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1
Fassi Fehri, Abdelkader. "Sous-spécification, accord et pronoms en arabe." Revue québécoise de linguistique 22, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602755ar.
Анотація:
Résumé Dans cet article, nous proposons un traitement unifié des différents usages des formes pronominales arabes de troisième personne (qu’il s’agisse de pronoms personnels, de copules ou d’explétifs). Nous montrons que cet objectif ne peut être atteint qu’en recourant à une (sous)spécification lexicale ou syntaxique appropriée. En second lieu, nous examinons la variation des formes explétives dans les langues, ainsi que celle des formes d’accord compatibles avec celles-ci. Nous montrons que dans les cas simples, les deux classes de formes sont liées, la liste des formes explétives étant dérivable de celle des formes pronominales de troisième personne qui peuvent être légitimées dans le contexte des formes d’AGR. En outre, un paramètre argunemtal est proposé pour AGR, selon lequel certaines langues autorisent uniquement un NP argumental dans Spec AGR. Par contre, d’autres langues autorisent également des NP non-argumentaux, mais elles requièrent que les traits phi (spécifiés) soient légitimés par des NP argumentaux (qui sont membres de chaînes explétives).
2
Van Herreweghe, Mieke, and Marijke Van Nuffel. "Sign (Language) Interpreting in Flanders, Belgium." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 318–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.4.05van.
Анотація:
Abstract In this article the authors give an overview of sign language interpretation in Flanders, Belgium. After a short introduction on Flanders and its linguistic situation, the authors spend some time discussing sign language in Flanders from a historical perspective and discussing its current situation and especially outside influences on Flemish-Belgian Sign Language. The next chapter concentrates on the training of sign language interpreters. There are two training programmes in Flanders, both evening courses at post-secondary/higher education level. Both programmes are relatively new and are thus facing a number of problems still. Both programmes are moving away from teaching Signed Dutch to teaching Flemish-Belgian Sign Language, but do not have any pedagogically or methodologically trained teachers (whether hearing or Deaf), do not have sufficient materials to work with and can only rely on the limited amount of sign language research that has been done in Flanders during the last decade. Another problem concerns the choice of the signs themselves (regional signs or "unified" signs?). Nevertheless, both programmes are attracting more and more students. In the last chapter the authors concentrate on the field of sign language interpreting in Flanders. Attention is paid to the development of the profession of sign language interpreting, the central interpreting agency, the profile of the sign language interpreter in Flanders, the language of the interpreter, the financial situation and their working conditions. Finally, the authors briefly focus on the issue from the deaf consumer's point of view. Résumé Dans cet article les auteurs donnent un aperçu de l'interprétation en langue des signes en Flandre, Belgique. Après une brève introduction sur la Flandre et sa situation linguistique, les auteurs en viennent à la discussion de la langue des signes en Flandre d'un point de vue historique et décrivent sa situation actuelle et plus particulièrement les influences extérieures sur la langue des signes flamande-belge. Le chapitre suivant traite de la formation des interprètes de la langue des signes. Il existe deux programmes de formation en Flandre, enseignés sous forme de cours du soir au niveau post-secondaire/enseignement supérieur. Les deux programmes sont relativement récents et sont donc encore confrontés à quelques problèmes. Les deux programmes remplacent l'apprentissage du néerlandais signé par l'apprentissage de la langue des signes flamande-belge, mais ils ne disposent ni de professeurs (Sourds ou non) qualifiés au niveau pédagogique ou méthodologique, ni du matériel suffisant. Ils peuvent uniquement compter sur un nombre limité de recherches faites sur la langue des signes en Flandre durant la dernière décennie. Un autre problème relève du choix des signes mêmes (signes régionaux ou "uniformisés"?). Néanmoins, les deux programmes attirent de plus en plus d'étudiants. Dans le dernier chapitre, les auteurs se concentrent sur le domaine de l'interprétation de la langue des signes en Flandre. Une attention est prêtée au développement de la profession de l'interprétation de la langue des signes, au service central pour interprètes, au profil de l'interprète de la langue des signes en Flandre, au langage de l'interprète, sa situation financière et ses conditions de travail. Pour terminer, les auteurs examinent brièvement le point de vue du consommateur sourd.
3
Bessler, Paul. "L’accord du participe passé dans les langues romanes: une approche morphosyntaxique." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 3 (September 1995): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001598x.
Анотація:
AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a unified analysis of Romance past participle agreement. Data from 19 standard and non-standard Romance varieties are considered. It is shown that in order to account for the variation found across the various Romance varieties, past participle agreement should not be considered as following simply from another module of the grammar, such as Case Theory, coindexation or the theory of functional categories, but should rather be considered from the point of view of a general theory of grammatical agreement. It is also shown that past participle agreement must be treated as an example of nominal-modifier agreement rather than as an example of verb-argument agreement.
4
AnderBois, Scott, Daniel Altshuler, and Wilson D. L. Silva. "The Forms and Functions of Switch Reference in A’ingae." Languages 8, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8020137.
Анотація:
This paper examines switch reference (SR) in A’ingae, an understudied isolate language from Amazonian Ecuador. We present a theoretically informed survey of SR, identifying three distinct uses of switch reference: in clause chaining, adverbial clauses, and so-called ‘bridging’ clause linkage. We describe the syntactic and semantic properties of each use in detail, the first such description for A’ingae, showing that the three constructions differ in important ways. While leaving a full syntactic analysis to future work, we argue that these disparate properties preclude a syntactic account that unifies these three constructions to the exclusion of other environments without SR. Conversely, while a full semantic account is also left to future work, we suggest that a unified semantic account in terms of discourse coherence principles appears more promising. In particular, we propose that switch reference in A’ingae occurs in all and only the constructions that are semantically restricted to non-structuring coordinating coherence relations in the sense of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory.
5
Paul, Ileana, Baholisoa Simone Ralalaoherivony, and Henriëtte de Swart. "Culminating and non-culminating accomplishments in Malagasy." Linguistics 58, no. 5 (November 26, 2020): 1285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0184.
Анотація:
AbstractMalagasy is a language with non-culminating accomplishments. There is, however, a specific prefix (maha-), which appears to entail culmination. Moreover, verbs prefixed with maha- display a range of interpretations: causative, abilitive, ‘manage to’, and unintentionality. This paper accounts for these two aspects of this prefix with a unified semantic analysis. In particular, maha- encodes double prevention. The double prevention configuration is associated with a circumstantial modal base, which leads to culminating readings in the past and future, but not the present tense. The embedding of double prevention in a force-theoretic framework leads to a more fine-grained theory of causation, which the Malagasy data show to have empirical relevance.
6
Groothuis, Kim A. "Non-finite Verb Movement in Romance." Probus 34, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 273–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2021-0010.
Анотація:
Abstract Since Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1989. Verb movement, universal grammar, and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20. 365–424, it is well known that Romance finite verbs move into the I-domain. However, the relationship between finiteness and verb movement has not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of the present study is to trace and analyse verb movement in various types of non-finite and semi-finite clauses in Romance, including infinitives with specified subjects, inflected infinitives, bare infinitival clauses, Aux-to-Comp (cf. Rizzi, Luigi. 1982. Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht: Foris), past participial clauses, and gerunds. It is shown that all types of Romance non-finite verbs move high, with the exception of French absolute participles and French infinitives. The picture of non-finite movement is thus more uniform than that of finite verb movement (cf. Schifano, Norma. 2018. Verb movement in Romance. A comparative study. Oxford: Oxford University Press). A unified account is proposed: non-finite verbs all need to be anchored to the speech act through a higher clause, which requires them to be in a local relation with the anchoring head Fin (cf. Groothuis, Kim A. 2020. Reflexes of finiteness in Romance. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Unpublished PhD thesis).
7
Donati, Caterina, and Carlo Cecchetto. "Relabeling Heads: A Unified Account for Relativization Structures." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 4 (October 2011): 519–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00060.
Анотація:
A tenet of any version of phrase structure theory is that a lexical item can transmit its label when merged with another category. We assume that if it is internally merged, a lexical item can turn a clause into a nominal phrase. If the relabeling lexical item is a wh-word, a free relative results; if it is an N, a full relative results; if it is a non-wh D, a pseudorelative results. It follows that the head of a relative construction cannot be more complex than a lexical item. We show massive evidence that when it is otherwise (e.g., the book about Obama that you bought), the modifier is late-merged after the noun has moved and relabeled the structure.
8
WHITE-SUSTAITA, JESSICA. "Reconsidering the syntax of non-canonical negative inversion." English Language and Linguistics 14, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674310000146.
Анотація:
Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for the word order of negative inversion (NI) in varieties of non-canonical English (e.g.Don't nobody else care). An auxiliary inversion analysis argues that the word order is derived via movement of the auxiliary to the left periphery, whereas an existential analysis argues that the word order is an artifact of deletion of the expletive subject, parallelingthere-insertion existential constructions. After reviewing these hypotheses, I provide empirical evidence that neither of these theories adequately explains the peculiarities of NI. I advance a third hypothesis, namely that NI is the result of negative movement to the specifier of NegP, and that this movement is pragmatically motivated by an existential meaning in NI constructions. Syntactically, NI is made possible through the Neg-Criterion (Haegeman & Zanuttini 1991, 1996). This analysis explains problems encountered by prior analyses, and offers a unified analysis for variation in NI across dialects. Finally, I explain cross-dialectal differences in NI by considering the relationship between subject requirements and agreement.
9
Ostalski, Przemysław. "Optimality Theoretic Analysis of Non-Rhoticity in English." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0004-4.
Анотація:
The paper intends to describe various rhotic phenomena within a unified phonological framework of Optimality Theory. This description encompasses “standard” rhotic phenomena, such as linking and intrusive r. Additionally both hyper- and hypo-rhoticity are discussed. The paper serves primarily two points. First, it proves practical workability of constraint mechanism, as proposed by Optimality Theory. Second, it presents an integrated account of seemingly unrelated phonological facts observed in various accents of English. The paper discusses also previous accounts of rhoticity in English in connection with an attempt of presenting solid evidence for the choice of underlying forms. Furthermore two competing theoretical descriptions of rhotic insertions (epenthesis vs. gliding/spreading) are compared and evaluated. Finally, the spreading account is shown to be formally superior to the anti-hiatus approach. Moreover, the paper demonstrates a way in which r-liaison might be incorporated in the synchronic grammar of non-rhotic accents. Simply put, r-liaison could be perceived as another instantiation of VSPREAD conspiracy, where vowels tend to spread their melodic content onto the following segments. The OT machinery was also employed to account for the differences between various subtypes of non-rhotic accents, in terms of re-ranking of several constraints. The peculiar phenomena of hyper-rhoticity have, too, been demonstrated to fit the proposal.
10
Kozanecka, Paulina. "Określenia podmiotów czynności prawnych w chińskim języku prawnym." Studia Iuridica, no. 83 (February 19, 2021): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-83.4.
Анотація:
The aim of this paper is to analyze the terms of the subjects of acts in law in Chinese legal language. Morphologically, Chinese is an isolating language. It also uses a non‑alphabetic writing system. Creating the terms of the subjects of acts in law is governed by fairly strict language rules; however, there are numerous exceptions that may be misleading for the translator. These terms are commonly used, among others, in the civil law contracts and therefore are an important element of the legal language, also used by non-specialists (e.g. parties to the contract). The analysis of particular terms has allowed to identify the aforementioned general rules in the legal language, as well as to find some exceptions. The research material included the civil law acts (General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC, new General Provisions of Civil Law of the PRC, the Contract Law, and the Inheritance Law – in modern Chinese law, as yet, no unified civil code has been adopted, therefore its role is played by the general law and the so-called satellite laws). The study is complemented by the comparison of the Chinese legal terms and their suggested Polish equivalents, which can be a valuable help for translators.
11
Park, Chongwon. "Reference-point and blending in Korean non-nominative subject constructions." Studies in Language 38, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 717–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.4.03par.
Анотація:
This article examines three types of Korean constructions: case stacking and two types of non-nominative subject constructions. Relying on an independently established descriptive construct known as reference-point, I argue that the complex forms of these constructions reflect their meanings and functions. I further argue that the reference-point-based analysis of these constructions offers a unified account of a substantial range of phenomena when it is combined with the notion of conceptual and constructional blending. In providing technical analyses of the phenomena, I adopt the Cognitive Grammar (CG) framework. To justify the choice of the theoretical framework of my analysis, I examine the crucial role of spatial semantics in the said constructions, which is viewed as the primary factor underlying the distribution of case marking in CG. I then demonstrate that my CG-based analysis yields a natural explanation of the constructions both intuitively and theoretically.
12
Lau, Seng-hian. "Negator turned intersubjective speech-act adverbial." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 47, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 113–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00025.lau.
Анотація:
Abstract This study investigates the non-negating negator m̄ in Taiwanese. With respect to its function, this study argues that it is neither an intensifier nor a rhetorical marker. Furthermore, contrary to prevalent intuition, the combination m̄-tō is not parallel to the ostensible cognate bújiù in Mandarin Chinese. Instead, the non-negating m̄ is an intersubjective speech-act adverbial affix attaching to the head of FocP (realized as tō or tsiah) that takes scope over whatever follows. Typologically, this study uncovers another use of non-negating negation in natural languages, and consequently challenges the enterprise pursuing a unified analysis for the phenomena of the so-called expletive negation.
13
Deshors, Sandra C. "A case for a unified treatment of EFL and ESL." English World-Wide 35, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.3.02des.
Анотація:
This multifactorial corpus-based study focuses on dative alternation constructions (Mark gave his daughter a gift versus Mark gave a gift to his daughter) and contrasts 1,313 give occurrences in ditransitive and prepositional dative constructions across native, learner (EFL) and world (ESL) Englishes. Using cluster analysis and regression modeling, I analyze how grammatical contexts constrain syntactic choices in EFL and ESL and how speakers with different instructional backgrounds develop different variation patterns in their own English variety. The regression model reveals that the English variety factor accounts significantly for syntactic variation. In addition, the study identifies a prototypical prepositional dative construction in non-native English, which serves as a default construction for learners in more complex grammatical contexts. This study stresses the importance of reaching beyond structural linguistic differences by investigating processing (dis)similarities between EFL and ESL and shows the usefulness of a cognitive theoretical framework as a unified approach to cross-varietal variation.
14
O'Rourke, Bernadette, and Fernando F. Ramallo. "The native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.2.03oro.
Анотація:
In minority language contexts, the aim of language policy and planning initiatives is frequently to enhance their survival prospects by increasing individuals’ knowledge and use of such languages in a variety of social contexts. The success of such policies depends on a variety of factors. These include the ability of policy to encourage maintenance of the language amongst existing speakers (the so-called ‘native’ speakers of the language) and its revival amongst individuals in the community who no longer speak it and who have become ‘native’ speakers of another language, typically, the dominant language. However, the task of policy makers and language planners is often made more difficult by sociolinguistic, socio-economic, socio-geographical and ideological differences between ‘native’ speakers and ‘non-native’ newcomers to the language. Rather than forming a unified speech community, ‘native’ and ‘non-native’ speakers of the minority language very often see themselves as being socially and linguistically incompatible. The purpose of this article is to examine the native-non-native dichotomy in two minority language contexts: Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Galician in the Autonomous Community of Galicia.
15
Pooth, Roland, Peter Alexander Kerkhof, Leonid Kulikov, and Jóhanna Barđdal. "The origin of non-canonical case marking of subjects in Proto-Indo-European." Indogermanische Forschungen 124, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2019-0009.
Анотація:
Abstract For a long time one of the most bewildering conundrums of Indo- European linguistics has been the issue of how to reconstruct the alignment system of this ancient language state, given the lack of distinction between s and o marking in the Proto-Indo-European neuter nouns and the problem of the Hittite ergative. An additional complication stems from the existence of argument structure constructions where the subject(-like) argument is marked in a different case than the nominative, like the accusative or the dative. Our aim with the present article is to fill two needs with one deed and offer a unified account of this century-long bone of contention. In contribution to the ongoing discussion in the field, we claim that a semantic alignment system, in the terms of Donohue & Wichmann (2008), might not only fit better with the morphological data that are currently reconstructed for the ancestral language, but also with the existence of non-canonically case-marked subjects in general (Barðdal, Bjarnadóttir, et al. 2013; Danesi, Johnson & Barðdal 2017).
16
Bosworth, Yulia. "High vowel distribution and trochaic markedness in Québécois." Linguistic Review 34, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2016-0009.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper argues for quantity-sensitive, trochaic foot structure in Québécois French, which allows for a unified prosodic account of the variable distribution of tenseness of high vowels in non-final syllables. Following Montreuil (Montreuil, Jean-Pierre. 2004a. Fragmenting weight in Scottish English. In Monica Pulki (ed.), La tribune internationale des langues vivantes, 36, 114–22. Paris. Montreuil, Jean-Pierre. 2004b. The Computation of weight in English and in Québec French. First PAC Workshop 23–24 April 2004, Université de Toulouse le Mirail.) a grammatical, sonority-based surface weight distinction is assumed for Québécois French vowels, with tense high vowels associated to a full mora µ, while lax high vowels are associated to a hypomora λ, a weight value less than µ. The weight is shown to be regulated at the level of the minimally monomoraic foot, which can be expanded to include an adjacent syllable in words consisting of more than two syllables, following the proposed Trochaic Markedness Hierarchy, based on the following three ranked principles: 1) quantitative minimum: light and heavy rimes are preferred to superlight (λ) rimes, 2) quantitative evenness: even trochees are preferred to uneven trochees, and 3) quantitative dominance: the left branch that is heavier than the right branch is preferred to the left branch that is lighter. Possible shapes of the trochee are shown to be aligned with alternating surface realizations of high vowels.
17
Grosu, Alexander, and Julia Horvath. "Reply to Bhatt and Pancheva's “Late Merger of Degree Clauses”: The Irrelevance of (Non)conservativity." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (July 2006): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.457.
Анотація:
According to Bhatt and Pancheva (2004), two effects they attribute to degree constructions (obligatory extraposition effects and scope rigidity effects determined by the superficial position of degree phrases/clauses) can be given a unified analysis in terms of an extension of Fox and Nissenbaum's (1999) analysis of extraposition in conjunction with the nonconservativity of (certain) degree words. We show that, under full preservation of Bhatt and Pancheva's theoretical assumptions, their account faces at least three problems: (a) one of the phenomena they propose to unify, the one involving scope effects, does not exist; (b) (non)conservativity is irrelevant to obligatory extraposition effects; and (c) contrary to their tacit assumption, Trace Conversion is at most an optional procedure for DegP chains. We propose an alternative, nonsemantic treatment of obligatory extraposition effects, which subsumes them under an independently needed adjacency constraint on prehead modifiers. Furthermore, we note that the facts brought up here and in Bhatt and Pancheva 2004 call into question the quantificational approach to degree constructions.
18
Déprez, Viviane, and Marie-Thérèse Vinet. "Predicative Constructions and Functional Categories in Haitian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.12.2.03dep.
Анотація:
This paper seeks to provide a unified analysis of the particle se in Haitian Creole, traditionally identified as an equality marker, a resumptive pronoun, or a focus marker. This study also serves to illustrate the role and the structural organization of functional projections in this non-inflected language. Under the proposed analysis, se (as well as ye, which has long been recognized as bearing a relation to se) is not a verbal copula; rather, it is a predicate forming aspectual head. A unified analysis based on general principles of UG is offered for se, appearing in predicative sentences, in nominal clefts, and in predicate cleft constructions. It is argued that in all these contexts, se always occurs with DP predicates or predicates headed by a functional head, such as CP predicates, not with any other type of predicates.
19
Taylor, John R. "Possessives and topicality." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.05tay.
Анотація:
This paper deals with certain aspects of prenominal possessives (i.e. expressions of the kind John's wife, the city's destruction) in English. Consideration of the discourse function of the construction leads to the prediction that the possessor nominal will be high in topicality, whilst the possessee nominal will generally denote a highly non-topical entity. A number of text-based studies of the possessive confirm these predictions. It is then argued that the distribution of topicality within the construction offers a unified explanation of a range of grammaticality judgements.
20
Prillop, Külli. "Interacting processes in phonological theory." Phonology 35, no. 3 (August 2018): 441–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267571800012x.
Анотація:
This article introduces basic principles of a generative theory of phonology that unifies aspects of parallel constraint-based theories and serial rule-based theories. In the core of the grammar are phonological processes that consist of a markedness constraint and a repair. Processes are universal, but every language activates a different set, and applies them in different orders. Phonological processes may be in bleeding or feeding relations. These two basic relations are sufficient to define more complicated interactions, such as blocking, derived and non-derived environment effects, chain shifts and allophony.
21
Caponigro, Ivano, and Anamaria Falaus. "Investigating clausal wh-constructions in Romanian." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.325.
Анотація:
Romanian has an articulated system of (non-)interrogative wh-clauses that look morphosyntactically similar or even identical to each other on the surface, while exhibiting striking differences in distribution and interpretation. Using a minimal set of criteria, tests and distinctions, this article presents the first systematic comparative overview of all clausal wh-constructions attested in Romanian. We show that none of these constructions can be reduced to any of the others and flesh out some of the challenges arising for a unified analysis of wh-constructions and wh-expressions.
22
TOLSKAYA, INNA K. "Verbal prefixes in Russian: Conceptual structure versus syntax." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000206.
Анотація:
At first glance, the variety of possible denotations of a given prefix in Russian might appear a chaotic set of idiomatic meanings, e.g. the prefix za- may refer to the beginning of an action, movement to a position behind an object, a brief deviation from a path, or completion of an action. I propose a unified analysis of Russian prefixes, where the differences in meaning are claimed to arise from different syntactic positions, while the lexical entry of a prefix remains the same. The main focus is on the verbs of motion due to the consistent duality displayed by the prefix meanings when added to directional and non-directional motion verbs. It turns out that prefixes modify path when added onto a directional motion verb and refer to movement in time with non-directional motion verbs. This semantic distinction corresponds to distinct sets of syntactic properties, characteristic of the lexical and superlexical prefixes. Furthermore, a tripartite division emerges in each set of prefixes, corresponding to goal, source and route of motion (TO, FROM, VIA, respectively) for lexical prefixes and to beginning, completion and duration for superlexical prefixes. This leads to the suggestion that the same prefix with a consistent conceptual meaning, shared with the corresponding preposition receives part of its denotation from its position in the syntactic representation. The separation of conceptual meaning from the structural meaning allows the polysemy to arise from position, rather than from arbitrary homophony. Thus, conceptual structure is unified with syntax.
23
Birtić, Matea, and Ivana Brač. "Basic Characteristics and Aspectual Properties of Croatian ObjExp Verbs." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 47, no. 2 (2022): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.47.2.1.
Анотація:
This paper discusses the basic characteristics of ObjExp verbs in Croatian (thematic roles, argument structure, anticausative variant, aspect of the verb), with special attention paid to the aspectual properties of such verbs. According to various authors (Arad 1998, Pylkkänen 2000, Biały 2005, Grafmiller 2013), ObjExp verbs are not a unified aspectual class since they can be interpreted as both stative and non-stative verbs. Five diagnostics that differentiate between stative and non-stative interpretation are applied to a sample of 40 verbs: (1) passive formation; (2) use in the punctual past tense; (3) co-occurrence with agent-oriented adverbs; (4) use of a verb in the imperative mood; and (5) the ability of the verb to be used as a complement of control verbs (Grafmiller 2013). The results of this research show that all Croatian ObjExp verbs with primary psychological meaning have an anticausative variant derived by reflexive morphology, that most verbs have two (or three) interpretations, and that perfective ObjExp verbs can probably be more easily interpreted as non-stative than imperfective ones.
24
Lizardo,, Omar. "The conceptual bases of metaphors of dirt and cleanliness in moral and non-moral reasoning." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0011.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this paper I propose a new understanding of the often-noted phenomenon that much of our conceptualization and reasoning about moral propriety is framed by a set of metaphors that originate from a conceptual structure generated from our experiences with dirt and cleanliness. I argue that reliance on the dirty-clean dichotomy to conceptualize moral propriety or impropriety emerges from metaphorical extensions into various realms of experience (e.g., sports, governance, introspection) grounded in an idealized cognitive model in which dirt is conceptualized as matter out of place and clean is conceptualized as ordered arrangement. The analysis provides a unified framework with which to understand the use of dirty and clean as metaphors to categorize objects, events and actions in the moral domain. Finally, I suggest that the dirty-clean distinction is useful for understanding broader cultural issues (such as moral panics regarding media, immigration and disease), and I show that the conceptualization of certain non-moral properties can be understood using the same framework (e.g., the quality of being exceptional) of objects and actions.
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Morras, Javier. "Semantic Parameters, Cognitive Models, and Mental Units." Cognitive Semantics 8, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10021.
Анотація:
Abstract The paper explores the relationship between the linguistic and the conceptual system. The author argues for two main types of information that are vital for linguistically mediated communication. These are cognitive models and frames, and semantic parameters. Cognitive models and frames are rich coherent non-linguistic bodies of knowledge that are generally associated with open-class items. On the other hand, semantic parameters are bundles of schematic information that constitute part of the semantic pole of a symbolic unit and might be divided into conceptual and linguistic. The paper illustrates the two main types of information and seeks a unified account of their conceptual relations.
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Lazer-Pankiv, Olesia, and Iuliia Pysmenna. "Peculiarities of Phonetic and Orthographic Adaptation of Latin Terms in English Clinical Terminology: On the Issue of Latin Terminological Competence Formation of Foreign Medical Students." Sustainable Multilingualism 19, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2021-0018.
Анотація:
Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.
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Pallottino, Margherita. "“feš taqra?” What are You Reading?" Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2016): 286–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00802004.
Анотація:
This paper describes the distribution and the selectional properties of perfective and imperfective verb forms in Tunisian Arabic. While perfective predicates are finite forms and always undergo movement out of the VP domain, imperfective predicates acts less consistently as a unified class and, in some contexts, do not undergo movement to negation showing a behavior that reminds this of non-finite forms. Moreover, when the imperfective verb does not undergo movement, an additional structural layer headed by the preposition “fi” is introduced above the direct object. I propose that in this configuration the imperfective predicate is the non-finite element of a periphrastic construction whose other component is a null auxiliary with present tense reference. On the one side this construction affects the aspectual interpretation of the event; on the other, it affects the predicate’s ability to assign accusative Case to its object. As for the contexts where the imperfective predicate undergoes movement, I propose that their interpretation relies on a Generic Operator that provides an aspectual frame over which the predicate is interpreted.
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Hulstijn, Jan. "Towards a unified account of the representation, processing and acquisition of second language knowledge." Second Language Research 18, no. 3 (July 2002): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr207oa.
Анотація:
This article argues for the need to reconcile symbolist and connectionist accounts of (second) language learning by propounding nine claims, aimed at integrating accounts of the representation, processing and acquisition of second language (L2) knowledge. Knowledge representation is claimed to be possible both in the form of symbols and rules and in the form of networks with layers of hidden units representing knowledge in a distributed, subsymbolic way. Implicit learning is the construction of knowledge in the form of such networks. The strength of association between the network nodes changes in the beginning stages of learning with accumulating exposure, following a power law (automatization). Network parts may attain the status equivalent to ‘symbols’. Explicit learning is the deliberate construction of verbalizable knowledge in the form of symbols (concepts) and rules. The article argues for a nonnativist, emergentist view of first language learning and adopts its own version of what could be called a non-interface position in L2 learning: although explicit knowledge cannot turn into implicit knowledge through practice, it is argued that explicit learning and practice often form efficient ways of mastering an L2 by creating opportunities for implicit learning.
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Maryniv, Ivanna. "Collective Liability of the Member States of the Unified Patent Court Agreement." Law and innovations, no. 1 (41) (March 12, 2023): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2023-1(41)-12.
Анотація:
Problem setting. This article is devoted to the analysis of the scope of obligations, accepted by the Contracting States in the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, as well as in the EU Regulations № 1257/2012 on implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection and № 1260/2012 on implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection with regard to the applicable translation arrangements, that all form the so-called «patent pack». The subject of this research is EU Member States’ responsibility for the obligations, deriving from their activity via the enhanced cooperation mechanism and the procedural models of them being held responsible for the possible EU law infringements. The analysis of the legal base, governing the legal personality of the Unified Patent Court, including the clauses, that outline the interactions between the Unified Patent Court and the European court of justice, has been conducted. The problems and probable challenges, that will have appeared when the Unified Patent Court becomes operational, have been set, primarily stressing the problem of absence of a detailed Contracting Member States’ collective liability provision within the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court. Probable outcomes of EU law infringements have been detected and the available strategies, that can be used by the Court of Justice of the European Union for enforcing liability on the Member States and ruling its decisions on the scope and severity of such a liability, have been discovered. The conclusion about the problems and challenges, that might appear before the EU institutions, Member States, taking part in the enhanced cooperation concerning the creation of the Unified Patent Court, which will impersonate the Contracting States of the Agreement of a Unified Patent Court, has been made. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of the legal nature of the Unified Patent Court and the nature of collective and individual responsibility of the member states of the Unified Patent Court Agreement were considered in the publications of the following researchers: Douwe de Lange, Jacopo Alberti, Alfredo Ilardi, Aurora Plomer, James Tumbridge, Jelena Cerani, Franklin Dehousse, Franklin Dehousse. Target of the research is to study a complex nature of the issue of individual and collective liability of the Contracting States via the Unified Patent Court agreement and to outline the possible ways of fulfilling the flaws of its legal regulation. Article’s main body. The legal rules, governing the Unified Patent Court’s liability are set in Chapter IV of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court. Article 20 of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court points at the EU law primacy principle, which reads as follows: «the Court shall apply Union law in its entirety and shall respect its primacy». Moreover, article 21 of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court gives the Unified Patent Court the right to request preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice of the European Union, the decisions of which appear to be binding on the Unified Patent Court. In case of EU law infringement, the liability for the damages shall be incurred upon the Contracting States of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court collectively and severally, in accordance with the EU law governing the Member States’ non-contractual liability for damages caused by the infringements of the EU Law, that result from the faulty application of the EU law by the national courts of the Member States. According to the provisions of article 23 of the Agreement of a Unified Patent Court, the Unified Patent Court’s actions shall be directly attributed to each Contracting State, concerning the scope of articles 258 – 260 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union. The rules in these articles cover the actions of the Commission of the European Union regarding the summaries, made by this institution in case of a reasonable suspicion of the Member State’s EU law infringements, involving a lawsuit to the Court of Justice of the European Union. The aspect of the liability and damages, conferred by the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Member State, are worth being made a detailed research of further in this paper. Conclusions and prospects for the development. To sum this up, it’s worth noting, that the problem of EU Member States’ liability for taking action of harmonizing the field of patent law by means of an international treaty must be considered in light of an unprecedented legal nature of the Unified Patent Court. The analysis of the legal construction, governing the future activity of the Unified Patent Court can be hardly described as the only and the most complicated problem, which might actually arise as soon as the Unified Patent Court becomes operational. Nevertheless, the Member States of the EU have managed to make a truly daring step forward towards the patent law unification, that can only be praised as a remarkable event in the history of the Union, that will surely entail more challenges for the EU Member States and institutions. However, such an outstanding experiment, in case of its success, may create an attractive harmonization instrument for the EU Member States in the foreseeable future.
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Lalvée, Brigitte. "Les deux « e muets » de l’une-bévue : ce qui donne des ailes au « Il »." Essaim 51, no. 2 (October 25, 2023): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ess.051.0047.
Анотація:
Lacan revient sur son séminaire L’Identification , et revoit son ternaire psychique, qui devient un ternaire strictement matérialiste, celui de trois corps : un corps du symbolique qui est lalangue, le « matériel de langue » ; un corps de l’imaginaire « distinct du signifié » ; un corps du réel « dont on ne sait comment il sort », mais lié à ce non-rapport sexuel auquel est appendu le parlêtre. De ce qu'il a élaboré quinze ans plus tôt il ne conserve que le tore, et le trait unaire, pris à revers. Le « sens double » de la syllabe « con », qui dans lalangue française conjoint le « cum » (= « avec ») et le « cunnus » latins, lui permet de passer d’une con-sistance problématique, celle de son seul nom pour faire tenir les trois ronds symbolique de l’imaginaire et du réel, à une corps-sistance, qui renvoie non seulement au sexe féminin, mais à ce qui manque à un deux du sexe, à un « avec ». C’est là l’une-bévue, l’une parmi d’autres : unité matérielle signifiante qui fait tenir ce ternaire, « l’une » où s’abolissent la valeur différentielle du signifiant, l’unarité du trait, son aune phallique. L’unité de mesure qui néanmoins fait chaîne entre les trois corps. L’une-bévue fait le S2 de fonds du signifiant, le S2 comme « sens double ». Double bande, contrebande du signifiant, valeur d’échange qui s’annule dans la non-valeur, métathèse voire métamorphisme du signifiant rendant caduques métaphore et métonymie, l’équivoque qu’est l’une-bévue produit pléthore de sens, c’est-à-dire de mensonge. Jusqu’à l’holophrase généralisée, soit la « débilité ». Mais à « faire réel » il n’est pas sûr qu’elle le « ferre ». Heureusement, son équivoque avec l’Unbewuste allemand et freudien n’est qu’approximative. La translangue n’est pas intégrale. Elle fait place au trou du « non-su », un-bewusst du non-savoir, un savoir « sans le fait de savoir ». Sans quoi l’analyse pourrait devenir un « autisme à deux », une bulle d’inconscient et conscient unifiés, réversibles. Le « Il sait » (l’Autre) « que je sais qu’il sait » est fallacieux : il voue le sujet à la dépossession subjective, ou l’emmène vers la téléphathie, l’occultisme. Le « redoublement de la parenthèse », proposé par A. Didier-Weill convié à s’exprimer sur la passe, permet « d’aller plus loin que l’inconscient », plus loin que son « objectivation », jusqu'à ce Réel « qui se sait et veut se taire » et pourrait sans ce redoublement se confondre avec un Savoir absolu aliénant. Il permet d’aller jusqu’à ce Réel qui est la bouche d’ombre de l’inconscient, trouée d’une énonciation possible. Si Lacan salue l’apport d’A. Didier-Weill, il marque aussi son désaccord, concernant la nomination de ce lieu du non-savoir (Bozef), concernant aussi une « communion » du sujet et de l’Autre. Mais son désaccord est aussi un dis-corps : ainsi du moins peut-on lire la digression sur la rosée par laquelle il introduit l’intervention d’A. Didier-Weill. Cette digression pourrait nous mener à l’hématidrose de l’ermite, exsangue d’abstinence sexuelle, aspirant aux « mains énamourées » de « l’Inconnue », du poème d’Apollinaire vers lequel faisait déjà signe le « s’aile à mourre » du titre. S’il y a un « savoir du réel », et s’il « tient au corps », le poète, la poésie, le psychanalyste s’il « s’apparente » à un « pouâtassez », l’analysant, peuvent en matérialiser quelque chose, de l’« inouï » d’un dire qui ouvre au réel. Le poète et la poésie, surtout quand elle fait compter, ainsi le veut la tradition poétique française, le e muet dans le vers, ce e muet qui sait aussi s’élider pour donner des ailes au « Il ».
31
Acquaviva, Paolo. "Structures for plurals." Lexical plurals and beyond 39, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.39.2.01acq.
Анотація:
This paper presents a hypothesis about the innermost structure of noun phrases, which aims at explaining the interaction of number and countability in nouns. This is based on a constructionist approach which views nouns as substructures of the noun phrase, and word formation and inflection as the morphological spellout of structures assembled and interpreted at an abstract syntactic level. It argues that nouns fundamentally identify entity types, and the rest of the DP specifies their denotation in part-structural and quantificational terms. This provides the framework for a new unified analysis of nouns like furniture, waters, and contents, where number and countability interact in a non-canonical way, which accounts for their morphology and their semantics.
32
Kim, Kyumin. "Affectees in subject position and applicative theory." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 1 (March 2012): 77–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002218.
Анотація:
AbstractThe aim of this article is twofold. First, based on passives in Japanese and Korean, it expands the domain of the applicative head (Appl) to include an argument in the structural subject position. These languages provide evidence for a new type of Appl, peripheral Appl, distinct from the well-known high Appl in Bantu: unlike high Appl, peripheral Appl is the highest argument-introducing head under T, and can merge above VoiceP. The recognition of peripheral Appl makes it possible to account for the cross-linguistic positional variation among affectee arguments. Second, the article provides articulated clause structures for passives in Japanese and Korean in terms of Appl. The applicative account proves to be successful in providing a unified account of Japanese possessive and non-possessive passives, and of Korean possessive passives and causatives.
33
Stell, Gerald. "Social mobility as a factor in restructuring." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 104–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.04ste.
Анотація:
Despite regular objections, creole research tends to regard Europeans-to-non-Europeans ratios in colonial settings as a decisive factor in degrees of restructuring. As a result, relatively high proportions of Europeans are seen as the explanation for the emergence of partially restructured varieties. Quite problematic, however, is that some colonial settings with relatively low proportions of Europeans show little historical evidence of restructuring. To address this apparent paradox while avoiding too locale-specific explanations, I attempt to sketch a unified sociolinguistic account of restructuring, or the absence thereof. Central to the account I propose is the notion of upward social mobility in colonial societies, whose linguistic impact I illustrate by means of a comparison between Orange River Afrikaans (ORA)1 and Cape Malay Dutch (CMD), i.e. two partially restructured non-European varieties of Dutch that arose at the colonial Cape. I emphasize that ORA, which developed in socially fluid frontier settings, seems in certain respects to display less restructuring than CMD, which developed in increasingly segregated settings. I present the fact that Europeans were less represented where ORA developed than where CMD did as evidence that social mobility might to an extent override European/non-European demographics as a factor in degrees of restructuring. I finally discuss the extent to which a socio-historical reconstruction of ORA and CMD can shed light on historical sociolinguistic developments elsewhere than the Cape, such as in particular colonial Ibero-America.
34
Takahashi, Chikako. "No transposition in Harmonic Serialism." Phonology 36, no. 4 (November 2019): 695–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675719000344.
Анотація:
This paper presents a Harmonic Serialism analysis of synchronic metathesis, and proposes to eliminate transposition as an atomic operation, instead analysing metathesis as a result of the sequential application of simpler operations. The analysis of phase alternations in Rotuman offers a unified account of metathesis, deletion and umlaut as all undergoing splitting followed by fusion. A non-transposition analysis of multiple metathesis in Kwara'ae shows that a prosodically motivated locality restriction on the splitting domain is crucial in deriving the attested patterns. CC metathesis in Balangao is analysed as fusion followed by splitting. Eliminating transposition has several benefits: (a) it simplifies the inventory of operations in Harmonic Serialism, (b) it correctly predicts the locality restrictions on metathesis patterns with smaller constraint sets and (c) it accounts for the differences observed in the segment types involved in CV(VC) vs. CC metathesis.
35
Wiese, Richard. "Phonological versus morphological rules: on German Umlaut and Ablaut." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (March 1996): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000785.
Анотація:
This paper addresses the relationship between phonology and morphology, using the vowel alternations of Standard German Umlaut and Ablaut as relevant examples. Umlaut is analysed as a completely unified process of vowel fronting which can be found in a wide variety of morphologically derived environments. A number of non-linear phonological analyses of Umlaut, involving a floating feature, are presented and compared. While Umlaut is interpreted, in current analyses, as a morphological rule, the present paper argues for its status as a lexical phonological rule.Ablaut, on the other hand, is, synchronically, a totally unpredictable vowel change found mostly in the paradigms of so-called strong verbs. On the grounds of its internal and external behaviour, it is argued that this phenomenon must receive a completely different description by means of additional specifications for lexical entries.
36
HRISTOV, BOZHIL P. "Pronominal case assignment in English." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 3 (March 8, 2013): 567–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000029.
Анотація:
Following a long tradition of research on English case, this paper first outlines the phenomenon of canonical and non-canonical case assignment to pronouns functioning as heads or dependents, and then discusses some previous treatments in order to illustrate the data, as well as to demonstrate that a unified account capable of capturing all the generalisations has up until now remained elusive. A purely phrase-structural explanation will be sketched out and rejected, to be superseded by a model relying on the formalism of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), which I argue successfully accounts for all the relevant syntactic patterns. The paper ends with a comparison between the present proposal and some earlier ideas in the literature. Finally, I briefly defend the claim that English pronouns still exhibit case distinctions.
37
Mesthrie, Rajend. "Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar." English World-Wide 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2006): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.02mes.
Анотація:
This paper offers a unified account of the syntactic “deviations” found in a second language variety of English, viz. Black South African English (BlSAfE). Most writing on the topic has been content to supply lists of non-standard features which are thought to be diagnostic of the variety. This paper aims to characterise the syntax of the variety via its recurrent properties, rather than as a superset of unrelated features. In this regard I use the cover term “anti-deletion” for three relatable properties: (a) restoring a feature that tends to be deleted in modern standard English, e.g. the infinitive marker to in She made me to go; (b) retaining, rather than deleting elements that are known to be deleted in some (non-standard) varieties of English, e.g. retention rather than deletion of the copula; and (c) inserting additional grammatical morphemes into the standard English structure, e.g. cross-clausal double conjunctions like although… but. The concept of an anti-deletion allows one to characterise one of the two systems that underlie BlSAfE, the other being the standard syntax of the Target Language (TL). More generally, the notion of “anti-deletion” can be used fruitfully in characterising the syntax of individual second language varieties of English on a continuum.
38
Johannsen, Berit. "Between Causative and Passive: Agentivity in the Affactive Construction." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 69, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2021-2025.
Анотація:
Abstract This brief discussion paper is concerned with the sequence [have NP Vpp] and its distinction into a causative and a passive construction, which hinges on the (non-)agentivity of the subject participant, so that the sequence can be seen as ambiguous in that respect. Instead of analyzing these uses as two different constructions, I propose a unified analysis as instances of the affactive construction. This construction has the functional potential of putting primary focus on secondary participants, so-called afficiary participants. The potential ambiguity with regard to the agentivity of these participants is not an issue in usage, as it is only evoked as part of the conceptual content in the background.
39
Dronjic, Vedran. "Serbo-Croatian." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 1 (January 12, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.1.01dro.
Анотація:
Utilizing Kloss’s concept of Ausbausprache (language as a sociopolitical construct), this article adopts the view that many languages in the world owe their language status to non-linguistic factors such as their speakers’ ethnic, cultural, and political affiliations, as well as language policy. It is thus possible that individuals who can readily understand each other in everyday conversation (such as two individuals living on either side of the Macedonian/Bulgarian border) can be deemed to speak different languages, while those who cannot understand each other at all (such as speakers of Shanghainese and Mandarin) can be widely perceived as speakers of the same language. This article is an account of how the South Slavic language formerly known as Serbo-Croatian came to be conceived of as a single, unified language due to a number of non-linguistic factors, and how it ceased to be considered a language once these non-linguistic factors were no longer present. Thus, apart from being a case study of how one particular European language was born and how it died without any significant change in linguistic reality on the ground, the present article serves to reinforce the theoretical notion of Ausbausprache as a crucial concept for defining what a language is.
40
Pavlou, Natalia. "The Morphotactics of the Cypriot Greek Augment." Languages 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020149.
Анотація:
This paper adopts a morphological approach to the reduplication of the past-tense augment in Cypriot Greek and explores the morphotactic constraints that apply. Phonological reduplication phenomena have been addressed in morphology by developing a framework that can account for both doubling and metathesis. This phenomenon has been a focus of discussion, but less is known about the application of this mechanism to tense prefixes, known as augments. Doubling of the augment appears in verbal complexes depending on the position of its components, what I will argue are cases that support the post-syntactic morphological doubling and metathesis analysis in Distributed Morphology. The data from this non-standard variety provide a novel analysis of augments and contribute to a better understanding of their distribution by redefining this phenomenon as morphological and supporting a unified framework for the formalism designed to account for similar post-syntactic morphological phenomena.
41
CARNIE, ANDREW, and NORMA MENDOZA-DENTON. "Functionalism is/n't formalism: an interactive review of Darnell et al. (1999) Michael Darnell, Edith Moravcsik, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Michael Noonan & Kathleen M. Wheatley (eds.), Functionalism and formalism in linguistics, vol. I: General papers & vol. II: Case studies (Studies in Language Companion Series 41 & 42). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. Pp. iv+514 (vol. I) & pp. iv+407 (vol. II)." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 2 (July 2003): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002044.
Анотація:
SETTING: The University of Arizona's idyllic desert campus. As in many colleges across the United States, ‘formalist’ linguistics is implicitly understood to be at cross-purposes with ‘functionalist’ linguistics. The Linguistics Department's only course on non-minimalist syntax is famously nicknamed ‘Bad Guys’. Although the linguistics department forms a unified front, malcontent quietly simmers across campus as functionalist sociolinguists, discourse analysts, grammaticalization specialists and linguistic anthropologists outnumber formalists, though they roam within their own language-department fiefdoms. Politeness and cooperation reign among senior faculty linguists, who have realized that antagonism only hurts students and programs in all the language sciences. The junior faculty are more brash: they work hard, publish a lot, and speak loudly to get tenure as respected form/functionalists. They socialize together and joke about each other's positions, but don't talk very much serious shoptalk. Until now …
42
Dominey, Peter Ford, Toshio Inui, and Michel Hoen. "Neural network processing of natural language: II. Towards a unified model of corticostriatal function in learning sentence comprehension and non-linguistic sequencing." Brain and Language 109, no. 2-3 (May 2009): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2008.08.002.
43
Brown, Katherine A., and Kristie A. Spencer. "The Relationship Between Speech Characteristics and Motor Subtypes of Parkinson's Disease." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 2145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00058.
Анотація:
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine whether acoustic dysarthria characteristics align with overall motor profile in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Potential speech differences between tremor-dominant and non–tremor-dominant subtypes are theoretically motivated but empirically inconclusive. Method Twenty-seven individuals with dysarthria from PD provided a contextual speech sample. Participants were grouped into non–tremor-dominant ( n = 12) and tremor-dominant ( n = 15) motor subtypes according to the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. Dependent speech variables included fundamental frequency range, average pause duration, cepstral peak prominence, stuttering dysfluencies, and maze dysfluencies. Results There were no significant differences between the speech of the tremor-dominant and non–tremor-dominant groups. High within-group variability existed across parameters and motor subtypes. Conclusion Speech characteristics across the areas of phonation, prosody, and fluency did not differ appreciably between PD motor subtypes.
44
Ursini, Francesco-Alessio, and Keith Tse. "Region Prepositions: The View from French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.35.
Анотація:
AbstractThe goal of this article is to offer a formal account of region prepositions in French. We define region prepositions as prepositions that denote non-oriented locations and resist modification with measure phrases (e.g.,au nez dein#dix metres au nez de l'avion‘ten meters from (in front of) the tip of the airplane’). We show that region prepositions may involve items that include inflected markers or items involving “bare” markers (au bord de‘at the edge of’ vs.à droite de‘to the right of’). We analyze the relation between structure and semantic type to show that this distribution stems from the morpho-syntactic properties of their “internal location nouns” (e.g.,nez,bord, droite, sommet). We offer a feature-driven analysis of these prepositions that hinges on a Lexical Syntax account and can capture all of the relevant data in a unified perspective. We conclude by discussing some theoretical consequences for accounts of spatial prepositions.
45
Araujo, Gabriel Antunes de, and Nancy Mendes Torres Vieira. "The Diphthong in Variationist Studies of Brazilian Portuguese: A Systematic Literature Review." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020087.
Анотація:
This study presents a systematic literature review of the monophthongization of the diphthong <ei> in Brazilian Portuguese. Monophthongization is a sound change by which a diphthong becomes a single vowel. Thus, the output of, for example, the word beira (‘edge’) can be b[eɪ̯]ra or b[e]ra. Our primary sources, 10 Master’s theses that analyzed this phenomenon using quantitative sociolinguistic methodologies, focus on individually describing a region’s variety of Portuguese. However, the results were never systematically related to each other. Consequently, these works do not present a comprehensive overview of the production of <ei> in Brazilian Portuguese. Therefore, this systematic review gathers and unifies information dispersed in these studies, aiming to offer an overview of this optional phenomenon. The overall results demonstrate that the following context was the relevant linguistic variable, while the speaker’s educational level and dialect variation are the relevant non-linguistic variables for the application of the monophthongization rule.
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PÉTERS, HUGUES. "The morpho-syntactic status of ne and its effect on the syntax of imperative sentences." Journal of French Language Studies 24, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269513000343.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTThis article argues that there is compelling evidence that French ne, even in dialects that still have this particle, is no longer negative, does not determine the scope of negation with respect to other operators, does not have properties of a head (optionality), and therefore cannot be analysed as the head of NEGP in Modern Standard French. Rather, ne should be considered as an affix merged to a Tense projection (TNSP) endowed with sub-label features of polarity. This article argues that this proposal provides a unified solution for the distributional properties of ne in finite and non-finite contexts alike. It especially provides an explanation for the structure of French negative imperatives, which are characterised by the proclisis of argument clitics (ne le prends pas ‘don't take it’), crucially linked to properties of Tense, as opposed to their enclisis in positive imperatives (prends-le ‘take it’) and in spoken registers where ne is absent (prends-le pas ‘don't take it’).
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Sullivan, Karen. "Integrating constructional semantics and conceptual metaphor." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.02sul.
Анотація:
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) aims to represent the conceptual structure of metaphors rather than the structure of metaphoric language. The theory does not explain which aspects of metaphoric language evoke which conceptual structures, for example. However, other theories within cognitive linguistics may be better suited to this task. These theories, once integrated, should make building a unified model of both the conceptual and linguistic aspects of metaphor possible. First, constructional approaches to syntax provide an explanation of how particular constructional slots are associated with different functions in evoking metaphor. Cognitive Grammar is especially effective in this regard. Second, Frame Semantics helps explain how the words or phrases that fill the relevant constructional slots evoke the source and target domains of metaphor. Though these theories do not yet integrate seamlessly, their combination already offers explanatory benefits, such as allowing generalizations across metaphoric and non-metaphoric language, and identifying the words that play a role in evoking metaphors, for example.
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DIJKSTRA, TON, ALEXANDER WAHL, FRANKA BUYTENHUIJS, NINO VAN HALEM, ZINA AL-JIBOURI, MARCEL DE KORTE, and STEVEN REKKÉ. "Multilink: a computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 04 (July 6, 2018): 657–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000287.
Анотація:
The computational BIA+ model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002) has provided a useful account for bilingual word recognition, while the verbal (pre-quantitative) RHM (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) has often served as a reference framework for bilingual word production and translation. According to Brysbaert and Duyck (2010), a strong need is felt for a unified implemented account of bilingual word comprehension, lexical-semantic processing, and word production. With this goal in mind, we built a localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, which integrates basic assumptions of both BIA+ and RHM. It simulates the recognition and production of cognates (form-similar translation equivalents) and non-cognates of different lengths and frequencies in tasks like monolingual and bilingual lexical decision, word naming, and word translation production. It also considers effects of lexical similarity, cognate status, relative L2-proficiency, and translation direction. Model-to-model comparisons show that Multilink provides higher correlations with empirical data than both IA and BIA+ models.
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Cheng, Lisa Lai Shen. "de in Mandarin." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 4 (1986): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011865.
Анотація:
In Mandarin, there is an element de which has for years been the subject of analysis. Li and Thompson (1981) and Ross (1983 and 1984) have tried, with little success, to provide a unified treatment of this element. Li and Thompson (1981) claim that there are several de’s in Mandarin: a possessive marker, an adjectival marker and a nominalization marker. But the structural properties of these de’s and the similarities among them are ignored.Using the Government and Binding framework (Chomsky 1981), I will provide an analysis which accounts for the structural and functional similarities and differences among the various de’s in Mandarin. First, I will state the theoretical assumptions relevant to the discussion of de. Second, I will present the non-controversial evidence showing that de is a head-final complementizer in relative clauses. Third, I will present further data exemplifying a head-final de in other constructions. Fourth, I will demonstrate the impossibility of having a head-final de complementizer in resultative clauses. Finally, I will propose that there are two de complementizers in Mandarin, one head-final, the other head-initial.
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Machicao y Priemer, Antonio, and Paola Fritz-Huechante. "Boundaries at play." Interfaces in Romance 43, no. 1 (October 16, 2020): 62–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00040.mac.
Анотація:
Summary In this paper, we model the left-bounded state reading and the true reflexive reading of the se clitic in the Spanish psychological domain. We argue that a lexical analysis of se provides us with a more accurate description of the different classes of psychological verbs that occur with the clitic. We provide a unified analysis where the use of the two readings of se are modeled by means of lexical rules. We take the morphologically simple but semantically more complex basic items (e.g. asustar ‘frighten’) as input of the lexical rules, getting as the output a morphologically more complex but semantically simpler verb (e.g asustarse ‘get frightened’). The analysis for psych verbs correctly allows only those verbs assigning accusative to the experiencer or the stimulus to combine with se, hence preventing dative verbs from entering the lexical rules. The analysis also demonstrates how to account for punctual and non-punctual readings of psych verbs with se incorporating ‘boundaries’ into the type hierarchy of eventualities.