Дисертації з теми "Land and housing policies"
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1
Lai, Siu-fun Rita, and 黎少芬. "Housing price and government land policies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258256.
2
Lai, Siu-fun Rita. "Housing price and government land policies /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13781297.
3
Garba, Shaibu B. (Shaibu Bala). "Urban land policies and low income housing in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61295.
Анотація:
The scarcity and inaccessibility of land in urban areas has become a major obstacle in the provision of housing to low-income groups in developing countries. This thesis studies the land policies and practices in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria, and investigates the issues and problems hindering the adequate supply of residential land to low-income groups.The thesis commences with a general study of urban land policies and low-income housing in developing countries. It examines the nature of housing problems in developing countries, the role of land in the housing problems, issues addressed by land policies, and policy measures and strategies used. The general study is followed by a specific study of the land policies and practices in the study area. The policy and institutional management frameworks are identified and examined. The roles of the major institutions are explained. The last section identifies and examines the main issues and problems with the existing policies.
The thesis concludes that actions are necessary to address the identified issues and problems with the policies in order to avoid chaos. Suggestions for policy reform are made.
4
Chapelle, Guillaume. "Land and the housing market : three essays on the role of land and its implications for public policies." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0003/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse analyse les principaux mécanismes du marché du logement en s’intéressant au rôle des contraintes foncières naturelles et réglementaires et à l’impact des politiques publiques. Le premier chapitre met en perspective le rôle de la terre au cours des derniers siècles en montrant que si l’importance de la terre a progressivement reculé jusqu’au milieu du XXe siècle, elle a été remplacée par l’importance croissante du foncier résidentiel. Le second chapitre tente d’estimer l’un des paramètres clé du marché du logement : l’élasticité prix. Il montre que ce concept recouvre deux notions différentes, l’une décrit la réaction des promoteurs suite à une augmentation des prix alors que la seconde décrit la croissance des prix de l’immobilier accompagnant le développement urbain. Il montre que les marchés de l’immobilier des aires urbaines françaises sont inélastiques. Le troisième chapitre analyse l’impact du dispositif Scellier sur les marchés locaux et montre que son impact quantitatif a été limité. Enfin le quatrième chapitre étudie l’effet d’éviction du logement privé par le logement socialThis dissertation analyzes the mechanisms of the French housing market documenting its constraints and the impact of several housing policies. It aims to increase our understanding of the mechanisms at work on this very particular market where land has a key role. The first chapter tries to document the place of land through the past decades. Some economists have been documenting a steady decline of its importance during the XIX and XX centuries. However, such decline was progressively balanced by the sharp appreciation of housing wealth and more particularly its land component. The second chapter tries to understand the origin of this rise in residential land value documenting one of the key parameter of the housing market: the supply elasticity of the French urban areas. This chapter starts defining two different concepts related with the supply elasticity. The first one is the intensive margin supply elasticity and designates the reaction of developers following a short run increase in housing prices. The second one describes how real estate price vary when a city is growing. It shows that French urban areas are less elastic than their US counterparts. The third chapter uses a natural experiment, the Scellier Housing Tax Credit (STC) and shows that it had a limited quantitative impact on the housing production. The fourth chapter documents the crowding out effect of private construction by social housing
5
Majedi, Hamid. "Public acquisition of urban land and allocation for housing and urban development in Iran (1979-1988)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317518/.
Анотація:
This research aims to examine the effects of the urban land acquisition and allocation programme by the government in Iran on the rate of increase of the prices of urban land and affordablity of housing prices for different income groups in the urban areas of the country during the period 1979 to 1988 which was on the basis of the enactment of three Urban Land Laws after the 1979 revolution. The implementation of these laws limited private ownership of vacant urban land in the country to about 1,000 to 1,500 square metres, depending on the size of the city, with the excess land being acquired by the government. In this respect the Urban Land Organisation under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development was able to acquire 36,000 hectares through confiscation from the excess of private ownership, 8,258 hectares of private land in return for payment of compensation, and a further 41,272 hectares of land which already belonged to the various public organisations was transferred to its authority. Thereby a total of 85,557 hectares was assembled under the authority of the urban land organisation (ULO). As part of the land policy, the ULO then proceeded to allocate some 10,790 hectares or 12.6 percent of the total assembled land to eligible applicants including private households, housing cooperatives and public and private housing developers for housing construction. This was in addition to the 3,313 hectares or 3.9 percent of the total assembled land which was allocated for the purposes urban services and commercial buildings. In any case, while only 12.6 percent of the assembled land was allocated by the ULO it comprised about 32 percent of the number and 34 percent of the area of land plots for new starts of housing construction during the period 1979 to 1988. The hypothesis of the thesis with regard to the effect of government acquisition and allocation of urban land on the situation of urban land prices and housing in Iran is that between 1979 to 1988 this programme and the resultant activities has on the one hand led to a reduction of the rate of increase of the price of urban land in the market and, on the other, has contributed to the provision of affordable housing units for low and middle income households. The thesis has tested the first part of its hypothesis by collecting and analyzing the trend of development of urban land prices for a 15 year period between 1974 to 1988. The second part of the hypothesis has been tested by calculating the price of housing on ULO allocated and privately owned land and then comparing them with the effective demand of different income groups in the urban areas of the country. The evidence of the analysis for the first part of the hypothesis shows that during the period 1979 to 1988 the average price of one square metre of privately owned land was about 13 times higher than ULO allocated land. More importantly, however, is the trend of development of the price of privately owned land between 1974 to 1988 which shows that after the 1979 revolution average prices of privately owned land always kept below the 1976 figure prior to the revolution and from 1985 on wards the actual increase at constant prices was actually negative. Moreover, with the base year of 1974, the index of the average price of privately owned land for the period 1979 to 1988 was between 58.7 and 207.5 which was much lower than the consumer price index which was between 196.3 and 974.1 for the same period. The index of the average price of urban land for 1975 and 1976 prior to the 1979 revolution, however, is 125.3 and 170.5 which is higher than the consumer price index for the same period which was 109.9 and 128.1. consequently, it can be stated that the evidence from the analysis for the first part of the hypothesis supports its proposition in that the enactment and implementation of the aforementioned urban land policy after the 1979 revolution has led to a reduction of the rate of increase of urban land prices in the market between the period 1979 to 1988. The result of the analysis for the second part of the hypothesis on the other hand shows that on the basis of the recommended floor area of 75 square metre for housing units built on ULO allocated land, which was recommended by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, such units were in the main affordable to all income categories including all those in the low income groups. The units built on privately owned land were in the main only affordable to income groups 8-10 which comprised the high income groups and in 1987 and 1988 even income groups 8-9 of the high income groups were excluded from these units. More importantly, however, the analysis shows that even with bigger floor areas including the actual average floor area of urban housing units for the period 1979 to 1988, which ranged between 132 to 162 square metres during the stated period, the units built on ULO allocated land were still much more affordable to the low and middle income groups than the units built on privately owned land which would still be in the main unaf fordable to the low income groups. This difference in affordablity also applies to small units 50-75 square metres built on the two different categories of land. The result of the analysis for the second part of the hypothesis, therefore, also supports its proposition in that the enactment and implementation of the aforementioned urban land policy after the 1979 revolution has contributed to the provision of affordable housing units for low and middle income households in the period 1979 to 1988.
6
Wang, Shu. "Effects of land policies and development strategies on housing : a case of Hong Kong." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97957.
Анотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2015.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 72-74).
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effects of land supply on housing prices in Hong Kong. Studies will be carried out to define whether there are any correlation between land supply, housing supply and residential property prices. In order to better understand Hong Kong's housing market, this study will first present a background of establishment of Hong Kong's land tenure system, land administration system and the government's land sale process, while trying to answer the question of whether the perceived shortage in housing supply is a direct consequence of the shortage in government's land supply. The study then examines the concentration of market shares among a handful of developers and the high barrier to entry that have resulted in such anti-competitive environment. The study analyzes the leading developers' competitive advantages in terms of land bank and financial strength, and their housing supply strategies in relation to the government's land supply decisions. This paper will then insert the theoretical findings into realistic settings of Hong Kong's housing development industry, and apply the methodology of event study to detect the impact of real estate companies' development strategies and how it alters the perceived relationship between the supply of land and the supply of housing. By simultaneously considering the effects of development strategies with government land policies, the paper aims to better evaluate governments measure to regulate housing market and hope to recommend more effective policies on residential land supply in Hong Kong.
by Shu Wang.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
7
Chang, Sze-ming Lawson. "Examination of land use policies, household income and price of small residential units in Hong Kong (1985-1995)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25803621.
8
Montsho, Oduetse. "Caught in between policies: the intertwined challenges of access to land and housing in Gaborone, Botswana." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33858.
Анотація:
A thorough examination of policies and guidelines tailored towards enabling access to land and housing in Gaborone suggests incongruences' inherent in these strategies. Besides, planners and policymakers' continuous oversight to recognise the complexities of the urban everyday survival strategies and the lived experiences of the populace needs to be investigated. Numerous interventions have been introduced to facilitate land and housing access for low-income households in Gaborone. Even so, restricted access to these assets remains an enormous task, proven complex and problematic to resolve. The empirical evidence specifies the predominant situation articulated by a clash of rationalities between policies and everyday socio-economic practices of access to land and housing by low income households in Gaborone. The investigation of these tensions between policies promoting access to land and housing and the advocacy of the Self-Help Housing Agency as the primary rationale for home building and ownership by low-income households in Gaborone was articulated through policy assessment and analysis. Furthermore, in-depth interviews to appreciate the affected populace's lived experiences in response to the practicality of these policies was conducted. In terms of findings, this research has established that urban environments are persistently transformed with new configurations relating to access to land and housing frequently surfacing. Moreover, urban land and housing management policies fail to get in touch with the complexities of grassroots experience with access to land and housing in Gaborone. There is also the entrenchment of low-income households in a vicious circle of poverty and living precariously at the urban fringes with no security of tenure and affordable housing opportunities. All these experiences and practices resonate with the current endeavours to evaluate the realities of accessing land and housing resources in cities, as well as their correlation with promoting livelihood strategies for low-income households.
9
Hopewell, Sarah. "The impact of planning theory and shelter stratergies on urban land and housing policies in Kenya and Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3876.
10
鄭士明 and Sze-ming Lawson Chang. "Examination of land use policies, household income and price of small residential units in Hong Kong (1985-1995)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980077.
11
Araby, Mostafa Morsi El. "Explorations into the Characteristics, the Determinants of Production, and the Impact of Land Policies on the Informal Housing Sector in Alexandria, Egypt." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1386.
Анотація:
This study investigates the housing characteristics and the determinants of housing production of the informal housing sector in Alexandria, Egypt. It also examines the impact of land policies on the development of the informal housing sector. Informal housing, by definition, is constructed and acquired outside the legal procedure of land and building registration and without the necessary permissions and approvals. Therefore, there is a little knowledge about it, and its role in the housing market could be underestimated. The aim of this research is to enhance the factual knowledge about informal housing as a basis for future policy development. The findings of this research, based on data collected from a field study conducted in four informal settlements in Alexandria in 1991, include the following: 1. Macro-economic, political, and social structures accelerated the emergence and the development of informal housing settlements, which occurred rapidly during and after times of economic and political crises. 2. Informal settlements are heterogeneous and it is not evident that informal housing is synonymous with marginal housing for poor people. 3. Informal settlements have low levels of public utilities and infrastructure. 4. Income, household size, age of household head, and tenure status of the household are the major variables that explain different patterns of housing consumption and expenditure among informal households. 5. Inhabitants of informal settlements have moved from other areas of the city rather than origins outside Alexandria. Owners are more satisfied with both the units and the neighborhoods than renters are. 6. The determinants of informal housing production are in a dynamic process of change and are self-organized. The general conditions of the overall housing market influence informal housing in similar ways. Informal housing finance depends upon small scale and incremental methods of savings. 7. Implementation of different land policies results in augmenting provision of illegal land subdivisions, increasing land prices and expanding informal land market operation. From the analysis undertaken in this research and previous findings, some policy implications for future planning for informal development become evident.
12
Zanatta, Ricardo Nogueira. "A (RE) CONFIGURAÇÃO DO ESPAÇO URBANO DE SANTA MARIA-RS SOB A ÓTICA TERRITORIAL E DAS POLÍTICAS HABITACIONAIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9347.
Анотація:
The dynamics of the modern world confer significant roles in cities, for these are the
residence of the majority of the population. This has drawn the attention of experts
and governments for the intense and rapid changes that these dynamics are generated
in cities. Especially in the second half of the twentieth century, the government
has sought a redefinition of its urban policies and urban planning, to meet and to minimize
the effects of the intense demand for space in cities. Given the objective of
this research, which is to review the housing policies in Santa Maria, especially in
relation to the population inhabiting the areas at risk from the illegal occupation, it
takes into account the issue of identity and territorial belonging of these populations .
Walking through the intricacies of that investigation was necessary to place the real
extent of housing projects and their effective implementation, as well as social and
territorial consequences that such policies exercised by the study population. That
said, there were no effective local actions until the federal government announced
the housing policies for low-income populations, in order to intervene in that housing
structure. Among the alternatives, the implementation of housing projects intended
for low-income population of the city, listings in housing projects in the Department of
Housing in the city, was the big step towards solving the housing problem. In this
work, will be considered only two such projects in order to determine the true efficacy
of the issue of urban planning. This fact shows that only a portion of the population is
directly affected by lack of access to housing, this being the capital have not guaranteeing
them access to a decent home. It was observed that there is a housing shortage
in town, and yes, a poor distribution of where the lots are installed and their populations.
Reality that exposes the problematic issue of housing as a recurring challenge
to the government.As dinâmicas do mundo moderno atribuem papéis significativos as cidades, por estas serem o local de residência da maioria da população brasileira. Tal fato tem chamado a atenção de especialistas e dos governos para as intensas e rápidas mudanças que essas dinâmicas têm gerado nas cidades. Especialmente na segunda metade do século XX, o poder público tem procurado um redimensionamento das suas políticas urbanas e do planejamento urbano, no sentido de atender e minimizar os efeitos das intensas demandas por espaço nas cidades brasileiras. Atendendo ao objetivo dessa pesquisa, que é o de analisar as políticas habitacionais na cidade de Santa Maria, especialmente em relação à população habitante das áreas de risco, da ocupação irregular, leva-se em consideração a questão da identidade e pertença territorial de tais populações. Percorrendo os meandros dessa investigação foi necessário dar lugar a real dimensão dos projetos habitacionais e sua efetiva aplicação; bem como aos desdobramentos sociais e territoriais que tais políticas exerceram junto à população em estudo. Isso posto, não foram identificadas ações locais eficazes até que o governo federal anunciasse políticas habitacionais para as populações de baixa renda, de modo a intervir naquela estrutura habitacional. Dentre as alternativas, a implantação de projetos habitacionais destinados à população de baixa renda da cidade, cadastradas em projetos habitacionais na Secretaria de Habitação do município, foi o grande passo para a solução do problema habitacional. Neste trabalho, serão analisados apenas dois de tais projetos, a fim de verificar a real eficácia destes na questão do planejamento urbano. Este fato demonstra que, apenas uma parcela da população é afetada diretamente pela falta de acesso a moradias, sendo esta as que não possuem capital que lhes garanta o acesso digno a uma casa. Observou-se que não existe na cidade um déficit habitacional, e sim, uma má distribuição dos locais onde são instalados os lotes e suas populações. Realidade que expõe a questão da problemática habitacional como recorrente desafio ao poder público.
13
Maurice, Romain. "Politiques foncières locales et dynamiques de promotion immobilière : le marché du logement neuf dans l'agglomération lyonnaise." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH027/document.
Анотація:
Comment les politiques foncières influent sur le développement de logements neufs dans une communauté urbaine telle que le Grand Lyon ? Comment contribuent-elles à réorganiser les coûts induits par la construction de logements neufs et, plus largement, par l'aménagement de nouveaux espaces bâtis ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la première partie de ce travail analyse la structuration des dynamiques de promotion immobilière, à partir de l'identification des stratégies, des intérêts et des actions d'un acteur pivot, le promoteur de logements (qui peut-être un promoteur immobilier, un bailleur social ou un particulier). La seconde partie du travail explore l'impact des politiques foncières sur les acteurs de marché étudiés en première partie. Nous définissions le terme « politiques foncières » au sens large, en y incluant aussi bien l'action foncière, le droit des sols et la fiscalité foncière. Nous montrons dans cette thèse que les collectivités publiques locales disposent d'outils forts pour répartir les coûts et les bénéfices tirés d'une opération de promotion immobilière entre les propriétaires initiaux des terrains, les acquéreurs de logements et la collectivité (donc les contribuables). L'ensemble du processus de régulation des dynamiques de promotion immobilière peut s'analyser comme un jeu de création et de transfert d'incertitude. Dans un contexte dans lequel les collectivités sont poussées à présenter leurs projets à l'avance, leurs capacités à agir directement par l'action foncière sont relativement limitées, à moins de très gros efforts financiers. Pour retrouver des marges de manœuvre pour influer sur les modes de production de logements, les collectivités locales réintroduisent de l'incertitude, par différents moyens : préemption ou menace de préemption de terrains, prise de position sur des parcelles de blocage, et surtout, introduction d'une règle de droit des sols souple, qui oblige à un « examen concerté préalable » des demandes de permis de construire et de permis d'aménager entre le pétitionnaire et la collectivité. Toutefois, de telles pratiques ne fonctionnent que si les promoteurs de logements ont les moyens de supporter cette incertitude. Par conséquent, elles reposent sur le dynamisme des marchés immobiliers. Ainsi, dans l'état actuel des choses, la reconstruction de la ville sur la ville par des immeubles de qualité, mais aussi le financement d'équipements publics, de logements sociaux, d'espaces verts, etc., ne fonctionnent qu'à condition d'accepter une hausse des prix immobiliers. Ce mode de régulation des dynamiques d'aménagement et de promotion immobilière permet de créer une ville de qualité, mais qui apparait aussi particulièrement excluante pour tous les ménages non solvables aux prix immobiliers atteints. Ceci à pour conséquence d'inciter à multiplier les dispositifs spécifiques d'aides à l'accès au logement (que ce soit dans le parc locatif social ou privé, et pour l'accession à la propriété), qui bénéficient à de nombreux ménages, mais n'empêchent cependant pas que nombre d'entre eux se retrouvent « en marge » de la ville, en l'occurrence, en périphéries plus ou moins lointaines des agglomérationsHow land policies are affecting new housing developments in Lyon agglomeration? How do they contribute to reorganize the costs generated by the development of new housing and, more broadly, by the development of new spaces? The first part of this work analyses the housing development dynamics, which contributes to shape the actions of the different actors implicated in new housing markets. The second part of the thesis explores the impact of land policies on market actors identified and studied in the first part. We define the term “land policies” in a broad sense, which include the purchase, the management and the selling of land by public authorities, but also the zoning and the land taxation policies. This work shows that in a context in which local public authorities have to present their urban strategies and projects in advance, their capacities to directly manage land development is limited, unless they invest massive amounts of public funds. Nevertheless, they use other ways to reintroduce uncertainty for housing developers and land owners, and therefore, be in capacity to be the actor who is in capacity to manage this uncertainty. One of the major tools to reach this goal is the use of some forms of discretionary zoning. However, such practices only work when housing developers can support this uncertainty, which mainly is the case in dynamic housing markets. This means that the way local authorities are today managing housing development allows to finance and build a city of quality, but also that public authorities have to multiply specific housing aids (whether in the social or non-social rental sector, or to support homeownership), which benefit to many households but also leave many others in “the edges of the city”, i.e., in many cases, far in the outskirts
14
Favrin, Vanessa Garcia. "Pós-atendimento habitacional - diálogos para enfrentar a precariedade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-05072017-093044/.
Анотація:
A partir da observação da precariedade presente em atendimentos habitacionais com diferentes modalidades executadas pelo Poder Público, cuja população que recebeu os determinados programas habitacionais ainda está distante de alcançar melhorias significativas nas suas condições de vida, buscou-se a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais, mesmo após ter o problema habitacional resolvido ou melhorado, sua condição de vida, de modo geral, não apresenta salto de qualidade significativo ou não consegue se integrar à cidade formal. Ao longo do trabalho, discorre-se sobre a origem do problema habitacional no país, apresenta-se breve resumo de como o Poder Público atuou historicamente e se lança a discussão sobre as ações que podem se somar às atuais Políticas Públicas de Habitação, para que a precariedade possa ser minimizada no cotidiano das comunidades. Constatou-se que a precariedade está relacionada a diversos fatores como a descontinuidade da presença do Estado na área e também pela relação deficitária entre a população atendida e o Estado. Ademais, verificou-se que a dificuldade do acesso à terra e o alto valor da habitação formal sempre foi um fator de exclusão para a grande maioria da população. Porém, no sistema jurídico brasileiro atual já existem instrumentos legais suficientes para amenizar a exclusão, basta que seja efetivado seu uso e sejam propostas novas alternativas de propriedade. Para o alcance de melhorias na continuidade do atendimento habitacional de interesse social, uma série de diálogos entre todos os envolvidos precisa ser estimulada e desenvolvida, de forma que resulte em ações planejadas no intuito de diminuir as insuficiências identificadas na pesquisa.From the observation of the precariousness presents in residential care, with different modalities implemented by the State, whose population that was supported by the housing programs is still far from achieving significant improvements in its living conditions, it was sought to understand the reasons why people, even after getting the housing problem solved or improved, their living conditions, in general, do not present significant breakthrough or are unable to be integrated into the formal city. Throughout the essay, the origin of the housing problem in the country is discussed, a brief abstract about how the State historically proceeded in this issue is presented and also the discussion about the actions that can support the current Public Housing Programs, so that the precariousness can be reduced in the daily life of the communities. It was verified that the precariousness is related by several factors: the absence of State\'s support in the area and also by the lack of a suitable relationship between the population and the State. In addition, it was verified that the difficulty of land access and the high cost of a usual housing have always been a factor of exclusion for the population\'s majority. However, in the Current Brazilian Legal System, there are sufficient legal instruments in order to settle the exclusion, it only needs to get its procedure effective and suggest new properties alternatives. To achieve improvements in the prosecution of social interest housing, a series of dialogues between all those involved participants have to be encouraged and developed, so that it results in planned actions to reduce the identified shortcomings in the research.
15
Guinote, José Carlos dos Santos. "Desenvolvimento urbano, justiça espacial e o papel da política de habitação e de solos." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18526.
Анотація:
Tese de Doutoramento em Urbanismo, com a especialização em Urbanismo apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.O objectivo desta investigação é estudar a relação estabelecida em Portugal desde a segunda metade do século XX entre desenvolvimento urbano e justiça espacial. Recorremos para tal a uma análise crítica sobre a articulação entre Política de Solos (PS) e Política de Habitação (PH), inquirindo sobre a relação que se estabelece - ou não - entre estas políticas públicas e qual o seu impacto no determinar do carácter mais ou menos justo do padrão de desenvolvimento urbano nacional. Através desta investigação visamos contribuir para a ilustração pormenorizada e factual do posicionamento do Estado Português perante a questão das mais-valias urbanísticas e determinar quais as consequências desse posicionamento. Em detalhe, queremos compreender qual o papel desempenhado pelo controlo público das mais-valias urbanísticas na articulação entre as Políticas de Solos e de Habitação e investigar a forma como evoluíram, ao longo do período histórico em análise, os diferentes mecanismos da sua geração e captura. Para atingir estes objectivos recorremos a uma análise a dois níveis. A um nível macro, com vista à produção de uma matriz contextualizadora, efectuámos uma análise comparativa de Portugal com outros países em que a captura das mais-valias urbanísticas se concretiza de forma diferente. A um nível micro, centrámos a nossa investigação num município particular da AML, Alcochete, para efectuar uma análise de pormenor com vista a ilustrar os processo técnicos e políticos que definem o padrão vigente de captura de mais-valias urbanísticas. Sustentada metodologicamente na análise documental dos documentos estratégicos prospectivos e instrumentos de gestão territorial dos territórios em análise, documentação de suporte à tomada de decisão política sobre a matéria em análise, entrevistas com decisores políticos e técnicos municipais, esta investigação pretendeu, para além de dar resposta às questões fundacionais identificadas, avançar propostas específicas que potenciem a política de ordenamento do território como factor de progresso e de promoção de uma maior justiça social e espacial.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this research is to study the relationship established in Portugal, since the second half of the 20th Century, between urban development and spatial justice. We used a critical analysis of the relationship between Land Policy (PS) and Housing Policy (PH), questioning the relationship between these public policies and what their impact is in determining the fairness and inclusiveness of the national pattern of urban development. Through this research we aim to contribute to the detailed empirical illustration of the position of the Portuguese State towards the issue of urban development and determine the consequences of this positioning. In detail, we want to understand the role played by the public control of urban development gains in the articulation between Land and Housing Policies and to investigate how the different mechanisms of these gains generation and capture have evolved over the historical period under review. To achieve these objectives we have used a two-level analysis. At a macro level, with a view to producing a contextualising matrix, we have made a comparative analysis of Portugal with other countries where the capture of urban development gains materializes differently. At a micro level, we focused our research in a private municipality of AML, Alcochete, to carry out a detailed analysis to illustrate the technical and political processes that define the current pattern of capture of urban value added. Methodologically supported by a documental analysis of the prospective strategic documents and territorial management instruments of the territories under review, the documentation that supported political decision-making on the subject under analysis, interviews with political decision-makers and municipal technicians, this research aimed, in addition to responding to the foundational issues identified, to advance specific proposals that can potentially strengthen Planning policies role as a factor of progress and the promotion of greater social and spatial justice.
N/A
16
Zhao, Zhejin. "Three essays on housing markets and housing policies." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES033/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse contient trois essais empiriques sur les marchés du logement et les politiques de logement. Dans le premier essai, nous étudions les effets du contrôle des loyers sur les loyers en utilisant des données historiques de panel sur une période de 78 ans à Lyon. Nous utilisons des régressions multiples avec des effets fixes comme principale forme d’analyse. Nos résultats montrent que l’effet causal du contrôle des loyers sur les loyers à Lyon est significativement négatif. Dans le deuxième essai, j’étudie l’influence de l’âge du chef de famille sur la demande de logements grâce à des données sur les ménages en Chine. Le modèle de prix hédonique en deux étapes, utilisé dans cet essai, me permet d’estimer l’effet de l’âge du chef de famille sur la demande de logements, en contrôlant la qualité du logement et les caractéristiques des autres ménages. Les résultats montrent que la disposition à payer, à qualité constante de la maison, diminue légèrement ou reste constante lorsque le chef de famille vieillit, une fois contrôlé le niveau d’instruction du chef de famille. En revanche, il diminue rapidement si le niveau d’instruction du chef de famille n’est pas contrôlé. Par conséquent, cet essai conclut que la demande totale de logements ne devrait pas diminuer avec le vieillissement de la population, parce que la génération actuelle est plus éduquée que la précédente. Enfin, dans le troisième essai, dans le cadre du modèle de Rosen-Roback, j’analyse l’impact des coûts du logement sur le ratio d’intensité des compétences (SIR), dans différentes villes chinoises. Pour éviter les problèmes d’endogénéité, j’utilise à la fois la part des terrains non disponibles et les prix des logements historiques comme instruments des prix actuels du logement. Les résultats montrent que les prix moyens des logements ont des effets positifs significatifs sur le SIR en 2010 lorsque la mobilité des travailleurs est assouplie, mais que les effets sont non significatifs sur le SIR en 2000 lorsque la mobilité des travailleurs était étroitement réglementéeThis thesis contains three empirical essays on housing markets and housing policies. In the first essay, we investigate the effects of rent control on rents using historical panel data in Lyon over a 78-year period. We use multiple regressions with fixed effects as the main form of analysis. Our results show that the causal effect of rent control on rents in Lyon is significantly negative. In the second essay, I study how age influences housing demand based on household level data from China. The two-stage hedonic house price model used in this essay allows me to estimate the pure age effect on housing demand, after housing quality and other household’s characteristics are controlled for. The results demonstrate that the willingness-to-pay for a constant-quality house will decrease slightly or keep constant when a representative household head becomes old, if the household head’s educational attainment is controlled for. In contrast, it will drop rapidly if the household head’s educational attainment is not controlled for. Therefore, this essay concludes that the total housing demand will not decrease with population aging, because the current middle- aged generation get educated more than the current old generation. Finally, in the third essay, in the framework of Rosen-Roback model, I analyze how housing costs affect the ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled workers, explicitly the skill intensity ratio (SIR), across cities in China. To avoid endogeneity issues, I use both share of unavailable land and historical housing prices as instruments of current housing prices. The results show that average housing prices have significant positive effects on the SIR in 2010 when workers’ mobility is relaxed, but insignificant effects on the SIR in 2000 when workers’ mobility was tightly regulated
17
Hood, Nancy Elizabeth. "Smoke-free policies in subsidized housing." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337089587.
18
Letrouit, Lucie. "Three essays on the economics of social integration in an urban context." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0147.
Анотація:
Cette thèse se compose de trois essais aux approches complémentaires portant sur l'économie de l'intégration sociale en milieu urbain. Le premier essai analyse l'émergence de hiérarchies ethno-culturelles dans un contexte multi-culturel, typique des grandes métropoles actuelles. Cette émergence est étudiée au moyen d'un modèle de théorie des jeux évolutionnaires selon lequel une vision hiérarchique commune émerge, dans une société, à partir d'une multitude d'interactions indépendantes entre membres des différents groupes ethno-culturels en présence. L'originalité du modèle proposé tient à l'inclusion de plusieurs minorités et conceptions hiérarchiques (i.e. modèle multi-groupes et multi-stratégies) et à la prise en compte des effets réciproques que plusieurs minorités peuvent avoir sur les statuts sociaux des autres. Ces effets permettent d'expliquer la relation non-linéaire entre taille d'une minorité et statut social suggérée par la littérature empirique, ainsi que les effets complexes de l'arrivée d'une nouvelle minorité sur les autres minorités. Le processus évolutionnaire étudié suggère que la hiérarchie ethno-culturelle adoptée est, dans la plupart des cas, économiquement sous-efficace car trop inégalitaire. Le deuxième essai présente un modèle d'économie urbaine adapté au contexte des villes d'Afrique sub-Saharienne où la propriété foncière est souvent informelle et incertaine et où les transactions foncières sont souvent entravées par d'importantes asymétries d'information entre acheteurs et vendeurs. Le modèle permet d'étudier théoriquement l'impact de deux institutions visant à réduire l'incertitude liée aux transactions. La première consiste en un système d'enregistrement formel des terrains dans un cadastre géré par l'administration, la deuxième en une norme sociale traditionnelle de confiance liant certains groupes sociaux. Le modèle qui est, à notre connaissance, le premier à étudier l'effet d'une norme sociale sur le fonctionnement d'un marché immobilier urbain et la structure urbaine, montre que le système d'enregistrement est plus efficace que la norme sociale si les coûts d'enregistrements sont limités, mais que les deux institutions sont en partie substituables. Il prédit que l'enregistrement des terrains remplacera progressivement les normes traditionnelles de confiance dans le futur, à mesure que les coûts d'enregistrement décroîtront.Enfin, le troisième essai consiste en une analyse économétrique des effets du Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine (PNRU), lancé en France en 2003 pour la rénovation de 600 quartiers défavorisés. Afin d'éviter certains biais liés à l'hétérogénéité des effets du programme entre les différents quartiers et entre les différentes périodes temporelles, nous mobilisons le tout récent estimateur DID_M développé par De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) et complémentons ses résultats par une plus traditionnelle estimation de différences-de-différences. Nos résultats indiquent que le programme a eu des effets non-significatifs et, de toute façon, très limités (moins de 3.5%) sur les prix immobiliers dans les quartiers rénovés. Les effets sur les volumes de transactions sont aussi non significatifs. Toutefois, le programme a engendré une sensible évolution à la hausse du profil socio-professionnel des acheteurs de logement par rapport aux vendeurs, suggérant une certaine amélioration de l'attractivité des quartiers rénovésThis dissertation consists in three essays with complementary approaches on the economics of social integration in an urban setting. The first essay analyzes the emergence of ethno-cultural hierarchies in a multi-cultural context, typical of nowadays large metropolises. This emergence is studied using an evolutionary game theory model according to which, in a society, a common hierarchy view emerges from a multitude of independent interactions between members of the different ethno-cultural groups. The originality of the model lies in the featuring of several minorities and hierarchical views (i.e. multi-group and multi-strategy model) and in the reciprocal effects that minorities may have on each others' social statuses. These effects allow to explain the non-linear relationship between a minority's size and its status suggested by the empirical literature, as well as the complex impacts of a new minority's arrival on the other minorities. The evolutionary process implies that the adopted ethno-cultural hierarchy is, in most cases, too inegalitarian and thus economically inefficient. The second essay presents an urban economics model adapted to the sub-Saharan African city context where land ownership is often informal and uncertain and where land transactions are often hampered by important information asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The model allows to theoretically study the impact of two institutions aimed at reducing transaction uncertainty. The first one consists in a formal land registration system administered by the government, the second is a traditional social trust norm that links specific social groups. This model is, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to study the effects of a social norm on the functioning of an urban housing market and the urban structure. It shows that the land registration system is more efficient than the traditional trust norm if registration costs are limited, but also that the two institutions are partly substitutable. The model predicts that, with the gradual decrease of registration costs, land registration will progressively replace social trust norms in the future.Eventually, the third essay consists in an econometric analysis of a large urban renewal program launched in France in 2003 for the renovation of 600 deprived neighborhoods (i.e. the « Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine », PNRU). In order to avoid possible biases linked with heterogeneities in the program's effects across neighborhoods and across time periods, we rely on the very novel DID_M estimator developed by De Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (forthcoming) and complement its results with a more traditional difference-in-differences estimation. Our results suggest that the program had non-significant and, in any case, very limited effects (i.e. smaller than 3.5%) on housing prices in renovated neighborhoods. The program's effects on transaction volumes are also non-significant. However, the program led to a sizable upward evolution in the socio-professional status of housing buyers as compared to sellers, suggesting some improvement in the attractivity of renovated neighborhoods
19
Moore, Michal Charles. "Planning policies and agricultural land values." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621707.
20
Carvalho, Thereza C. "Housing and decentralisation : policies, management and product." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284468.
21
Vignolles, Benjamin. "Three empirical essays on spatialiazed housing policies." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0153.
Анотація:
Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres qui, pour chacun d’entre eux, évaluent les effets d’une politique spatialisée menée en France en matière de logement. Les deux premiers chapitres appliquent une méthodologie quasi-expérimentale pour évaluer, pour le premier d’entre eux les effets de l’article 55 de la loi « Solidarités et Renouvellement Urbain » de 2000, qui vise à stimuler la construction de logements sociaux dans les communes moyennes et grandes, et pour le deuxième le crédit d’impôt Scellier qui s’applique, de 2008 à 2012, à l’investissement locatif ciblés sur les locataires à revenus modestes. L’évaluation porte sur plusieurs variables d’intérêt ; la construction de logement mais également les prix immobiliers ou la ségrégation spatiale des revenus. Le troisième chapitre applique quant à lui des méthodes de microsimulations pour estimer le profil de la part du revenu consacré par les ménages au paiement de la taxe d’habitation. Il propose également une simulation de ce profil sous l’hypothèse d’une révision des valeurs locatives, qui constituent la base fiscale de cet impôt locale et qui, faute de révision depuis leur mise en place, reflètent les valeurs de marché des logements dans les années 1970. Les trois chapitres reposent sur l’exploitation de bases de données produites par l’administration fiscale ou les notaires français, qui sont exhaustives et très riches et qui ont été peu utilisées jusqu’à présent. Les deux premiers chapitres montrent que les incitations financières ou fiscales mises en place permettent de stimuler l’offre locale de logements sociaux ou de logements locatifs privés ciblés sur les ménages à revenus modestes. Le chapitre 1 montre que ce surcroît de construction sociale a entraîné une diminution des prix immobilier et de la ségrégation spatiale des revenus dans les communes concernées. Le chapitre 2 montre quant à lui que les logements construits sous l’effet du dispositif Scellier sont plus souvent vacants et que la mesure a entraîné une hausse des prix immobiliers dans les zones traitées, sous l’effet d’une tension accrue sur les marchés locaux du logement qui se capitalise dans les prix du foncier. Enfin, le chapitre 3 montre que l’alignement des valeurs locatives qui servent d’assiette à la taxe d’habitation sur les prix relatifs des logements observés sur les marchés immobiliers aujourd’hui aboutit à une modification radicale du profil du poids de ce prélèvement dans le revenu des ménages en fonction de ce revenu : alors que celui-ci a la forme d’une courbe en cloche avec un effort fiscal maximum pour les ménages autour du revenu médian pour la taxe sous sa forme actuelle, la révision étudiée aboutit à un profile plus progressif pour la plupart des ménages françaisThis thesis evaluates the local effects of several spatialized housing policies. It is composed of three chapters, each focusing on a specific French public policy. The two first chapters apply public policy evaluation method in a quasi-experimental framework to study the impact of two spatialized housing policies – the Solidarité et Renouvellement Urbain (SRU) law, aiming to stimulate housing construction, and the Scellier Tax Credit (STC), which is a subsidy to private housing supply for law and intermediate income households - on housing construction, housing markets and spatial income segregation ; the third chapter uses microsimulation methods to assess the income profile of a French housing tax called taxe d’habitation, and how it would evolve if its fiscal basis – aiming to translate housing values of taxed dwellings at 1970 market prices – were actualized. These papers use exhaustive data set produced by the French fiscal administration and notaries, which were not extensively used until now. The first two papers exploit spatial or municipality size discontinuities according to the enforcement of considered public policies. We show that fiscal local incentives are efficient to increase the construction of public housing or of private housing targeted on low-income households. We also show that the additional construction of social housing leads to a reduction of income segregation and housing prices in targeted municipalities. The STC triggered the construction of new dwelling that remain more often vacant and leads to housing prices increases in treated areas, due to crowding-out effect capitalized in land prices. Finally, we show that if the TH fiscal basis were revised in order to reflect actual housing market prices, the income profile of the tax weight in households income would be dramatically modified, from a bell-shaped one attaining its maximum for median income levels to a more regularly increasing one
22
Srirangan, K. "Land policies in Delhi : their contribution to unauthorised land development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317649/.
Анотація:
Government intervention in land markets through public land policies increasingly sought for a more balanced development, better income and wealth distribution, and to satisfy the basic human needs such as housing and essential services in developing countries. Delhi's large-scale land acquisition, development and disposal policy has aimed at orderly growth of planned development, and universal access to housing land through public expropriation, banking, development and delivery. But the policy has been widely criticised for failing to promote planned development and consequently creating large-scale illegal land developments and sales. The present research investigates the impact of Delhi's public land policy on the creation of informal land developments and unauthorised housing in Delhi. The analysis of data gathered from office records and exhaustive structured interviews yield substantial evidence that the large-scale land policy governing the public authority's delivery of land for housing, has indeed been a major contributor to the creation of unauthorised land development and sales. Through interviews with 300 households living on illegally developed land, 106 living on illegally resold (legally developed land), 28 who had illegally resold their plots, and 69 property agents, this study found that the large-scale public land policy has not provided adequate land for housing. The policy's inability to deliver timely and adequate quantities of affordable land in varying parcel sizes, and with flexible lease conditions, was a prime factor in encouraging a large number of households to opt for illegally developed or sold land. The responses of households indicate a substantial number sought illegally to obtain housing land, because the large-scale public land policy failed to offer them legal alternatives that were affordable, adequate in quantity, in the desired time and flexible in their lease conditions. The opportunities to obtain varying sizes of unauthorised plots, at cheaper prices, in the desired time, with flexible payments, and acceptable terms of construction and use have attracted a large number of middle and high income households. Equally, the policy of regularisation of some unauthorised developments has also encouraged investment in additional illegal development. This research also found that the public land policy's failure to deliver the right land to the right person at reasonable prices prompted unauthorised resales of legally developed plots, in effect, downward filtration of high income groups. The higher resale prices that these subsidised plots obtained, and the ability of some households to obtain an allocation of more than one plot encouraged a large number of households to illegally resell plots.
23
Suen, Wai-lap Kevin, and 孫偉立. "A study on the housing aspirations and housing policies in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42577433.
24
Suen, Wai-lap Kevin. "A study on the housing aspirations and housing policies in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42577433.
25
Razmilic, Burgos Slaven Antonio. "Property values, housing subsidies and incentives : evidence from Chile's current housing policies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62112.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 35).
This study evaluates the performance of low income housing subsidy programs currently operating in Chile. The use of detailed microdata allows a close assessment of the relationship between individual subsidy grants, characteristics of the units purchased and actual transaction prices. The study entails both the comparison between programs with different incentive frameworks, and the relative performance of each of these programs in a context of major increases in the levels of assistance provided. The evidence suggests that in most cases virtually the entire increase in the subsidy to the purchaser, which is intended to make housing more affordable, is translated into increased housing prices. In fact, in subsidized transactions between 2007 and 2009 the agreed purchase prices were almost entirely determined by the maximum subsidy amounts set by the housing authority. This occurred repeatedly in transactions performed through programs where the granted subsidy was virtually a 1 to 1 function of the agreed transaction price and where subsidy beneficiaries have little or no incentive to bargain. In such a framework, all the increases in subsidy levels that occurred in the period were translated into equivalent increases in prices with very limited improvements in the quality and location of the units purchased. On the contrary, prices tended to move much more closely with the unit's predicted price (determined by its actual characteristics) in less generous programs that provide lump sum transfers and where beneficiaries are responsible for paying larger proportions of the balance. However, even in these cases, up to 64 cents per dollar of housing subsidy are estimated to be translated directly into house price inflation. The estimated positive impact of subsidy amounts on prices of existing units is a form of wealth transfer that benefits current owners. Although the majority of today's sellers in this segment are low to middle income households that benefited from housing policy efforts in previous decades, these owners are certainly wealthier than current subsidy beneficiaries and also wealthier than other households still waiting to receive housing assistance. Such wealth transfers may be inappropriate, and undermine the declared goal of targeting housing assistance efforts on those who need it most.
by Slaven Antonio Razmilic Burgos.
M.C.P.
26
Jung, Chang-Mu. "Impacts of recent housing policies on the rental housing market in Korea." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39720.
Анотація:
This research is concerned with the effects of housing policy on rental housing market in Korea, in particular, the informal housing finance mechanism known as the chonse. In spite of many studies on chonse rental housing market, the relationship between government intervention in the housing market and chonse price has not been fully investigated. Most studies emphasize a role of chonse as an informal source of housing finance and none of them pay attention to the relationship between chonse price and government housing policies such as price control for new dwellings and rent regulation. Without a proper housing finance system in Korea, chonse deposit plays an important role in household tenure choice decision. Yet, many studies on chonse rental housings do not show clearly how it works. Furthermore, the interaction of price control and household tenure choice decision has never been a subject of study in Korea. The purpose of my study is, therefore, to contribute toward filling a gap in current knowledge about Korean housing market and to increase understanding of policy impacts on rental housing market in KoreaPh. D.
27
Fung, Augustine. "Conjunctive housing : housing in mixed-use complexes." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60470.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the idea of conjunctive housing as a viable alternative for habitation within the urban context. It traces the historical origins of housing in conjunctive use with other functions. Various examples of this type of housing are cited extending from its beginnings during the classical era right up to the twentieth century.The study of the mixed land use concept in urban areas calls for a more comprehensive analysis of the validity of conjunctive housing as an alternative to the ever increasing suburbanization. This idea transcends the notion of landuse efficiency, and underscores the importance of promoting inner-city living.
Conjunctive housing represents a time-tested approach which deviates from various other conventional housing patterns. An exhibit of several types of mixed-use establishments is provided, together with a probe into its generic forms which demonstrate the numerous planning options. This thesis is an attempt to reiterate the concept of conjunctive housing, especially in response to the contemporary trend of urban living, as a viable solution for housing urbanites, a concept which may even prove to promote a socially superior mode of urban lifestyle.
28
Parker, Geneen K. "Best affordable housing policies a look at California, New Jersey and Massachuetts /." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/709.
29
Ma, Wan-mui, and 馬運梅. "An evaluation of current elderly housing policies: a study of housing provision in public rental housing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48343134.
30
Wong, Lai-yin. "An evaluation of the rental policies of the Hong Kong Housing Authority." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14739975.
31
Buracom, Phonlapat. "Limits of state intervention the political economy of housing policies in Thailand /." Google Book Search Library Project, 1987. http://books.google.com/books?id=vVBPAAAAMAAJ.
32
Larbi, Wordsworth Odame. "Urban land policies and the delivery of developable land in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240219.
33
Leung, Ho-yin Albert. "Analysis of housing policies for the elderly in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14023805.
34
Chambers, D. "Discretionary housing policies in three inner London boroughs." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383523.
35
Fung, Annie H. "Low income rental housing in Canada : policies, programs and livability." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56994.
Анотація:
The government has through many legislations initiated programs to provide housing for those who cannot afford housing in the private market. From 1945, the government has continuously tried to fulfill those housing needs and to improve living conditions. This thesis is an overview of the policies, programs and livability of low rental housing in Canada.This study is divided into three parts. In the first part, there is a factual description of the circumstances and policies that have influenced the development of low rental housing since 1945. The second part assesses the demand and tenant characteristics for such housing. Three types of low income housing: public housing, low rental housing and cooperatives, are compared to measure their merits. The third part analyses the design criteria for such housing with reference to projects built in Montreal, Quebec. Tenants' opinions on what is satisfactory in housing projects are discussed and appropriate management policies are suggested. In the conclusion, government policies of the past, and some recent developments are summarized, and future strategies suggested.
36
Bunton, Martin P. "Colonial land policies in Palestine, 1917 - 1936 /." Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0801/2007408516.html.
37
Peng, Ruijue. "Housing market behavior with restrictive land supply." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69320.
38
Grimmond, Sarah Valerie. "The allocation of land for housing development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602052.
Анотація:
The release of land for new housing development represents a primary function of the planning system within the United Kingdom. At the same time, it represents one of the most debated aspects of land use planning. Indeed, on the 5th June 1996, at the annual conference of the Royal Town Planning Institute, the then Secretary of State for the Environment, John Gummer, appealed for a national debate on the provision on new housing. He stressed that the projected growth in housing demand would have severe implications for the environment unless many of the issues associated with the growth were fully and openly discussed. This research explores the allocation of housing land within a high growth area. Using the former Grampian Region (Scotland) as a case study, the research investigates the principal technical and procedural issues associated with the release of land for new housing development. A range of qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed, set within a 'Structure and Agency' framework. The initial quantitative stage includes a detailed analysis of planning applications, appeals and residential development figures for the Aberdeen area. This provides an overview of the location and nature of past housing development and enables the identification of a number of issues pertinent to the release of housing land. These issues are subsequently discussed with the principal agents involved, namely, planners, developers, elected councillors and the general public. The main findings of the study suggest that the scale and location of new housing development, has and will continue to, represent one of the most controversial aspects of land use planning. This controversy has a protracting effect on the preparation of structure and local development plans throughout the United Kingdom. These delays increase the difficulty of maintaining an adequate supply of housing land and consequently expose the system to the appeal process and ultimately, the control of the developer. This undermines the influence of the other agents (planners, councillors and the public) as the system becomes increasingly 'appeal-led' and controlled by central government. At a specific level, the research questions the medium to long-term capacity of the Aberdeen area to accommodate brownfield housing alongside the extent to which the current planning system caters for residential choice. It suggests that further greenfield releases may be necessary at a strategic level in order to provide an adequate supply (and choice) of housing land. The study argues that the current approach towards housing land allocation is overly concerned with releasing a sufficient supply of housing to meet demand and fails to consider the extent to which this land will provide an adequate choice of housing. It is considered that the predominance of flatted accommodation within redeveloped brownfield sites and associated failure to provide an adequate choice of house type, size and location will only exacerbate the public's desire for suburban and rural living. Reservations are also expressed with regard to the current direction of policy thinking on brownfield housing, in particular, the drive towards maximising the density of such housing and corresponding desire for local planning authorities to review industrial land allocations in favour of residential use. The study recommends that further research is required in order to address the issue of housing choice within a brownfield-led strategy. It also recommends that the current level of central government involvement in local decision making requires further investigation. The requirement for planning authorities to provide an adequate and continuous supply of housing land and the extent to which this prevents authorities from fully accounting for windfall sites within their housing land strategies represents another issue upon which future research is required. Above all, the study illustrates the manner in which debate on the issue of housing land has progressed over the last five years. This clearly strengthens its validity as an issue worthy of detailed consideration. In this respect, further research is needed to refine the land use planning system and ensure that the future allocation of housing land can be undertaken more effectively.
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Tu, Yong. "Local housing submarket structure and regional household housing choice behaviour." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1995. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3603.
Анотація:
As home ownership in the UK housing market has become mature, economic and econometric analyses of urban and regional owner-occupier housing markets have become a long-standing concern of housing economists. This thesis defines a nestedl ocal housing submarkets tructureT. he dynamic stock flow model with trade friction is revised and applied to analysing the local owner occupier housing submarket operational process. The short run and long run equilibrium and discquilibrium nature of a local owner occupier housing submarkct system are divulged. This model explores the submarket house price determinants and the role of housing submarket trade friction in submarket house price formation. The computer simulation reveals the relationship between the housing submarket structure and the system stability. The role of household housing choice behaviour in directing the system has been carefully demonstrated. On the premise of the utility maximisation approach, a behavioural model of regional household housing choice per housing submarket is set up. It is argued that the structure of the regional labour market determines household dwelling location choice. The influence of housing submarket marketability (defined as an inverse of the submarket trade friction) on household housing choice behaviour is considered. The family life cycle pattern of housing choice behaviour and the influence of household financial constraints on housing choice are also developed in the model. The empirical analysis is based on both Stated and Revealed preference information in order to overcome the dwelling supply constraint. The data is derived from the Lothian Region owner occupier housing market. The empirical results are compared with those of the existing housing choice models. The policy implications which follow from this thesis are then discussed in the light of the findings
40
Rahman, M. Ashiq-Ur. "Housing the urban poor in Bangladesh : a study of housing conditions, policies and organisations." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2600.
Анотація:
The rapid urbanisation process in developing countries has heightened the crisis of employment, shelter provision and urban services. The increased number of urban population and lack of institutional capacity is causing urban poverty, which has two-way cause-effect relationship with inadequate housing and service provision. In Bangladesh almost 30% of the urban population is living in slums and squatters. To address the housing issues of the urban poor, different programmes and policies have been designed and implemented internationally based on different macro-economic development approaches. The main development approaches are Modernisation, Keynesian, Basic Needs, Neo-liberal and Collaborative, which have been translated in different housing approaches like Conventional Housing, Public and Self-help Housing, Aided Self-help Housing, Enabling Mechanism and Community-led Housing. Thus the development approaches reframes the housing policies of a country and restructures the housing provision through different organisational arrangements to change the housing conditions of the urban poor. This study therefore examine the impact of development approaches for housing the urban poor in Bangladesh by analysing the housing conditions, policies and organisations drawing on the international theories, policies and practices. In analysing the recent context, the emphasis has been given on the impact of neo-liberalism as it is the current pre-dominant development approach in Bangladesh. By reviewing theories, policies and practices, this research first addresses the question whether there is any interrelation between housing and urban poverty, which can be capitalised for poverty alleviation. This research also explores – how ideas on pro-poor housing have evolved over time and whether these have produced varied results under different development approaches. It also investigates the roles of different actors under different organisational arrangements of housing provision influenced by the recent development approaches. The research then applies the concepts drawn from the international perspective to build an understanding of the Bangladesh context. Thus the research is mostly qualitative in nature and the international perspective is based on a review of the literature. To understand the Bangladesh context, in the macro level policy analysis, grey materials (unpublished policy documents) and key informant interview were the main methods of data collection. To understand the housing conditions of the urban poor, at the macro level secondary information has been used, and in the micro level - information has been collected from two case study settlements. For the descriptive statistics - census data of case study settlements has been collected in partnership with the Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction Programme team. Sixty household interviews and four focus group discussions were performed to acquire qualitative information on the housing process of the urban poor including the role of different actors for service provision in those settlements. The research found that theoretically there is an interrelation between housing and urban poverty, as housing acts as an asset for ensuring livelihood opportunities for the urban poor. The empirical evidence of Bangladesh also shows that there is a symbiotic relationship between housing and livelihood opportunity of the urban poor. The threat of eviction and lack of service provision affect this livelihood opportunity. Internationally to address the housing issues of the urban poor several attempts have been made based on different development approaches. In Bangladesh these practices were introduced under the pressure of external agencies rather than any endogenous attempt and failed to cater for the urban poor. Though different approaches exist internationally, in Bangladesh, neo-liberalism is the pre-dominant approach for articulating public policies. Most of the public policies thus refer to the market enabling approach for housing the urban poor. Internationally, the organisational arrangement of decentralisation has been seen as a pro-poor arrangement under the market enabling approach. In Bangladesh this arrangement failed to deliver housing and services for the urban poor. The co-existence of the 'participatory enabling approach‘ and 'market enabling approach‘ in Bangladesh is another major finding of this research. The 'participatory enabling approach‘ has been exercised through a few externally aided programmes and projects and the existing organisational arrangement is not conducive to this approach, which this research refers to as a policy failure. Moreover, this research identifies that 'market enabling approach‘ under the neo-liberal development approach failed to improve the housing conditions of the urban poor, failed to articulate pro-poor policy frameworks which affected the organisational arrangements and modes of housing provision for the urban poor. However, understanding the capability of informal networked actions of the urban poor, this research also advocates a 'participatory enabling approach‘ and a pro-poor housing policy in Bangladesh.
41
Mathe, Audrin. "A comparative analysis of housing policies of Namibia and South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30077.
Анотація:
Both Namibia and South Africa have had mixed success in their housing policies since the advent of democracy in both countries in the 1990s. This paper proceeds from the hypothesis that each country can learn useful lessons from each other in respect of housing policy. The primary purpose of this research was to describe and systematically compare the housing policies of Namibia and South Africa. The historical backgrounds of the countries, existing policies and the manner in which the policies are implemented were investigated. The research examined the housing policies of Namibia and South Africa in terms of their similarities and differences and to consider the impact and implications. Namibia and South Africa vary in their expenditure commitments to provide affordable homes. Their housing policy strategies also differ. Differences reflect different levels of prosperity and differences in governance and institutional arrangements. The study concluded that the policies of Namibia and South Africa are, in the main, similar in that both Namibia and South Africa have enacted legislation that govern matters related to housing – either as housing relates to financing and affordability or as a function of ownership. South Africa stands out, however, in that the right to adequate housing is a prescript of the constitution. In both the investigated countries, there is evidence that their policies are committed to a housing process built on the foundations of people’s participation and partnerships. But there are also differences with regard to implementation. In this study, it is brought to bear on both countries that the provision of housing was not all that successful. But good policies are a good start to a successful outcome of a process.
42
Mifsud, Paul Victor. "An evaluation of housing patterns and policies in Malta." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263123.
43
Fantin, Shaneen Rae. "Housing Aboriginal culture in North-East Arnhem Land /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17564.pdf.
44
譚慧玲 and Wai-ling Vivian Tam. "Impacts of public housing on neighbourhood land value." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31979944.
45
Fitzsimmons, Colum Michael James. "Land supply and formulation of rural housing policy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244657.
46
Tam, Wai-ling Vivian. "Impacts of public housing on neighbourhood land value." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25803566.
47
Wong, Lai-yin, and 黃勵賢. "An evaluation of the rental policies of the Hong Kong Housing Authority." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967826.
48
Delgado, Guillermo. "Land and housing practices in Namibia: cases of access to land rights and production of housing in Windhoek, Oshakati and Gobabis." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31363.
Анотація:
As in many other places, socio-spatial production in modern Namibia has been a top-down practice approached in professionalised and standards-oriented ways, focused on outputs. 'Participation’ or involvement of 'beneficiaries’ has over time been added to the repertoire of such practices, but this remains driven by a one-dimensional definition of what’s 'better’. Even when the modernist and centrally-controlled practice of Apartheid is generally condemned, its ways with regards to spatial production remain largely unquestioned and, by consequence, preserved and expanded. At the same time, the urban transformation that Namibia has seen in recent decades has been astonishing. These changes expose the limits of previous approaches and at the same time lay bare new openings for socio-spatial production. There are various practices that have been part of this urban transformation, but they remain largely undocumented. Furthermore, even when they are approached, they tend to be assessed in terms of their outcomes; relegating the ways of the process as a matter of lesser importance. My research accounts for three practices of socio-spatial production in three urban areas in Namibia today. These spaces have been the result of a considerable number of iterations, and have been made possible through the contribution of a wide array of participants; many of them performing beyond their 'main’ role. I have documented these practices from their beginnings up to the point in which they are today. My research is structured as a case study. Within it, I have undertaken semi-structured qualitative interviews with participants, and also employed maps, official documents, and photographs to triangulate the accounts. I have then brought these together with debates on co-production and autogestion, exploring whether the practices can be understood in these terms. Other subsidiary debates fundamentally related to these two are those on state and civil-society divisions; the nature of grassroots associations ('social movements’); and on-going and long-standing debates on land and housing. My analysis suggests that, while the way in which the practices take place varies greatly, they can be considered the sites of various kinds of innovation. I have also found that the 4 ways of the grassroots, while having legitimacy and equality as strong values, show new options in terms of representation. I have found that co-production, as understood in the more recent literature, is a useful way to understand the practices, particularly if a variety of strategies is recognised. Autogestion is a useful term to keep in mind, and although such term has some overlaps with the recent concepts of autogestion, only some understandings of the term stemming from practice enable a reading of the cases I document. The division between civil society and the state today consists of a constellation of parties not necessarily fitting in these two categories. The practices stand also as the more recent evidence within a trajectory of production of space undertaken through a social process involving the grassroots in Namibia, one in which visibility and participation are no longer the only aims, but where negotiation and some degree of autonomy is sought. Lastly, land ownership (real or perceived) emerges as a powerful force in making the process collective and enabling socio-spatial development. Land rights are exercised throughout, often irrespective of the degree of de jure tenure at stake. Housing becomes a devise for savings and resource mobilisation, as well as an income-generating activity sometimes enabling further livelihoods. My study adds to on-going debates on co-production, and to some extent to those on autogestion. For the first, it expands on earlier observations that brought the term to the socio-spatial realm and provides new openings for the term to establish bridges to other debates. It also contributes to the archive of socio-spatial practices in Namibia, and to the pending project of a socio-spatial history of the country. It provides new insights for those engaged in socio-spatial production of what are the experiences and the openings for a new kind of practice that moves away from the assumptions that have placed us in the urban crisis that characterises our times.
49
Wong, So-ling Sophia. "Analysis of the relationship among speculation, shortage of land and housing supply /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19907187.
50
Leung, Ho-yin Albert, and 梁浩賢. "Analysis of housing policies for the elderly in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964801.