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Готові списки джерел за темами / Koshi River basin / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Koshi River basin"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Kong, Bo, Wei Deng, Qing Wang, and Huan Yu. "Investigation and evaluation of agricultural water use in a least developed country – a case study in Koshi River basin, Nepal." Water Policy 21, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 658–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.208.

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Abstract Water availability plays a key role in securing agricultural production and sustaining the income of farming households. Nepal is one of the countries most dependent on agriculture; more than 80% of the population works in agriculture, contributing to 35% of its total gross domestic product (GDP). As one of the longest rivers in Nepal, Koshi River is one of the main water supplies for agricultural activities. In recent years, due to the population growth and the climate change, there has been increasing stress on the water resources in Koshi River basin. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of water availability in the basin area is required, prior to an effective strategy for water resources allocation and management. In this study, we provide a quantitative assessment of available water resources in Koshi River basin and highlight the trend of water availability for agricultural use. Moreover, we discuss the potential water-related risks for farming households in the basin area. The contribution of this study is to provide the basis for efficient water management strategies in Koshi River basin.

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2

Thakur, P. K., P. R. Dhote, A. Roy, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-911-2020.

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Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.

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3

Zhang, Jian-qiang, Rong-kun Liu, Wei Deng, Narendra Raj Khanal, Deo Raj Gurung, Manchiraju Sri Ramachandra Murthy, and Shahriar Wahid. "Characteristics of landslide in Koshi River Basin, Central Himalaya." Journal of Mountain Science 13, no. 10 (October 2016): 1711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4017-0.

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4

Chinnasamy, Pennan. "Inference of basin flood potential using nonlinear hysteresis effect of basin water storage: case study of the Koshi basin." Hydrology Research 48, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 1554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.268.

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Abstract Current flood forecasting tools for river basins subject to extreme seasonal monsoon rainfall are of limited value because they do not consider nonlinearity between basin hydrological properties. The goal of this study is to develop models that account for nonlinearity relationships in flood forecasting, which can aid future flood warning and evacuation system models. Water storage estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, along with observed discharge and rainfall data were used to develop two multivariate autoregressive monthly discharge models. Model-I was based on rainfall only, while Model-II was based on rainfall and water storage estimates for the Koshi subbasin within the Ganges River basin. Results indicate that the saturation of water storage units in the basin play a vital role in the prediction of peak floods with lead times of 1 to 12 months. Model-II predicted monthly discharge with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ranging from 0.66 to 0.87, while NSE was 0.4 to 0.85 for Model-I. Model-II was then tested with a 3-month lead to predict the 2008 Koshi floods – with NSE of 0.75. This is the first study to use ‘fixed effects’ multivariate regression in flood prediction, accounting for the nonlinear hysteresis effect of basin storage on floods.

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5

Xue, Wu, Gao Jungang, Zhang Yili, Liu Linshan, Zhao Zhilong, and Basanta Paudel. "Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas." Journal of Resources and Ecology 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2017.01.003.

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6

Agarwal, Anshul, Mukand S. Babel, Shreedhar Maskey, Sangam Shrestha, Akiyuki Kawasaki, and Nitin K. Tripathi. "Analysis of temperature projections in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal." International Journal of Climatology 36, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4342.

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7

Agarwal, Anshul, Mukand S. Babel, and Shreedhar Maskey. "Analysis of future precipitation in the Koshi river basin, Nepal." Journal of Hydrology 513 (May 2014): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.047.

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8

Khadka, A., L. P. Devkota, and R. B. Kayastha. "Impact of Climate Change on the Snow Hydrology of Koshi River Basin." Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 9, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhm.v9i1.15580.

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Koshi river basin which is one of the largest river basins of Nepal has its headwaters in the northern Himalayan region of the country covered with perennial snow and glaciers. Increased warming due to climate change is most likely to impact snowpack of this Himalayan region. Snowmelt Runoff Model, a degree day based method, was used in this study to assess the snowmelt hydrology of the five sub-basins, viz. Tamor, Arun, Dudhkoshi, Tamakoshi and Sunkoshi of the Koshi river basin, with and without climate change impacts. The model has been fairly able to simulate the flow. Daily bias-corrected RCM data of PRECIS-ECHAM05 and PRECIS-HadCM3 for the period of 2041-2060 were used for future projection. A period of 2000-2008 was set as baseline period to evaluate changes in future flow. In climate change scenarios, magnitude and frequency of peak flows are expected to increase and snowmelt contribution to total river flows are likely to be more. Simulated flow results indicate that the annual flow would still be governed by monsoon flow even in the future under the climate change impact. A high probability of having more flows and snowmelt in 50’s decade than that in 40’s decade is seen. The estimated future flow by ECHAM05 is found more than those estimated by HadCM3 both seasonally and annually.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 9(1) 2015, p.28-44

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9

Khanal, Narendra Raj, Jin-Ming Hu, and Pradeep Mool. "Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk in the Poiqu/Bhote Koshi/Sun Koshi River Basin in the Central Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 35, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-15-00009.

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10

Koirala, Saroj, Yiping Fang, Nirmal Mani Dahal, Chenjia Zhang, Bikram Pandey, and Sabita Shrestha. "Application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) in Spatial Analysis of Water Stress in Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020727.

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Water and poverty interface is strongly interconnected and a robust assessment of water stress is crucial to identify needy areas and develop appropriate intervention for poverty reduction. Water Poverty Index (WPI) provides an interdisciplinary tool to assess water stress by linking physical estimates of water availability with socio-economic drivers of poverty. This study presents an application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) to estimate and compare the level of water stress in 27 districts of Koshi River Basin in Nepal. Based on data availability, relevance to the study area and review of literatures, 12 indicators were selected under five key components outlined by WPI. The study result shows medium-low degree (WPI = 54.4) of water poverty in the Koshi River Basin in Nepal. The WPI score varies widely (from 49.75 to 69.29) along the districts and it was found that districts in Tarai regions and urban areas were more water stressed compared to the districts in mid-hill and high-hill regions. Priorities for intervention must be given to the districts in Tarai regions and urban areas with a low WPI score, explicitly on the sector regarding access to water and sanitation to address water poverty in the basin.

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11

Rai, Dil Kumar, and Tika Ram Linkha. "The Saptakoshi high dam project and its bio-physical consequences in the Arun river basin." Geographical Journal of Nepal 13 (March 19, 2020): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v13i0.28157.

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The big project called Saptakoshi high dam is a bilateral project of Indian and Nepalese government under the Koshi agreement. At present, high dam issue is being the great issue especially raising by the inhabitants of upstream in Koshi basin. Therefore, this research paper attempts to examine the bio-physical consequences due to high dam in the upstream of Arun river basin. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology have been used for the spatial analysis to prepare this paper. Spatial data have been taken from topographical map and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the attribute data have taken from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kathmandu. It revealed that approximately 11777 hectors arable plain land will be inundated in Arun river basin only by water with river deposits due to high dam if the high dam will be built at the proposed place and proposed dam height. The proposed place lies 1.6 km upstream from Barahakshetra temple of Sunsari district and the dam height will 269 meters. Similarly, more than 10000 population might be displaced in future. There is a strong sense of fear and sadness among the people of affected communities. Till now, they have unknown about the clear information about high dam. As a result, they are sometimes demonstrating against Saptakoshi high dam. So, government should inform and ensure the alternative management of the concerned people in the initial stage to manage the future disputes.

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12

Shah, Deep Narayan, Amit Poudyal, Gopal Sharma, Sarah Levine, Naresh Subedi, and Maheshwor Dhakal. "Status, distribution, threats, and conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cetacea) in Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): 15106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4397.12.1.15106-15113.

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The Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica has been classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN changed its status from ‘Vulnerable’ to ‘Endangered’ in 1996 as the species population was declining in its entire distribution range. It is, however, classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ in Nepal. Historically, the freshwater cetacean has been documented in the Karnali, Koshi, Narayani, and Mahakali basins. With their population and distribution range in decline, the Ganges River Dolphin (GRD) is no longer found in the Mahakali River system, which demarcates and traverses the Western border of India and Nepal. This study examines the status and distribution of the GRD in the river systems of Nepal during the monsoon of 2016. The national dolphin population survey was conducted in the three largest river basins in Nepal—Karnali, Narayani, and Koshi. Each of the three basins represent the extreme upstream limit of the GRD distribution in Ganges River basin. The national population survey included both a boat-based survey and shore-based synchronized counting in each of the three river systems. Fifty-two (Best-High-Low: 52-61-50) dolphins were counted during the entire nationwide survey, conducted in July–August, 2016. Researchers gathered social-data from locals residing alongside the observed basin, giving priority to artisanal fishers and those subsisting to some degree from the rivers known to host the river dolphin. A questionnaire survey of ninety-two residents from riparian villages adjacent to the GRD hotspots sheds light on the local perspectives towards dolphin conservation coupled with an assessment of their socio-economic status; artisanal fishing practices; and their awareness of dolphin conservation. According to the survey, notable threats to dolphin conservation are prey depletion; non-availability of suitable habitat; habitat fragmentation and a low level of awareness. Based on the counting outcomes and social survey, recommendations have been put forward for the conservation of this species.

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13

Wahid, S. M., A. B. Shrestha, M. S. R. Murthy, M. Matin, J. Zhang, and O. Siddiqui. "Regional Water Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: Role of Geospatial Science and Tools." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1331-2014.

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The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is the source of ten large Asian river systems – the Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra (Yarlungtsanpo), Irrawaddy, Salween (Nu), Mekong (Lancang), Yangtse (Jinsha), Yellow River (Huanghe), and Tarim (Dayan), - and provides water, ecosystem services, and the basis for livelihoods to a population of around 0.2 billion people in the region. The river basins of these rivers provide water to 1.3 billion people, a fifth of the world’s population. Against this background, a comprehensive river basin program having current focus on the Koshi and Indus basins is launched at the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) as a joint scientific endeavour of several participating institutions from four regional countries of the HKH region. The river basin approach aims is to maximize the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while conserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems, and improved understanding of upstream-downstream linkages. In order to effectively support river basin management satellite based multi sensor and multi temporal data is used to understand diverse river basin related aspects. We present here our recent experiences and results on satellite based rainfall and run off assessments, land use and land cover change and erosion dynamics, multi thematic water vulnerability assessments, space based data streaming systems for dynamic hydrological modelling, and potential applications of agent based models in effective local water use management.

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14

Nirmal Mani DAHAL, Donghong XIONG, Nilhari NEUPANE, Baojun ZHANG, Bintao LIU, Yong YUAN, Yiping FANG, Saroj KOIRALA, and Maan B. ROKAYA. "Factors affecting maize, rice and wheat yields in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 77, no. 3 (2021): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.d-20-00019.

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15

Rajbhandari, Rupak, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Santosh Nepal, and Shahriar Wahid. "Projection of Future Climate over the Koshi River Basin Based on CMIP5 GCMs." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 06, no. 02 (2016): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2016.62017.

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16

Gonga-Saholiariliva, Nahossio, Luc Neppel, Pierre Chevallier, François Delclaux, and Marie Savéan. "Geostatistical Estimation of Daily Monsoon Precipitation at Fine Spatial Scale: Koshi River Basin." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 21, no. 9 (September 2016): 05016017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001388.

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17

Fang, Yiping. "Cascading Adaptation of Rural Livelihood to Changing Environment in the Koshi River Basin." Impact 2018, no. 8 (November 26, 2018): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2018.8.42.

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18

King, Hugh, and Laurence Smith. "Many Rivers to Cross : Evaluating the Benefits and Limitations of Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Koshi River Basin." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 18, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333216500113.

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This paper assesses the value of using Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to account for the spatially and temporally diverse and diffuse potential impacts of hydropower development in South Asia’s Koshi basin. A policy and practice review and key stakeholder interviews identified opportunities for SEA to improve existing planning procedures, and also barriers to effective adoption. Whilst stakeholders are interested in employing SEA to evaluate cumulative impacts, institutional blockages and an economic development imperative for power generation leave little space for consideration of alternative scenarios as part of SEA. The analysis is conducted through the formulation and application of a conceptual framework (CFW) for SEA best practice which is then used to identify priority next-steps for a more dynamic application of SEA in the region.

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19

Wu, Han, Donghong Xiong, Bintao Liu, Su Zhang, Yong Yuan, Yiping Fang, Chhabi Lal Chidi, and Nirmal Mani Dahal. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Drought Variability Using CWSI in the Koshi River Basin (KRB)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173100.

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Drought is one of the most frequent meteorological disasters, and has exerted significant impacts on the livelihoods and economy of the Koshi River Basin (KRB). In this study, we assessed drought patterns using the Crop Water Shortage Index (CWSI) based on the MOD16 product for the period between 2000 and 2014. The results revealed that the CWSI based on the MOD16 product can be act as an indicator to monitor the characteristics of the drought. Significant spatial heterogeneity of drought was observed in the basin, with higher CWSI values downstream and upstream than in the midstream. The midstream of the KRB was dominated by light drought, moderate drought occurred in the upstream, and the downstream was characterized by severe drought. The monthly CWSI during one year in KRB showed the higher CWSI between March to May (pre-monsoon) and October to December (post-monsoon) rather than June to September (monsoon), and the highest was observed in the month of April, suggesting that precipitation plays the most important role in the mitigation of CWSI. Additionally, the downstream and midstream showed a higher variation of drought compared to the upstream in the basin. This research indicates that the downstream suffered severe drought due to seasonal water shortages, especially during the pre-monsoon, and water-related infrastructure should be implemented to mitigate losses caused by drought.

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20

Bhatt, Dinesh, Shreedhar Maskey, Mukand S. Babel, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Krishna C. Prasad. "Climate trends and impacts on crop production in the Koshi River basin of Nepal." Regional Environmental Change 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2013): 1291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0576-6.

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21

Shijin, Wang, and Zhang Tao. "Spatial change detection of glacial lakes in the Koshi River Basin, the Central Himalayas." Environmental Earth Sciences 72, no. 11 (May 24, 2014): 4381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3338-y.

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22

Zhu, Ran, and Yiping Fang. "Application of a Water Supply-Demand Balance Model to Set Priorities for Improvements in Water Supply Systems: A Case Study from the Koshi River Basin, Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031606.

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Water scarcity is one of the leading challenges for sustainable development in the context of climate change, particularly for agriculturally reliant countries. Inadequate water supplies tend to generate environmental and health issues. Improvements in water supply systems should give priority to the region with the most severe mismatch between water supply and demand. To set priorities for the improvement of water supply systems, this study proposed a water supply-demand balance model to quantify the water supply-demand gap in the Koshi River basin and compared it with the traditional water vulnerability model. The results suggested that (1) the water supply-demand balance model had good applicability to the Koshi River basin and was superior to traditional models in identifying the region with the most severe mismatch; (2) the shortage of agricultural water was much more serious than that of domestic water in the basin; (3) the largest supply-demand gap of domestic water was in Tarai and that of agricultural water was in the hill areas; and (4) Four districts, including Lalitpur, Mahottari, Makwanpur, and Solukhumbu, were found to be the most water-stressed regions and priority should be given to them. Based on these findings, the priority setting in the improvement of water supply systems and adaptation strategies for mitigating water stress from the perspectives of the government, communities, and households were presented. It helps design water supply systems that match heterogeneous demands and optimize systems operation. Targeted improvements in water supply systems can make limited funds available to benefit more residents.

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23

Shangguan, Donghui, Shiyin Liu, Yongjian Ding, Lizong Wu, Wei Deng, Wanqin Guo, Yuan Wang, et al. "Glacier changes in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya, from 1976 to 2009, derived from remote-sensing imagery." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 66 (2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog66a057.

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AbstractWe use remote-sensing and GIS technologies to monitor glacier changes in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya. The results indicate that in 2009 there were 2061 glaciers in this region, with a total area of 3225 ±90.3 km2. This glacier population is divided into 1290 glaciers, with a total area of 1961 ±54.9 km2, on the north side of the Himalaya (NSH), and 771 glaciers, with a total area of 1264 ± 35.4 km2, on the south side of the Himalaya (SSH). From 1976 to 2009, glacier area in the basin decreased by about 19±5.6% (0.59±0.17%a–1). Glacier reduction was slightly faster on SSH (20.3 ±5.6%) than on NSH (18.8±5.6%). The maximum contribution to glacier area loss came from glaciers within the 1-5 km2 area interval, which accounted for 32% of total area loss between 1976 and 2009. The number of glaciers in the Koshi River catchment decreased by 145 between 1976 and 2009. Glacier area on SSH decreased at a rate of 6.2 ±3.2% (0.68 ±0.36% a–1), faster than on NSH, where the rate was 2.5 ±3.2% (0.27±0.36% a–1) during 2000-09. Based on records from Tingri weather station, we infer that temperature increase and precipitation decrease were the main causes of glacier thinning and retreat during the 1976-2000 period. Glacier retreat during the 2000-09 period appears to be controlled by temperature increase, since precipitation increase over this period did not offset ice losses to surface melting.

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24

Bajracharya, Sagar Ratna, Narendra Raj Khanal, Pashupati Nepal, Sundar Kumar Rai, Pawan Kumar Ghimire, and Neera Shrestha Pradhan. "Community Assessment of Flood Risks and Early Warning System in Ratu Watershed, Koshi Basin, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063577.

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Nepal is highly vulnerable to flood-related disasters which cause considerable loss of lives and property. The vulnerability of communities to flood-related hazards can be reduced by proper planning, preparedness, and responses using various structural and nonstructural measures. The community-based flood early warning system is one such tool that enables local communities to enhance their resilience to flooding risks. This paper highlights the efficacy of the community assessment of flood risks and early warning systems. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper evaluates the progress of a community-based flood early warning system implemented in the Ratu River—a small tributary of the Koshi River. The establishment of a community network in 2015 was instrumental in the dissemination of flood early warning information and in building local capacities to understand the risks and take timely action. The flood early warning resulted in awareness-raising, strengthened upstream–downstream linkages, and resulted in a greater willingness among communities to help each other prepare for flood disasters in the Ratu watershed.

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25

Nepal, Santosh, Saurav Pradhananga, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Sven Kralisch, Jayandra P. Shrestha, and Manfred Fink. "Space–time variability in soil moisture droughts in the Himalayan region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1761–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1761-2021.

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Abstract. Soil water is a major requirement for biomass production and, therefore, one of the most important factors for agriculture productivity. As agricultural droughts are related to declining soil moisture, this paper examines soil moisture drought in the transboundary Koshi River basin (KRB) in the central Himalayan region. By applying the J2000 hydrological model, daily spatially distributed soil moisture is derived for the entire basin over a 28-year period (1980–2007). A multi-site and multi-variable approach – streamflow data at one station and evapotranspiration data at three stations – was used for the calibration and validation of the J2000 model. In order to identify drought conditions based on the simulated soil moisture, the soil moisture deficit index (SMDI) was then calculated, considering the derivation of actual soil moisture from long-term soil moisture on a weekly timescale. To spatially subdivide the variations in soil moisture, the river basin is partitioned into three distinct geographical regions, namely trans-Himalaya, the mountains, and the plains. Further, the SMDI is aggregated temporally to four seasons – winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon – based on wetness and dryness patterns observed in the study area. This has enabled us to look at the magnitude, extent, and duration of soil moisture drought. The results indicated that the J2000 model can simulate the hydrological processes of the basin with good accuracy. Considerable variation in soil moisture was observed in the three physiographic regions and across the four seasons due to high variation in precipitation and temperature conditions. The year 1992 was the driest year and 1998 was the wettest at the basin scale in both magnitude and duration. Similarly, the year 1992 also has the highest number of weeks under drought. Comparing the SMDI with the standardised precipitation index (SPI) suggested that SMDI can reflect a higher variation in drought conditions than SPI. Our results suggested that both the occurrence and severity of droughts have increased in the Koshi River basin over the last 3 decades, especially in the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. The insights provided into the frequency, spatial coverage, and severity of drought conditions can provide valuable contributions towards an improved management of water resources and greater agricultural productivity in the region.

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26

Gautam, Narayan Prasad. "Assessment of the Flow at the Chatara on Koshi River Basin using Semi Distributed Model." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v12i1.16902.

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Hydrological modeling is a physical phenomenon to incorporate rainfall-runoff process in watershed area at particular point and analysis the behaviors of the flow through outlet. There are various types of models such as black box, conceptual and physical based model depends upon the availability of required data, parameters and description of the physical process. Semi distributed model is a conceptual and physical based model which has been developed to bridge the gap between the lumped and distributed model. It have more advantages than other models with respect to time of calculation, less number of parameters, comparatively low calibration needs and have high efficiency of model. The model performance may be achieved upon the qualitative and quantitative available rainfall data, land use data and size of the watershed. In this study, Koshi river basin was taken for the study area. Kinematic wave method was used for overland routing and Muskingum conge method was applied for channel routing to describe the discharge on Saptakoshi river and peak flow attenuation and dispersion observed in the direct runoff hydrograph. From this study result, Annual runoff, Peak flow and time of peak at the outlet are similar to the observed flow in calibration and verification period using trapezoidal channel. The nash efficiency obtained from the semi distributed model with kinematic wave method is more than 90%in verification periods and nearly 90% in calibration periods Hence Hydrological modeling is a powerful technique in the planning and development of integrated approach for management of water resources.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 184-198

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27

Hussain, Md Sarfaraj, Hesham Mustafa Gebira, Hend Ismail, and Mohammed Ali. "New aliphatic ester constituents of Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine from the Koshi river basin." Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13596-018-0336-8.

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28

van Oort, Bob, Laxmi Dutt Bhatta, Himlal Baral, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Madhav Dhakal, Ieva Rucevska, and Ramesh Adhikari. "Assessing community values to support mapping of ecosystem services in the Koshi river basin, Nepal." Ecosystem Services 13 (June 2015): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.004.

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29

Rai, Mana Raj, Amnat Chidthaisong, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit, and Pariwate Varnakovida. "Assessing Climate Change Trends and Their Relationships with Alpine Vegetation and Surface Water Dynamics in the Everest Region, Nepal." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080987.

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The Himalayas, especially the Everest region, are highly sensitive to climate change. Although there are research works on this region related to cryospheric work, the ecological understandings of the alpine zone and climate impacts are limited. This study aimed to assess the changes in surface water including glacier lake and streamflow and the spatial and temporal changes in alpine vegetation and examine their relationships with climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) during 1995–2019 in the Everest region and the Dudh Koshi river basin. In this study, Landsat time-series data, European Commission’s Joint Research Center (JRC) surface water data, ECMWF Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA5) reanalysis temperature data, and meteorological station data were used. It was found that the glacial lake area and volume are expanding at the rates of 0.0676 and 0.0198 km3/year, respectively; the average annual streamflow is decreasing at the rate of 2.73 m3/s/year. Similarly, the alpine vegetation greening as indicated by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is increasing at the rate of 0.00352 units/year. On the other hand, the annual mean temperature shows an increasing trend of 0.0329 °C/year, and the annual precipitation also shows a significant negative monotonic trend. It was also found that annual NDVI is significantly correlated with annual temperature. Likewise, the glacial lake area expansion is strongly correlated with annual minimum temperature and annual precipitation. Overall, we found a significant alteration in the alpine ecosystem of the Everest region that could impact on the water–energy–food nexus of the Dudh Koshi river basin.

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30

Wang, Beibei, Mingjun Ding, Shicheng Li, Linshan Liu, and Jiahui Ai. "Assessment of landscape ecological risk for a cross-border basin: A case study of the Koshi River Basin, central Himalayas." Ecological Indicators 117 (October 2020): 106621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106621.

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31

Hussain, Abid, Golam Rasul, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, Shahriar Wahid, and Sabarnee Tuladhar. "Climate change-induced hazards and local adaptations in agriculture: a study from Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Natural Hazards 91, no. 3 (February 3, 2018): 1365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3187-1.

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32

Rajbhandari, Rupak, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Santosh Nepal, Shahriar Wahid, and Guo-Yu Ren. "Extreme climate projections over the transboundary Koshi River Basin using a high resolution regional climate model." Advances in Climate Change Research 8, no. 3 (September 2017): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.08.006.

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33

Khanal, Laxman, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, and Xuelong Jiang. "ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELLING OF HIMALAYAN LANGUR (Semnopithecus entellus) IN SOUTHERN FLANK OF THE HIMALAYA." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v23i1.22142.

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The species and subspecies status of various populations of the Himalayan langur (Semnopithecus entellus) have been disputed in many literatures. Before delineating the taxonomic boundaries, it is important to identify the potential distribution areas of extant populations of the species. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) can be coupled with the systematic survey of species presence to identify the species’ potential distribution range. Therefore, we did extensive survey and population census of the Himalayan langur across three major river basins (Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali) of Nepal and analyzed the population patterns. In addition, we also modelled the ecological niche of the species by using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. We counted a total of 559 individuals from 33 troops that accounted the average troop size of 16.94 (±8.39) individuals. Within Nepal territory, the highest population of langurs was observed from the Gandaki River basin followed by the Karnali River basin. We revealed that Himalayan langurs have a wide range of altitudinal (49 m - 4190 m above sea level) distributions from Bhutan to Kashmir across southern flank of the Himalaya. We warrant for the detail distribution assessment and taxonomic analysis of Himalayan langurs using ecological, morphological and genetic variables.

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34

Xie, Fang-di, Xue Wu, Lin-shan Liu, Yi-li Zhang, and Basanta Paudel. "Land use and land cover change within the Koshi River Basin of the central Himalayas since 1990." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 1 (January 2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5944-3.

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35

Wu, Xue, Basanta Paudel, Yili Zhang, Linshan Liu, Zhaofeng Wang, Fangdi Xie, Jungang Gao, and Xiaomin Sun. "Vertical distribution changes in land cover between 1990 and 2015 within the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas." Journal of Geographical Sciences 31, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-021-1904-2.

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36

Shrestha, Arun B., Sagar R. Bajracharya, Aseem R. Sharma, Chu Duo, and Ashwini Kulkarni. "Observed trends and changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes over the Koshi river basin 1975-2010." International Journal of Climatology 37, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 1066–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4761.

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37

Devkota, Laxmi Prasad, and Dhiraj Raj Gyawali. "Impacts of climate change on hydrological regime and water resources management of the Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 4 (September 2015): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.06.023.

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38

Nepal, Santosh. "Impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime of the Koshi river basin in the Himalayan region." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 10 (March 2016): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2015.12.001.

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39

Fang, Yi-Ping, Ran Zhu, Chen-Jia Zhang, Golam Rasul, and Nilhari Neupane. "Cascading adaptation of rural livelihood to changing environment: Conceptual framework and experiment from the Koshi River basin." Advances in Climate Change Research 11, no. 2 (June 2020): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2020.05.005.

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40

Dahal, Nirmal M., Donghong Xiong, Nilhari Neupane, Belayneh Yigez, Baojun Zhang, Yong Yuan, Saroj Koirala, Lin Liu, and Yiping Fang. "Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal." Journal of Arid Land 13, no. 5 (May 2021): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40333-021-0065-6.

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41

Rajbhandari, Rupak, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Santosh Nepal, and Shahriar Wahid. "Projection of Future Precipitation and Temperature Change over the Transboundary Koshi River Basin Using Regional Climate Model PRECIS." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 08, no. 02 (2018): 163–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2018.82012.

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42

Paudel, Basanta, Jungang Gao, Yili Zhang, Xue Wu, Shicheng Li, and Jianzhong Yan. "Changes in Cropland Status and Their Driving Factors in the Koshi River Basin of the Central Himalayas, Nepal." Sustainability 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2016): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090933.

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43

Zhu, Ran, Yiping Fang, Nilhari Neupane, Saroj Koirala, and Chenjia Zhang. "Drought Stress and Livelihood Response Based on Evidence from the Koshi River Basin in Nepal: Modeling and Applications." Water 12, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061610.

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Drought vulnerability analysis at the household level can help people identify livelihood constrains and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study used meteorological and household level data which were collected from three different districts (Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhuli, and Saptari) in the Koshi River Basin of Nepal to conduct a drought vulnerability analysis. We developed a model for assessing drought vulnerability of rural households based on three critical components, i.e., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The results revealed that Saptari (drought vulnerability index, 0.053) showed greater vulnerability to drought disasters than Kavrepalanchowk (0.014) and Sindhuli (0.007). The most vulnerable district (Saptari) showed the highest exposure, the highest sensitivity, and the highest adaptive capacity. Kavrepalanchowk had the middle drought vulnerability index with middle exposure, low sensitivity, and middle adaptive capacity. Sindhuli had the lowest vulnerability with the lowest exposure, the lowest sensitivity, and the lowest adaptive capacity. On the basis of the results of the vulnerability assessment, this paper constructed livelihood adaptation strategies from the perspectives of households, communities, and the government. Many households in Kavrepalanchowk and Sindhuli significantly depend on agriculture as their main source of income. They need to implement some strategies to diversify their sources of income. In addition, the most important livelihood adaptation strategy for Saptari is improving water conservancy facilities to facilitate the allocation of water.

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44

Chinnasamy, Pennan, Luna Bharati, Utsav Bhattarai, Ambika Khadka, Vaskar Dahal, and Shahriar Wahid. "Impact of planned water resource development on current and future water demand in the Koshi River basin, Nepal." Water International 40, no. 7 (October 21, 2015): 1004–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1099192.

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45

Price, James I., John Janmaat, Fraser Sugden, and Luna Bharati. "Water storage systems and preference heterogeneity in water-scarce environments: A choice experiment in Nepal’s Koshi River Basin." Water Resources and Economics 13 (January 2016): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2015.09.003.

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46

Rimal, Bhagawat, Roshan Sharma, Ripu Kunwar, Hamidreza Keshtkar, Nigel E. Stork, Sushila Rijal, Syed Ajijur Rahman, and Himlal Baral. "Effects of land use and land cover change on ecosystem services in the Koshi River Basin, Eastern Nepal." Ecosystem Services 38 (August 2019): 100963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100963.

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47

Shrestha, Sanjeevan, and Tina Baidar. "Spatial Distribution and Temporal Change of Extreme Precipitation Events on the Koshi Basin of Nepal." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23007.

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Climate change, particularly at South Asia region is having a huge impact on precipitation patterns, its intensity and extremeness. Mountainous area is much sensitive to these extreme events, hence having adverse effect on environment as well as people in term of fluctuation in water supply as well as frequent extreme weather events such as flood, landslide etc. So, prediction of extreme precipitation is imperative for proper management. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution and temporal change of extreme precipitation events on Koshi basin of Nepal during 1980-2010. Five indicators (R1day, R5 day, R > 25.4 mm, SDII and CDD) were chosen for 41 meteorological stations to test the extreme events. Inverse distance weighting and kriging interpolation technique was used to interpolate the spatial patterns. Result showed that most extreme precipitation events increased up to mountain regions from low river valley; and then it decreased subsequently up to Himalayan regions (south to north direction). However, there is high value of indices for lowland Terai valley also. Most of the indices have hotspot with higher value at north western and southern part of the study area. For temporal change, most of the extreme precipitation indices showed increasing trend within 30 years’ period. The spatial distribution of temporal change in indices suggests that there is increasing trend in lowland area and decreasing trend in mountainous and Himalayan area. So, adaptive measure should be adopted through proper land use planning, especially at those hotspot areas and their tributaries; to reduce adverse effect of extreme precipitation events.

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48

Bocchiola, Daniele, Mattia Manara, and Riccardo Mereu. "Hydropower Potential of Run of River Schemes in the Himalayas under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Dudh Koshi Basin of Nepal." Water 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092625.

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In spite of the very large hydropower potential given from the melting snow and ice of Himalayas, Nepal’s population has little hydropower production. The high use of fossil fuels and biomasses results in measurable air pollution, even in the mountain areas. Hydropower planning and implementation, in the face of the changing climate, is therefore paramount important. We focus here on Nepal, and particularly on the Dudh Koshi river basin, with a population of ca. 170,000 people, within an area with large potential for hydropower production. Our main objectives are to (i) preliminarily design a local hydropower grid based on a distributed run of river ROR scheme, and (ii) verify the resilience of the grid against modified hydrology under perspective climate change, until the end of the century. To do so, we set up and tune the Poli-Hydro semi-distributed glacio-hydrological model, mimicking the complex hydrology of the area. We then modify a state of the art algorithm to develop and exploit a heuristic, resource-demand based model, called Poli-ROR. We use Poli-ROR to assess the (optimal) distribution of a number of ROR hydropower stations along the river network, and the structure of the local mini-grids. We then use downscaled outputs from three general circulation models GCMs (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC AR5, to assess the performance of the system under future modified hydrological conditions. We find that our proposed method is efficient in shaping ROR systems, with the target of the largest possible coverage (93%), and of the least price (0.068 € kWh−1 on average). We demonstrate also that under the projected hydrological regimes until 2100, worse conditions than now may occur, especially for plants with small drainage areas. Days with energy shortage may reach up to nf = 38 per year on average (against nf = 24 now), while the maximum daily energy deficit may reach as high as edef% = 40% (against edef% = 20% now). We demonstrate that our originally proposed method for ROR grid design may represent a major contribution towards the proper development of distributed hydropower production in the area. Our results may contribute to improve energy supply, and living conditions within the Dudh Koshi river. It is likely that our approach may be applied in Nepal generally. Impending climate change may require adaptation in time, including the use of other sources which are as clean as possible, to limit pollution. Our Poli-ROR method for grid optimization may be of use for water managers, and scientists with an interest in the design of optimal hydropower schemes in topographically complex catchments.

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49

Paudel, Basanta, Zhaofeng Wang, Yili Zhang, Mohan Kumar Rai, and Pranesh Kumar Paul. "Climate Change and Its Impacts on Farmer’s Livelihood in Different Physiographic Regions of the Trans-Boundary Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 7142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137142.

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The impact of climate change on farmers’ livelihoods has been observed in various forms at the local and regional scales. It is well known that the Himalayas region is affected by climate change, as reflected in the basic knowledge of farmers in the region. A questionnaire-based survey involving a total of 747 households was conducted to gather information on climate change and its impact, where the survey addressed four physiographic regions of the trans-boundary Koshi River Basin (KRB). Moreover, climatic data were used to calculate climatic trends between 1980 and 2018. The Mann–Kendall trend test was performed and the Sen’s slope calculated to analyze the inter-annual climatic trends over time. The survey noted that, for the basin, there was an increase in temperature, climate-induced diseases of crops, an increase in the frequency of pests as well as drought and floods and a decrease in rainfall, all which are strong indicators of climate change. It was perceived that these indicators had adverse impacts on crop production (89.4%), human health (82.5%), livestock (68.7%) and vegetation (52.1%). The observed climatic trends for all the physiographic regions included an increasing temperature trend and a decreasing rainfall trend. The rate of change varied according to each region, hence strongly supporting the farmers’ local knowledge of climate change. The highest increasing trend of temperature noted in the hill region at 0.0975 °C/a (p = 0.0002) and sharpest decreasing trend of rainfall in the mountain region by −10.424 mm/a (p = 0.016) between 1980 and 2018. Formulation of suitable adaptation strategies according to physiographic region can minimize the impact of climate change. New adaptation strategies proposed include the introduction of infrastructure for irrigation systems, the development of crop seeds that are more tolerant to drought, pests and disease tolerance, and the construction of local hospitals for the benefit of farming communities.

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50

Rawal, Deepa S., and Luna Bharti. "Identification of crop species vulnerable to projected climate change in three agro-ecological zones of the Koshi river basin, Nepal." Journal of Hill Agriculture 6, no. 2 (2015): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-7338.2015.00050.6.

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