) interviews with the two participants.
38
Soutar, Geoffrey N., Richard Grainger, and Pamela Hedges. "Australian and Japanese Value Stereotypes: A two Country Study." Journal of International Business Studies 30, no. 1 (March 1999): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490067.
39
Kurata, Naomi. "Noting and other language management processes of a learner of Japanese in his bilingual social networks." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.06kur.
Анотація:
This case study examines the language problems that are noted and further managed by a Japanese language learner studying at an Australian university. Through the use of interviews as well as the analysis of the learner’s natural conversation, the study mainly focuses on some major factors that affect these management processes. To date, there has been little research on noting and other management processes in out-of-class natural contexts, in particular that on presentational problems noted by foreign language learners. Utilising an approach that incorporates language management theory and activity theory, this study reveals that these problems seem to be perceived and managed seriously by the learner in his conversation. The findings also indicate that one of the major factors that affect the learner’s language management processes is a contradiction that emerges between two activities of the communities where the learner and his interactants are situated. This contradiction, in turn, seems to lead to a number of other contradictions between the three interactants’ goals of the conversation, which possibly affect the learner’s evaluations of language deviations and consequent adjustments in complex ways. Other factors include the learner’s L2 use history, such as formal Japanese study, which might contribute to his correctness-oriented approach, and the strength of indication of each participant’s preference for English or Japanese.
40
Tkaczynski, Aaron, Hayato Nagai, and Sharyn R. Rundle-Thiele. "Australian students’ activity preferences, perceived physical risk and interest in vacationing in Japan." Journal of Vacation Marketing 24, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766717736348.
Анотація:
The purpose of this study was to identify Australian students’ activity preferences, perceived physical risk and interest in Japan as a vacation destination. Based on a sample of 422 Australian students, five activity factors were determined. These were labeled as cultural, outdoor, excitement, built attractions and personal. Australian students were extremely interested in vacationing in Japan and they generally perceived few physical risks of a Japanese vacation. Hygiene risk significantly contributed to variance in interest in vacationing in Japan. Four activity types significantly contributed to interest in travel to Japan and perceived physical risk did not mediate the activity preference and interest relationship. Theoretical and practical implications for this research are outlined and limitations and opportunities for future research are provided.
41
Thornton, Robert. "Innovations in aged care: study tours for Japanese health professionals-sharing insights." Australian Health Review 26, no. 1 (2003): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah030130.
Анотація:
With Australian health care management is becoming of increasing interest to Asian organisations,and there have been many advances made in the conduct of informative tours. This article presents a summary of key points to be considered when planning and implementing study tours for health professionals from Japan, especially in the context of aged care. By providing an outline of Japanese culture and traditions,is provided and the mostly anecdotal experience will serve to inform readers about how to conduct such tours so that to meet the learners' needs are met while also preserving the dignity of the aged persons involved. The key issues to be addressed are described using the mnemonic of S.T.U.D.Y.T.O.U.R.S. - where the key letters stand for Specifications, Translation, Understanding culture, Delivery of education, Yen, Timing, Organisation, Unique needs, Residents' values and Safety.The intent of the article is to encapsulate the many factors to be planned and implemented to achieve the outcomes required by the Japanese visitors and to ensure both the necessary professional and financial rewards for the Australian hosts.
42
Jarman, A. M. G., and A. Kouzmin. "Australian Metropolitan Development: Local Government Reform and Urban Growth into the 1990s." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110143.
Анотація:
During the past four decades, many national governments, both centralist and federal, have spent considerable resources on planning for improved types of human settlement. Sometimes, grand schemes of regional planning, ‘New Town’ development, vast subdivisional tracting, and, even, industrial policy have been prepared and implemented in the name of urban and metropolitan development. The developmental role of local councils, as governmental authorities, has been either understated or underutilized; often, both. Australian governments should now reflect upon past policies and, most particularly, reconsider the role of a proactive local government sector in future metropolitan and urban development. In general terms, a multigenerational model regarding Australian urban policy design is considered. The first three, and more conventional, generations consist of: (1) the local government ‘fragmentation’ dispute, whereby local authorities are regarded as being too small, parochial, and ineffective as planning institutions; (2) the ‘New Town’ period, involving centralized planning and funding; and (3) a consolidation era where many different types of corporate, multifocal authority agencies have been created. The fourth generation constitutes the governmentally approved multifunction polis (MFP): A unique Japanese–Australian vision of a 21st century technopolis. It is argued that a further, fifth, model needs to be considered in the context of Australia's continuing outer-(sub)urban development. A linear growth-linkage model is presented; one which enhances the role of local government planning and development near the various state-located capital cities.
43
Boyce, Gordon. "Multilateral Contracting in Australian Mining: The Development of Hamersley Iron, 1961–1966." Enterprise & Society 2, no. 3 (September 2001): 543–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/2.3.543.
Анотація:
Management theory andtransaction cost economics provide few insights into the dynamics of multilateral negotiations. A host of factors suggest that complex transactions—especially those that involve government agencies—face a high probability of failure. Yet history records many examples of successful multiple-party transactions. Using the records of a major Australian iron ore mining venture, Hamersley Iron, this article reveals a number of the tactics that are usedto engineer an agreement when the parties concerned have conflicting objectives, different cultural affiliations, and distinctive institutional ties. The essay also exposes some of the devices that the Japanese steel industry—Hamersley’s main customer—used to secure competitive advantages in raw material procurement during the industry’s rise to international prominence.
44
Kustin, Richard Alan. "A Study of Marketing Standardization and Performance of Australian, Japanese, and U.S. Firms." Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 11, no. 4 (November 19, 2010): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2010.522164.
45
Lamb, J. C., H. B. W. M. Koëter, R. Becker, A. Gies, Les Davies, T. Inoue, A. Jacobs, G. Lyons, M. Matsumoto, and G. Timm. "Risk management options for endocrine disruptors in national and international programs." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112549.
Анотація:
This workshop was convened to address common issues and concerns associated with risk management of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The talks described the tools and policies for key Japanese, Australian, German, and U.S. regulatory agencies. The agencies participating in the workshop were responsible for the regulation of various substances including: chemicals, pesticides, environmental contamination, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. The panel also described the role of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in standardizing the tools and validation of testing and screening methods. The panel also included nongovernmental organizations presenting the views of the World Wildlife Fund, and the chemical industry from industrialized nations; each organization described its concerns and proposed approaches to risk management of EDCs. This summary highlights the most important areas of common points of view of government, industry, and environmentalists. We also try to identify issues upon which viewpoints diverge.
46
Korczynski, Marek, Karen Shire, Steve Frenkel, and Mary Tarn. "Front Line Work In the 'New Model Service Firm': Australian and Japanese Comparisons." Human Resource Management Journal 6, no. 2 (March 1996): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1996.tb00405.x.
47
Gilbert, Kara. "A comparison of argument structures in L1 and L2 student writing." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 14, no. 1 (March 8, 2004): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.1.05gil.
Анотація:
The study consisted of an investigation into the argument structures employed in the English academic writing of Japanese native speakers and Australian English native speakers in the Arts (humanities) faculty of an Australian university. In order to investigate naturally occurring written argument structures, an in-depth case-study analysis of a small number of coursework essays was conducted. The complexity of argument structures in terms of the elaboration of individual arguments and the relational links between multiple related arguments of extended persuasive discourse were examined. Consequently, the similarities and differences between the L1 and L2 argumentative structures in the English essays and the nature of argument in English native speaker and Japanese ESL writing were identified. The findings indicate that although there were some differences between the micro- and macro-structures of written arguments in the coursework essays of L1 and L2 students, there were also similarities across both groups of writers. This may suggest that the context of learning plays a role in shaping the argumentative discourse patterns of written texts, which has significant implications not only for L2 writers learning the conventions of English discourse in an academic environment but also for future research investigating forms of written argument.
48
Easson, Michael. "The ILO to the Rescue? A Mote on Japanese and Australian Experiences." Economic and Labour Relations Review 6, no. 1 (June 1995): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469500600111.
49
Batt, Peter J., and Ryuta Morooka. "Perceptual differences in offer quality between Western Australian rock lobster exporters and Japanese rock lobster importers." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 8, no. 5 (December 2003): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540310500303.
50
Hutchings, Katherine. "Workplace Practices of Japanese and Australian Multinational Corporations Operating in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia." Human Resource Management Journal 6, no. 2 (March 1996): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1996.tb00404.x.