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Готові списки джерел за темами / Language invariance and variation / Статті в журналах

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Language invariance and variation.

Статті в журналах з теми "Language invariance and variation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Rizzi, Luigi. "The discovery of language invariance and variation, and its relevance for the cognitive sciences." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 5 (2009): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990574.

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Анотація:

AbstractModern linguistics has highlighted the fundamental invariance of human language: A rich invariant structure has emerged from comparative studies nourished by sophisticated formal models; languages also differ along important dimensions, but variation is constrained in severe and systematic ways. I illustrate this research direction in the domains of island constraints, word order restrictions, and the expression of referential dependencies. Both language invariance and language variability within systematic limits are highly relevant for the cognitive sciences.

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2

Sara, Atef-Vahid, and Zahedi Keivan. "BRAIN Journal - Cross-linguistic Analysis of Body Part Metaphor Conceptualization from a Cognitive Semiosis Perspective." BRAIN - Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 4, no. 1-4 (2013): 126–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1043372.

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ABSTRACT In accordance with Lakovian cognitive linguistics in metaphoric analysis, this paper aims to explore the human cognitive capacity of metaphoric conceptualization of body parts. A contrastive analysis on the cognitive features of metaphorical expressions utilizing various body parts pertaining to the ‘head’ domain, e.g., face and tongue in the English and Farsi languages is carried out. After a cross-linguistic comparison of metaphors in both languages, five main linguistic categories emerge. Similarities and differences of metaphor construction, mappings and mechanisms in both languag

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3

Keenan, Edward L., and Edward P. Stabler. "Language variation and linguistic invariants." Lingua 120, no. 12 (2010): 2680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.04.011.

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4

Allahverdieva, Farida. "THE LANGUAGE VARIATION OF THE LINGUISTIC INVARIANTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 7, no. 7 (2019): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/9328.

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5

Sussman, Harvey Martin. "A Functional Role for Neural Columns: Resolving F2 Transition Variability in Stop Place Categorization." Biolinguistics 10 (August 28, 2016): 060–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.9049.

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Анотація:

Documented examples from neuroethology have revealed species-specific neural encoding mechanisms capable of mapping highly variable, but lawful, visual and auditory inputs within neural columns. By virtue of the entire column being the functional unit of both representation and processing, signal variation is collectively ‘absorbed’, and hence normalized, to help form natural categories possessing an underlying physically-based commonality. Stimulus-specific ‘tolerance ranges’ define the limits of signal variation, effectively shaping the functionality of the columnar-based processing. A conce

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6

Kareem, Rebeen Abdullah. "Variation and Imperfection Their Implications to the Concept of Language." Journal of University of Human Development 8, no. 3 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v8n3y2022.pp1-7.

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The many various definitions of the term ‘language’ make it improbable to account for the nature of the variations within the languages of the world. It seems that the recent and dominant concept of language has certain shortfalls with regard to the accountability and definitions of variations. By giving a different account of certain parameters and by arguing that the human language should be seen as a system of thought having only syntactic and semantic properties, the cross-linguistic variations are considered as various morpho-phonological systems of the many languages of the world, which

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7

Terry, Nicole P., Yaacov Petscher, and Katherine T. Rhodes. "Psychometric Analysis of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation–Screening Test: Extension to Low-Income African American Pre-Kindergarteners." Assessment for Effective Intervention 42, no. 3 (2016): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534508416679402.

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The purpose of this study was to extend a previous investigation of the psychometrics of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation–Screening Test (DELV-S) to include pre-kindergarten children (primarily African American and from low-income households). The previous study (Petscher, Connor, & Al Otaiba, 2012) included a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of children in kindergarten through second grade. Similar to that study, two factors were found in the present study: one representing morphosyntactic ability and one representing nonword repetition ability. However, unlike

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8

Otero, Carlos P. "Language growth after puberty?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (1996): 738–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043764.

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AbstractThe range of hypotheses considered is surprising in that the most arguably plausible one is not included: the invariant principles of language are available for life, while the parameters of variation cannot be set after puberty. This hypothesis provides a better explanation than the author's for both the deep similarities and the vast differences between child “language growth” and adult language acquisition.

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9

Shevkun, Eleonora. "Phenomenological Consciousness as a Topos of Human Existence Sense Variation in the World (Based on Plural Derivatives of The Theme + Suffix “Ada” Structural Type of the Spanish Word-Building Subsystem)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.06.

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Анотація:

The article is devoted to the analysis of constitution and regular reproduction of the Spanish word-building models based on the reconstruction of invariance / means of explicitness topoi and distinguishing various abstractions of consciousness: phenomenological, empirical and socio-genesis. The description and analysis into the noematic senses constituting the topological field of phenomenological consciousness as a form of human existence world knowledge were made. The acts of noematic meaning prospectivization into means of intelligibility / context of sense-invariants of discrete intention

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10

Tomlin, Russell S. "NEW VISTAS IN GRAMMAR: INVARIANCE AND VARIATION. Linda R. Waugh and Stephen Rudy (Eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991. Pp. x + 540. $85.00." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 3 (1993): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100012274.

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11

Buchholz, Janine, and Johannes Hartig. "Comparing Attitudes Across Groups: An IRT-Based Item-Fit Statistic for the Analysis of Measurement Invariance." Applied Psychological Measurement 43, no. 3 (2017): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621617748323.

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Questionnaires for the assessment of attitudes and other psychological traits are crucial in educational and psychological research, and item response theory (IRT) has become a viable tool for scaling such data. Many international large-scale assessments aim at comparing these constructs across countries, and the invariance of measures across countries is thus required. In its most recent cycle, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2015) implemented an innovative approach for testing the invariance of IRT-scaled constructs in the context questionnaires administered to stude

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12

Robert, Stéphane. "The challenge of polygrammaticalization for linguistic theory." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 5, no. 1 (2018): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00015.rob.

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Abstract Transcategorial morphemes share the common ability to be used synchronically across different syntactic categories (synchronic grammaticalization). This paper first shows that transcategoriality is a general property of linguistic systems, variously exploited by languages, then addresses the theoretical questions raised by these morphemes. A new model accounting for this transcategorial functioning, named “fractal grammar”, is proposed and illustrated by various examples. The analysis for this particular functioning relates the polysemy of these morphemes to their syntactic flexibilit

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13

DEO, ASHWINI S. "The metrical organization of Classical Sanskrit verse." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 1 (2007): 63–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004452.

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In generative metrics, a meter is taken to be an abstract periodic template with a set of constraints mapping linguistic material onto it. Such templates, constrained by periodicity and line length, are usually limited in number. The repertoire of Classical Sanskrit verse meters is characterized by three features which contradict each of the above properties – (a) templates constituted by arbitrary syllable sequences without any overtly discernible periodic repetition: APERIODICITY, (b) absolute faithfulness of linguistic material to a given metrical template: INVARIANCE, and (c) a vast number

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14

Ormazabal, Javier, and Juan Romero. "Object clitics, agreement and dialectal variation." Probus 25, no. 2 (2013): 301–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2013-0012.

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Abstract This article presents an analysis of object clitics in Spanish and some of its consequences for the theory of agreement and Case. On the empirical side, we present syntactic, morphological and semantic arguments supporting a mixed approach to object clitics where 3rd person Direct Object (DO) cliticization constitutes a genuine case of Determiner movement, but other DO and Indirect Object (IO) clitics are agreement elements. Once third person object clitics are set aside, the emerging picture is a single agreement that does not discriminate between DOs and IOs in the syntax. This idea

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15

Bley-Vroman, Robert. "What we have to explain in foreign language learning." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (1996): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043570.

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AbstractWhile child language development theory must explain invariant “success,” foreign language learning theory must explain variation and lack of success. The fundamental difference hypothesis (FDH) outlines such a theory. Epstein et al. ignore the explanatory burden, mischaracterize the FDH, and underestimate the resources of human cognition. The field of second language acquisition is not divided into camps by views on “access” to UG.

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16

Sayim, Bilge, Kimberly A. Jameson, Nancy Alvarado, and Monika Szeszel. "Semantic and Perceptual Representations of Color: Evidence of a Shared Color-Naming Function." Journal of Cognition and Culture 5, no. 3-4 (2005): 427–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853705774648509.

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AbstractMuch research on color representation and categorization has assumed that relations among color terms can be proxies for relations among color percepts. We test this assumption by comparing the mapping of color words with color appearances among different observer groups performing cognitive tasks: (1) an invariance of naming task; and (2) triad similarity judgments of color term and color appearance stimuli within and across color categories. Observer subgroups were defined by perceptual phenotype and photopigment opsin genotype analyses. Results suggest that individuals rely on at le

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17

Berg, Thomas. "Competition as a unifying concept for the study of language." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 2 (2014): 338–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.2.08ber.

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Анотація:

With linguistics suffering from increasing fractionalization, it is necessary not to lose sight of the overall picture. It seems uncontroversial that the study of language consists of the following five components: processing, use, structure, variation, and change. While some of the relationships between these concepts have been investigated, a systematic integration of these components into a coherent framework is conspicuously missing. A modest attempt is made here to outline such a framework which makes the interrelationships of the components transparent. In all of these components, compet

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18

MEINSCHAEFER, JUDITH, SVEN BONIFER, and CHRISTINE FRISCH. "Variable and invariable liaison in a corpus of spoken French." Journal of French Language Studies 25, no. 3 (2015): 367–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269515000186.

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ABSTRACTUsing texts selected from the C-Oral-Rom corpus, this study considers how linguistic and sociolinguistic variables affect liaison. In the majority of cases, liaison appears on monosyllabic function words. Individual lexemes differ greatly in rate of liaison. With regard to sociolinguistic variation, female speakers realize liaison consonants more often than male speakers, younger speakers realize it more often than older speakers, and liaison rates for speakers without university degree are higher than for speakers with university degree. Results are discussed in the light of models of

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19

Verhagen, Véronique, and Maria Mos. "Stability of familiarity judgments: Individual variation and the invariant bigger picture." Cognitive Linguistics 27, no. 3 (2016): 307–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0063.

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AbstractJudgments are often used in linguistic research. Not much is known, however, about the variation of such judgments within and between participants. From a usage-based perspective, variation might be expected: with judgments based in representations, and representations resulting from input and use, both inter- and intra-individual variation are likely. This study investigates the reliability of metalinguistic judgments, more specifically familiarity judgments, for Dutch prepositional phrases (e. g., op de bank, ‘on the couch’). Familiarity judgments for 44 PPs offered in isolation and

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20

BRESNAN, JOAN, ASHWINI DEO, and DEVYANI SHARMA. "Typology in variation: a probabilistic approach to be and n't in the Survey of English Dialects." English Language and Linguistics 11, no. 2 (2007): 301–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674307002274.

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Variation within grammars is a reflection of variation between grammars. Subject agreement and synthetic negation for the verb be show extraordinary local variation in the Survey of English Dialects (Orton et al., 1962–71). Extracting partial grammars of individuals, we confirm leveling patterns across person, number, and negation (Ihalainen, 1991; Cheshire, Edwards & Whittle, 1993; Cheshire, 1996). We find that individual variation bears striking structural resemblances to invariant dialect paradigms, and also reflects typologically observed markedness properties (Aissen, 1999). In the fr

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21

Kur’yanovich, Anna V., and Elena A. Serebrennikova. "Realization of the world-modeling potential of the LANGUAGE concept in educational texts: analyzing the discursive variation of the linguistic and cultural concept." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2022): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/79/23.

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The paper considers the specifics of the manifestation of the universal and variant properties of the linguocultural concept of LANGUAGE in the educational discourse. The invariant core in the semantics of the concept is determined by the diversity of its constituent features and semantic manifestations. The variant content of the concept is determined by the whole set of national-historical and socio-cultural conditions defining the interpretation of the concept within the framework of a certain type of discourse. So far, the educational discourse representing “its own” empirical material, i.

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22

Янь, Чжан. "INVARIANCE AND VARIABILITY IN THE PHRASEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE RUSSIAN AND CHINESE LANGUAGES: FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE COMPARATIVE LINGUOCULTURAL DESCRIPTION." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 5(211) (September 7, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2020-5-9-18.

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Анотація:

Введение. Рассмотрены способы реализации языковой вариантности, репрезентированные на уровне фразеологических подсистем русского и китайского языков. Объект научного описания ‒ сфера языковой семантики, получающая концептуальное осмысление в связи с ее исследованием в аспекте межкультурной и межъязыковой коммуникации. Наличие смыслового инварианта в содержании русских и китайских фразеологизмов обусловливается существованием общих тенденций смыслообразования и действием универсальных законов развития любого национального языка. Смысловые варианты возникают в силу своеобразия национальных лингв

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23

Mamedova, Ellada. "ACTUAL MEMBERSHIP ON THE JOINT OF PARADIGM." Alatoo Academic Studies 2021, no. 4 (2021): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.214.21.

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The article is devoted to the problem of actual division in the Azerbaijani and Japanese languages. It is suggested that specific studies of actual division in world languages can successfully use the methodology of systemic-structural and cognitive linguistics. Contrary to popular belief, the capabilities of these two paradigms complement each other. It is argued that the invariant of actual division is a structure independent of speech conditions. In speech, there is a variation in stress on the components that directly make up. The structure itself is of a casual nature and resembles a keyb

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24

Guntzviller, Lisa M., and Ningxin Wang. "Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH-Y and SASH) Reliability and Validity in Low-Income, Mexican-Heritage Youth and Parents." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 40, no. 3 (2018): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986318783282.

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The Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH) is a popular acculturation measure. Although SASH has been validated, conflicting information has been published about the youth version (SASH-Y). We examined the psychometric properties (i.e., validity and reliability) of SASH-Y in low-income, Mexican-heritage youth (aged 8-18; n = 100) and SASH with their parents ( n = 100; total N = 200). Confirmatory factor analyses comparing the three published structural variations of the SASH-Y revealed the three-factor structure originally proposed for SASH-Y fit the data best, and the frequently used

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25

Gianollo, Chiara, and Elisabetta Magni. "Variation and Change in Latin Close Appositions." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (2020): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.19.

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Summary:Close appositions are binominal constructions in which the two nouns are combined and denote a single entity. Throughout the history of Latin, syntactic and morphological variation in appositions point to a gradient from juxtapositional structures, where the two members are semantically and syntacti- cally on a par, to hierarchical structures, where the two members build various semantic and syntactic relations, yielding multiple and context-dependent interpretations. As it will be shown, the gradient-based model proposed in this paper captures variation and change in close appositions

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26

PALACIOS MARTÍNEZ, IGNACIO. "Variation, development and pragmatic uses ofinnitin the language of British adults and teenagers." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 3 (2014): 383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000288.

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The so-called invariant tags, such aseh, okay, rightandyeah, are extremely frequent in general English speech and have been studied extensively in recent years, especially in the spoken expression of teenagers, where they are a very common feature.In this article I focus oninnit, as inShe love her chocolate innit?andIt was good innit?For this purpose, I analyse and discuss data extracted from two comparable corpora of teen speech: theBergen Corpus of London Teenage Language(COLT), compiled in 1993, and theLinguistic Innovators Corpus(LI), created in 2004. The analysis considers the syntactic,

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27

Perlak, Danuta, Laurie Beth Feldman, and Gonia Jarema. "Defining regularity." Mental Lexicon 3, no. 2 (2008): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.2.04per.

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In the present study we use a cross-modal (auditory-visual) priming paradigm to examine the influence on word recognition of phonological/orthographic variation between morphologically related nouns. We exploit particular characteristics of a highly inflected language, Polish, in which consonantal stem-boundary (portre/tɕ/e-portre/t/ ‘portrait’) and vocalic stem-internal (obr/ɔ/tem-obr/u/t ‘turn’) alternations occur. The impact of morphological relatedness was measured against an orthographic and an unrelated baseline condition. Invariant magnitudes of morphological facilitation arose across t

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28

Han, Zhengrui, Vijay K. Bhatia, and Yunfeng Ge. "The structural format and rhetorical variation of writing Chinese judicial opinions." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no. 4 (2018): 463–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17013.ge.

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Abstract As Chinese legal system follows a statutory tradition, the writing of Chinese judicial opinions is normally considered as an invariant sequential process of stating the law, presenting the fact, and finally providing the conclusion. The official ideology is further reinforced by the fact that Chinese judges need to follow various authoritative writing guidelines and templates prescribed by the official bodies of legal profession. This paper examines to what extent this ideology is a trustworthy description, and to what extent it is only an imagined myth related to the rhetorical pract

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29

Ivchenko, M. I. "Familiarization with the phonetic diversity of the English language in the context of teaching students’ perception of authentic spoken language." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 2 (2024): 418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-2-418-427.

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Анотація:

Importance. Reception plays a significant role in the communication process in a foreign language and is reflected in the key documents that govern standards for foreign language education. As such, with increasing proficiency in a foreign language, the importance of utilizing authentic materials grows, and it becomes necessary for students to become familiar with non-standard (uncommon) varieties of the English language. This is not currently reflected in most educational settings, including language institutions. To address this issue, it is essential to justify the necessity for students to

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30

Solé, Maria-Josep. "New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change." Sound Change 9 (January 1, 1994): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.9.03sol.

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Abstract. Synchronic and diachronic sound change may involve (1) the phonologization of an effect of phonetic implementation, or (2) the lexicalization of phonetic or phonogical processes. This paper seeks to determine the phonologization and lexicalization of phonetic and phonological effects on the basis of their behaviour across different speaking rates. To illustrate the phonologization of phonetic effects, cross-linguistic data on aspiration and vowel nasalization across different speech rates are presented. The data show that phonological effects adjust to variations in speech rate, so a

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31

Truscott, John. "Instance theory and Universal Grammar in second language research." Second Language Research 14, no. 3 (1998): 257–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765898670205199.

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This article considers the possibility of applying instance theory to the study of language, second language in particular. Instance theory de-emphasizes the role of abstract principles in knowledge and its acquisition and use, focusing instead on the storage and retrieval of specific experiences, or instances. I argue that the application is feasible only if one also adopts a restrictive theory of Universal Grammar. I then present a sketch of a combined UG–instance theory approach, in which invariant aspects of UG are maintained and variability is allowed in exactly the same areas as in stand

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32

Pshenychna, Mariia S. "“DISGRACE” BY J.M. COETZEE AS A POSTMODERN VARIATION OF THE NOVEL ABOUT A MUSICIAN." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 26/2 (2023): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2023-2-26/2-17.

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The article is devoted to the study of the genre specificity of the novel “Disgrace” (1999) by the South African writer J.M. Coetzee. The study begins with a literature review that examines works analysing “Disgrace” to identify gaps in the understanding of genre specificity, as well as unexplored aspects of the novel’s poetics. A review of existing works has shown that previous studies have mainly focused on the socio-political and postcolonial discourses, while the poetics of the novel, namely the main elements of the novel’s content structure, the specificity of which is crucial for the gen

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MARTEN, LUTZ, and HANNAH GIBSON. "Structure building and thematic constraints in Bantu inversion constructions." Journal of Linguistics 52, no. 3 (2015): 565–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000298.

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Bantu inversion constructions include locative inversion, patient inversion (also called subject–object reversal), semantic locative inversion and instrument inversion. The constructions show a high level of cross-linguistic variation, but also a core of invariant shared morphosyntactic and information structural properties. These include: that the preverbal position is filled by a non-agent NP triggering verbal agreement, that the agent follows the verb obligatorily, that object marking is disallowed, and that the preverbal NP is more topical, and the postverbal NP more focal. While previous

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Kleiber, Georges. "Quand le nom propre prenf article: le cas des noms propres métonymiques." Journal of French Language Studies 2, no. 2 (1992): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001290.

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AbstractCet article porte sie les noms propres ‘méonymiques’ tels que du Mozart et Un Rodin dans J'secoute du Mozart et Paul a acheté un Rodin. I1 a pour objectif de répondre au double probléme que posent l'origine du genre masculin invariable et la variation de sens qu'sentraīne le passage du massif au comptable et inversement du comptanle au massif. Notre réponse au premier problÈme établit que le masculin est une valeur par défaut, découlant du changement de référent d'un nom propre animé disposant d'un genre sémantique à un référent inanimé doté d's un genre grammatical arbitraire. Pour ré

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35

Rutter, Ben, and Tobias Kroll. "Discourse repetition and phonetic reduction in a person with dysarthria secondary to Parkinson’s disease." Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders 15, no. 1 (2024): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jircd.27138.

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Background: A common concern for persons with dysarthria is a difficulty in being understood. This is captured clinically using assessments of intelligibility. Any attempt to measure intelligibility must be carried out in a way that is sensitive to the phonetic variation that occurs in naturally occurring conversational speech. This article identifies examples of an interactional event known to trigger phonetic variability: discourse repetition. Method: This article is a case study of a 68-year-old male with dysarthria secondary to Parkinson’s disease. The method of analysis is interactional p

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Paolillo, John C. "Frans Hinskens, Roeland van Hout, & W. Leo Wetzels (eds.), Variation, change and phonological theory. (Current issues in linguistic theory, 146.) Amsterdam: Benjamins. Pp. x, 314. Hb NLG 150.00, $75.00." Language in Society 29, no. 3 (2000): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500293044.

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Since the inception of Labov's variationist approach to the study of linguistic change, there have been two approaches to phonology: one theoretically motivated, addressing relatively invariant idealizations of language; and another empirically motivated, in which language is taken to be fundamentally variable. Since the time of the controversy over the incorporation of probability into grammar in the Variable Rule (VR) model, these two approaches have largely diverged. Critics have expressed skepticism about probabilistic rules, challenged their psychological reality, and rejected the variati

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Gómez González, María de los Ángeles. "Canonical tag questions in English, Spanish and Portuguese." Languages in Contrast 14, no. 1 (2014): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.14.1.06gom.

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This paper compares and contrasts the patterns of variation exhibited by canonical tag questions ((C)TQs) in English (e.g. ‘That’s enough, isn’t it?’) with those presented by their analogous constructions in Spanish (Es suficiente, ¿no?/ ¿verdad?) and Portuguese (É suficiente, não é?/não?) across a variety of spoken genres that represent the monologic-dialogic, formal-informal and private-public oppositions. The aim is to provide previously lacking comparative statistics that emerge from this trilingual comparison along four parameters: (i) frequencies, (ii) formal features, (iii) distribution

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Squires, Lauren. "Genre and linguistic expectation shift: Evidence from pop song lyrics." Language in Society 48, no. 1 (2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404518001112.

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AbstractPopular song lyrics constitute an exception to dominant, standard language ideologies of English: nonstandard grammatical forms are common, relatively unstigmatized, and even enregistered in the genre. This project uses song lyrics to test whether genre cues can shift linguistic expectations, influencing how speakers process morphosyntactic variants. In three self-paced reading experiments, participants read sentences from pop songs. Test sentences contained either ‘standard’ NPSG + doesn't or ‘nonstandard’ NPSG + don't. In Experiment 1, some participants were told that the sentences c

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Blake, Renée. "Defining the envelope of linguistic variation: The case of “don't count” forms in the copula analysis of African American Vernacular English." Language Variation and Change 9, no. 1 (1997): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001794.

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ABSTRACTEver since Labov, Cohen, Robbins, and Lewis's (1968) pioneering study, it has been commonplace to set aside certain tokens in analyzing variability in the English copula as “don't count” (DC) forms. These cases are most often occurrences of the copula that exhibit categorical behavior (as with the full copula in clause-final position), as well as those that are ambiguous or indeterminate. In this article, I propose a set of copula forms that should be set aside from variable analysis as instances of DC forms to allow for systematic comparisons among studies. I review the major alternat

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Johnstone, Barbara. "Individual style in an American pubic opinion survey: Personal performance and the ideology of referentiality." Language in Society 20, no. 4 (1991): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500016729.

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ABSTRACTThe anonymous telephone public opinion survey is supposed to be invariant. Interviewers' individual linguistic styles are supposed to be suppressed. However, transcripts of interviews show that no two interviewers perform the task alike. Interviewers make changes in the scripted introduction and add unscripted answer-acknowledgments and commentary throughout the interviews, the effect of which is to point up their identities as individuals rather than merely fillers of the interviewer role. Much of the deviation can be explained by the heightened requirement for politeness in the “cold

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SCHEER, TOBIAS. "Invariant syllable skeleton, complex segments and word edges." Journal of Linguistics 48, no. 3 (2012): 685–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000205.

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San Duanmu'sSyllable Structure: The Limits of Variationraises a number of questions that are of general interest for phonological theory. Of special interest here are: the genesis and management of linearity in complex segments, the place of analogy (or paradigm uniformity) in grammar, the role of morphology in accounting for phonological patterns, the balance of static (distributional patterns) and dynamic (phonological processes) evidence for syllable structure, the role of stress in syllabification, and the import of corpus-based data for phonological analysis. In each case, Duanmu's propos

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Rickford, John R., and Jerome S. Handler. "Textual Evidence on the Nature of Early Barbadian Speech, 1676-1835." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 2 (1994): 221–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.2.02ric.

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On the evidence of textual attestations from 1676-1835, early Barbadian English is shown to have exhibited many more nonstandard features than is generally recognized. Such features, which are commonly, if not exclusively, found in pidgins and creoles, include vowel epenthesis, paragoge and initial s-deletion processes, creole tense-modality-aspect marking, copula absence, the use of invariant no as a preverbal negative and as an emphatic positive marker, the occurrence of one as indefinite article, and a variety of morphologically unmarked pronominal forms. The texts consist of samples of Afr

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SOLIERI, MARCO. "Geometry of resource interaction and Taylor–Ehrhard–Regnier expansion: a minimalist approach." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 28, no. 5 (2016): 667–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129516000311.

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The resource λ-calculus is a variation of the λ-calculus where arguments are superpositions of terms and must be linearly used; hence, it is a model for linear and non-deterministic programming languages. Moreover, it is the target language of the Taylor–Ehrhard–Regnier expansion of λ-terms, a linearisation of the λ-calculus which develops ordinary terms into infinite series of resource terms. In a strictly typed restriction of the resource λ-calculus, we study the notion of path persistence, and define a remarkably simple geometry of resource interaction (GoRI) that characterises it. In addit

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Aldinger, Pavel. "VARIATION OF THE DNIEPER BASIN HYDRONYMY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SMOLENSK REGION." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-100-112.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Dnieper water bodies nominations on the territory of the Smolensk region. The research is aimed at consideration of the most important onomastic problem at present – variation in the sphere of the proper names, particularly in the hydronymy. Amidst the regional onomastic development, the research in the sphere of toponymy and hydronymy is being actively carried out, toponymic dictionaries are being published. In these dictionaries the variants of the geographical objects are often only marked down. However, more focused attention to the revea

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Pienemann, Manfred, Malcolm Johnston, and Geoff Brindley. "Constructing an Acquisition-Based Procedure for Second Language Assessment." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 10, no. 2 (1988): 217–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100007324.

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This article reports on a first attempt to develop and test run an observation procedure for assessing the syntactic and morphological development of adult learners of English as a second language (ESL) as evidenced in spontaneous speech production. The procedure is based on the profile analysis approach, which was first developed by Crystal, Fletcher, and Gorman (1976) for the assessment of impaired speech (English) and later adapted to the assessment of second language development (German) by Clahsen (1985). The theoretical basis of the procedure is the multidimensional model of second langu

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López González, Antonio María. "Locuciones latinas y variación lingüística en el español del siglo XXI." Collectanea Philologica, no. 27 (October 30, 2024): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.27.24.

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The objective of this article is to analyze the effect of linguistic variation in Latin idioms in Spanish, invariable lexical units, from a normative point of view. To do this, first of all, we define and distinguish Latin idioms within Latinisms in the Spanish language. Afterwards, we present its typology and main structures, according to Sánchez Martínez (1993). Later we discuss the normative treatment of Latin phrases by RAE, not exempt from some contradictions and changes in criteria over time. In the analytical part, we synthesize the meaning and normative use of 32 widely used Latin idio

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SEPPÄNEN, AIMO. "The Old English relative þe." English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2004): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430400125x.

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In current accounts the Old English relative þe is analysed in two radically different ways. The traditional view, inherited from the nineteenth-century grammarians, views the word as a relative pronoun, while the generative analysis, derived from some remarks of Jespersen on the ModE relative that, takes it to be a subordinating particle. The generativist view is based on the word's lack of morphological variation, whereas the older approach examines more generally the grammar of the word, noting that the invariable þe shares the typical nominal categories of number and case, functioning both

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48

Zubritskaya, Katya. "Mechanism of sound change in Optimality Theory." Language Variation and Change 9, no. 1 (1997): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001824.

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ABSTRACTIn this article I examine the ongoing loss of palatalization assimilation in Modern Standard Russian within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) (McCarthy & Prince, 1993a; Prince & Smolensky, 1993) and show that this theory offers new, meaningful explanations for the role of markedness and naturalness in the mechanism of a sound change. I also argue that OT provides new possibilities for relating quantitative patterns to the formal principles of grammatical organization. In particular, in OT, suggested cross-linguistically invariant relations between phonological factors pre

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Martin, Sara. "Hatt or si? Neuter and feminine gender assignment in reference to female persons in Luxembourgish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (2019): 573–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0022.

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Abstract In Luxembourgish, feminine as well as neuter gender can be assigned to female persons. Here, female first names are morphologically treated as neuter and therefore trigger neuter gender on their targets (e.g. definite article, personal pronoun). Last names referring to women, however, are feminine and take feminine targets respectively. While the use of neuter and feminine in prototypical and invariable reference contexts are well-known, morphological conflicts often arise regarding more complex name types (e.g. female first name + last name) leading to different degrees of variation

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Morkvina, Elena A. "Narrative structure of the gamebook as a hypernarrative." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya, no. 81 (2023): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19986645/81/6.

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The article describes the research of the narrative structure of gamebooks as an example of hypertext fiction. The aim of the research is to analyse the storyline of Raymond Queneau’s gamebook “A Story of Your Own” as a literary hypertext narrative, to define the peculiarities of its structural organization and to come up with a narrative scheme of the gamebook. The methodology of the research is based on the narrative analysis predicated by the invariant narrative scheme offered by William Labov and Joshua Waletzky. The research novelty lies in the fact that for the first time a narrative ana

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